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C4-205

Session 2004
CIGR

A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IN UTILITY SYSTEMS

A. XMARD1 Electricit de France R&D France P. Y. VALENTIN B. BRESSAC RTE Gestionnaire du Rseau de Transport dElectricit France J. MAHSEREJIAN* A. COUTU** *Hydro-Qubec IREQ **Hydro-Qubec Transnergie Canada G. JOS CEA Technologies Inc. Canada

1 Introduction In France, the constant evolution of the transmission network and of the telecommunication and pipeline systems results in a significant number of 50 Hz coupling studies being performed every year; more than 70 studies are performed every year by RTE. Such studies are performed when a line is installed or modified (for example in case of increase of the short-circuit current), or when a potentially disturbed system is installed or modified (pipeline, telecommunication cable) or in some more specific cases (live work, accident analysis). RTE has signed an agreement with France Telecom (phone utility) and SNCF (railway utility) to specify the way coupling studies are to be performed and to define rules for the financing of constructions required to limit disturbances. The internal specifications of RTE propose some simple conservative methods to calculate disturbance on nearby systems but its role is in most of the cases limited to detect if a detailed study is required. The experience of the last years has shown that the modeling of the disturbed system is very often a source of difficulty for design engineers. HQ has similar needs regarding the computation of fundamental frequency induced voltages, but in addition requires a tool to assess interference in telecom lines in order to specify dc filters performance in HVDC transmission projects. This feature involves the computation of the coupling impedance at several harmonic frequencies of the audio range. The above considerations have convinced CEATI, EDF, HQ, ELIA and others that it was essential that an advanced modeling tool be available for this purpose. It must provide a structured framework for induced voltage calculation and include an accurate representation of telecommunication and gas pipeline equipment. It can be advantageously based on EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program) type software [1]. This paper presents the importance of a structured approach to the problem, gives a review on theoretical considerations and illustrates important issues through practical examples. 2 General presentation of the proposed new software The proposed automatic computation technique will use the new EMTP [2] transient simulation environment as a computational engine and will use an accurate electrical representation of telecommunication and gas pipeline equipments. This choice of a background software layer is particularly appropriate because it offers accurate models of overhead lines and underground cables based on the line theory and can work in the frequency domain (frequency scan and steady-state solutions). The purpose of the complete software will be to generate automatically from the electro-geometrical configuration under study, an EMTP representation, using the rules specified in [3][4]. The software

_____________________ 1 alain.xemard@edf.fr

will include a database for the representation of the different types of equipments (towers, conductors, underground power cables, telecommunication cables, pipelines, fences). The user will have the possibility to input the geometries of the power lines and of the disturbed systems using a digital table, the screen of a PC, or GPS coordinates. The next paragraph gives a general review of the theoretical principles applied in the software. 3 Computation of interference

3.1 Inductive and capacitive coupling A current circulating along an electrical system generates in its vicinity a magnetic field which is at the origin of the inductive interference between the electrical system and a disturbed system situated in the same area. In the case of a three-phase system the magnetic field takes into account the magnetic field generated by each conductor, including ground wires in the case of overhead lines and sheaths in the case of underground cables. Capacitive coupling originates from the electrostatic field due to the charge along the electrical systems. In practical terms capacitive coupling is of interest only for overhead lines. The method used to evaluate inductive and capacitive coupling between power lines and disturbed systems is based on two steps. - The first step consists in splitting the disturbing and disturbed systems into sections in such a way that the coupling may be represented based on the line theory. If a section i of the disturbing line segpower[i] is considered as coupled with a section of the disturbed line segdisturbed[j], then the system (segpower[i], segdisturbed[j]) is treated as a multi-conductor propagation line, supposing that the sections are parallel. The accuracy of this approach is related to the way the sections are determined and the correspondence between sections is established. IUT [4] has proposed a method which will be presented below. - The second step consists in evaluating the induced voltages on the disturbed system. 3.1.1 Splitting into coupling sections The coupling sections are determined in the zone of influence, corresponding to the zone in which the coupling is significant. In most of the cases this area extends [4] to less than 3 km from the line for inductive coupling and to a few tenths of meters for capacitive coupling. The determination of the sections and the correspondence between the sections of the disturbing and disturbed systems leads to consider 3 different cases (Figure 1): parallel, oblique and crossing. An oblique case may be approximated by a parallel case if some geographical condition is fulfilled:
Disturbed line

1 d1 3 3 d2

d1
Parallel Oblique

d2

d1 d2
Crossing

Disturbing line

Figure 1: Represented coupling cases between the disturbing and disturbed lines In the case of crossing, an equivalent parallel segment is used as a section of the disturbed line such as d1 < 10m, d2 < 10m [3][4].

