GPRS Q&A Book

GPRS Q&A Book 10.03.
14
Table of Contents
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................3
Chapter 2.
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)....................................................................................4
2.1. GSM network Architecture............................................................................................................................4
2.2. Mobile Station................................................................................................................................................7
2.3. !erational o" GSM.......................................................................................................................................#
2.4. Ra$io Re%ource Mana&e'ent......................................................................................................................10
2.(. GSM Air inter"ace........................................................................................................................................11
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................13
Chapter 3.
Introduction to G!S..........................................................................................................................................."4
3.1. )ircuit %witchin&*Packet %witchin&..............................................................................................................14
3.2. GPRS networkin& no$e%..............................................................................................................................1(
3.3. +,G+ in GSM.............................................................................................................................................1(
3.4. B))-*PB))- o!eration%...........................................................................................................................1.
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................1.
Chapter 4.
G!S #et$or% &rchitecture................................................................................................................................"'
4.1. )onnection% between the ele'ent% o" the network......................................................................................17
4.2. /%e o" 0P1 2ra'e Rela3 an$ A4M !rotocol%...............................................................................................23
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................24
Chapter (.
G!S Mobile Stations .........................................................................................................................................24
(.1. MS cla%%e%....................................................................................................................................................24
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................2.
Chapter ).
G!S &ir Interface...............................................................................................................................................2'
..1. 2,MA*4,MA a% in GSM...........................................................................................................................27
..2 GPRS Ra$io block% & )hannel )o$in&.......................................................................................................25
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................31
Chapter '.
!adio Channels......................................................................................................................................................3"
7.1. Ph3%ical an$ lo&ical )hannel%.....................................................................................................................31
7.2. )o''on )ontrol )hannel%..........................................................................................................................33
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................3(
Chapter *.
+peration of G!S...............................................................................................................................................3)
5.1. GPRS Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent 6MM7............................................................................................................3.
5.2. GPRS Se%%ion Mana&e'ent 6SM7...............................................................................................................4(
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................4#
Chapter ,.
#et$or% rotocols and Si-nalin-.........................................................................................................................(.
#.1. /%er !lane8 tra""ic !rotocol %tack%...............................................................................................................(0
#.2. )ontrol !lane8 %i&nallin& !rotocol %tack%.....................................................................................................(4
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................(#
Chapter "..
G!S Ser/ices and billin-....................................................................................................................................).
Chapter "".
Char-in-.................................................................................................................................................................)"
Re"erence%.............................................................................................................................................................
Chapter "2.
G!S #et$or% lannin-......................................................................................................................................))
12.1. )a!acit3 Plannin&........................................................................................................................................
12.2. ther Plannin& 0%%ue%.................................................................................................................................5
12.3. !ti'u' Plannin& .....................................................................................................................................5
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................70
2*50
GPRS Q&A Book 10.03.14
Chapter "3.
0G!S (2.(G)........................................................................................................................................................'"
Re"erence%...........................................................................................................................................................73
Chapter "4.
0/olution to$ard 1MTS (3G)..............................................................................................................................'4
14.1. 4heor3 o" 9i$eban$ .................................................................................................................................74
14.2. Qualit3 o" Ser:ice in 3G ...........................................................................................................................7(
14.3. A ;ew 3G S3%te'8 )o$e ,i:i%ion ,u!le< ..............................................................................................77
Introduction
GSM 6Global S3%te' "or Mobile )o''unication%7 i% the !an=+uro!ean $i&ital cellular
%tan$ar$ !ubli%he$ b3 +4S0 6+uro!ean 4eleco''unication% Stan$ar$% 0n%titute7. 0t i% the worl$>%
'o%t !o!ular %econ$=&eneration cellular %3%te'. 0n Ma3 20031 there were al'o%t 5(0 'illion GSM
%ub%criber% in 'ore than 170 countrie% ?www.&%'worl$.co'@ @1 that i% to %a3 70.4 A o" all wirele%%
%ub%criber%. 4echnolo&3 creation "or GSM ha% !rocee$e$ in three !ha%e%. 4he technolo&3
%tan$ar$iBe$ in !ha%e 1 wa% %u""icient "or the intro$uction o" co''ercial GSM %er:ice%1 inclu$in&
tele!hon3 an$ %hort 'e%%a&e% %er:ice% 6SMS71 in 1##2. 0n 1##.1 !ha%e 2 co'!lete$ the ori&inal GSM
$e%i&n ta%k. Pha%e 2 co'!lete$ the ori&inal GSM $e%i&n ta%k an$ e%tabli%he$ a "ra'ework "or on&oin&
technolo&3 enhance'ent. ne o" the 'ain !oint "ro' the u%er !oint o" :iew ha$ been to achie:e better
au$io Cualit3 when reachin& thi% %econ$ &eneration1 a% in the 'i$$le o" the #0>% it a!!eare$ to be the
'o%t nee$e$ enhance'ent.
2ro' the be&innin& o" the #0% to 20001 GSM technolo&3 beca'e wi$el3 u%e$. 0n the 'ean
ti'e1 !eo!le &et u%e$ to 0nternet a!!lication% %uch a% e'ail or web !a&e con%ultin&. A%%ociate$ to the
con:er&ence o" :oice1 $ata an$ 'ulti'e$ia %er:ice%1 it lea$ to the nee$ "or o!erator% to !ro!o%e
%er:ice% inclu$in& tra$itional %!eech %er:ice% an$ $ata 0nternet=like %er:ice%1 with enhance$ $ata rate%
co'!are$ to what allow the %econ$ &eneration o" cellular %3%te'%.
/ntil !ha%e 21 GSM wa% $e%i&ne$ 'ainl3 "or %!eech %er:ice%. So the network wa% all circuit=
%witche$ ba%e$. 4he %er:ice wa% con%i%tin& o" :oice an$ ba%ic $ata "acilitie% %uch a% "ac%i'ile. 4he
$ata rate1 u! to #.. Db!%1 i% too low to !er"or' %er:ice% %uch a% internet a!!lication% in a rea%onable
ti'e. )ircuit=%witche$ techniCue re%er:e% a tra""ic channel "or the entire co''unication ti'e1 an$ %o
wa%te% the ra$io re%ource when $ata tra""ic occur% in bur%t%1 with lon& %ilent inter:al%. -owe:er it i%
known that 'o%t new $ata %er:ice% nee$ hi&h $ata rate reCuire Ebur%t3F $ata tran%"er%. 2or e<a'!le1
%uch bur%t3 $ata tran%"er% occur when con%ultin& a web!a&e8 once the !a&e i% $ownloa$e$1 the u%er
rea$ it be"ore "in$in& a link to another !a&e that will nee$ %o'e $ata tran%"er a&ain. 9hile the u%er
rea$%1 no $ata tran%"er ha!!en%. -owe:er1 the u%er i% %till bein& char&e$ "or the circuit=%witche$
co''unication that i% e%tabli%he$1 an$ the o!erator i% wa%tin& re%ource% that coul$ be u%e"ul to
another $ata tran%"er.
4o $eal with the a$a!tation o" GSM to %er:ice% in:ol:in& $ata tran%"er%1 while $e:elo!in&
GSM !ha%e 2G1 +4S0 ha% %!eci"ie$ a General Packet Ra$io Ser:ice 6GPRS7 o:er GSM. ne &oal o"
GPRS i% to increa%e the utiliBation e""icienc3 o" ra$io re%ource1 thu% allowin& hi&her $ata rate%. 4hat>%
wh3 GPRS i% $e%i&ne$ a% a "ull3 !acket=%witche$ $ata network1 a% it i% the ca%e in the 0nternet
Protocol 60P7 on 0nternet. Packet=%witche$ network% 'o:e $ata in %e!arate1 %'all block%1 calle$
!acket%1 ba%e$ on the $e%tination a$$re%% o" each !acket. 9hen recei:e$1 !acket% are rea%%e'ble$ in
the !ro!er %eCuence to 'ake u! the 'e%%a&e. So the link% are %hare$ between all connection%1 on the
contrar3 o" circuit=%witche$ network% that reCuire $e$icate$ !oint=to=!oint connection% $urin& call%.
4o achie:e a 'ore e""icient u%e o" ra$io re%ource% "or !acket $ata1 $ealin& with the GSM !re=
e<i%tent network1 GPRS wa% $e%i&ne$ to take it% ra$io re%ource "ro' the !ool o" channel% unu%e$ b3
GSM :oice %er:ice%1 $3na'icall31 accor$in& to the actual nee$% "or !acket $ata tran%"er%. 4hank% to
techniCue% %uch a% 'ulti=%lot u%e an$ u%e o" $i""erent channel co$in& %che'e% 6accor$in& to the
reliabilit3 o" the air inter"ace71 a theoretical rate o" 170kb*% !er u%er i% !o%%ible. ,ue to %o'e
3*50
eCui!'ent not bein& "ull3 co'!liant with la%t "eature%1 in realit3 rate% about ten% o" kb*% are reache$. 0t
ha% al%o other characteri%tic% "or a better %u!!ort o" $ata %er:ice%. 2ir%t1 a u%er $oe%n>t nee$ to $ial a
%e!arate 'o$e' or 0S,; nu'ber an3'ore8 each ter'inal an$ network ele'ent ha% it% own a$$re%%
6e.&. 0nternet a$$re%%7. Moreo:er1 GPRS $oe% not cau%e chan&e% to the "unctionin& o" the GSM
network8 it utiliBe% the %a'e ra$io inter"ace re%ource% a% GSM1 but %o that circuit=%witche$ GSM
tra""ic ha% a hi&her !riorit3.
Gi:en all it% 'ain characteri%tic%1 GPRS i% :iewe$ a% !art o" the 2.( &eneration1 becau%e it
con%titute% a %te! in the e:olution towar$ 3G. 4he a!!lication% GPRS allow% al%o %how the !ath to 3G8
it 'a3 inclu$e1 "or e<a'!le1 tele'etr31 train control %3%te'%1 roa$ ta<e%1 0nternet u%e1 an$ e'ail that i%
likel3 to beco'e one o" the 'o%t !o!ular a!!lication.
4o %u' u!1 %een "ro' a technical :iew!oint1 !acket=%witche$ acce%% 'echani%'% will &i:e
better utiliBation o" the tran%'i%%ion 'e$iu' than circuit=%witche$ one%1 becau%e the 'e$iu' will be
u%e$ on $e'an$ onl3 an$ becau%e one !h3%ical channel can be %hare$ b3 'an3 u%er% throu&h
'ulti!le<in&. 2ro' the u%er>% :iew!oint E!acketiBe$F tran%'i%%ion within GSM will be 'ore
con:enient not onl3 becau%e o" the new %er:ice% that coul$ be !ro:i$e$. 0n contra%t to ti'e=oriente$
char&in& u%e$ in the tra$itional !hone network%1 %ub%criber% will be bille$ "or the a'ount o"
in"or'ation tran%"erre$1 not the attach ti'e.
4hi% $ocu'ent i% co'!o%e$ o" a %et o" Que%tion% & An%wer% about GPRS. 0t wa% written b3
'e'ber% o" a !roHect at +I4+D 0n%titute o" 4echnolo&31 the EGPRS cour%e !roHect &rou!F. 4he &oal
o" thi% !roHect i% to $e:elo! interacti:e cour%e "or e$ucation o" GPRS on to! o" GSM. 4he !roHect i%
$i:i$e$ in two acti:itie% concernin& the e$ucation o" GPRS8 Iirtual AMD "or which a web ba%e$
)o'!uter Ai$e$ +$ucation 6)A+7 cour%e i% bein& $e:elo!e$1 an$ A%ia=04). 4he !re%ent %et o"
Cue%tion% an$ an%wer% wa% written "or the ECue%tion & an%werF trainin& en:iron'ent.
4he Cue%tion% co:er 'o%t o" the to!ic% o" GPRS1 an$ will allow acCuirin& a &oo$ knowle$&e
o" the whole %3%te'. A"ter a re'e'berin& !art about GSM1 it &oe% throu&h a Cuick o:er:iew o" the
GPRS %3%te'. 4hen the architecture o" the network i% re:iewe$1 be"ore $ealin& with the 'obile
%tation% $e$icate$ to the new %3%te'1 the air inter"ace an$ the ra$io channel% a%%ociate$ with. ;e<t
Cue%tion% are about the o!eration o" GPRS 6'obilit3 an$ %e%%ion 'ana&e'ent71 an$ network !rotocol%
u%e$ in the network to con:e3 u%er%> $ata an$ %i&nalin&. A !art i% $e$icate$ to the %er:ice% !er'itte$
b3 GPRS1 an$ how the3 are char&e$ an$ bille$. So'e Cue%tion% about the enhance'ent% o" rate%
!er'itte$ b3 +,G+ are !ro!o%e$ in the cha!ter about +GPRS. 4o conclu$e thi% !ath throu&h the
GPRS %3%te'1 !oint% about the e:olution towar$ /M4S 63G7 are &i:en.
Chapter 2.
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
2.1. GSM network Architecture
Q. 2.1.1 2ra$ the GSM &rchitecture.
A. 2.1.1
4he GSM Architecture i%8 GSM a% a 'o$ern teleco''unication% %3%te' i% a co'!le< obHect. 4o the
'ulti=%er:ice a%!ect it %hare% with 0S,;1 it a$$% all the $i""icultie% co'in& "ro' cellular network%.
4*50
A u C H L R
V L R
V L R E I R
M S C M S C G M S C
B S C
B T S
B S S
B S S
D a t a b a s e s
S w i t c h e s
R a d i o
S y s t e m s
N S S
M S
P L M N
S S P
S S P
E I R : E q u i p m e n t I d e n t i t y R e g i s t e r
V L R : V i s i t o r L o c a t i o n R e g i s t e r
H L R : H o m e L o c a t i o n R e g i s t e r
A u C : A u t h e n t i c a t i o n C e n t e r
S C : o b i ! e S w i t c h i n g C e n t e r
" S C : " a t e w a y S C
# S S : # a s e S t a t i o n S u b s y s t e m
# S C : # a s e S t a t i o n C o n t r o ! ! e r
# $ S : # a s e $ r a n s c e i % e r
S : o b i ! e S t a t i o n
S S & : S e r % i c e S w i t c h i n g & o i n t
3i-ure 2."." GSM architecture.
Q. 2.1.2 2ra$ the Traffic /ie$ in GSM on the #et system.
A. 2.1.2
GSM on the ;et S3%te'8 4he ori&inal GSM network con%i%t% o" the network $e!icte$ in "i&ure 2.1.2.
(*50
A u C
H L R
S T P
( G ) M S C / V L R
G S M
P L M N
S S 7 G W
V G W
N A C
A G W
A G W
R N S
S N
M A P ( o v e r S S 7 )
I S U P ( o v e r S S 7 )
Q . 9 3 ( o v e r E / T )
G . 7 ( o v e r E / T )
M A P
H . ! ! "
H . ! ! "
R T P
( o v e r U # P )
G S M A $ % & ( o v e r E / T )
G S M
A $ % &
G S M
A
M S
G S M o ' ( ) e N e ( S * & ( e +
G S M o ' ( ) e N e ( S * & ( e +
U & e r &
3i-ure 2.".2 GSM on the ;et S3%te'.
Q. 2.1.3 2ra$ the interfaces in GSM.
A. 2.1.3
4he inter"ace u%e$ "or :oice tra""ic between the MS) an$ e<ternal :oice tra""ic network% i% i$entical to
the center% o" the "i<e$ line network. 0nternetworkin& "unction% 60927 between the MS)% an$ e<ternal
network% enable $ata connection% between the 'obile an$ "i<e$ network%. 4he%e internetworkin&
"unction% inclu$e 'o$e' eCui!'ent reCuire$ "or circuit %witche$ $ata connection%.
.*50
A u C
G M S C
H L R V L R V L R E I R
S M S , -
M S C M S C
B S C
E . / ) e ' ( % ( * / o + + u ' % / . ( e &
- % ( ) e . / ) o ( ) e r ( ) r o u , ) ( ) e
. 0 0 r o r % . ( e % ' ( e r 1 . / e
B T S
A $ % &
A
E
E
2
B
G #
H
B
C
C
3i-ure 2.".3 GSM inter"ace%.
2.2. Mobile Station
Q. 2.2.1 4hat is the benefit of SIM5
A. 2.2.1
4he bene"it% o" the S0M car$ e.& the %a"et3 "unction%1 intero!erabilit3 with in !rinci!le an3 GSM
!hone an$ network1 an$ the "le<ible a$$in& an$ re'o:in& o" %er:ice%. A% the S0M car$ i% ba%icall3 a
re&ular %'art car$1 it 'a3 be !o%%ible in the "uture to co'bine "unction% unrelate$ to the GSM
network %uch a% a bankcar$ to it. 4hu% it can be calle$ a 'ulti"unctional or 'ulti car$.
Q. 2.2.2 4hat are the ad/anta-es of SIM &pplication tool%it5
A. 2.2.2
4he a$:anta&e% o" S0M A!!lication toolkit i% in below8
J 2ull3 rati"ie$ "or the !a%t cou!le o" 3ear% a% !art o" the GSM %tan$ar$
J 0ncor!orate$ into %e:eral 'anu"acturerK% !hone ran&e%
J 0ncor!orate$ into %e:eral co''ercial an$ trial network %er:ice%1 "ro' 'obile bankin& to
in"or'ation %er:ice% to e'ail
J Pro:en to be a u%e"ul tool "or acce%%in& the S0M that contain% all the in"or'ation about the en$
u%er. 4hi% !er%onal in"or'ation allow% %ecurit3=relate$ "unction% an$ i$entit3 :eri"ication to be carrie$
out1 which i% e%%ential "or %ecure electronic co''erce.
J S0M 4oolkit will be u%e$ "or a!!lication% nee$in& a hi&h $e&ree o" %ecurit3 %uch a% 'obile
bankin& an$ al%o "or 'ore L%taticL in"or'ation %er:ice% %uch a% hotline%1 co'!an3 $irectorie% an$
3ellow !a&e%. 9irele%% A!!lication Protocol 69AP7 will be u%e$ "or 'ore L$3na'icL %er:ice% %uch a%
0nternet brow%in& an$ acce%%in& chan&in& in"or'ation %er:ice%.
7*50
Q. 2.2.3 4hat does a mobile station in/ol/e5
A. 2.2.3
Be%i$e &eneric ra$io an$ !roce%%in& "unction% to acce%% the network throu&h the ra$io inter"ace1 a
'obile %tation 'u%t o""er either an inter"ace to the hu'an u%er 6%uch a% a 'icro!hone1 lou$%!eaker1
$i%!la3 an$ ke3boar$ "or the 'ana&e'ent o" %!eech call%71 or an inter"ace to %o'e other ter'inal
eCui!'ent 6%uch a% an inter"ace towar$% a !er%onal co'!uter or a "ac%i'ile 'achine71 or both o" the'.
An e""ort ha% been 'a$e to allow o"" the %hel" ter'inal eCui!'ent to be connecte$ to 'obile %tation%.
Q. 2.2.4 06plains the functions of operations sub7system.
A. 2.2.4
4he o!eration% %ub=%3%te' 6SS7 ha% %e:eral "unction%1 which reCuire connection% with the BSS an$
the ;SS. 4he SS ha% not been %!eci"ie$ in e<tre'e $etail1 which lea:e% a lot o" roo' "or choice "or
the eCui!'ent 'anu"acturer% in the $e%i&n o" the %3%te'. 0n contra%t1 the inter"ace% between the SS
an$ other ele'ent% ha:e been %!eci"ie$.
3i-ure 2.2.4 SS can be connecte$ to ;SS an$ BSS :ia M.2( !acket network.
4he 'o%t i'!ortant "unction% o" the SS are8
;etwork o!eration an$ 'aintenanceN
)ontrollin& %ub%criber in"or'ation1 %uch a% billin& $ataN
)ontrollin& the 'obile %tation%.
5*50
SS
M.2(
;SS BSS
MS
2.3. !erational o" GSM
Q. 2.3.1 8o$ &uC (&uthentication) does $or%5
A. 2.3.1
4he Me'or3 o" the Au) contain% the !ara'eter% reCuire$ to i$enti"3 the %ub%criber1 to check u%a&e
ri&ht%1 an$ to !rotect in"or'ation. ;either the +0R not the Au) are 'an$ator3 ele'ent% "or the
"unctionin& o" the work1 but the Au) i% in wi$e%!rea$.
Q. 2.3.2 4hat is Short messa-e ser/ice5
A. 2.3.2

