Chapter 5

Deflection and Stiffness

A. Aziz Bazoune 03-Oct-07 Chapter 5 1

Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Spring Rates Deflection in Tension, Compression & Torsion Deflection due to Bending Strain Energy Castiglianos Theorem Statically Indeterminate Problems Compression Members
Long Columns with Central Loading Intermediate Length Columns with Central Loading

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Lec. Lec . 12
Statically Indeterminate Problems Compression Members

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Chapter 5

5-10 Statically Indeterminate Problems

A system in which the laws of statics are not sufficient to determine all the unknown forces or moments is said to be statically indeterminate.

The additional equations needed to solve for the unknowns come from equations pertaining to the deformation of the part.

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Equilibrium:

F = F F F
1

=0

(a)

The total force is resisted by a force F1 in spring 1 plus the force F2 in spring 2. Since there are two unknowns and only one equation , the system is statically indeterminate.

Figure 5-14
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Write another equation. The two springs have the same deformation. Thus we obtain the second equation as

1 = 2 =
or

(b) (c)

F1 F2 = k1 k2

Solve Eq.(c) for F1 and substitute the result into (a) gives

F1 = ( k1 k2 ) F2
k2 F2 = F k1 + k2
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and

k1 F2 = F k1 + k2
Chapter 5

Notice that for other situations relations between deformations may not be as easy.
6

Procedure for general statically indeterminate problems

Procedure
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Choose redundant reaction (force or moment). Solve equation of equilibrium in terms of the redundants. Write equation for total energy U. U =0 . Find expression for redundant reaction by taking Ri Solve resulting equation for reaction. Find rest of reactions using equilibrium equations.

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Chapter 5

Example (Problem 5.57 Textbook)

For the beam shown, determine the support reactions using superposition and Procedure 1 from Section 5.10 10. . 1. Choose RB as the redundant reaction. 2. Force equilibrium gives

F = R

+ RC wl = 0
(a)

RB + RC = wl

3. Moment equilibrium gives

l M R l a wl = c B( ) + Mc = 0 2
Chapter 5

(b)

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Example (Problem 5.57 Textbook)

4. By Superposition (You may use Castiglianos Theorem)

4. By substituting

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5-11 Compression Members Members-General

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5-11 Compression Members Members-General

Columns
Straight, slender members loaded axially in compression.

Uses
In trusses and framework of buildings. They are also encountered in machine linkages, sign posts, support for highway overpasses.

Buckling
Sudden large lateral deflection of a column due to a small increase in an existing compressive load. This leads to instability and collapse of the member.

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1. 2. 3. 4.

Long columns with central loading. Intermediate length columns with central loading Columns with eccentric loading. Struts or short columns with eccentric loading.

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Critical Load
The border between stability and instability occurs when a new equilibrium position is obtained: or

P = kl

( P kl ) = 0
for any displacement

This condition is referred to as neutral equilibrium. From the expression we critical load as . foregoing define the

Pcr = k l
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Figure 5-17
13

Physically, P cr represents the load for which the system is on the verge of buckling. Clearly, the system is in stable equilibrium for P < Pcr and in unstable equilibrium for P > Pcr .

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5-11 Long Columns with Central Loading

Figure 5-18 (a) Both ends rounded or pivoted (b) Both end fixe (c) One end free (d) One end rounded and pivoted and one end fixed

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5-11 Long Columns with Central Loading

Referring to Figure 5-18 (a), assume a bar of length l loaded by a force P acting along the centroidal axis on rounded or pinned ends. The bar is bent in the positive y direction. This requires a negative moment, and hence M = Py Remember Eq. (5-12)

Equating between the two above equations gives

d2y M = EI 2 dx

d2y P + y =0 2 dx EI
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The previous equation represents a second order ordinary differential equation generally known for simple harmonic motion . It can be written as

d2y 2 + y=0 2 dx

2 where = P EI is known as the frequency of oscillations.

The general solution of the previous differential equation is

y = A sin ( x ) + B cos ( x )
where A and B are constants of integration must determined from the B.Cs y 0 =0

( ) y (l ) = 0

The first B.C. yields B=0, and the second leads to

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A sin (l ) = 0
The foregoing is satisfied if either A = 0 or sin l = 0 . The first of these corresponds to a condition of no buckling and yields a trivial solution. The second case is satisfied if

( )

(l ) = n ( n = 1,2,3,)
or

P l = n EI

( n = 1,2,3,)

Solving for

gives

n 2 2 EI P= l2

( n = 1,2,3,)

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Euler Formula
The value of ( n = 1) has a physical significance, as it determines the smallest value of P for which a buckled shape or mode can occur under static loading. Therefore, the critical load for a column with pinned/ rolled end is

Pcr =

2 EI
l
2

( n = 1,2,3,)

The preceding result, after L. Euler (1707-1783), is known as Eulers Formula; the corresponding load is called the Euler Buckling Load.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler
Leonhard Paul Euler (pronounced Oiler; IPA [l]) (April 15, 1707 September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He published more papers than any other mathematician of his time.[2] Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, s uch as the notion of a mathematical function.[3] He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, optics, and astronomy. Euler is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 6080 quarto volumes.[4] A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the teacher (master) of us all".[5] Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc banknote[6] and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also commemorated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.

Leonhard Euler
Portrait by Johann Georg Brucker Born Died April 15, 1707(1707-04-15) Basel, Switzerland September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783 St Petersburg, Russia Prussia Russia Switzerland Swiss Mathematics and physics Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences Berlin Academy University of Basel Calvinist[1]

Residence Nationality Field Institutions Alma mater Religion

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QUESTIONS ?

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