3.1.2 Evaluation of the induced voltages This step corresponds to the application of line theory. The coupled segments segpower[i] of the power line and segdisturbed[j] of the disturbed line are treated like a multi-conductor EMTP line. The multiconductor overhead line includes directly the electrical representation of phase conductors and ground wires. In the case of an underground cable it includes the representation of phase conductors and sheaths. If the disturbed line is sheathed the sheath is included directly in the representation. This approach leads to the computation of impedance Z = R + sL and admittance Y = G + sC matrices used in the solution of wave equations:
V(x,s) I(x,s) = Z I(x,s) and = Y V(x,s) x x

The primed variables are given per unit length, x is a position in the line and s stands for Laplace transformation. The above equations are used for each segment of the disturbing and disturbed system, coupled or not, taking into account the boundary conditions. This calculation is readily available in EMTP frequency domain computations for solving together both the disturbing and the disturbed system. The EMTP PI-Exact model (which is exact at every selected frequency) can be used in order to avoid the approximations related to the application of the modal theory. The frequency domain approach is however unusable for taking into account nonlinear components, such as surge-arresters or air-gaps which may be used to limit the level of induced voltage. If a study requires the modeling of such components then the time-domain solver must be used in conjunction with distributed parameter line and cable models that can correctly account for the frequency dependency of parameters [5].

3.1.3 Presence of screening conductor A metallic conductor present in the zone of influence and connected to ground can reduce significantly the inductive influence of the disturbing system on the disturbed one. This conductor is coupled at the same time to the disturbing and to the disturbed systems. It is possible to represent its effect by a coefficient which reduces the mutual inductance between the coupled segments of the disturbed system and the disturbing system. It is also possible to represent it as a separate electric system coupled both to the disturbing and disturbed one. If the screening conductor is parallel to the disturbing one (the case of a ground wire) it can be treated as a supplementary conductor of this one. A similar approach can be applied if it is parallel to the disturbed system. In other cases (non-parallel conditions, as in Figure 2) the following approach may be applied: At first the current circulating along the screening conductor is evaluated by applying the methods described in 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, then the effect of the screening conductor on the disturbed system is represented by equivalent voltage sources, which are evaluated by: o splitting the disturbed system, considering that it is disturbed by the screening conductor; o applying for each section i of the disturbed system influenced by section j of the screening conductor the formula ei = Mij Ij , where Mij is the mutual conductance between segments i and j and Ij is the current circulating along the segment j . The last step consists in considering the direct effect of the disturbing system on the disturbed one by applying the methods of 3.1.1 and 3.1.2.

Disturbed system

Screening conductor

Disturbing system

Figure 2: Splitting approach in the presence of a screening conductor 3.1.4 Key technical issues allowing accurate calculations An extensive representation of the power system For a fault condition the induction on neighboring systems depends directly on the value of the fault current. A precise determination of the fault current requires also an adequate representation of the power system and especially of the interaction between the substations located at both ends of the power line. In many practical cases the representation of the electrical network cannot be limited to a representation of the substations at both ends of the line by some independent Thevenin equivalents, evaluated using the short-circuit power at substation. It may be necessary to represent more extensively the system. Another possibility could be to represent both ends by a generalized Thevenin equivalent, which is an impedance matrix with of-diagonal terms accounting for the interaction between the substations through the rest of the network when the power line under consideration has been removed. A precise representation of the return path of the fault current In the case of a fault the induction on nearby pipelines or telecommunication cables is strongly influenced by the return path of the fault current. For instance if one considers a single-phase fault in the cable of the configuration presented in Figure 3, the fault current circulating on the sheath will decrease the induction effect of the current circulating on the phase conductor. If R2 is high and R1 is small, most of the fault current will return by the sheath and the induction will be limited. But if R1 is high and R2 is small, most of the fault current will return through the resistance R2 . This simple example illustrates the necessity to represent precisely not only the fault current but also the way the fault current returns, by making in particular an adequate representation of the connections and groundings of the sheaths. The use of an EMTP type software rends possible such a modeling and allows to avoid too conservative simplifications as it will be illustrated in the example below.
line
+ +