J ;ot reCuirin& the en$=to=en$ e%tabli%h'ent o" a tra""ic !ath
J A%3''etric8 Mobile ri&inatin& Short Me%%a&e tran%'i%%ion i% con%i$ere$ a% a $i""erent
%er:ice "ro' Mobile 4er'inatin& Short Me%%a&e tran%'i%%ion
J /lti'ate $e%tination 6i$enti"ie$ b3 %o'e "iel$ in the 'e%%a&e7 i% rele:ant onl3 "or the u%er an$
the SMS)1 not "or the GSM in"ra%tructure
Q. 2.3.3 4hat is international roamin-5
A. 2.3.3
Generall3 with the GSM Short Me%%a&e Ser:ice1 no %!eci"ic international SMS roa'in& a&ree'ent i%
nee$e$ to u%e SMS o:er%ea%. 0n%tea$1 international SMS roa'in& auto'aticall3 ari%e% whene:er the
"ollowin& con$ition% are 'et8
J 4he GSM network o!erator% ha:e a :oice roa'in& a&ree'ent1 an$
J 4he 'obile network %u!!ort% SMS. b:iou%l3 'obile !hone u%er% who are u%in& another
'obile network 6known a% Lroa'er%L7 cannot u%e SMS i" the 'obile network the3 ha:e roa'e$ onto
$oe% ;4 %u!!ort the Short Me%%a&e Ser:ice the3 are tr3in& to u%e1 an$
J ;either o" the network o!erator% ha% taken %!eci"ic 'ea%ure% to !reclu$e %uch %hort 'e%%a&in&
acti:it3.
Q. 2.3.4 4hat are the protocols of in the short messa-e ser/ice5
A. 2.3.4
Protocol% in the Short 'e%%a&e %er:ice8 Short 'e%%a&e tran%'i%%ion 'a3 take !lace e:en i" the 'obile
%tation i% alrea$3 in "ull circuit co''unication. A %hort 'e%%a&e co''unication i% li'ite$ to one
'e%%a&e1 or in other wor$% the tran%'i%%ion o" one 'e%%a&e i% a co''unication all b3 it%el".
#*50
3i-ure ,.2., Protocol% in Short Me%%a&e Ser:ice.
Q. 2.3.5 4hat is 8ando/er and ho$ does it $or%5
A. 2.3.5
4he Proce%% o" auto'aticall3 tran%"errin& a tran%action in !ro&re%% 6a call in !articular7 "ro' one cell
to another to a:oi$ the a$:er%e e""ect% o" u%er 'o:e'ent% i% calle$ -A;,I+R. 4hi% !roce%%
reCuire% "ir%t %o'e 'ean% o" $etectin& the nee$ to chan&e cell while in $e$icate$ 'o$e 6han$o:er
!re!aration71 an$ %econ$ the 'ean% to %witch a co''unication "ro' a channel in a &i:en cell to
another channel in another cell1 i$eall3 in a wa3 not noticeable b3 the u%er%1 an$ at lea%t kee!in& u%er
$i%turbance to a 'ini'u'.
Q. 2.3.6 4hat is re9uired for Short Messa-es transmission5
A. 2.3.6
Short 'e%%a&e tran%'i%%ion reCuire% the %ettin& u! o" a %i&nalin& connection between the 'obile
%tation an$ the MS) i" none currentl3 e<it%. 4hi% i% $one a% "or an3 other co''unication. 4he tran%"er
o" the 'e%%a&e it%el" reCuire% the e%tabli%h'ent o" a %!ecial link la3er connection on the ra$io !ath an$
the u%e o" %!eci"ic 'e%%a&e tran%"er !rotocol%.
n to! o" the %!eci"ie$ !rotocol% %tack i% the %o=calle$ 4ran%"er la3er !rotocol1 which con%i%t% in the
ca%e o" a 'obile ri&ination 'e%%a&e o" a %in&le 'e%%a&e.
2.4. Ra$io Re%ource Mana&e'ent
Q. 2.4.1 4hat is the role of !adio resource mana-ement layer in GSM5
A. 2.4.1

4he role o" the Ra$io re%ource 'ana&e'ent la3er i% to e%tabli%h an$ relea%e %table connection%
between 'obile %tation% an$ an MS) "or the $uration o" a call "or in%tance1 an$ to 'aintain the'
10*50
#S
C
SC'VLR SS(
gwy
#$
S
E C
D
S($&
S(R&
S(C&
LA&D SS)
MAP MAP
$CA& $CA&
SS) SS)
$e%!ite u%er 'o:e'ent%. 0t 'u%t co!e with a li'ite$ ra$io re%ource an$ %hare it $3na'icall3 b3 the
MS an$ the BS).
Q. 2.4.2 4hat is Mobility mana-ement (MM)5
A. 2.4.2
4he 'achine% concerne$ with 'obilit3 'ana&e'ent are 'ainl3 the Mobile Station1 the -OR an$ the
MS)*IOR. More !articularl3 the Au) in%i$e the -OR $oe% b3 the %a'e 'achine% an$ the
'ana&e'ent o" the %ecurit3 "unction%. 4he BBS i% not concerne$ with the MM !lane.
Q. 2.4.3 4hat is Communication mana-ement (CM)5
A. 2.4.3
4he "unction% o" the co''unication 'ana&e'ent la3er1 or )M la3er1 con%i%t in %ettin& u! call%
between u%er% at their reCue%t1 a% well a% o" cour%e 'aintainin& the%e call% an$ relea%in& the'. 0t
inclu$e% the 'ean% "or the u%er to ha:e %o'e control o:er the 'ana&e'ent o" the call% he ori&inate% or
recei:er%1 throu&h the ESu!!le'entar3 Ser:ice%F. 4he :ariet3 o" the co''unication 'ana&e'ent
"unction% 'ake% it ea%ier to $e%cribe a% three %ub=$o'ain%.
Q. 2.4.4 4hat is Call Control (CC)5
A. 2.4.4
4he MS)*IOR%1 GMS)%1 092% an$ -OR%1 throu&h ba%ic call 'ana&e'ent "unction%1 are able to
'ana&e 'o%t o" the circuit oriente$ %er:ice% !ro:i$e$ to GSM u%er%1 inclu$in& %!eech an$ circuit $ata.
4hi% "unctional core re!re%ent% a %ub=!art o" the )M la3er1 an$ i% calle$ )) 6)all )ontrol7 in the
%!eci"ication%.
2.(. GSM Air inter"ace
Q. 2.5.1 4hat is the difference bet$een traffic channel and control channel5
A. 2.5.1
4ra""ic channel% are u%e$ $ata 6thi% inclu$e% :oice an$ low=%!ee$ $ata u! to #.. kb!%71 wherea% control
channel% are u%e$ "or network 'ana&e'ent 'e%%a&e%.
Q. 2.5.2 4hy are schemes li%e T2M& and 32M& used in GSM5
A. 2.5.2
Sche'e% %uch a% 4,MA an$ 2,MA "acilitate a 'ore e""icient u%e o" Ban$wi$th. 4hi% 'ean% tra""ic
can be carrie$ on the ra$io %!ectru'1 which i% a li'ite$ re%ource.
11*50
Q. 2.5.3 4hy is speech codin- necessary5
A. 2.5.3

ne o" the current 'etho$% o" $i&itiBin& i% Pul%e )o$e$ Mo$ulation 6P)M71 which ha% an out!ut
%trea' o" .4 kb!%. 4hi% rate i% too hi&h "or tran%'i%%ion o:er a ra$io link. 4o !ro$uce a "ea%ible out!ut
bit rate1 %!eech co$in& re'o:e% re$un$ant in"or'ation while 'aintainin& %!eech Cualit3. 0n GSM1 a
re&ular !ul%e +<cite$ with lon&=ter' !re$iction :oco$er i% u%e$ to re$uce the bit rate "or $i&itiBin&
%!eech to 13 kb!%.
Q. 2.5.4 4hat is con/olutional codin- and bloc% interlea/in- used for5
A. 2.5.4
4he %i&nal tran%'itte$ o:er the ra$io inter"ace nee$% to be !rotecte$ "ro' natural an$ 'an='a$e
electro'a&netic inter"ace1 u%in& a techniCue known a% channel co$in&. 4he GSM %3%te'% u%e
con:olutional co$in& an$ block interlea:in& to i'!le'ent )hannel )o$in&.
Q. 2.5.5 4hat:s the difference bet$een ;noise: and ;interference:5
A. 2.5.5

