SUMMARY OF TESTS CARRIEDD OUT BY THE COMPANY INFO GLOBAL,S.A. FOR GRAPHENANO S.L.

An electrical resistance test was carried out in situ. Two reeled cables were taken (this does not affect the measurement of resistance), one was graphene coated and the other was not. They are 4.73 metres long and 1 millimetre in diameter. The electrical resistance was measured with a standardized, calibrated Denver MO2001 device, as used by the Spanish national railway company, RENFE, for electrical measurements. The following values were obtained: Cable with no graphene: 102.6 milliohms Cable with graphene: 2.7 milliohms Figures 1 and 2 show photos of the measurements.

Figure 1. Resistance of the cable with no graphene.

Figure 2. Resistance of the cable with graphene. Taking into account the definition of conductivity which is defined as inversely proportional to the resistivity and, therefore, to the resistance, this result entails that the cable with graphene conducts electricity 38 times better than the cable with no graphene. If the conductivity of silver, which is the most conductive metal of those known, is 1.06 times greater than copper, this result means that the cable with graphene produced by GRAPHENANO is the most conductive material at room temperature, of all those known. In accord with this data, the resistivity, which is the measurement which must be provided to the possible buyers, not the resistance, of the aforementioned three materials would be as follows: Material Copper cable (1 millimetre in diameter) graphene coated. GRAPHENANO Silver Copper Resistivity (at 20 C-25 C) (m) 4.50 x 10-10 1.55 x 10-8 1.71 x 10-8

The electrons which are transferred on the graphene behave as quasi particles with no mass. The so called Dirac fermions move at a constant velocity regardless of their energy (as occurs with light), in this case, at approximately 106 m/s. The graphene has an effect called the Quantum Hall Effect, whereby the conductivity perpendicular to the current takes on discrete or quantized values, which makes it possible to measure this with incredible precision. Quantization implies that the conductivity of the graphene may be zero (its minimum value depends on Planck`s constant and the electron charge). Due to the aforementioned properties, the electrons of the graphene can move freely throughout the sheet and are not isolated in areas where they cannot exit (the effect is called the Anderson localization, and is a problem for bi-dimensional systems with impurities). Bear in mind that the Joule effect on the graphene is minimum. This effect implies that the conductor does not dissipate as much heat when it transmits electrons as occurs, for example, in stoves. I have not found any specific data on this. In any case, this issue would be very interesting for currents involving milliamperes. This is very important for electronics and the transfer of electrical energy. From the point of view of the quality factor for electrical induction (Q):

Q=

L ( 2p f ) R

This is inversely proportional to the resistance, which would be 50 times greater for the cable with graphene coating than the cable with no graphene, supposing the same inductance value (L) and the frequency of current (f). This has a definitive and positive effect from the point of view of the filtering of signals and the impedance of RC circuits. From the point of view of the storage of energy using alternating current, this means that one of every fifty cycles would not be taken advantage of; that is to say, performance would be very high. Another interesting question is the one related to radiofrequencies and the transmission of signals at high frequencies. It seems that, when signals are transferred in these conditions through a copper conductor, the transfer is carried out on the surface of the cable. If this is so, a copper sheet with graphene (die-cut or not), the transfer of the signal would be carried out through the graphene. Fabin thinks that it would be possible to transmit frequencies of terahertzes, a thousand times higher than the current ones, which are calculated as gigahertzes (in December 2008, IBM announced that they had manufactured and characterized transistors which incorporated graphene operating at frequencies of 26GHz.12; in February 2010. IBM announced that the velocity of these new transistors reached 100 GHz -0.1 TH.). If this is so, transfer through optic fibre would be history as would the quantum computer.

Another question is wireless recharging which may be of two types: electromagnetic and by resonance. In the first case, efficacy is greater than 85% at a distance of 15 centimetres; the seconds is 80% at a distance of 50 centimetres. The first is characterized by having two reels: one where an electrical current circulates generating a magnetic field which generates a current in the second reel which charges the battery; depending on the number of spirals in the primary and in the secondary can be adjusted to the voltage (as in a conventional transformer). The second uses two copper reels, one which sends the energy generating a magnetic field which makes the second reel, connected to the device to be discharged, reverberates; the transfer of energy occurs when the two reels have the same frequency and are proximate to each other.