Underground Cable
+ R1 R2 +

Figure 3: Overhead line terminated by an underground cable with grounded sheath at both ends 3.1.5 Application examples Example 1: 50 Hz voltage induced on a telecommunication cable by an underground cable during a fault The 225 kV system of this example is shown in Figure 4. It is made of a 700 m underground cable connected to an 8 km single circuit overhead line equipped with 2 ground wires. The underground cable is a three-phase single-core system, bonded at substation A and equipped with a parallel earth continuity conductor which is connected at the earth electrode of the substation at one terminal and connected to the earth electrode of the first tower at the other terminal. A telecommunication cable

whose sheath is earthed at one end, is parallel to the underground cable at a distance of 50 m. This strictly parallel configuration has been chosen to allow an EMTP calculation without determination of coupling segments. The same method will be applied in the next examples. For a single-phase-to-ground fault on the overhead part of the line, the level of induction on the telecommunication cable will depend not only on the fault current but also on the part of the fault current circulating back to substation A by the earth conductor. This statement can be illustrated by considering 2 different configurations. In the first configuration phase-a is short-circuited at the first tower following the underground cable. Calculation results are summarized in Table 1. All values are crest values. It can be seen that the magnitude of the current circulating along the earth conductor is similar to the current circulating on phase-a of the underground cable. The voltage at the end of the cable is limited to 109 V.
Thevenin
+ 1 2 3

Underground cable, 700m

1 2 3

Transmission line, 8km

+ +

RL

a
+ +

... ...

Thevenin
+ 1 2 3

RL

1 2 3

+ +

ground wires earth conductor Telecom line Tower 1

VM +

...

Substation A

Tower 2

Substation B

Figure 4: Representation of a 225 kV system: underground cable followed by a single circuit line with 2 ground wires Table 1: single-phase fault occurring at the first tower following the cable Total fault current 43 kA Contribution of substation A to the fault current 27 kA Current circulating in the earth conductor 27 kA Current circulating in the faulty tower 825 A Total current circulating along the ground wire between towers 1 and 2 15 kA Voltage at the end of the telecommunication cable 109 V In the second configuration a single-phase-to-ground fault occurred at the 7th tower following the underground cable. Table 2 summarizes the computations. It appears that part of the contribution from substation A to the fault current circulates through the earth electrodes of the towers and does not return by the earth conductor. Therefore even with a smaller short-circuit current circulating in phase-a from substation A, the voltage at the end of the disturbed system is significantly higher.

Table 2: single-phase fault occurring at the 7th tower following the cable Total fault current 39 kA Contribution of substation A to the fault current 21.5 kA Current circulating in the earth conductor 18 kA Current circulating in the faulty tower 1.1 kA Total current circulating along the ground wire between tower 1 and 2 15 kA Voltage at the end of the telecommunication cable 290 V This simple study illustrates the importance of a proper representation of the fault current path in order to obtain a more realistic evaluation of the induction on the disturbed system. Example 2: Influence of the homopolar current component on inductive coupling When calculating inductive coupling in normal operating condition it is of major importance to account precisely for the effect of the homopolar component of the current as it is illustrated in the following example. A 255 kV single circuit line (flat configuration) without ground wires is shown in

+ + +

Figure 5. At mid-span, the distance of phase conductors to ground is equal to 20 m. The span length is 400 m.
5.5 m

5.5 m

25 m

Figure 5: Configuration of phase conductors at tower of a 225 kV line The line is a 30 km long antenna. The induction on a 400 m long cable, parallel to the line and grounded at one end is studied. The height of the cable is 1 m, its distance to the line is 40 m. The positive sequence current is equal to 520 A. The crest value of the 50 Hz induced voltage at the end of the cable is calculated when the line is transposed (the positions of phase conductors are changed each 10 km) and when it is not transposed, in order to evaluate the effect of the absence of transposition of the line on the level of induced voltage. It is found that the absence of transposition of the phase conductors leads to an increase of 10% in the induced voltage (9.4 V/km instead of 8.5 V/km). This example shows the importance of representing exactly the current circulating in the phase conductors and not to limit the representation to the positive sequence. Example 3: Influence of the coating of pipelines Pipelines are tubes of steel, aluminum or cast-iron with a diameter ranging from 50 to 1100 mm. They are usually coated with polypropylene, polyethylene, hydrocarbon, epoxy or plicoflex. It is important to take into account the nature of the coating when calculating induced voltage because its influence on the loss factor may affect significantly the level of fundamental frequency induced voltage as it is illustrated in the example below. The studied configuration is similar to the one presented in Figure 5, but with a 400 m long steel pipeline buried at a depth of 1 m, replacing the telecommunication line. The influence of the nature of the coating will be illustrated by calculating the 50 Hz voltage at the end of the pipeline in the case of a single-phase-to-ground fault for a bituminous coating and then for a polyethylene coating. The loss factor of the coating is first determined and then the frequency domain simulation option [2] of EMTP is used. The capacitance of the pipeline to the surrounding ground and the shunt conductance can be calculated by:
C= 0 r D D and G = c dc dc

with D being the diameter (1 m) of the pipeline, dc is the width of coating (1 mm), r is the relative permittivity (5) and c is the resistivity of the coating. The loss factor is given by:
tan() = G C