P;oi%e> i% a :er3 broa$ u%e$ to $e%cribe an3 unwante$ %i&nal% that inter"ere with the tran%'i%%ion o"
the %i&nal. P0nter"erence> i% a 'ore %!eci"ic ter'8 Pinter"erence P$eri:e% "ro' an unwante$ %i&nal
%harin& the %a'e "reCuencie% a% the a""ecte$ %i&nal.
Q. 2.5.6 4hat is Speech 3rame Substitution (S3S) and $hen is it used5
A. 2.5.6
0n )hannel )o$in&1 when a %!eech "ra'e arri:e% at the recei:er1 an$ i% %e:erel3 corru!te$ b3 noi%e1
S!eech 2ra'e Sub%titution 6S2S7 i% u%e$. 4hi% in:ol:e% aban$onin& the entire "ra'e an$ %ub%titution it
with the !re:iou% %!eech "ra'e. S!eech 2ra'e Sub%titution &enerall3 &oe% unnotice$ b3 the 'obile
u%er8 howe:er1 i" a %i&ni"icant nu'ber o" 2ra'e% ha:e to be aban$one$ an$ %ub%titute$1 the u%er 'a3
notice thi% !roce%%.
Q. 2.5.7 4hy is po$er control used in the GSM system5
A. 2.5.7
A% GSM i% a cellular %3%te'%1 ba%e$ u!on "reCuenc3 reu%e1 it i% nece%%ar3 to li'it the tran%'it !ower
o" 'obile% in or$er to !re:ent co=channel inter"erence1 that i%1 inter"erence "ro' 'obile% in ra$io cell%
clo%e b3. 0n GSM1 the tran%'it !ower o" the 'obile i% connecte$ b3 the ba%e %tation %o that it alwa3%
tran%'it% at the lowe%t !ower nece%%ar3 "or co''unication.
12*50
Q. 2.5.8 4hat is channel e9uali<ation5
A. 2.5.8
GSM o!erate% in a :er3 ho%tile ra$io en:iron'ent8 in !articular1 a !ro!a&ation !heno'enon known a%
'ulti!ath !ro!a&ation can a$:er%el3 a""ecte$ the Cualit3 o" the co''unication link. A techniCue
known a% )hannel +CualiBation i% u%e$ to counteract the e""ect% o" 'ulti!ath !ro!a&ation an$ allow
"or reliable co''unication on the ra$io link.
Q. 2.5.9 4hat is fre9uency hoppin-5
A. 2.5.9
2reCuenc3 ho!!in& i% another techniCue in GSM in or$er to counteract the e""ect% o" 'ulti!ath
!ro!a&ation. 2reCuenc3 ho!!in& in:ol:e% continuou%l3 chan&in& the carrier "reCuenc3 o" the ra$io
tran%'i%%ion%. 4hi% re$uce% the net e""ect o" ra$io channel% :er3 ba$l3 a""ecte$ b3 'ulti!ath
!ro!a&ation on the o:erall co''unication Cualit3.
Re"erence%
?2.1@ htt!8**www.iei.!i.cnr.it
?2.2@ M. Moul3 & M.=B. Pautet1 E4he GSM S3%te'% "or 'obile co''unication%F1 Publi%e$ b3
author%1 1##2.
?2.3@ htt!8**w3.%ie'en%.ch*$e*%b%*aca$e'3*$e*elearnin&$e'o
?2.4@ Q. Penttinen1 EGPRS in 9irele%% ,ata1 2unctionin& an$ ,e%i&n o" the ;etwork1 9SR1 2inlan$1
2002.
13*50
Chapter 3.
Introduction to G!S
3.1. )ircuit %witchin&*Packet %witchin&
Q. 3.1.1 4hat is pac%et s$itchin-5
A. 3.1.1
Packet %witchin& 'ean% that GPRS ra$io re%ource% are u%e$ onl3 when u%er% are actuall3 %en$in& or
recei:in& $ata. Rather than $e$icatin& a ra$io channel to a 'obile $ata u%er "or a "i<e$ !erio$ o" ti'e1
the a:ailable ra$io re%ource can be concurrentl3 %hare$ between %e:eral u%er%. 4hi% e""icient u%e o"
%carce ra$io re%ource% 'ean% that lar&e nu'ber% o" GPRS u%er% can !otentiall3 %hare the %a'e
ban$wi$th an$ be %er:e$ "ro' a %in&le cell.
Q. 3.1.2 4hat is Circuit s$itchin-5
A. 3.1.2
4he network i% circuit %witche$ where the u%er ha% "ull acce%% to the connection when nee$e$ an$ the
connection i% o"ten e%tabli%he$ b3 !lacin& a call to another !art3. 4he u%er ha% e<clu%i:e u%e o" the
!ath. 4he cu%to'er owne$ a %!eci"ic t3!e o" ban$wi$th an$ it i% acti:e when the cu%to'er initiate% the
connection towar$% the $ata tran%'it %ite. 4he certain "ollowin& technolo&ie%1 which are workin& on
the ba%e o" circuit %witchin&8
J S9 6%witche$7 (. 4echnolo&3
J 0S,; 60nte&rate$ Ser:ice ,i&ital ;etwork7 4echnolo&3
J PR0 6Pri'ar3 Rate 0nter"ace7 4echnolo&3
J BR0 6Ba%ic Rate 0nter"ace7 4echnolo&3
Q. 3.1.3 4hat is the main difference bet$een GSM and G!S in terms of s$itchin-5
A. 3.1.3
4he 'ain $i""erence between GSM an$ GPRS in ter'% o" %witchin& i%8
GPRS or &eneral !acket ra$io %er:ice% i% a co'!letel3 !acket %witche$ $ata tran%"er 'etho$ which ha%
al%o been %!eci"ie$ "or GSM. 9ith GPRS1 a u%er no lon&er $ial% a %e!arate 'o$e'. GPRS work% like
the 0nternet %o that ter'inal% an$ the network ele'ent% each ha:e their own 0nternet=a$$re%%e%. GPRS
i% an e<ten%ion o" GSM network1 an$ i'!le'entin& GPRS $oe% not in !rinci!le cau%e chan&e% to the
"unctionin& o" the GSM network. GPRS utiliBe% the %a'e ra$io inter"ace re%ource% a% GSM1 but %o
that circuit %witche$ GSM tra""ic ha% a hi&her !riorit3 b3 $e"ault.
Q. 3.1.4 2escribe three $ays to enhance the data rate in GSM system.
A. 3.1.4
4he "ir%t %te! towar$% i'!ro:e$ $ata rate% enhance$ channel co$in&1 which increa%e% the $ata rate o" a
%in&le GSM ti'e%lot to 14.4 kb*%.
14*50
A %econ$ 'etho$ "or i'!ro:in& $ata i% u%in& $ata co'!re%%ion :ia a $ata connection %u!!orte$ b3 the
network. /%in& co'!re%%ion1 $ata rate i% increa%e$ EI0R4/AOORF a% the actual tran%'i%%ion $oe%
not reCuire "a%ter $ata rate%. GSM %!eci"ication% to$a3 %u!!ort 04/>% co'!re%%ion 'etho$ known a%
I.42bi%.)o'!re%%ion can be u%e$ both between the ter'inal an$ the MS) an$ the "i<e$ network.
4he actual en$ Sto=en$ $ata rate i% increa%e$ re%!ecti:el3
3.2. GPRS networkin& no$e%
Q. 3.2.1 4hat are G!S net$or%in- nodes5
A. 3.2.1
+nablin& GPRS on a GSM network reCuire% the a$$ition o" two core 'o$ule%1 the Gatewa3 GPRS
Ser:ice ;o$e 6GGS;7 an$ the Ser:in& GPRS Ser:ice ;o$e 6SGS;7. A% the wor$ Gatewa3 in it%
na'e %u&&e%t%1 the GGS; act% a% a &atewa3 between the GPRS network an$ Public ,ata ;etwork%
%uch a% 0P an$ M.2(. GGS;% al%o connect to other GPRS network% to "acilitate GPRS roa'in&. 4he
Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6SGS;7 !ro:i$e% !acket routin& to an$ "ro' the SGS; %er:ice area "or
all u%er% in that %er:ice area.
Q. 3.2.2 06plain the combination of 02G0= G!S and 8SCS2.
A. 3.2.2
4he co'bination o" GPRS an$ +,G+ 6enhance$ $ata rate% "or &lobal e:olution7 i% calle$ +GPRS
6+nhance$ GPRS71 an$ the co'bination o" -S)S, an$ +,G+ i% known a% +-S, 6+nhance$ hi&h
%!ee$ $ata7. 0n co'bination with :oice %er:ice% +,G+ i% known a% +AMR 6enhance$ a$a!ti:e
'ultirate co$ec7.
Q. 3.2.3 4hat is the main function of MSC in G!S5
A. 3.2.3
4he 'o%t i'!ortant "unction o" an MS) i% to %witch1 'aintain an$ co'!lete call% within it% area. 0n
the ca%e o" the GMS)1 the call woul$ ha:e to be rela3e$ to the ne<t MS). )all% can be internal to the
network an$ 'a$e within one MS) or between $i""erent MS)%.
3.3. +,G+ in GSM
Q. 3.3.1 4hat is the main difference bet$een 02G0 and GSM5
A. 3.3.1
+,G+ 6+nhance$ ,ata rate "or GSM +:olution7 i% an e:olutionar3 3G technolo&3 ba%e$ on e<i%tin&
GSM an$ 4,MA*0S=13. %tan$ar$%. +,G+ will allow 'ore $ata 6u! to 354 Db!%7 to be tran%'itte$
o:er the 4,MA ra$io "reCuenc3 once channel Cualit3 i'!ro:e%.
GSM 6Global S3%te' "or Mobile7 co''unication% i% a $i&ital technolo&3 $e:elo!e$ in +uro!e $urin&
the 1#50% an$ "ir%t $e!lo3e$ in the earl3 1##0K%. 4o$a3 it i% wi$el3 u%e$ in +uro!e an$ A%ia Paci"ic.
)o''onl3 re"erre$ to a% a %econ$=&eneration 62G7 technolo&31 GSM network% %er:e rou&hl3 hal" o"
the total wirele%% :oice %ub%criber ba%e in the worl$.
1(*50
Q. 3.3.2 8o$ is G!S and 02G0 related5
A. 3.3.2
+,G+1 +nhance$ ,ata rate% "or GSM +:olution1 i% intro$ucin& a new an$ 'ore e""ecti:e 'o$ulation
%che'e thu% &i:in& hi&her $ata rate%. 0n +=GPRS the +,G+ 'o$ulation %che'e i% u%e$ &i:in& 'uch
hi&her $ata rate% co'!are$ to or$inar3 GPRS.
3.4. B))-*PB))- o!eration%
Q. 3.4.1 4hat is >CC8?>CC85 8o$ does >CC8 $or%5
A. 3.4.1
4he channel tran%'itte$ network in"or'ation i% B))-1 Broa$ca%t )ontrol )hannel. 4hi% in"or'ation
i% about8
J 0nitial tran%'i%%ion !ower to be u%e$ b3 Mobile Station.
J 2reCuencie% li%t u%e$ in cell.
J Oocation Area i$enti"ication1 OA0.
J ;etwork 0$enti"ication in OA0.
J Oi%t o" acce%% cla%%e% that 'a3 u%e the network.
J 2reCuencie% li%t to be 'ea%ure$ b3 the MS.
J 2reCuenc3 ho!!in& %eCuence nu'ber 6-S;7
J Pa&in& %ub channel%1 the $i:i%ion o" (1='ulti"ra'e into !a&in& %ub% channel%.
4he la%t three $i&it% o" 0MS0 60nternational Mobile Sub%criber 0$entit37 $e"ine which o" the' the MS
%houl$ li%ten.
9ith in the acce%% o" new network the MS nee$ to know i" it allowe$ to u%e in thi% network or not. 0"
there i% no roa'in& a&ree'ent with in the ho'e network o" the MS then no allow o" u%e in new
network. 2or roa'in& he ha% to %ub%cribe "ro' the countr3 an$ b3 the 0MS0 o" a 'obile %tation.
Packet Broa$ca%t )ontrol )hannel 6PB))-7 i% tran%'itte$ in Acti:e )ell o!eratin& 'o$e. 9hen
a:ailable1 the PB))- i% the channel that i% u%e$ b3 the MS1 in !lace o" the B))-1 "or control
in"or'ation an$ %i&nalin& relate$ to !acket %er:ice%.
PB))- can onl3 be enable$*$i%able$ when o!eratin& 'o$e i% )ell "".
9hen the PB))- i% acti:ate$1 PS011 PS02 & PS03bi% are tran%'itte$ on the new channel. 9hen the
PB))- i% on1 it i% &enerate$ in 4i'e%lot 1 on the %a'e AR2); a% the B))-.
Re"erence%
?3.1@ Q. Penttinen1 Iantaa1 EGPRS in 9irele%% ,ata1 2unctionin& an$ ,e%i&n o" the ;etwork1 9SR1
2inlan$1 2002.
?3.2@ M. Moul3 & M. =B. Pautet1 E4he GSM S3%te'% "or 'obile co''unication%F1 Publi%e$ b3
author%1 1##2.
?3.3@ 4. Anttalainen1 cour%e 'aterial% o" +:tek ?Mobile co''unication%@
?3.4@ htt!8**wirele%%.a&ilent.co'*r"co''%*re"$oc%*&!r%la
1.*50
Chapter 4.
G!S #et$or% &rchitecture
4.1. )onnection% between the ele'ent% o" the network
Q. 4.1.1 4hat elements constitute the G!S core net$or%5
A. 4.1.1
= 4he core network o" GPRS i% con%titute$ b3 an 0P backbone network1 which connect the
Ser:in& an$ Gatewa3 Su!!ort ;o$e% 6SGS; an$ GGS;7 to&ether an$ to other network%. n thi%
backbone network1 GPRS u%er an$ %i&nallin& $ata !acket% are tunnelle$ with the hel! o" the GPRS
4unnellin& Protocol.
= 0t al%o inclu$e% the Packet )ontrol /nit 6P)/78 GPRS u%er $ata an$ %i&nallin& !acket% are
tran%"erre$ "ro' an$ to the Mobile Station% throu&h the P)/1 &enerall3 locate$ in connection with the
Ba%e 4ran%cei:er S3%te' 6B4S71 in the Ba%e Station Sub%3%te' 6BSS7.
" & R S ( n e t w o r *
" S ( c o r e n e t w o r * " & R S ' " S
a c c e s s n e t w o r *
V o i c e + I S D , -
n e t w o r *
D a t a + I & -
n e t w o r *
S " S , " " S ,
H L R
V L R
S C
V L R
S C
# S C
# $ S
# $ S
I & b a c * b o n e
" s
" r " c
d a t a ' % o i c e c o n n e c t i o n
S S ) ( b a s e d s i g n a ! i n g
3i-ure 4."."." GPRS network architecture. Accor$in& to ?4.4@.
17*50
G G S N
3 ( ) e r P L M N
S G S N
S G S N
G G S N P # N
C G 2
E I R
B % 4 4 % ' ,
S * & ( e +
T E
H L R
B S S
M S C / V L R
S M S 5 G S M C
S M S 5 I W M S C
S M 5 S C
T E M T
G 0
G '
G 1
G .
G .
G %
G /
G ' G $ U + R
A
G &
E
G 6
#
C
I ' ( e r 1 . / e &
3i-ure 4.".".2 :er:iew o" the GPRS Oo&ical Architecture. Accor$in& to ?4.1@.
!eferences @ an%wer% 8 ?4.1@
Q. 4.1.2 4hat types of bac%bone net$or%s can be found in a G!S system5
A. 4.1.2
( 4here are two kin$% o" GPRS backbone network%. 4he%e are calle$8
o intra=POM; backbone network an$
o inter=POM; backbone network.
= 4he intra=POM; backbone network i% the 0P network interconnectin& GS;% within the %a'e
POM;. 4he inter=POM; backbone network i% the 0P network interconnectin& GS;% an$ intra=POM;
backbone network% in $i""erent POM;%.
= +:er3 intra=POM; backbone network i% a !ri:ate 0P network inten$e$ "or GPRS $ata an$
GPRS %i&nallin& onl3. A !ri:ate 0P network i% an 0P network to which %o'e acce%% control 'echani%'
i% a!!lie$ in or$er to achie:e a reCuire$ le:el o" %ecurit3. 4wo intra=POM; backbone network% are
connecte$ :ia the G! inter"ace u%in& Bor$er Gatewa3% 6BG%7 an$ an inter=POM; backbone network.
4he inter=POM; backbone network i% %electe$ b3 a roa'in& a&ree'ent that inclu$e% the BG %ecurit3
"unctionalit3. 4he BG i% not $e"ine$ within the %co!e o" GPRS. 4he inter=POM; backbone can be a
Packet ,ata ;etwork1 e.&.1 the !ublic 0nternet or a lea%e$ line.
15*50
& a c * e t D a t a , e t w o r *
I n t e r ( & L , b a c * b o n e
I n t r a ( & L , b a c * b o n e I n t r a ( & L , b a c * b o n e
" " S , # "
S " S , S " S , S " S ,
" " S , # "
& L , A & L , #
" i
" i
" p " p
3i-ure 4.".2 0ntra= an$ 0nter=POM; Backbone ;etwork%. Accor$in& to ?4.1@.
Q. 4.1.3 4hat are interfaces in a G!S system5
A. 4.1.3

4he GPRS %tan$ar$% $e"ine a nu'ber o" inter"ace% between GPRS ele'ent% an$ GSM ele'ent%. So'e
o" the inter"ace% are o!tional an$ %o'e co'!ul%or3. 4hi% co'!ari%on look% at earl3 i'!le'entation o"
the o!tional inter"ace%. +ric%%on an$ ;okia co''itte$ to i'!le'entin& the o!tional G% an$ G$
inter"ace% "ro' $a3 one. Alcatel ha% $eci$e$ not to i'!le'ent the G% inter"ace. Sie'en% %u!!ort% G$
but not G% "ro' $a3 one. Motorola will $eli:er the co'!ul%or3 Gb1 Gi an$ Gr inter"ace%. 4he o!tional
inter"ace% o" G% an$ G$ will be intro$uce$ in !arallel with the initial co''ercial %o"tware relea%e.
OucentK% Packet GSM will %u!!ort all %tan$ar$ GPRS inter"ace% are a% !er +4S0 %tan$ar$%1 alon& with
a nu'ber o" new inter"ace% "or real ti'e %er:ice% %u!!ort that are in the !roce%% o" bein& %tan$ar$iBe$.
Q. 4.1.4 4hat are the C1 and the CC15
A. 4.1.4
= 4he Packet )ontrol /nit 6P)/7 han$le% the connection between the GSM network>% ba%e
%tation %3%te' 6BSS7 or the /M4S network>% /M4S 4erre%trial Ra$io Acce%% ;etwork 6/4RA;7 an$
the GPRS backbone network. 4he P)/ %e!arate% GPRS !acket% "ro' circuit %witche$ connection%.
4hen it %en$% the' o:er to the SGS;1 :ia the Gb inter"ace o" the GSM network1 or :ia the 0u inter"ace
o" the /M4S network. ,ata are !acke$ in P)/="ra'e% o" 320 bit%. 4he P)/ al%o han$le% !art o" the
ra$io "unctionalit3 in the GPRS network1 b3 takin& care o" $i%tributin& re%ource% to GPRS u%er%1 an$
controllin& acce%% to the network.
= 4he )hannel )o$ec /nit 6))/7 i% locate$ in the ba%e %tation. 0t i% re%!on%ible "or channel
co$in&1 inclu$in& 2orwar$ +rror )orrection 62+)7 an$ interlea:in&1 ra$io channel relate$ 'onitorin&
"unction% inclu$in& Cualit3 o" %er:ice an$ %i&nal %tren&th le:el%.
!eferences @ an%wer% 8 ?4.1@1 ?4.2@
1#*50
Q. 4.1.5 8o$ are related the C1 and the CC15
A. 4.1.5
= 4o %en$ in"or'ation "ro' a Mobile Station to the GPRS network1 )hannel )o$ec /nit 6))/7
co'e% be"ore the Packet )ontrol /nit 6P)/71 to 'ana&e channel co$in& an$ ra$io channel "unction%
be"ore the P)/ enca!%ulate% $ata in P)/="ra'e%.
= 9hen the P)/ i% re'ote to the Ba%e 4ran%cei:er S3%te' 6B4S71 the ))/ in the B4S 'a3
control %o'e o" the "unction% in the re'ote P)/ in the BS). A% well1 the P)/ 'a3 control %o'e o"
the "unction% o" the ))/.
Q. 4.1.6 4hat locations can ha/e the C15
A. 4.1.6
= 0t i% a lo&ical choice to locate the Packet )ontrol /nit 6P)/7 in connection with the Ba%e
Station )ontroller 6BS)7. -owe:er1 accor$in& to %!eci"ication%1 the P)/ can be !h3%icall3 locate$
ne<t to the Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6SGS;7 a% well a% ne<t to the B4S. Oo&icall3 the P)/ i% !art
o" the Ba%e Station S3%te' or the /M4S ra$io %3%te'.

C C .
C C .
S
S
& C .
# $ S
C C .
C C .
# $ S
C C .
C C .
# $ S
S
S
S
S
& C .
# S C s i t e
# S C s i t e
# S C s i t e
" S , s i t e
" S , s i t e
" S , s i t e
& C .
" b
. m A b i s
" b
C i r c u i t s w i t c h i n g / u n c t i o n
+ 0 1 o r 1 2 * b i t s ' s e c -
& a c * e t s w i t c h i n g / u n c t i o n
3i-ure 4.".) Re'ote Packet )ontrol /nit 6P)/7 Po%ition%. Accor$in& to ?4.1@.
20*50
Q. 4.1.7 4hat conse9uences ha/e the location of the C1 on the net$or% connections5
A. 4.1.7
= 0" the Packet )ontrol /nit 6P)/7 i% locate$ in connection with the Ba%e Station )ontroller
6BS)7 or the Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6SGS;71 the Abi% inter"ace i% not a""ecte$1 a% ori&inall3
%!eci"ie$. 4hi% ca%e i% al%o calle$ Ere'ote=P)/F1 where the %i&nallin& between the BS) an$ the P)/
utili%e% the internal 'etho$ o" the P)/.
Q. 4.1.8 4hat are the GS#s5
A. 4.1.8
= GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6GS;7 contain% "unctionalit3 reCuire$ to %u!!ort GPRS. 0n one POM;1
there 'a3 be 'ore than one GS;.
= 4he Gatewa3 GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6GGS;7 i% the no$e that i% acce%%e$ b3 the !acket $ata
network $ue to e:aluation o" the P,P a$$re%%. 0t contain% routein& in"or'ation "or attache$ GPRS
u%er%. 4he routein& in"or'ation i% u%e$ to tunnel ;=P,/% to the MSK% current !oint o" attach'ent1 i.e.1
the Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e. 4he GGS; 'a3 reCue%t location in"or'ation "ro' the -OR :ia the
o!tional Gc inter"ace. 4he GGS; i% the "ir%t !oint o" P,; interconnection with a GSM POM;
%u!!ortin& GPRS 6i.e.1 the Gi re"erence !oint i% %u!!orte$ b3 the GGS;7.
= 4he Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6SGS;7 i% the no$e that i% %er:in& the MS 6i.e.1 the Gb
inter"ace i% %u!!orte$ b3 the SGS;7. At GPRS attach1 the SGS; e%tabli%he% a 'obilit3 'ana&e'ent
conte<t containin& in"or'ation !ertainin& to e.&.1 'obilit3 an$ %ecurit3 "or the MS. At P,P )onte<t
Acti:ation1 the SGS; e%tabli%he% a P,P conte<t1 to be u%e$ "or routein& !ur!o%e%1 with the GGS; that
the GPRS %ub%criber will be u%in&.
= 4he SGS; an$ GGS; "unctionalitie% 'a3 be co'bine$ in the %a'e !h3%ical no$e1 or the3
'a3 re%i$e in $i""erent !h3%ical no$e%. SGS; an$ GGS; contain 0P routein& "unctionalit31 an$ the3
'a3 be interconnecte$ with 0P router%. 9hen SGS; an$ GGS; are in $i""erent POM;%1 the3 are
interconnecte$ :ia the G! inter"ace. 4he G! inter"ace !ro:i$e% the "unctionalit3 o" the Gn inter"ace1
!lu% %ecurit3 "unctionalit3 reCuire$ "or inter=POM; co''unication. 4he %ecurit3 "unctionalit3 i%
ba%e$ on 'utual a&ree'ent% between o!erator%.
!eferences @ an%wer%8 ?4.1@
Q. 4.1.9 4hat %ind of connection e6ists bet$een the SGS# and the GGS#5
A. 4.1.9
= )onnection between Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e% 6SGS;7 an$ Gatewa3 GPRS Su!!ort
;o$e% 6GGS;7 tunnel% !acket $ata u%in& GPRS 4unnellin& Protocol 6G4P71 which rel3 on 4)P or
/,P o:er 0P. So thi% connection can be %et u! u%in& an3 technolo&3 which allow% the e%tabli%h'ent o"
an 0P connection at a rea%onable %!ee$ in co'!liance with the %!eci"ication%. 4he !h3%ical network
un$erneath SGS; an$ GGS; connection% ha% been le"t to the choice o" the network architect1 an$
thu% both +thernet local area network% an$ A4M network% coul$ be u%e$.
21*50
Q. 4.1.10 8o$ do SGS# and GGS# $or%5
A. 4.1.10
= 4he SGS; "unction% on the %a'e le:el in the hierarch3 a% the MS)1 "ollowin& the location o"
in$i:i$ual GPRS ter'inal%. 4he SGS; know% the location o" the MS b3 cell. 4he SGS; al%o take%
care o" u%er authentication an$ ci!herin&1 %o that the GPRS connection i% !rotecte$ between the MS
an$ SGS;. 4he SGS; al%o han$le% acce%% to the network8
J +%tabli%he% an MM conte<tN
J +%tabli%he% a P,P conte<t "or MS.
= GGS; enable% $ata tran%'i%%ion between $ata network% an$ the GPRS network. 4he GGS;
i% %witche$ to the SGS; :ia the 0P ba%e$ GPRS backbone network. 4he GGS; i% :i%ible to e<ternal
network% a% a router o" the 0P network or no$e in the M.2( network.
J 4ra$itional &atewa3 "unctionalit38 'a!!in& a$$re%%1 routin& an$ tunnellin& !acket%N
J GGS; 'aintain% an acti:ate$ P,P conte<t "or tunnellin& !acket% "ro' MS to SGS;.
Q. 4.1.11 8o$ is seen a G!S net$or% from an e6ternal net$or%5
A. 4.1.11
= A tran%'i%%ion connection within the GPRS network i% $e"ine$ "or a route between a GPRS
ter'inal an$ a GGS; ele'ent1 or between two GS; ele'ent%. Moreo:er1 the a!!lication la3er o" the
GPRS network work% o:er the 0P !rotocol.
= So a GPRS network will be :iewe$ a% a nor'al 0P network or %ubnetwork behin$ a &atewa3
"ro' the out%i$e. 4he Gatewa3 GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6GGS;7 act% a% an inter'e$iate $e:ice between
0P network% an$ GPRS network. 2ro' an e<ternal !oint o" :iew GGS; act% a% a nor'al router1 &i:in&
acce%% to the GPRS network.
S " S ,
# $ S # S C
& C .
S C
H L R ' " R
" " S ,
" " S ,
" & R S
b a c * b o n e
n e t w o r *
S S )
n e t w o r *
I n t e r n e t
3 4 5 6
& S $ ,
3i-ure 4."."" GPRS architecture8 )onnection to e<ternal $ata network%. Accor$in& to ?4.2@.
22*50
Q. 4.1.12 4hat is G!?8A!5 8o$ does G! $or%5
A. 4.1.12
4he GPRS re&i%ter 6GR7 contain% GPRS %ub%criber an$ routin& in"or'ation1 which ha:e been
co'bine$ with the %ub%criber>% 0MS0="iel$. 4he GR ha% in !ractice been Hoine$ with the -OR b3
a$$in& GPRS %!eci"ic $ata "iel$%1 'eanin& that -OR% reCuire a %o"tware u!&ra$e in or$er to "unction
with GPRS.
GR i% 'eant to be u%e$ "or the u!$atin& o" u%er location $ata1 %o that the $3na'ic $ataba%e o" the
-OR*GR contain% the in"or'ation o" the current SGS;. 4he Gc i% o!tional an$ it% "unctionalitie% can
be realiBe$ u%in& the SGS;. 4he Gc i% u%e$ to acti:e the P,P=conte<t when the %ub%criber i% about to
recei:e a !acket1 but the P,P conte<t ha% not 3et been e%tabli%he$. 4he GGS; then a%k% the -OR*GR
"or the a$$re%% o" the SGS; i% %er:ice u%in& the 0MS0 a% a !ri'ar3 cu%to'er relate$ ke3.
Q. 4.1.13 8o$ can be used a >order Gate$ay5
A. 4.1.13
4he Bor$er Gatewa3 6BG7 ele'ent can be u%e$ "or roa'in& between o!erator>% network%.
4.2. /%e o" 0P1 2ra'e Rela3 an$ A4M !rotocol%
Q. 4.2.1 4here is used the 3rame !elay protocol in a G!S net$or%5
A. 4.2.1
= 4he 2ra'e Rela3 !rotocol 6a la3er 2 !rotocol7 i% u%e$ in ca%e o" the inte&ration o" GPRS in a
GSM %3%te'1 to achie:e connection% between the GSM Ba%e Station Sub%3%te' 6BSS7 an$ the GPRS
network 6thi% i% the Gb inter"ace7.
Q. 4.2.2 4here is used the &TM protocol in the core net$or% of a G!S system5
A. 4.2.2
= 4he A4M !rotocol i% u%e$ in ca%e o" the inte&ration o" GPRS in a /M4S %3%te'1 to achie:e
connection% between the GSM Ba%e Station Sub%3%te' 6BSS7 an$ the GPRS network.
= 0t coul$ be u%e$ un$erneath 0P in the GPRS backbone network 6between Ser:in& an$ Gatewa3
GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e%71 $e!en$in& on the choice o" the o!erator network architect. 0n thi% ca%e1 other
o!tion% are "or e<a'!le an +thernet local network or 0S,; link%.
!eferences @ an%wer%8 ?4.3@
23*50
Q. 4.2.3 4here is used the I protocol in a G!S net$or%5
A. 4.2.3
= 0P i% u%e$ in the GPRS backbone network to route the u%er>% $ata an$ initial %i&nallin&. So we
"in$ a% the network la3er o" connection% between% GRPS Su!!ort ;o$e% 6GS;%71 un$erneath /,P
$ata&ra'% that carr3 GPRS 4unnellin& Protocol 6G4P7 P,/%.
= 0t can be u%e$ in a hi&her le:el in the %tack o" u%er $ata a!!lication tran%'i%%ion%1 to !ro:i$e
network la3er "unctionalitie% to the a!!lication%. So in thi% ca%e it concern% tran%'i%%ion% between a
Mobile Station 6MS7 an$ a Gatewa3 GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6GGS;71 that will route the a!!lication $ata
!acket to a the correct 0P a$$re%% 6it can be in%i$e1 or out%i$e the POM; network7.
!eferences @ an%wer% 8 ?4.1@1 ?4.2@1 ?4.3@
Re"erence%
?4.1@ +4S0 +; 301 344 = GSM 03..01 EDigital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Service description - Stage 2 :er%ion 7.#.01 Se!te'ber 2002.
?4.2@ Q3rki Penttinen1 EGPRS in !ireless Data "unctioning and Design o# the $et%ork1 9SR1
0SB; #(1=0=2.(.4=01 2002.
?4.3@ 4ar'o Anttalainen 1 E&o'ile (ommunications
htt!8**nww.e:itech."i*n*tar'oan*MobileT)o''unication%*
?4.4@ )arle% 2errer an$ MiCuel li:er1 E)vervie% and (apacity o# the GPRS.
Chapter (.
G!S Mobile Stations
(.1. MS cla%%e%
Q. 5.1.1 4hat are G!S MM states for G!S mobile stations5
A. 5.1.1
2i&ure (.1.1 e<!lain% GPRS MM %tate% "or GPRS 'obile %tation.
24*50
3i-ure (."." GPRS MM %tate% "or GPRS 'obile %tation.
Q. 5.1.2 4hat is Mobile station (MS) and Mobile e9uipment (M0)5
A. 5.1.2
4he GSM 'obile %tation 6MS7 con%i%t% o" the 'obile eCui!'ent 6M+7 an$ the %ub%criber i$entit3
'o$ule 6S0M7 car$1 a% %how in "i&ure (.1.2.
3i-ure (.".2 GSM MS 6Mobile Station71 S0M an$ M+.
Accor$in& to the %!eci"ication%1 eCui!'ent i% ter'e$ a han$%et i" it ha% a "i<e$ antenna1 a 'icro!hone1
an$ a recei:er. +Cui!'ent i% ter'e$ a car !hone1 i" it i% "i<e$ to the car1 an$ utiliBe% e.&. an e<ternal
antenna !o%itione$ on the roo" o" the car. 0n a$$ition1 the ori&inal %!eci"ication% $e"ine a 'obile
!hone1 which i% 'eant to be carrie$ aroun$ b3 han$ an$ can be in%talle$ in the car.
Q. 5.1.3 4hat is a Multiband phone5
A. 5.1.3
A 'obile !hone that "unction% on two or 'ore "reCuencie% o" the %a'e %3%te' i% calle$ a 'ultiban$
!hone. A 'ultiban$ !hone can "unction in %e:eral %3%te'%. 4he 'o%t co'!le< t3!e o" a 'obile !hone
i% the co'bine$ 'ulti'o$e an$ 'ultiban$ !hone1 which can "unction in %e:eral %3%te'% an$ in
'ulti!le internal "reCuenc3 ran&e%.
2(*50
Q. 5.1.4 4hat is the function of SIM5
A. 5.1.4
4he "unctionin& o" the S0M=car$% i% in !rinci!le unchan&e$ b3 the GPRS %er:ice. 4he 'o%t %i&ni"icant
chan&e% when co'!are$ to the GSM %3%te' are !robabl3 the 'o$i"ication% 'a$e on !rotection
inclu$in& the al&orith'%1 but the%e ha:e been %!eci"ie$ $irectl3 into the GPRS ter'inal. 4hu% it i% not
nece%%ar3 to re!lace a nor'al S0M car$ o" GPRS connection%.
Q. 5.1.5 Classify G!S terminals and $hat are their functions5
A. 5.1.5
GPRS ter'inal% are cla%%i"ie$ into three cla%%e% ba%e$ on their "unctionalitie%8
)la%% AN
4he MS can %i'ultaneou%l3 'aintain both a circuit=an$ a !acket %witche$ connection. An
e<a'!le coul$ be %ur"in& 0nternet !a&e% :ia the GPRS network %i'ultaneou%l3 with an acti:e :oice
connection o:er the GSM network.
)la%% BN
4he MS can auto'aticall3 choo%e between a circuit= or a !acket %witche$ connection1 but the
MS can onl3 ha:e one connection acti:e "or tran%'i%%ion o" in"or'ation. 0" the MS ha% e%tabli%he$
both a circuit= an$ a !acket %witche$ connection1 onl3 one can be u%e$ at a ti'e1 an$ the other i% ke!t
in waitin& 'o$e.
)la%% )N
nl3 one connection=circuit=or !acket %witche$=can be acti:e at one ti'e. 0n other wor$%1 the
MS cannot %i'ultaneou%l3 ha:e both a circuit= an$ a !acket %witche$ connection e%tabli%he$ or in
acti:e 'o$e. A %!ecial ca%e in thi% cla%% coul$ be one where onl3 a !acket %witche$ connection i%
!o%%ible.
4he cla%% ) GPRS ter'inal woul$ !robabl3 be the be%t alternati:e "or the :en$in& 'achine1 an$ the
cla%% B ter'inal 'i&ht be the lo&ical choice "or car inte&ration a% well a% "or nor'al GPRS han$ hel$.
Re"erence%
?(.1@ Q. Penttinen1 Iantaa1 EGPRS in 9irele%% ,ata1 2unctionin& an$ ,e%i&n o" the ;etwork1 9SR1
2inlan$1 2002.
?(.2@ M. Moul3 & M.=B. Pautet1 E4he GSM S3%te'% "or 'obile co''unication%F1 Publi%he$ b3
author%1 1##2.
?(.3@ htt!8**www.'obile&!r%.co'*w!*w!3.ht'
2.*50
Chapter ).
G!S &ir Interface
..1. 2,MA*4,MA a% in GSM
Q. 6.1.1 8o$ is C2M& superior to T2M&5
A. 6.1.1
Short an%wer8 0t %u!!ort% 'ore call% in the %a'e %!ectru'1 an$ it $3na'icall3 allocate% ban$wi$th
'ore ea%il3.
S!ectru' i% e<tre'el3 e<!en%i:eN it ha% to be !urcha%e$ "ro' :ariou% &o:ern'ental licen%in&
authoritie% at auction1 an$ %o'eti'e% the%e auction% ha:e in:ol:e$ billion% o" $ollar% 6or eCui:alent
'onetar3 :alue in other currencie%7. 0t re!re%ent% a con%i$erable in:e%t'ent b3 a carrier.
Q. 6.1.2 4hat is T2M&5
A. 6.1.2
4,MA %tan$% "or E4i'e ,i:i%ion Multi!le Acce%%F
,e"inition8 ne o" the ol$e%t $i&ital cellular technolo&ie%1 'o%tl3 %een in ;orth A'erica. 0t i%
con%i$ere$ the le%% a$:ance$ $i&ital technolo&31 !artl3 becau%e o" it% lack o" "le<ibilit3 co'!are$ to
other $i&ital cellular technolo&ie%.
4,MA $i:i$e% co''unication% into !acket% o" $ata ba%e$ on ti'e$ tran%'i%%ion.
Q. 6.1.3 8o$ 2oes T2M& $or% in GSM5
A. 6.1.3
4,MA work% b3 takin& a channel with a "i<e$ ban$wi$th an$ $i:i$in& it into ti'e %lot%. An3 &i:en
!hone i% then &i:en the abilit3 to u%e one or 'ore o" the %lot% on an on&oin& ba%i%1 i" it i% in a call. 2or
in%tance1 i" the channel i% 200 k-B wi$e with 5 %lot%1 an$ the !hone i% allocate$ one o" the'1 then the
!hone ha% e""ecti:e ban$wit$th o" 200*5 U 2( k-B. 4hi% ban$wi$th i% allocate$ to that !hone while the
call !rocee$%1 whether the !hone actuall3 u%e% it or not. 0n other wor$%1 when 3ouKre in a call with
4,MA an$ bein& %ilent becau%e 3ouKre li%tenin& to the other !er%on %!eakN 3our !hone %till u%e% that
"ull ban$wi$th to tran%'it %ilence.
0n a 4,MA %3%te'1 %u!!o%e that the !hone nee$e$ 'ore or le%% than the 2( k-B %lot. LOe%%L i% a non=
i%%ue becau%e thereK% no wa3 to &et %'aller. LMoreL woul$ reCuire that an a$$itional %lot be allocate$
to the !hone1 which woul$ reCuire a !rotocol=le:el e<chan&e8 the !hone %a3% to the cell L0 nee$ 'ore
ban$wi$thL1 the cell "in$% %o'e other !hone on that %a'e channel an$ tell% it to 'o:e1 clearin& an
a$$itional %lot1 then %en$% a 'e%%a&e back to the !hone tellin& it LD1 3ou can u%e thi% %lot in
a$$itionL. 4hi% 'i&ht take Cuite a while1 an$ b3 the ti'e itK% co'!lete the nee$ 'a3 ha:e !a%%e$.
27*50
..2 GPRS Ra$io block% & )hannel )o$in&
Q. 6.2.1 4hat is the G!S air interface channeli<ation5
A. 6.2.1

4he GPRS air inter"ace channeliBation i% e<!laine$ in "i&ure ..2.1.
3i-ure ).2." GPRS air inter"ace channeliBation. Accor$in& to ?..2@.
Q. 6.2.2 4hat is Ao-ical Channel5 8o$ does it $or%5
A. 6.2.2
Oo&ical channel% are !re=$e"ine$ "unction% %u!!orte$ b3 "ra'e% within a !h3%ical channel. GPRS
!h3%ical channel% &enerall3 carr3 two t3!e% o" in"or'ation8 control %i&nalin& "or e%tabli%hin& an$
'aintainin& a GPRS %er:ice1 an$ u%er $ata tra""ic. -ence1 GPRS lo&ical channel% can be cla%%i"ie$ a%
!acket control channel% an$ !acket tra""ic channel%. GPRS !acket control channel% are "urther $i:i$e$
into co''on control "unctionalitie% an$ broa$ca%t control "unction%1 in a 'anner %i'ilar to GSM.
)hannel
&rou!
)hannel
na'e
,irection 2unction
PB))- PB))- ,ownlink Broa$ca%t
P)))- PRA)- /!link Ran$o' Acce%%
PP)- ,ownlink Pa&in&
PAG)- ,ownlink Acce%% Grant
P;)- ,ownlink Packet ;oti"ication
P4)- P,4)- ,ownlink an$ u!link ,ata
PA))- ,ownlink an$ u!link A%%ociate$ control
P4))- ,ownlink an$ u!link 4i'in& a$:ance
3i-ure ).2.2 GPRS lo&ical channel%. Accor$in& to ?..2@
25*50
Q. 6.2.3 4hat are Channel codin- schemes and ho$ do them use5
A. 6.2.3

2our channel co$in& %che'e% 'arke$ )S=1 to )S=4 ha:e been %!eci"ie$ "or the !acket $ata tra""ic
channel% 6P,4)-7 o" the GPRS %3%te'. )S=1 u%e% the 'o%t e""icient channel co$in& 'etho$1
i$entical to the u%e$ on the S,))- channel% o" the GSM. )S=2 an$ )S=3 are li&hter :er%ion% which
u%e a %o=calle$ !uncturin& techniCue. Puncturin& 'ean% lea:in& out $ata bit% "ro' !er=$e%i&nate$
%ection% a"ter con:olution co$in& re%ultin& in re$uce$ error correction ca!abilit3. )hannel co$in& i%
not u%e$ at all with )S=41 which 'ake% it e%!eciall3 :ulnerable to error%. -owe:er1 )S=1 i% alwa3%
u%e$ "or !acket $ata control channel%.
)o$in&
Sche'e
)o$e
Rate
RO) !a3loa$ without
RO) an$ MA)
hea$er1
,ata rate
inc. MA)
hea$er
,ata rate
kbit*%1
e<c. /S2
4hrou&h!ut1
re%ultin& OO)
$ata rate1 kbit*%
)S=1 V 20 octet% U 1.0 bit% #.20 #.0( 5.0
)S=2 2*3 30 octet% U 240 bit% 13.(( 13.4 12.0
)S=3 W 3. octet% U 255 bit% 1(.7( 1(.. 14.4
)S=4 1 (0 octet% U 400 bit% 21.(( 21.4 20.0