The results presented in Table 3, indicate a significant reduction of the induced voltage at the end of the pipeline, originating from the higher losses in a bituminous coating compared to polyethylene coating. Table 3: 50 Hz induced voltage at the end of a pipeline for two types of coating c tan() 50 Hz voltage Coating bituminous polyethylene 0.2*106 1.*108 0.36*103 0.71 160 V 290 V

3.2

Resistive coupling

3.2.1 Principles The ground is not usually used as an active conductor in transmission systems except in some special configurations of DC lines. However some faults (due to pollution, lightning) may cause shortcircuit currents to flow through the grounding electrode of a tower during a period of time. This grounding electrode is constituted of buried metallic elements and presents some resistance related to the shape, number and position of these elements. The flow of current in the earth electrode leads to an increase of voltage in the soil, whose value depends on the nature of the soil and which may pose safety problems (touch and step voltages). Neighboring metallic structures buried in the area of the earth electrode are submitted to its voltage and may become damaged by it (puncture of sheath or insulation). They can also in some cases absorb the fault current and transmit it to areas far away from the point where it has been injected into the ground. 3.2.2 Splitting of the disturbed system The goal of the splitting is to breakdown the disturbed system in the region of influence into sections along which the earth potential may be considered as of constant value (the difference is less than 5% compared to the accurate value). If one considers the earthing of a tower, at a distance d greater than three times the equivalent radius of the electrode [3], the potential rise may be approximated by:
I 2d where is the soil resistivity and I is the fault current circulating in the electrode.

V=

The method consists in defining a series of circles Ci centered on the current point injection, with radius Ri calculated by:
Ri = Req 1 0.05i

with i < 20

The sections of the disturbed system are determined by finding its intersection with the series of circles. If the disturbed system is situated in the region of influence of several points of injection of fault current (tower where the fault is located, neighboring towers if the line is equipped with ground wires, groundings of cable sheaths) the sections are determined by applying the same approach to all of them and by superposing the splitting results. If the disturbed system is very close to an earth electrode, the above equation is no longer valid and a more accurate method needs to be used [4]. 4 Conclusions The sharing of right-of-way between transmission networks and pipeline and telecommunication systems demands that the electric utilities perform fundamental frequency coupling studies more and more frequently. As it has been shown in this paper these studies require: A precise evaluation of the currents circulating in the conducting parts of the disturbing system in the zone of influence; An accurate modeling of the influence of the disturbing system on the disturbed ones taking into account precisely the geometry of the configuration; A detailed modeling of the potentially disturbed systems. A programmed method also allows determining the fault conditions resulting into the most severe stresses of induced coupling. In addition, different grounding configurations can be analyzed to minimize stresses. This paper has proposed a structured framework for the computation of induced voltages based on EMTP type software layer. The choice of EMTP as a computational environment allows fulfilling the above stringent requirements.

Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge contributions and support to this work from FT (France Tlcom) and GDF (Gaz de France) 5 Bibliography [1] J. Mahseredjian, L. Dub, L. Grin-Lajoie, New advances in the Simulation of Transients with EMTP: Computation and Visualization Techniques, Electrimacs, August 19th, 2002, Plenary session paper. [2] J. Mahseredjian, L. Dub and S. Dennetire: EMTP-RV documentation on simulation options, 2003, IREQ-Report [3] CIGRE 36.02 CIGRE brochure 95 - Guide on the influence of high voltage AC power systems on metallic pipelines 1995 [4] IUT Directives concernant la protection des lignes de telecommunication contre les effets prjudiciables des lignes lectriques et des chemins de fer lectrifis Volume 2 1999 [5] Morched A., Gustavsen B. and Tartibi M.: A universal model for accurate calculation of electromagnetic transients on overhead lines and underground cables. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions, Volume: 14, Issue: 3 , July 1999, pp. 1032 -1038