3i-ure ).2.3 GPRS co$in& %che'e%. Accor$in& to ?..4@
Q. 6.2.4 4hat are an !AC?M&C radio bloc% structures5
A. 6.2.4
Ra$io Oink )ontrol 6RO)7* Me$iu' Acce%% )ontrol 6MA)7 ra$io block% "or tran%'i%%ion o:er ra$io
inter"ace. 4he MA)*RO) "ra'e %tructure i% %hown in 2i&ure 12.5.1. Me$iu' Acce%% )ontrol 6MA)7
la3er i% re%!on%ible "or ra$io channel %harin& between 'ulti!le u%er%. Ra$io Oink )ontrol 6RO)7 take%
care that OO) "ra'e% are tran%'itte$ reliabl3 an$ it recon%truct% OO) "ra'e% tran%'itte$ in 'ulti!le
ra$io block%. +ach RO)*MA) ra$io block occu!ie% "our bur%t% in "our %ub%eCuent 4,MA "ra'e% a%
%hown in 2i&ure 12.5.2 an$ the3 carr3 hea$er in"or'ation intro$uce$ below. )ontrol block% u%e
alwa3% the 'o%t error tolerant )S=1 channel=co$in& %che'e an$ the3 are u%e$ to control 'e$iu'
acce%% 6%i&nalin& !lane !rotocol7.
RO)*MA) $ata block
MA) h$r RO) h$r
!AC?M&C data bloc%
RO) $ata block
RO) $ata unit S!are
RO)*MA) control block
MA) h$r )ntrl h$r
!AC?M&C control bloc%
RO) control block
RO)*MA) %i&nalin&
2o$nlin%
MA) hea$er
Pa3loa$ t3!e
/S21 RRBP
RO) hea$er8
4201 40 BS;
RO) hea$er8
PR1 4201 2B01
BS;
1plin%
MA) hea$er8
Pa3loa$ t3!e1
)I
2o$nlin%
MA) hea$er8
Pa3loa$ t3!e
/S21 RRBP /!link8
none1 onl3
'e%%a&e
RO) hea$er8
2S1 420
1plin%
MA) hea$er8
Pa3loa$ t3!e
3i-ure ).2.4 GPRS RO)*MA) ra$io block %tructure. Accor$in& to ?..4@
2#*50
Q. 6.2.5 2ra$ the formation of each G!S channel7codin- scheme.
A. 6.2.5
4he "or'ation o" each GPRS channel=co$in& %che'e. All 'etho$% re%ult in block% o" 4(. bit% a% in
ba%ic GSM.
6/S2
3 bit%7
(
bit%
MA) hea$er
5 bit%
RO) ,ata*)ontrol Block
17. bit% 622 octet%7
4ail
0000
154 ,ata Bit%
B)S
40 Bit%
4(. )hannel enco$e$ bit% 64 Bur%t%*ne Ra$io Block7
225 bit%
/S2 "or
$ownlink
onl3
2ire )o$e1 &6<7U6<
23
G176<
17
G<
3
G17
1*2 Rate )on:olutional )o$e
154 bit%
RO) hea$er1 1. bit%
3i-ure ).2.(." GPRS )o$in& Sche'e )S=1 ?Accor$in& to ..4@.
6/S2
3 bit%7
(
bit%
MA) hea$er
5 bit%
RO) ,ata Block
2(. bit% 632 octet%7
4ail
0000
2.5 ,ata Bit%
B)S
1. bit%
(55 = 132 U 4(. )o$e$ Bit% 64 Bur%t%*ne Ra$io Block7
2#4 bit%
/S2 "or
$ownlink
onl3
1*2 Rate )on:olutional )o$e an$ !uncturin&
271 bit%
6/S2
. bit%7
7 %!are
bit%
RO) hea$er1 1. bit%
3i-ure ).2.(.2 GPRS )o$in& Sche'e )S=2 ?Accor$in& to ..4@.
6/S2
3 bit%7
(
bit%
MA) hea$er
5 bit%
RO) ,ata Block
304 bit% 635 octet%7
4ail
0000
312 ,ata Bit%
B)S
1. bit%
.7. = 220 U 4(. )o$e$ Bit% 64 Bur%t%*ne Ra$io Block7
312 bit%
/S2 "or
$ownlink
onl3
1*2 Rate )on:olutional )o$e an$ !uncturin&
31( bit%
6/S2
. bit%7
3 %!are
bit%
RO) hea$er1 1. bit%
30*50
6/S2
3 bit%7
(
bit%
MA) hea$er
5 bit%
RO) ,ata Block
41. bit% 6(2 octet%7
425 ,ata Bit%
B)S
1. Bit%
4(. )o$e$ Bit% 64 Bur%t%*ne Ra$io Block7
/S2 "or
$ownlink
onl3
431 bit%
7 %!are
bit%
6/S2
12 bit%7
RO) hea$er1 1. bit%
4he nu'ber o" bit% in GPRS bur%t% an$ the "or'ation o" bur%t% "or the airwa3 i% %i'ilar to tho%e o"
GSM. )S=1 channel co$in& i% alwa3% u%e$ "or GPRS %i&nalin& re&ar$le%% o" the )*0 relation%hi! o" the
connection.
Re"erence%
?..1@ Q. Penttinen1 Iantaa1 EGPRS in 9irele%% ,ata1 2unctionin& an$ ,e%i&n o" the ;etwork1 9%o31
2inlan$1 2002.
?..2@ htt!8**c!.literature.a&ilent.co'*litweb*
?..3@ htt!8**www.&oo&le."i*%earch
?..4@ 4ar'o Anttalainen1 cour%e 'aterial% o" +:tek ?Mobile co''unication%@
Chapter '.
!adio Channels
7.1. Ph3%ical an$ lo&ical )hannel%
Q. 7.1.1 4hat is physical Channel5 06plain briefly.
A. 7.1.1
4he !h3%ical channel% inten$e$ "or !acket $ata are calle$ !acket $ata channel% 6P,)-7. 4he lo&ical
!acket $ata channel% are %ituate$ on the !h3%ical !acket $ata channel%. 4he P,)->% are allocate$ onl3
when nece%%ar3. 4he u!link an$ $ownlink are co'!letel3 in$e!en$ent e<ce!t "or the P,)- channel1
which i% alwa3% two=wa3.
4he lo&ical channel% are cla%%i"ie$ into %i&nalin& an$ tra""ic channel%.
31*50
Table '."." Oo&ical GPRS !acket $ata channel%.
4+RM ;AM+ /O*,O
PP)- Packet !a&in& channel ,O
PRA)- Packet ran$o' acce%% channel /O
PAG)- Packet acce%% &rant channel ,O
P;)- Packet noti"ication channel ,O
PB))- Packet broa$ca%t control channel ,O
P,4)- Packet $ata tra""ic channel ,O*/O
PA))- Packet a%%ociate$ control channel ,O*/O
P4))-*, Packet ti'in& a$:ance control channel1
$ownlink
,O
P4))-*/ Packet ti'in& a$:ance control channel1 u!link /O
Q. 7.1.2 4hat are pac%et data traffic channels5
A. 7.1.2
4he !acket $ata tra""ic channel 6P,4)-7 i% the channel u%e$ "or the tran%'i%%ion o" $ata. 0t i%
allocate$ to one MS at a ti'e1 "or a &rou! o" MS.
Q. 7.1.3 4hat is Traffic channel and Control channel multiframe5
A. 7.1.3
2i&ure 7.1.3.1 %how% the tra""ic channel1 an$ "i&ure 7.1.3.2 the control channel.
2. ti'e% "ra'e%
41 42 410 411 A 412 413 414 423 0
3i-ure '.".3." 4ra""ic channel.
2 S B B B B ) ) ) ) 2 S ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2 S ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0

(1 40M+ 2RAM+S

28 "reCuenc3 correction channel
S8 S3nchroniBation channel
B8 broa$ca%t control channel
)8 co''on control channel
08 i$le "ra'e.
3i-ure '.".3.2 )ontrol channel.
Q. 7.1.4 4hat does G!?8AS do5
A. 7.1.4
GPRS re&i%ter 6GR7 contain% GPRS %ub%criber an$ routin& in"or'ation. 4he GPRS re&i%ter 6GR7 ha%
in !ractice been Hoine$ with -OR 6-o'e location re&i%ter7 b3 a$$in& GPRS %!eci"ic $ata "iel$%1
'eanin& that -OR nee$% %o"tware u!&ra$e
32*50
7.2. )o''on )ontrol )hannel%
Q. 7.2.1 4hat is the Channel codin- scheme and ho$ do they use5
A. 7.2.1
2our channel co$in& %che'e% 'arke$ )S1X)S4 ha:e been %!eci"ie$ "or the !acket $ata tra""ic
channel% 6P,4)-7 o" the GPRS %3%te'. )S=1 u%e% the 'o%t e""icient channel co$in& 'etho$. )S=2
an$ )S=3 are li&hter :er%ion%1 which u%e a %o=calle$ !uncturin& techniCue. )hannel co$in& i% not u%e$
at all with )S=41 which 'ake% it e%!eciall3 :ulnerable to error%.
Table '.2." Para'eter% o" the GPRS channel co$in& %che'e%.
)OASS ),+ RA4+ OA, ,A4A RA4+6Db*S7
)S=1 V 151 #.0(
)S=2 Y2*3 2.5 13.4
)S=3 Y3*4 312 1(..
)S=4 1 425 21.4
4he $ata rate inclu$e% the u%er $ata rate a% well a% the hea$er an$ other in"or'ation o" the !rotocol
la3er%.
Q. 7.2.2 >riefly e6plain and dra$ the certain co/era-e area of G!S channel codin- scheme.
A. 7.2.2
+ach channel=co$in& %che'e ha% it% own co:era&e area1 a% %hown in "i&ure 7.2.2. Sche'e% )S=2 an$
)S=3 u%e !uncturin&1 while no co$in& i% u%e$ with )S=4. -ow %i&ni"icant the $i""erence% in co:era&e
area achie:e$ u%in& $i""erent channel co$in& %che'e% are $e!en$% on the o:erall le:el% o" inter"ace in
a &i:en area.
C S 5
C S 5 !
C S 5 3
C S 5 7
3i-ure '.2.2 . )o:era&e area o" channel% co$in& %che'e%. Accor$in& to ?7.1@.
)hannel co$in& thu% in"luence% $ata rate an$ the co:era&e area achie:e$. 0n !ractice1 thi% 'ean%
hi&her $ata clo%er to a ba%e %tation an$ lower $ata rate% on the router e$&e o" a co:era&e area.
Accor$in& to %!eci"ication%1 no interru!tion% are cau%e$ a% the %witch o" channel co$in& %che'e%
occur% $3na'icall3 $urin& a connection.
33*50
Q. 7.2.3 4hat is the G!S multislot class5 2ra$ the multislot classes table.
A. 7.2.3
Multi%lot cla%%e% ha:e been %!eci"ie$ "or the GPRS %er:ice%. 4he RM in %tan$% "or the 'a<i'u'
nu'ber o" !arallel ti'e %lot% !er u%er recei:e$ $urin& each 4,MA "ra'e. 4hu% the nu'ber o"
recei:in& ti'e %lot% can be $e"ine$ a% 0UZ the nu'ber o" ti'e %lot% UZRM. 4he %a'e !rinci!le a!!lie%
to the 4M :alue% in the table.
Table '.2.3 Multi%lot cla%%e%.
Class !B TB Total Class !B TB Total
1 1 1 2 1.[ . .
2 2 1 3 17[ 7 7
3 2 2 3 15[ 5 5
4 3 1 4 1# . 2
( 2 2 4 20 . 3
. 3 2 4 21 . 4
7 3 3 4 22 . 4
5 4 1 ( 23 . .
# 3 2 ( 24 5 2
10 4 2 ( 2( 5 3
11 4 3 ( 2. 5 4
12 4 4 ( 27 5 4
13[ 3 3 25 5 .
14[ 4 4 2# 5 5
1([ ( (
2inall31 a %!ecial ti'e reCuire'ent ha% been %!eci"ie$ "or each cla%% in the table. 4he ter'inal 'u%t
'eet thi% reCuire'ent while %witchin& "ro' recei:in& or tran%"er 'o$e to nei&hborin& cell 'onitorin&
'o$e an$ :ice :er%a. 4he ti'e reCuire'ent ran&e% between 0=3 %ucce%%i:e ti'e %lot%1 an$ can $e!en$
on the u%e o" "reCuenc3 ho!!in& in a$$ition to cla%%. /%uall31 the nu'ber o" recei:e$ ti'e %lot% i%
eCual or 'ore than the tran%'itte$ ti'e %lot%.
Q. 7.2.4 4hat %inds of applications are best suited for G!S5
A. 7.2.4
GPRS i% be%t %uite$ "or a!!lication% with a bur%t3 nature o" $ata tran%"er e.&. the 0nternet.
Q. 7.2.5 8o$ does 2o$nlin% and 1plin% $or%s5
A. 7.2.5
Re%ource allocation $ownlink i% a controlle$ !roce$ure a% the network 6P)/7 can1 i" nece%%ar31
allocate the re%ource% between 'ulti!le %i'ultaneou% u%er% o:er the %a'e ti'e %lot%. /!link i% %li&htl3
'ore co'!licate$1 a% the $ata bur%t% %ent b3 %e:eral u%er% can at wor%t colli$e an$ inter"ere with each
other.
34*50
Q. 7.2.6 4hat are the three different methods for controlled resource allocation for uplin%5
A. 7.2.6
4he three $i""erent 'etho$% "or controlle$ re%ource allocation% are8
17 2i<e$ allocation
27 ,3na'ic allocation
37 +<ten$e$ $3na'ic allocation.
Q. 7.2.7 4hat is releasin- resources in G!S5
A. 7.2.7
Relea%in& GPRS re%ource% i% a% $3na'ic a% their allocation. 4he relea%in& o" re%ource% i% a %o'ewhat
'ore co'!licate$ !roce$ure in the /!link $irection. 4he MS>% tran%'i%%ion counter1 which ha% an
e<!ecte$ count$own :alue 6)I71 i% u%e$ to hel! in the "reein& o" re%ource%. A :alue o" 1( in$icate%
that the MS %till ha% !acket to tran%"er.
Q. 7.2.8 8o$ is the Multislot techni9ue used in G!S5
A. 7.2.8
4he GPRS %3%te' can u%e the 'ulti%lot techniCue. 2our channel co$in& cla%%e% ha:e been %!eci"ie$
into the GPRS %3%te'. Both the nu'ber o" a$Hacent channel% an$ channel co$in& can chan&e
auto'aticall3 $urin& a connection $e!en$in& on cell tra""ic an$ connection Cualit3 accor$in& to the
%a'e !rinci!le a% with the -S)S, 6-i&h %!ee$ circuit %witche$ $ata i% a $ata %er:ice7=techniCue.
Re"erence%
0SB; #(1=0=2.(.4=01 2002.
?7.2@ 2rank Ma$e'ann1 EGeneral Packet Radio Service a packet mode service %ithin the
GS&4eleco' re!ort international 15.

?7.3@ htt!8**www.&%'worl$.co'*technolo&3*&!r%
3(*50
Chapter *.
+peration of G!S
5.1. GPRS Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent 6MM7
Q. 8.1.1 2efine briefly Mobility mana-ement and its main obCecti/es.
A. 8.1.1
= Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent i% a %et o" "unctionalitie% $e"ine$ to kee! track o" the u%er ter'inal%1 i.e.
Mobile Station% 6MS7. 0n or$er to track the MS1 the cell% 6i.e. B4S1 Ba%e 4ran%cei:er S3%te'7 in a
&i:en %er:ice area are !artitione$ into %e:eral &rou!%. 4hen1 to $eli:er a %er:ice to a MS1 the cell% in
the &rou! co:erin& the MS will !a&e the MS to e%tabli%h the ra$io link. Oocation u!$ate will be 'a$e.
= Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent !roce$ure% are achie:e$ between the MS an$ the SGS; it i% connecte$
to1 %ince thi% SGS; re!re%ent% to the MS !oint o" :iew the acce%% to the GPRS network.
= So Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent !roce$ure% are ai'e$ to %u!!ort the 'obilit3 o" u%er ter'inal%1 to
in"or' the network o" the !re%ent %et o" in"or'ation about u%er ter'inal%. 0t i% al%o re%!on%ible "or
!rotectin& the i$entit3 o" u%er%> i$entit31 an$ %er:in& a% a !ro:i$er "or connection 'ana&e'ent
%er:ice%1 "or hi&her la3er%.
= 4he in"or'ation %et% hel$ at the MS an$ the SGS;1 to !er"or' Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent1 are
$i%tinct "ro' the P,P conte<t. 4he3 are calle$ MM conte<t%.
!eferences @ an%wer% 8 ?5.(@1 ?5.1@
Q. 8.1.2 4hat protocols ta%e care of Mobility Mana-ement5 4hat are their functionalities5
A. 8.1.2
= Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent !roce$ure% are achie:e$ in the network co''unication 'echani%'% o"
GPRS %i&nallin& %tack8 GMM*SM 6%tan$% "or GPRS Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent * Se%%ion Mana&e'ent7
!rotocol i% a la3er 3 !rotocol1 on to! o" the OO) $ata link la3er.
M A C
R L C
L L C
M M 8 S M
G S M 5 R 2
U + % ' ( e r 1 . / e
M A C
R L C
G S M 5 R 2
' e ( - o r 9
& e r v % / e
B S S G P
L $ % &
G $ % ' ( e r 1 . / e
L $ % &
M o $ % 4 e S ( . ( % o '
M S
B . & e S ( . ( % o ' S u $ & * & ( e +
B S S
S e r v % ' , G P R S
S u 0 0 o r ( N o 6 e
S G S N
r e 4 . *
B S S G P
L L C
M M 8 S M
' e ( - o r 9
& e r v % / e
3.*50
3i-ure *.".2 Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent !rotocol %tack. Accor$in& to ?5.1@.
( GM*SM %u!!ort% 'obilit3 'ana&e'ent "unctionalitie% %uch a%8
o GPRS attachN
o GPRS $etachN
o Securit3N
o Routein& area u!$ateN
o Oocation u!$ateN
o P,P conte<t acti:ationN
o P,P conte<t $eacti:ation.
Q. 8.1.3 2escribe the Mobility Mana-ement three7state model.
A. 8.1.3
= Oocation 'ana&e'ent can be $i:i$e$ in two %trate&ie%8 attach an$ $etach !roce$ure%1 an$
location u!$ate%. 4heir u%e $e!en$% on the current tra""ic a'ount an$ the "reCuenc3 nee$e$ to u!$ate
the location in"or'ation. 4o $eal with it1 a three=%tate 'o$el i% intro$uce$.
= 4hi% 'o$el i% con%titute$ b3 three %tate%1 calle$ 0,O+1 R+A,R an$ S4A;,BR. Mo$el i%
%li&htl3 $i""erent in non=anon3'ou% an$ anon3'ou% acce%% ca%e%.
I D L E
R E A D 7
S $ A , D # 7
" & R S A t t a c h
" & R S D e t a c h
s t a t e m o d e ! o / S
R E A D 7 t i m e r e 8 p i r y
o r
9 o r c e t o S $ A , D # 7
& D . t r a n s m i s s i o n
I D L E
R E A D 7
S $ A , D # 7
" & R S A t t a c h
" & R S D e t a c h
o r
C a n c e ! L o c a t i o n
s t a t e m o d e ! o / S " S ,
R E A D 7 t i m e r e 8 p i r y
o r
9 o r c e t o S $ A , D # 7
o r
A b n o r m a ! R L C c o n d i t i o n
& D . r e c e p t i o n
I m p ! i c i t D e t a c h
o r
C a n c e ! L o c a t i o n
3i-ure *.".3." 2unctional o" Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent State Mo$el. Accor$in& to ?5.1@.
37*50
I D L E
R E A D 7
A A & D & C o n t e 8 t
A c t i % a t i o n
R e a d y t i m e r e 8 p i r y
o r
o r
A A & D & C o n t e 8 t
D e a c t i % a t i o n
I D L E
R E A D 7
A A & D & C o n t e 8 t
A c t i % a t i o n
R e a d y t i m e r e 8 p i r y
o r
o r A A & D & C o n t e 8 t
A n o n y m o u s A c c e s s + A A -
S t a t e o d e ! o / S
A n o n y m o u s A c c e s s + A A -
S t a t e o d e ! o / S " S ,
3i-ure *.".3.2 2unctional o" Anon3'ou% Acce%% Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent State Mo$el. Accor$in& to ?5.1@.
= 0n 0,O+ %tate1 MS i% not reachable 6"or GPRS connection%78 no location u!$ate i% !er"or'e$1
an$ %o the current location o" the MS i% unknown to the network. 4o enable GPRS connection%1 the
MS 'u%t 'o:e to the R+A,R %tate1 b3 !er"or'in& a GPRS Attach.
= 0n R+A,R %tate1 the MS in"or'% it% SGS; o" e:er3 'o:e'ent to a new cell1 %o no !a&in& i%
nee$e$. 0" a GPRS ,etach i% !er"or'e$1 the MS re:ert% back to the 0,O+ %tate1 an$ when an MS $oe%
not %en$ an3 !acket% "or a lon&er !erio$ o" ti'e1 the R+A,R ti'er e<!ire% an$ the MS enter% the
S4A;,BR %tate.
= 0n S4A;,BR %tate1 the SGS; i% aware o" the MS>% location b3 Routin& Area 6RA7. A RA i%
u%uall3 co'!o%e$ o" %e:eral cell%1 an$ %o i% an inter'e$iar3 %tructure between Oocation Area% an$
cell%8 a OA i% co'!o%e$ o" RA1 RA which are co'!o%e$ o" %e:eral cell%. 4o $i%co:er the current cell
o" an MS1 !a&in& o" the MS within a certain RA 'u%t be !er"or'e$. A% %hown in the "i&ure%1 the
tran%'i%%ion or rece!tion o" P,/% will brin& back to the R+A,R %tate1 %o !a&in& won>t be nece%%ar3
an3'ore $urin& the tran%"er.
Q. 8.1.4 4hat are the purpose of the &ttach and the 2etach procedures5
A. 8.1.4
= Be"ore a 'obile %tation can u%e GPRS %er:ice%1 it 'u%t re&i%ter with an SGS; o" the GPRS
network. 0n the attach !roce$ure1 the MS !ro:i$e% it% i$entit3 an$ an in$ication o" which t3!e o"
attach 6PS1 !acket %witche$N )S1 circuit %witche$N or a )S*PS7 that i% to be e<ecute$. 4he i$entit3
!ro:i$e$ to the network i% the MSK% Packet 4MS0 6P=4MS01 Packet 4e'!orar3 Mobile Sub%criber
0$entit37 or 0MS0 60nternational Mobile Sub%criber 0$entit37.
= nce the MS initiate% the attach !roce$ure b3 the tran%'i%%ion o" an *ttach Re+uest 'e%%a&e
to the SGS; an$ attach'ent i% co'!lete1 in"or'ation %et% hel$ at the MS an$ the SGS; are u!$ate$1
$enote$ a% MM conte<t. ,urin& attach'ent1 u%er authentication an$ a% well a% an o!tional eCui!'ent
i$entit3 i% !er"or'e$1 to&ether with u!$ate% o" the location o" the MS initiate$ b3 the SGS; towar$%
the new MS)*IOR.
35*50
= 4he $i%connection !roce%% o" the MS "ro' the network i% known a% the GPRS Detach
procedure. A% with the attach'ent !roce$ure1 $etach'ent can al%o be )S1 PS or a co'bine$ )S*PS
,etach1 the $i""erence bein& that the $etach'ent can be initiate$ b3 either the MS or the network
6SGS; or -OR7.
= 4he PS ,etach !roce$ure allow% an MS to in"or' the network that it $oe% not want acce%% the
SGS;=ba%e$ %er:ice% an3 lon&er1 or the network to in"or' an MS that it $oe% not ha:e acce%% to the
SGS;=ba%e$ %er:ice% an3 'ore. 4he -OR=0nitiate$ ,etach !roce$ure initiate$ b3 the -OR i% u%e$ "or
o!erator=$eter'ine$ !ur!o%e% to reCue%t the re'o:al o" a %ub%criberK% MM an$ P,P conte<t% at the
SGS;.
= 4he MS can be $etache$ either e<!licitl3 or i'!licitl3. 2or an e<!licit $etach1 the network or
the MS e<!licitl3 reCue%t% $etach1 while in an i'!licit $etach1 the network $etache% the MS1 without
noti"3in& the MS once a con"i&uration=$e!en$ent ti'e a"ter a 'obile reachable ti'er e<!ire%1 or a"ter
an irreco:erable ra$io error cau%e% a $i%connection o" the lo&ical link.
Q. 8.1.5 2escribe ho$ the &ttach procedure $or%s.
A. 8.1.5
= 9ith the attach !roce$ure1 the MS in"or'% the network o" it% !re%ence. 2i&ure 5.1.( illu%trate%
the 'e%%a&e "low o" the co'bine$ Packet Switche$ * )ircuit Switche$ 6GPRS*0MS07 attach !roce$ure.
3i-ure *.".(8 )o'bine$ PS*)S 6GPRS*0MS07 Attach Proce$ure.
= Step ". 4he MS initiate% the attach !roce$ure b3 %en$in& the Attach ReCue%t 'e%%a&e to the
SGS;. Be%i$e% the MS network acce%% ca!abilit31 the 'e%%a&e inclu$e% !ara'eter% %uch a% MS ra$io
acce%% ca!abilit31 or %ecurit3 !ara'eter%.
3#*50
( 9hen the SGS; recei:e% the attach reCue%t at the en$ o" Ste! 11 there are %e:eral !o%%ibilitie%8
o 0" the MS ha% chan&e$ SGS; %ince la%t $etach1 then Ste! 2 i% e<ecute$ %o that the new
SGS; can obtain the MS i$entit3 6i.e.1 0MS07 "or' the ol$ SGS;.
o 0" the MS ha% not chan&e$ SGS;1 then the recei:e$ P=4MS0 i% u%e$ b3 the SGS; to
i$enti"3 the MM conte<t o" the MS.
o 0" the MM conte<t ha% not been $elete$ %ince la%t $etach 6i.e.1 the MS i% known b3 the
new SGS;71 then %te!% 2=. are %ki!!e$1 an$ Ste! 7 i% e<ecute$.
o therwi%e 6the MS i% not known b3 the ol$ an$ the new SGS;%71 Ste! 2 i% %ki!!e$1 an$
Ste! 3 i% e<ecute$.
= Step 2 (the MS is %no$n by the old SGS#). 4he new SGS; %en$% the 0$enti"ication ReCue%t
'e%%a&e to the ol$ SGS;. 4he P=4MS0 i% u%e$ to obtain the 0MS0 an$ authentication in"or'ation "ro'
the ol$ SGS;.
o 0" the ol$ SGS; cannot "in$ the MM conte<t "or the MS1 then Ste! 3 i% e<ecute$.
o therwi%e the 0MS0 i% returne$ to the new SGS;1 an$ Ste! 4 i% e<ecute$.
= Step 3 (the MS is un%no$n in both the old and the ne$ SGS#s). 4he new SGS; a%k% the
MS to %u!!l3 0MS0 throu&h the 0$entit3 ReCue%t an$ Re%!on%e 'e%%a&e% e<chan&e.
= Step 4. Authentication i% 'an$ator3 i" the MM conte<t o" the MS ha% been $elete$ %ince la%t
$etach. 4he eCui!'ent 60M+07 'a3 be o!tionall3 checke$.
= Step (. 0" the MS ha% 'o:e$ "ro' the ol$ SGS; to the new SGS; %ince la%t $etach or i" the
MS i% !er"or'in& the "ir%t attach1 then the RA u!$ate !roce$ure i% e<ecute$ %o that the new SGS; can
obtain the current MM conte<t o" the MS.
= Step ). 0" the G% inter"ace $oe% not e<i%t1 then thi% %te! i% %ki!!e$. therwi%e 6G% e<i%t%71 the
attach t3!e in Ste! 1 i% checke$. 0" attach t3!e in$icate% 617 co'bine$ PS*)S attach or 627 PS attach
an$ the MS i% alrea$3 )S attach1 then OA u!$ate i% !er"or'e$. 4he OA u!$ate i% reCuire$ %o that the
SGS;=IOR a%%ociation i% e%tabli%he$ an$ the IOR can 'aintain current OA in"or'ation o" the MS.
= Step '. 0" attach i% %ucce%%"ul1 then the SGS; %elect% ra$io !riorit3 SMS an$ %en$% the Attach
Acce!t 'e%%a&e to the MS. P=4MS0 i% inclu$e$ in the 'e%%a&e i" the SGS; allocate% a new P=4MS0.
= Step *. 0" P=4MS0 or 4MS0 ha:e been chan&e$1 the MS %en$% the Attach )o'!lete 'e%%a&e
to the SGS; to acknowle$&e recei!t o" the 4MS0%.
= Step ,. 0" 4MS0 ha% been chan&e$1 the SGS; %en$% the 4MS0 Reallocation )o'!lete 'e%%a&e
to the IOR.
A"ter PS attach1 the MS i% in the R+A,R %tate an$ MM conte<t% are e%tabli%he$ in the MS an$ the
SGS;.
Q. 8.1.6 2escribe ho$ the 2etach procedure $or%s.
A. 8.1.6
= 9hen Packet Switche$ 6PS7 $etach i% e<ecute$1 the MS will not recei:e the SGS;=ba%e$
%er:ice an3'ore. 4he network or the MS 'a3 reCue%t $etach e<!licitl3. n the other han$1 i'!licit PS
$etach i% e<ecute$ b3 the network 6without noti"3in& the MS7 i" the 'obile reachable ti'er e<!ire% or
when ra$io !ath i% $i%connecte$ $ue to error%. A"ter i'!licit PS $etach i% !er"or'e$1 the MS>% MM
conte<t i% $elete$ a"ter an i'!le'entation $e!en$ent ti'eout !erio$. 4he PS $etach !roce$ure al%o
40*50
inacti:ate% the P,P conte<t%. 2i&ure 5.1...1 %how% the !rocee$in& o" a MS initiate$ GPRS $etach
!roce$ure1 while "i&ure 5.1...2 %how% an SGS; initiate$ $etach.
3i-ure *.".)."8 MS initiate$ ,etach Proce$ure.
3i-ure *.".).28 SGS; initiate$ ,etach Proce$ure.
Q. 8.1.7 Compare MM and 2 conte6ts.

A. 8.1.7
41*50
= &o'ility &anagement 6MM7 conte<t !ro:i$e% 'obilit3 in"or'ation o" an MS1 while Packet
Data Protocol 6P,P7 conte<t !ro:i$e% in"or'ation to %u!!ort !acket $eli:er3 between an MS an$ the
network. 9hile an MS 'a3 be a%%ociate$ with %e:eral P,P conte<t%1 it onl3 ha% one MM conte<t. 4he
MM conte<t i% 'aintaine$ in MS an$ SGS;. 4he P,P conte<t% are 'aintaine$ in MS1 SGS;1 an$
GGS;.
Q. 8.1.8 4hat set of information does contain the Mobility Mana-ement conte6t5
A. 8.1.8
= 4he MM conte<t contain% $i""erent %et% o" in"or'ation1 $e!en$in& on the no$e 3ou con%i$er
6Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e1 SGS; or Mobile Station1 MS7.
= 0n a MS1 the "ollowin& in"or'ation i% %tore$ to con%titute an MM conte<t8
o ,nternational &o'ile Su'scri'er ,dentity 60MS07N
o MM %tateN
o P=4MS0 an$ P=4MS0 %i&natureN
o routin& areaN
o location in"or'ation 6cell i$entit37N
o ra$io re%ource in"or'ation 6ra$io !riorit3 SMS1 the RO)*MA) ra$io !riorit3 le:el "or
u!link SMS tran%'i%%ion7N
o MS network acce%% ca!abilit3N
o )DS;1 ci!herin& ke3 %eCuence nu'ber o" Dc1 the ci!herin& ke3N
o ci!herin& al&orith'N
o an$ ,RM !ara'eter%.
= 0n the SGS; relate$ to thi% MS1 the "ollowin& in"or'ation i% %tore$ to con%titute an MM
conte<t8
o 0MS0N
o MM %tateN
o P=4MS0 an$ P=4MS0 %i&natureN
o ,nternational &o'ile -+uipment ,dentity 60M+07N
o &o'ile Station ,SD$ $um'er 6MS0S,;7N
o routin& areaN
o location in"or'ation 6cell i$entit3 an$ cell i$entit3 a&e7N
o ra$io re%ource in"or'ation 6ra$io acce%% ca!abilit31 to $e"ine MS>% GPRS 'ulti%lot
ca!abilitie% an$ %o on N $i%continuou% rece!tion 6,RM7 !ara'eter% N ra$io !riorit3 SMS7N
o IOR nu'berN
o MS network acce%% ca!abilit3N
o new SGS; a$$re%%N
o authentication tri!let%N
o Dc 6currentl3 u%e$ ci!herin& ke37N
o %electe$ ci!herin& al&orith'N
o %ub%cribe$ char&in& characteri%tic%N
o an$ %e:eral "la&%\
Q. 8.1.9 4hat set of information does contain the ac%et 2ata rotocol conte6t5
A. 8.1.9
42*50
= 4he MM conte<t contain% $i""erent %et% o" in"or'ation1 $e!en$in& on the no$e 3ou con%i$er
6Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e1 SGS; or Mobile Station1 MS7.
( 0n a MS1 the "ollowin& in"or'ation i% %tore$ to con%titute an MM conte<t8
o PDP route in#ormation inclu$e% P,P conte<t i$enti"ier1 P,P %tate1 P,P t3!e1 an$ P,P
a$$re%%N
o *ccess Point $ame (*P$) in#ormation inclu$e% AP; %ub%cribe$ an$ AP; in u%e. An
AP; re!re%ent% an e<ternal network that can be acce%%e$ b3 the MSN
o Radio Resource ,n#ormation8 ra$io !riorit3 N
o PD. ,n#ormation 8 GPRS SGS; 'aintain% Sen$ ;=P,/ nu'ber 6S;,)P %eCuence
nu'ber o" the ne<t $ownlink ;=P,/ to be %ent to the MS71 Recei:e ;=P,/ nu'ber
6S;,)P %eCuence nu'ber o" the ne<t u!link ;=P,/ to be recei:e$ "ro' the MS71
!acket "low i$enti"ier an$ a&&re&ate BSS QoS !ro"ile ne&otiate$N
o /oS in#ormation inclu$e% QoS !ro"ile %ub%cribe$1 QoS !ro"ile reCue%te$ an$ QoS !ro"ile
ne&otiate$N
o $-PD. in#ormation inclu$e% G4P=S;, an$ G4P=S;/. 4he G4P=S;, 6G4P=S;/7
!ara'eter i% the G4P %eCuence nu'ber o" the ;=P,/ to be %ent "ro' the SGS; to the
MS 6GGS;7.
o (harging in#ormation inclu$e% char&in& i$N
o )ther routing in#ormation inclu$e% ;SAP01 401 4+0, "or Gn*G!1 GGS; a$$re%% in u%e1
an$ IPOM; a$$re%% allowe$. $et%ork layer Service *ccess Point ,denti#ier 6;SAP07 i%
u%e$ b3 OO) to route the ;=P,/% to a!!ro!riate hi&her la3er !rotocol% %uch a%
%i&nalin&1 SMS1 or !acket $ata !rotocol%. 0ransaction identi#ier 6407 i% u%e$ to re!re%ent
;SAP0 "or %o'e %e%%ion 'ana&e'ent %i&nalin& 'e%%a&e%N
o Su'scri'ed (harging (haracteristics can be nor'al1 !re!ai$1 "lat=rate1 an$ *or hot
billin&.
( SGS; relate$ to thi% MS1 the "ollowin& in"or'ation i% %tore$ to con%titute an MM conte<t8
o P,P t3!e1 P,P a$$re%%1 P,P %tate N
o $3na'ic a$$re%% allowe$ N
o AP; reCue%te$ N
o Radio Resource ,n#ormation @ ra$io !riorit3 N
o PD. Delivery ,n#ormation @ BSS !acket "low i$enti"ier1 Sen$ ;=P,/ nu'ber an$
Recei:e ;=P,/ nu'ber N
o ;SAP01 40N
o QoS !ro"ile reCue%te$1 QoS !ro"ile ne&otiate$N
o an$ a "la&.
Q. 8.1.10 4hy radio resource information for SMS is %ept in the MM conte6t= $hile the radio
resource information for user data is maintained in the 2 conte6t5
A. 8.1.10
= 4he P,P conte<t i% $e"ine$ "or $ata tran%"er in the u%er !lane. n the other han$1 the MM
conte<t i% $e"ine$ "or 'obilit3 'ana&e'ent %i&nalin& in the control !lane. SMS i% $eli:ere$ throu&h
the control !lane b3 u%in& co''on channel1 which i% 'ore e""icient than $eli:er3 throu&h the u%er
!lane. 2urther'ore1 throu&h the control !lane1 the %a'e SMS tran%"er !roce$ure i% u%e$ "or both
circuit %witche$ an$ !acket %witche$ $o'ain%. 4hu%1 the ra$io re%ource in"or'ation "or SMS i% ke!t in
the MM conte<t.
43*50
Q. 8.1.11 8o$ Mobility Mana-ement states and ac%et 2ata rotocol and Mobility Mana-ement
conte6ts are related5
A. 8.1.11
= 4he %tatu% o" an MM*P,P conte<t i% a""ecte$ b3 the MM %tate%. Relation%hi! between the MM
%tate% an$ the conte<t% i% %u''ariBe$ in table 5.1.11 an$ i% $e%cribe$ a% "ollow%.
Table *.".""8 Relation%hi! between the MM %tate% an$ conte<t%.
I2A0 ST&#2>D !0&2D
Conte6t &S SGS$ GGS$ &S SGS$ GGS$ &S SGS$ GGS$
MM R * S R * S = M M = M M =
2 R * S R * S R R * M R * M R * M R * M R * M R * M
( S 8 conte<t ke!t but %taleN
( ! 8 conte<t re'o:e$N
( 7 8 conte<t $oe%n>t e<i%tN
( M 8 conte<t 'aintaine$.
= 0n the 0,O+ %tate1 the P,P conte<t in the GGS; i% $elete$. 4he MM an$ P,P conte<t% in MS
an$ SGS; 'a3 or 'a3 not be $elete$. 0" the MM %tate 'o:e% "ro' S4A;,BR to 0,O+ becau%e the
'obile reachable ti'er e<!ire% 6e.&.1 the MS i% te'!oraril3 out o" the GPRS co:era&e71 then the%e two
conte<t% %hall not be $elete$. 0n thi% ca%e1 the location an$ routin& in"or'ation i% %tale.
= 0n the S4A;,BR %tate1 :ali$ MM conte<t% are 'aintaine$ in the MS an$ the SGS;. 0n thi%
%tate1 the P,P conte<t can be acti:ate$ an$ $eacti:ate$. 4he OO) link i% connecte$.
= 0n the R+A,R %tate1 :ali$ MM conte<t% are 'aintaine$ in the MS an$ the SGS;. A% in the
S4A;,BR1 the MS 'a3 initiate P,P conte<t acti:ation an$ $eacti:ation.
Q. 8.1.12 06plain $hy the notion of !outin- &reas (!&) ha/e been introduced bet$een cells and
Aocation &reas (A&) in G!S5
A. 8.1.12
= 4he 'ain ta%k o" location 'ana&e'ent i% to kee! track o" the u%er>% current location1 %o that
inco'in& !acket% can be route$ to hi% or her MS. 2or thi% !ur!o%e1 the MS "reCuentl3 %en$% location
u!$ate 'e%%a&e% to it% current SGS;.
= 0" the MS %en$% u!$ate% rather %el$o'1 it% location 6e.&. it% current cell7 i% not known e<actl31
an$ !a&in& i% nece%%ar3 "or each $ownlink !acket1 re%ultin& in a %i&ni"icant $eli:er3 $ela3. n the
other han$1 i" location u!$ate% ha!!en :er3 o"ten1 the MS>% location i% well known to the network1 an$
the $ata !acket% can be $eli:ere$ without an3 a$$itional !a&in& $ela3. -owe:er1 Cuite a lot o" u!link
ra$io ca!acit3 an$ batter3 !ower i% con%u'e$ "or 'obilit3 'ana&e'ent in thi% ca%e.
= 4hu% a &oo$ location 'ana&e'ent %trate&3 'u%t be a co'!ro'i%e between the%e two e<tre'e
'etho$%. So Routin& Area% are u%e$ alon& with the 3=%tate 'o$el 60,O+ * R+A,R * S4A;,BR7 in
or$er to 'ana&e the location 'ana&e'ent $e!en$in& on the current tra""ic a'ount1 with the location
"reCuenc3 bein& $e!en$ent on the %tate o" the MS.
44*50
Q. 8.1.13 There are 3 operation modes for pa-in- co7ordination. Gi/e a short description of each
of them.
A. 8.1.13
= 4he network 'a3 !ro:i$e co=or$ination o" !a&in& "or circuit=%witche$ 6)S7 an$ !acket=
%witche$ 6PS7 %er:ice%. Pa&in& co=or$ination 'ean% that the network %en$% !a&in& 'e%%a&e% "or
circuit=%witche$ %er:ice% on the %a'e channel a% u%e$ "or !acket=%witche$ %er:ice%1 i.e.1 on the GPRS
!a&in& channel or on the GPRS tra""ic channelN an$ the MS nee$% onl3 to 'onitor that channel. 4hree
network o!eration 'o$e% 6%ee table 5.1.137 are $e"ine$8
= ". #et$or% operation mode I@ the network %en$% a )S !a&in& 'e%%a&e "or a GPRS attache$
MS1 either on the %a'e channel a% the GPRS !a&in& channel 6i.e.1 the !acket !a&in& channel or the
)))- !a&in& channel71 or on a GPRS tra""ic channel. 4hi% 'ean% that the MS nee$% onl3 to 'onitor
one !a&in& channel1 an$ that it recei:e% )S !a&in& 'e%%a&e% on the !acket $ata channel when it ha%
been a%%i&ne$ a !acket $ata channel.
= 2. #et$or% operation mode II@ the network %en$% a )S !a&in& 'e%%a&e "or a GPRS attache$
MS on the )))- !a&in& channel1 an$ thi% channel i% al%o u%e$ "or GPRS !a&in&. 4hi% 'ean% that the
MS nee$% onl3 to 'onitor the )))- !a&in& channel1 but that )S !a&in& continue% on thi% !a&in&
channel e:en i" the MS ha% been a%%i&ne$ a !acket $ata channel.
= 3. #et$or% operation mode III@ the network %en$% a )S !a&in& 'e%%a&e "or a GPRS
attache$ MS on the )))- !a&in& channel1 an$ %en$% a GPRS !a&in& 'e%%a&e on either the !acket
!a&in& channel 6i" allocate$ in the cell7 or on the )))- !a&in& channel. 4hi% 'ean% that an MS that
want% to recei:e !a&e% "or both circuit=%witche$ an$ !acket=%witche$ %er:ice% %hall 'onitor both
!a&in& channel% i" the !acket !a&in& channel i% allocate$ in the cell. ;o !a&in& co=or$ination i%
!er"or'e$ b3 the network.
Table *."."38 ;etwork !eration Mo$e% "or GPRS.
Mode Circuit a-in- Channel G!S a-in- Channel a-in- co7ordination
0
Packet Pa&in& )hannel Packet Pa&in& )hannel
Re% )))- Pa&in& )hannel )))- Pa&in& )hannel
Packet ,ata )hannel ;ot A!!licable
00 )))- Pa&in& )hannel )))- Pa&in& )hannel ;o
000
)))- Pa&in& )hannel Packet Pa&in& )hannel
;o
)))- Pa&in& )hannel )))- Pa&in& )hannel
5.2. GPRS Se%%ion Mana&e'ent 6SM7
Q. 8.2.1 4hat is the aim of session mana-ement5
A. 8.2.1
= 4he ai' o" %e%%ion 'ana&e'ent 6SM7 i% to %u!!ort Packet ,ata Protocol 6P,P7 conte<t
han$lin& o" the u%er ter'inal. A"ter a %ucce%%"ull3 attach 6anon3'ou% or i$enti"ie$7 o" the Mobile
Station 6MS71 a P,P conte<t i% create$ $e%cribin& the characteri%tic% o" the %e%%ion. ther !roce$ure%
that SM $eal% with are the P,P conte<t 'o$i"ication an$ $eacti:ation.
4(*50
Q. 8.2.2 4hat is the relation bet$een 2 conte6ts and 2 addresses5
A. 8.2.2
= 4o e<chan&e $ata !acket% with e<ternal P,;%1 a 'obile %tation 'u%t a!!l3 "or one or 'ore
a$$re%%e% u%e$ in the P,;. 4he%e a$$re%%e% are calle$ P,P a$$re%%e%. +ach P,P a$$re%% i% $e%cribe$
b3 one or 'ore P,P conte<t% in the MS or the network. 0" 'ore then one P,P conte<t% are acti:ate$
"or the %a'e a$$re%% then a 4ra""ic 4e'!late 2low 64247 "or each a$$itional conte<t i% u%e$. A 424
con%i%t% o" "ro' one to ei&ht !acket "ilter%1 each i$enti"ie$ b3 a uniCue !acket "ilter i$enti"ier. 4he
424 i% %ent tran%!arentl3 :ia the SGS; to the GGS; to enable !acket cla%%i"ication "or the $ownlink
$ata tran%"er.
Q. 8.2.3 2escribe briefly the 2 state and its functionin-.
A. 8.2.3
= 4he "unctional o" the P,P %tate 'o$el can be re%u'e$ to two %tate%8 0;A)40I+ an$
A)40I+. 4he 0;A)40I+ %tate characteriBe% the $ata %er:ice "or a u%er that i% not acti:ate$1 wherea%
in the A)40I+ %tate the P,P conte<t i% acti:ate$ in MS1 SGS; an$ GGS; an$ $ata tran%"er i%
!o%%ible.
I , A C $ I V E
A C $ I V E
& D & C o n t e 8 t
A c t i % a t i o n
& D & C o n t e 8 t
o r
c h a n g e s t a t e
t o I D L E
3i-ure *.2.3@ P,P %tate 'o$el.
= 4he A)40I+ %tate i% tri&&ere$ b3 the MS or b3 the network when Acti:ate P,P conte<t i%
initiate$. 4hi% i% !o%%ible onl3 when the u%er i% connecte$ or it% MM %tate i% S4A;BR or R+A,R. A
MS i% 'o:e$ to 0;A)40I+ %tate when the $eacti:ation !roce$ure i% initiate$ or when the MM %tate
chan&e% to 0,O+.
Q. 8.2.4 4hat %ind of 2 address allocation can be found5
A. 8.2.4
= 4he allocation o" the P,P a$$re%% can be %tatic or $3na'ic. 4he %tatic a$$re%% i% a%%i&ne$
!er'anentl3 to the MS b3 the u%erK% -o'e Public Oan$ Mobile ;etwork 6-POM;7. 4he $3na'ic
P,P a$$re%% i% a%%i&ne$ onl3 a"ter a P,P conte<t i% acti:ate$ an$ can be !er"or'e$ either b3 the
-POM; or b3 the 6Ii%ite$ Public Oan$ Mobile ;etwork7 IPOM;. 4he -POM; o!erator $e"ine% in
the %ub%cri!tion whether a $3na'ic -POM; or IPOM; P,P a$$re%% can be u%e$. 4he re%!on%ibilit3
o" allocation an$ relea%e o" the $3na'ic P,P a$$re%%e% belon&% to the GGS;.
4.*50
= A$$itionall31 there i% a thir$ wa3 o" P,P a$$re%%in& na'el3 +<ternal P,; A$$re%%
Allocation where the P,; o!erator or a$'ini%trator a%%i&n% an 0P a$$re%% to the MS a"ter a P,P
conte<t ha% been acti:ate$. 0n thi% ca%e1 the re%!on%ibilit3 o" relea%in& the P,P a$$re%% belon&% to the
MS or to the P,; u%in& !rotocol% %uch a% ,-)P or M0P.
Q. 8.2.5 2escribe the procedure follo$ed durin- a MS initiated 2 Conte6t &cti/ation.
A. 8.2.5
= 2i&ure 5.2.( %how% the !roce$ure "ollowe$ $urin& a MS initiate$ P,P )onte<t Acti:ation.
3i-ure *.2.(8 MS initiate$ P,P )onte<t Acti:ation.
= Step ". 4o reCue%t a P,P conte<t acti:ation1 the MS %en$% to the SGS; an Acti:ate P,P
)onte<t ReCue%t 'e%%a&e containin& the %electe$ ;SAP01 P,P t3!e1 reCue%te$ QoS an$1 i" the %tatic
a$$re%% i% reCue%te$1 the P,P a$$re%%. Al%o the MS can in$icate an Acce%% Point ;a'e a% a re"erence
!oint to a certain e<ternal !acket $ata network an$*or to %elect a %!eci"ic %er:ice that the %ub%criber
want% to connect to. 0" $3na'ic P,P a$$re%% a%%i&n'ent i% reCue%te$ the !ara'eter P,P a$$re%% i%
le"t e'!t31 otherwi%e the P,P a$$re%% i% in$icate$ "ro' the be&innin&.
= Step 2. So'e u%ual %ecurit3 "unction% 6e.&. authentication7 can be !er"or'e$ a% well a%
trackin&.
= Step 4. 0" BSS trace i% acti:ate$ then the SGS; %en$% an 0n:oke 4rack 64rack Re"erence1
4race 43!e1 4ri&&er 0$7 to the BSS. Both %ecurit3 an$ trackin& "unction% are o!tional.
= Step (. A"ter recei:in& the reCue%t "or P,P conte<t acti:ation1 the SGS; %en$% a P)reate P,P
)onte<t ReCue%t> to the a""ecte$ GGS;. 4he GGS; create% a new entr3 in it% P,P conte<t table1
which enable% the GGS; to route !acket% between the GGS; an$ the e<ternal P,;. A"terwar$1 the
GGS; return% a con"ir'ation 'e%%a&e P)reate P,P conte<t re%!on%e> to the SGS;.
47*50
Q. 8.2.6 Gi/e four reasons $hy a #et$or% !e9uested 2 Conte6t &cti/ation rocedure can be
unsuccessful.
A. 8.2.6
= 4he rea%on% "or which the P,P conte<t6%7 coul$ not ha:e been e%tabli%he$ are8
P0MS0 not known>8 'eanin& that the SGS; ha% no MM conte<t "or that 0MS0N
PMS GPRS ,etache$>8 in$icatin& that the MM %tate o" the MS i% 0,O+N
PMS ;ot GPRS Re%!on$in&>8 in thi% ca%e the MS i% GPRS attache$ to the SGS; but the MS
$oe% not re%!on$ $ue to the lack o" a re%!on%e to a GPRS Pa&in& ReCue%t1 abnor'al RO)
con$ition% or no Acti:ate P,P )onte<t ReCue%t 'e%%a&e recei:e$ within a certain ti'e a"ter
the ReCue%t P,P )onte<t 'e%%a&e wa% $eli:ere$ to the MSN
PMS Re"u%e%>8 when the MS e<!licitl3 re"u%e% the P,P conte<t acti:ation !roce$ure.
Q. 8.2.7 2escribe the procedure follo$ed durin- a MS initiated 2 Conte6t 2eacti/ation.
A. 8.2.7
= 4he MS initiate$ )onte<t ,eacti:ation !roce$ure i% illu%trate$ b3 "i&ure 5.2.7.
3i-ure *.2.'@ MS initiate$ P,P )onte<t ,eacti:ation.
= A"ter the MS initiate% the $eacti:ation reCue%t1 the SGS; an$ the GGS; $eacti:ate all the
P,P conte<t% a%%ociate$ with that P,P a$$re%%. 0" the MS wa% u%in& a $3na'ic P,P a$$re%% allocate$
b3 the GGS; an$ i" the conte<t bein& acti:ate$ i% the la%t P,P conte<t a%%ociate$ with thi% P,P
a$$re%%1 then the GGS; relea%e% thi% P,P a$$re%% an$ 'ake% it a:ailable "or the %ub%eCuent acti:ation
b3 other MS. 4he $elete P,P )onte<t 'e%%a&e% are %ent o:er the backbone network.
45*50
Q. 8.2.8 06plain briefly the purpose of the &nonymous &ccess 2 Conte6t &cti/ation
rocedure= and its differences $ith the non anonymous one.
A. 8.2.8
= 4he !ur!o%e o" thi% !roce$ure i% to anon3'ou%l3 e%tabli%h a P,P conte<t between the MS an$
the network "or a %!eci"ic QoS on a certain ;SAP0. 4he acti:ation can be initiate$ onl3 b3 the MS an$
onl3 $3na'ic P,P a$$re%%in& can be u%e$. 4he %te!% taken b3 the acti:ation !roce$ure are 'ainl3 the
%a'e a% in the non=anon3'ou% ca%e. 0n thi% ca%e no i$enti"ication an$ %ub%cri!tion checkin& are
!er"or'e$. 4he MS u%e% a ran$o' 4OO0 at the RO)*MA) la3er "or i$enti"ication !ur!o%e%.
Q. 8.2.9 2escribe the procedure follo$ed durin- a GGS# initiated &nonymous &ccess 2
Conte6t 2eacti/ation.
A. 8.2.9
= 0" a 'i%u%e or a "rau$ o" the anon3'ou% conte<t i% $etecte$ then the GGS; initiate% a
$eacti:ation !roce$ure in$e!en$entl3 o" the R+A,R ti'er e<!ir3. 4he !roce$ure i% illu%trate$ b3
"i&ure 5.2.#.

3i-ure *.2.,@ GGS; initiate$ Anon3'ou% Acce%% P,P )onte<t ,eacti:ation !roce$ure.
= A"ter the GGS; %en$% a reCue%t "or conte<t $eacti:ation1 the SGS; can a%k the MS "or
i$enti"ication. 4he MS %houl$ re%!on$ with an 0$entit3 Re%!on%e 'e%%a&e containin& it% 0MS0 or
0M+0. A"ter recei:in& the ,eacti:ate AA P,P )onte<t ReCue%t 'e%%a&e1 the MS re'o:e% it% P,P
conte<t an$ %en$% a 'e%%a&e o" acce!tance back to the SGS;. Re&ar$le%% i" the MS acce!t% or not the
$eacti:ation !roce$ure the SGS; %en$% the ,elete AA P,P )onte<t 'e%%a&e o:er the backbone
network.
Re"erence%
?5.1@ +4S0 +; 301 344 = GSM 03..01 EDigital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+)
0SB; #(1=0=2.(.4=01 2002.
4#*50
?5.3@ 4ar'o Anttalainen 1 E&o'ile (ommunications
?5.4@ )arle% 2errer an$ MiCuel li:er1 E)vervie% and (apacity o# the GPRS.
?5.(@ Bilhanan Sil:eraHan1 E.&0S and GPRS Signalling Plane Protocols1 &o'ility &anagement
(&&) Details1 4a'!ere /ni:er%it3 o" 4echnolo&31 4eleco''unication% Oaborator3.
?5..@ )hri%tian Bett%tetter1 -an%=Qor& I]&el an$ Q]r& +$er%!^cher1 2GS& Phase 2+ GPRS1
*rchitectures Protocols and *ir ,nter#ace1 0+++ )o''unication% Sur:e31 4hir$ Quarter
1###1 :ol.2 no. 3.
Chapter ,.
#et$or% rotocols and Si-nalin-
#.1. /%er !lane8 tra""ic !rotocol %tack%
Q. 9.1.1 4hat protocols G!S introduce compared to GSM in the user data transmission plane5
3or $hich connections5
A. 9.1.1
= 0n the %co!e o" $ata tran%'i%%ion%1 GPRS %!eci"ication% $on>t $e"ine la3er% abo:e the network
la3er.
= ne new 'etho$ i% the u%e o" the 2ra'e Rela3 network1 in the $ata link la3er1 in between the
GSM ba%e %tation %ub%3%te' an$ the GPRS network 6Gb inter"ace7. Re%!ecti:el31 A4M will be u%e$
in%tea$ o" 2ra'e Rela3 technolo&3 to connect a /M4S ra$io network to a GPRS network.
= Ba%e Station S3%te' GPRS Protocol 6BSSGP7 i% u%e$ on to! o" the 2ra'e Rela3 !rotocol1 to
!ro:i$e a link between P)/ 6Packet )ontrol /nit7 an$ SGS; 6Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e7.
= Abo:e thi%1 to tran%!ort 6tran%!arentl37 u%er $ata a!!lication !acket% "ro' the Mobile Station
to the GPRS network 6i.e. to the Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e1 SGS;71 Subnetwork ,e!en$ent
)on:er&ence Protocol 6S;,)P7 ha% been $e"ine$. 0t% role i% to 'a! network=le:el characteri%tic% onto
the characteri%tic% o" the un$erl3in& GPRS network.
= 4he network la3er o" the GPRS backbone network 6Gn inter"ace7 intro$uce% the u%e o" 0P1 to
link SGS; to GGS; 6Gatewa3 GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e7.
= Abo:e thi% network la3er1 to tran%!ort u%er $ata !acket% on the GPRS backbone1 G4P 6GPRS
4unnellin& Protocol7 ha% been $e"ine$. 0t tunnel% u%er $ata an$ %i&nallin& between GPRS Su!!ort
;o$e% 6SGS; an$ GGS;7 in the GPRS backbone network. G4P will be on to! o" 4)P "or !rotocol%
that nee$ a reliable $ata link 6e.&. M.2(71 or /,P i" no reliable $ata link i% reCuire$ 6e.&. 0P7.
(0*50
Ba%e Station Sub%3%te'
BSS
Ser:in& GPRS %u!!ort no$e1
SGS;
OO)
MA)
R2O
POO
RO)
S;,)P
OO) rela3
MA)
R2O
POO
RO)
/' inter"ace
OO)
S;,)P
2ra'e rela3
Ph3%ical
la3er
BSSGP
Mobile Station
MS
/,P64)P7
0P
G4P
;etwork
la3er1
0P 6M.2(7
Gb inter"ace Gn inter"ace
2ra'e rela3
Ph3%ical
la3er
BSSGP
Ph3%ical
la3er
O2
0P
G4P
Ph3%ical
la3er
O2
Gatewa3 GPRS %u!!ort
no$e1 GGS;
Ra$io co''unication
Rela3 "unction
GPRS bearer
/,P64)P7
;etwork
la3er1
0P 6M.2(7
;etwork
la3er1
0P
Ph3%ical
la3er
O2
3i-ure ,."." GPRS tran%'i%%ion !lane !rotocol%. Accor$in& to ?#.3@.
!eferences @ an%wer%8 ?#.1@1 ?#.2@1 ?#.3@
Q. 9.1.2 8o$ many substructures does the GT pac%et structure ha/e5
A. 9.1.2
4he G4P !acket %tructure1 like an3 other !acket1 t3!icall3 ha% a "i<e$=%iBe hea$er an$ other
in"or'ation calle$ !a3loa$ or in"or'ation ele'ent%. )urrentl31 bit% 1=( o" ctet 1 an$ ctet% 7=12 are
not in u%e. 40, i% the tunnel 0, that i$enti"ie% a tunnel %e%%ion. 4he len&th "iel$ o" G4P i% $i""erent
"ro' the len&th "iel$ o" 0P. 0n 0P1 the len&th inclu$e% the hea$erN in G4P1 len&th in$icate% onl3 the
G4P !a3loa$. See "i&ure #.1.2.
3i-ure ,.".2 G4P Packet Structure.
(1*50
Q. 9.1.3 In G!S= under GT t$o alternati/e protocols are defined@ 12 and TC. 3or $hat
12 or TC is used5
A. 9.1.3
= 4he /%er ,ata&ra' Protocol 6/,P7 i% u%e$ "or GPRS 4unnellin& Protocol 6G4P7 %i&nallin&.
0t>% alwa3% the ca%e between two GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6GS;7 ele'ent%1 an$ it>% one o" two
alternati:e% between a SGS; an$ the -o'e Oocation Re&i%ter 6-OR71 reCuirin& in that ca%e a !rotocol
a$a!tation "unction.
= /,P i% u%e$ to !rotect G4P=!rotocol !acket $ata unit%1 "or u%er le:el 0P an$ other
connectionle%% !rotocol% that $on>t reCuire a reliable link 6!acket% can be lo%t7N
= 4he 4ran%'i%%ion )ontrol Protocol 64)P7 i% u%e$ "or u%er le:el M.2( an$ other connection
oriente$ !rotocol% that reCuire a reliable link.
!eferences @ an%wer%8 ?#.2@
Q. 9.1.4 In G!S= under GT t$o alternati/e protocols are defined@ 12 and TC. 4hy GT is
not directly on top of I5
A. 9.1.4
= 0" the GPRS 4unnellin& Protocol 6G4P7 ha$ been $e"ine$ Hu%t o" to! o" 0P1 it %houl$ take care
o" !acket "ra&'entation an$ "low controlN but 4)P an$ /,P !ro:i$e that %er:ice.
Q. 9.1.5 In G!S= under GT t$o alternati/e protocols are defined@ 12 and TC. If 12?I
and TC?I under GT are replaced $ith another protocol stac%= $hat $ould be the main
re9uirements the ne$ stac% should fulfil5
A. 9.1.5
= 4he %tack %houl$ carr3 :ariable len&th !acket%N
= )an !ro:i$e reliable $ata tran%!ort 6like 4)P7N
= )an carr3 $ata&ra'%1 which won>t be $ela3e$ becau%e o" retran%'i%%ion% 6like /,P71 "or
%i&nallin& an$ 0P t3!e o" u%er $ata.
Q. 9.1.6 >et$een a MS and the net$or%= there are t$o protocol layers@ AAC (bet$een MS and
SGS#) and !AC (bet$een MS and >SS) that can do retransmission of pac%ets. 4hy is it needed
to ha/e the retransmission in t$o le/els5
A. 9.1.6
= 4wo le:el% o" acknowle$&e'ent are nee$e$ "or 3 'ain rea%on%8
J 2ir%t1 the ra$io inter"ace i% Cuite unreliable 6u! to 10A o" RO) block% can be lo%t7. 9ith a
%uch le:el o" lo%%1 Oo&ical Oink )ontrol 6OO)7 !acket% can>t be tran%'itte$ without error%1 unle%%
Ra$io Oink )ontrol 6RO)7 retran%'i%%ion i% u%e$N
(2*50
J 4hen1 OO) retran%'i%%ion i% nee$e$ becau%e RO) le:el acknowle$&e'ent $oe% not co!e with
OO) "ra'e lo%% 6that can be $ue to cell chan&e%1 "or e<a'!le7. 0n ca%e o" cell chan&e or other
e<ce!tional e:ent on the ra$io inter"ace1 the OO) le:el can en%ure $ata con%i%tenc3 an$ no $ata lo%%N
J An$ OO)>% )R) al%o $etect% RO) le:el error%1 an$ reHect% re%i$ual error% that RO) le:el>%
un$etecte$ error% cau%e.
Q. 9.1.7 4hen the retransmission can be used in Ao-ical Ain% Control (AAC) and !adio Ain%
Control (!AC) le/els5
A. 9.1.7
= Se%%ion oriente$ $ata 6like M.2(71 %o'eti'e% connectionle%% u%er $ata 6like 0P78 RO) an$
OO)N
= )onnection oriente$ $ata 6%o'e ti'e% with 0P78 RO) but not OO)N
= Si&nallin& an$ SMS8 RO) but not OO)N
= 4i'e critical $ata that $oe% not tolerate retran%'i%%ion $ela3%8 not RO)1 neither OO)N
= OO) retran%'i%%ion without RO) retran%'i%%ion i% not u%e$ in !ractice.
Q. 9.1.8 In the S#2C (Subnet$or% 2ependent Con/er-ence rotocol) layer= the G!S
standard defines possibility to use compression. 4hat are the benefits and disad/anta-es of the
compression in S#2C layer5
A. 9.1.8
= Bene"it%8
J Sa:e% tran%"er ti'e 6le%% $ata to %en$7N
J 0ncrea%e% throu&h!ut 6'ore $ata can be %ent7N
J 9ork% al%o with ol$ !rotocol% that ha% no own co'!re%%ion 6like M.2(7N
J More e""icient than in RO) 6Ra$io Oink )ontrol7 le:el co'!re%%ion.
= ,i%a$:anta&e%8
J ;ee$% 'e'or3N
J )on%u'e% 'ore batter3*)P/N
J ,oe% not work with alrea$3 co'!re%%e$ $ata or with en$=to=en$ %ecurit3N
J MS=SGS; 6Mobile Station S Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e7 'a3 onl3 i'!le'ent
%o'e o" the co'!re%%ion al&orith'%.
Q. 9.1.9 In G!S= the AAC (Ao-ical Ain% Control) protocol supports both ac%no$led-e (I7
frames) and unac%no$led-ed (1I7frames) data transmission modes. Aet:s assume $e use a
session oriented end7user protocol (e.-. TC?I)= that runs on top of the G!S bearer. In
principle= both ac%no$led-e and unac%no$led-ed data transmission modes could be used in the
AAC layer to support end7user TC?I sessions.
4hich AAC data transmission mode $ould you select= and $hy5
A. 9.1.9
= 0="ra'e% can be cho%en becau%e8
J 0t &uarantee% that all !acket% are $eli:ere$ an$ cau%e% le%% retran%'i%%ion%N
J 0t 'a3 !ro:i$e 'uch better throu&h!ut becau%e there i% no nee$ "or en$=to=en$
retran%'i%%ion 6in 'o%t ca%e%1 the Mobile Station &et% all !acket%7.
(3*50
= /0="ra'e% can be cho%en becau%e8
J 4)P han$le% retran%'i%%ion1 %o we $on>t nee$ to en%ure thi% "unctionalit3 a&ainN
J Retran%'i%%ion in the GPRS le:el 'a3 cau%e lon& $ela3%1 which 'a3 con"u%e 4)P
an$ &enerate hu&e nu'ber o" retran%'i%%ion% on the u%er>% 4)P le:el.
Q. 9.1.10 Currently= the SGS# has three different interfaces@ I (Gn and Gp interface)= 3rame
!elay (Gb interface) and M& (Gd= Gr and Gs interfaces). If SGS# e/ol/es in a $ay to use only
I= actin- such as a I7to7I7to7I node= $ill it be still needed= or can it be inte-rated in the
GGS#5
A. 9.1.10
= Re%1 the Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6SGS;7 i% %till nee$e$8
J 4here i% alwa3% nee$ to ha:e acce%% to the Gatewa3 GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e 6GGS;7
entit3 "ro' a SGS; entit3 6e.&. when roa'in&7. A% a con%eCuence not 'uch i% &aine$ b3
'er&in& tho%e two no$e%N
J A SGS; hi$e% the 'obilit3 within it% area an$ the ra$io i%%ue% relate$ "ro' the
GGS;N
J 0t i% ea%ier to a$$ new en$ u%er !rotocol% b3 a$$in& new GGS;%N
J 0t i% 'uch ea%ier to %cale co'!onent% when the3 are %e!arate$1 becau%e the3 han$le
le%% "unction%N
J 4he %e!aration o" the two ele'ent% !ro:i$e% a better reliabilit3.
= ;o1 the3 can be co'bine$8
J 4he !rotocol will be %i'!li"ie$1 an$ the3>re won>t be the nee$ to carr3 0P !acket%
between no$e%N
J A% a re%ult1 better !er"or'ance can be obtaine$ with thi% a!!roach 6!er"or'ance coul$
be a lot i'!ro:e with an har$ware i'!le'entation1 in that ca%e7N
J 4he 'ana&e'ent o" a %in&le entit3 i% ea%ier.
#.2. )ontrol !lane8 %i&nallin& !rotocol %tack%
Q. 9.2.1 3or $hat connections is used the SS' protocol stac% in G!S5
A. 9.2.1
= Si&nallin& S3%te' _7 6SS71 al%o known a% ))04477 i% u%e$ between SGS; 6Ser:in& GPRS
Su!!ort ;o$e7 an$8 -OR 6-o'e Oocation Re&i%ter71 MS)*IOR 6Mobile %er:ice% Switchin& )enter *
Ii%itor% Oocation Re&i%ter71 +0R 6+Cui!'ent 0$entit3 Re&i%ter71 SMS) 6Short Me%%a&e Ser:ice
)enter7.
= 0t i% al%o u%e$ between GGS; 6Gatewa3 GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e7 an$ -OR.
(4*50
" & R S ( n e t w o r *
" S ( c o r e n e t w o r * " & R S ' " S
a c c e s s n e t w o r *
V o i c e + I S D , -
n e t w o r *
D a t a + I & -
n e t w o r *
S " S , " " S ,
H L R
V L R
S C
V L R
S C
# S C
# $ S
# $ S
I & b a c * b o n e
" s
" r " c
d a t a ' % o i c e c o n n e c t i o n
S S ) ( b a s e d s i g n a ! i n g
3i-ure ,.2."." GSM*GPRS network architecture. Accor$in& to ?#.2@.
L 0
$ & 5
$ & :
S C C &
$ C A &
A &
L 0
$ & 5
$ & :
S C C &
$ C A &
A &
" r i n t e r / a c e
S e r % i n g " & R S
S u p p o r t , o d e
S " S ,
H o m e L o c a t i o n
R e g i s t e r
H L R
3i-ure ,.2.".2 Si&nallin& Protocol %tack on the Gr inter"ace 6SGS;=-OR7N u%e o" SS7. Accor$in& to ?#.1@.
Q. 9.2.2 4hy SS' has been chosen to be used in G!S net$or%s5
A. 9.2.2
= 0n or$er to %i'!li"3 the i'!le'entation1 the %i&nallin& to GSM=entitie% 6e.&. -o'e Oocation
Re&i%ter1 -OR7 i% SS7 ba%e$ 6the %a'e a% "or GSM an$ PS4; network%7. -owe:er1 interworkin&
between 0P=ba%e$ an$ SS7=ba%e$ tran%!ort ha% been $e"ine$ 6%ee "i&ure7.
((*50
= n the other han$1 SS7 i% not u%e$ o:er the Gn inter"ace 6between GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e%1
GS;%7. 4he rea%on i% %i'!le8 %ince GPRS i% concei:e$ to %u!!ort !acket %er:ice%1 0P=ba%e$ tran%!ort
wa% the natural choice where:er thi% wa% !o%%ible.
L !
I P
U # P
G T P
L
G ' % ' ( e r 1 . / e
L !
I P
U # P
G T P
L
M T P !
M T P 3
S C C P
L
T C A P
M A P
. 6 . 0 ( . ( % o '
G / % ' ( e r 1 . / e
M T P !
M T P 3
S C C P
L
T C A P
M A P
G . ( e - . * G P R S
S u 0 0 o r ( N o 6 e
G G S N
G P R S S u 0 0 o r ( N o 6 e
G S N
H o + e L o / . ( % o '
R e , % & ( e r
H L R
3i-ure ,.2.2 Si&nalin& Plane GGS;=-OR u%in& G4P an$ MAP !rotocol a$a!tation "unction. Accor$in& to
?#.1@.
Q. 9.2.3 In SS' si-nallin- system= $hat is the role of the MT layer5
A. 9.2.3
= 4he Me%%a&e 4ran%"er Part !rotocol% 6le:el% 2 an$ 37 can be "oun$ on the Gr 6SGS;=-OR71
G% 6SGS;=MS)*IOR71 G" 6SGS;=+0R71 G$ 6SGS;=SMS)7 an$ Gc 6GGS;=-OR7 inter"ace%. 4he
M4P 1 i% not 'an$ator31 becau%e the !h3%ical la3er o" the %i&nallin& %tack% ha% been le"t un$e"ine$.
= 4he le:el 2 o" M4P !ro:i$e% link=la3er "unctionalit3. 0t en%ure% that the two en$ !oint% o" a
%i&nallin& link can reliabl3 e<chan&e %i&nallin& 'e%%a&e%. 0t incor!orate% %uch ca!abilitie% a% error
checkin&1 "low control1 an$ %eCuence checkin&.
= 4he le:el 3 o" M4P e<ten$% the "unctionalit3 !ro:i$e$ b3 M4P le:el 21 to !ro:i$e network
la3er "unctionalit3. 0t en%ure% that 'e%%a&e% can be $eli:ere$ between %i&nallin& !oint% acro%% the SS7
network1 re&ar$le%% o" whether the3 are $irectl3 connecte$. 0t inclu$e% %uch ca!abilitie% a% no$e
a$$re%%in&1 routin&1 alternate routin&1 an$ con&e%tion control.
Q. 9.2.4 In SS' si-nallin- system= $hat is the role of the SCC layer5
A. 9.2.4
= 4he Si&nallin& )onnection )ontrol Part can be "oun$ on the Gr 6SGS;=-OR71 G% 6SGS;=
MS)*IOR71 G" 6SGS;=+0R71 G$ 6SGS;=SMS)7 an$ Gc 6GGS;=-OR7 inter"ace%.
(.*50
= S))P initiate% an$ 'onitor% %i&nallin& in !arallel with the re%!ecti:e la3er 6e.&. 4/P an$
0S/P7 o" the PS4;. 0t !ro:i$e% two 'aHor "unction% that are lackin& in the M4P. 4he "ir%t i% the
ca!abilit3 to a$$re%% a!!lication% within a %i&nallin& !oint. 9hile M4P network='ana&e'ent
'e%%a&e% an$ ba%ic call=%etu! 'e%%a&e% are a$$re%%e$ to a no$e a% a whole1 other 'e%%a&e% are u%e$
b3 %e!arate a!!lication% 6re"erre$ to a% %ub%3%te'%71 within a no$e. +<a'!le% o" %ub%3%te' are 500
call !roce%%in&.
= 4he %econ$ "unction !ro:i$e$ b3 the S))P i% the abilit3 to !er"or' incre'ental routin& u%in&
a ca!abilit3 calle$ Global 4itle 4ran%lation 6G447N G44 "ree% ori&inatin& %i&nallin& !oint% "ro' the
bur$en o" ha:in& to know e:er3 !otential $e%tination to which the3 'i&ht ha:e to route a 'e%%a&e. A
%witch can ori&inate a Cuer31 "or e<a'!le1 an$ a$$re%% it to an S4P 6Si&nallin& 4ran%"er Point7 alon&
with a reCue%t "or G44. 4he recei:in& S4P can then e<a'ine a !ortion o" the 'e%%a&e1 'ake a
$eter'ination a% to where the 'e%%a&e %houl$ be route$1 an$ then route it.
Q. 9.2.5 In SS' si-nallin- system= $hat is the role of the TC& layer5
A. 9.2.5
= 4he 4ran%action )a!abilitie% A!!lication Part can be "oun$ on the Gr 6SGS;=-OR71 G"
6SGS;=+0R71 G$ 6SGS;=SMS)7 an$ Gc 6GGS;=-OR7 inter"ace%.
= 4)AP $e"ine% the 'e%%a&e% an$ !rotocol u%e$ to co''unicate between a!!lication% in no$e%.
0t i% u%e$ "or $ataba%e %er:ice% %uch a% 500 nu'ber%1 a% well a% %witch=to=%witch %er:ice% inclu$in&
re!eat $iallin& an$ call return. Becau%e 4)AP 'e%%a&e% 'u%t be $eli:ere$ to in$i:i$ual a!!lication%
within the no$e% the3 a$$re%%1 the3 u%e S))P "or tran%!ort.
Q. 9.2.6 In SS' si-nallin- system= $hat is the role of the M& layer5
A. 9.2.6
= 4he Mobile A!!lication Part can be "oun$ on the Gr 6SGS;=-OR71 G" 6SGS;=+0R71 G$
6SGS;=SMS)7 an$ Gc 6GGS;=-OR7 inter"ace%.
= MAP $e"ine% o!eration% an$ !roce$ure% "or the control an$ !re%entation o" %ub%criber
in"or'ation to en%ure that roa'in& an$ 'e%%a&in& %er:ice% can take !lace. MAP u%e% 4)AP1 S))P
an$ M4P a% tran%!ort la3er%. 4he call control %i&nallin& i% t3!icall3 carrie$ out u%in& an 0S/P
$eri:ati:eN thi% i% i'!ortant becau%e there are !oint% o" interconnection between the 'obile network
an$ the "i<e$ network.
Q. 9.2.7 In SS' si-nallin- system= $hat is the role of the >SS&E layer5
A. 9.2.7
= 4he BSS A!!lication Part E!lu%F can be "oun$ on the G% 6SGS;=MS)*IOR7 inter"ace. 0t>% an
e:olution o" the BSSAP1 $e%i&ne$ to %u!!ort !acket %witche$ %!eech connection%1 in or$er to i'!ro:e
the u%e o" ra$io re%ource%.
= 4he G% inter"ace connect% the $ataba%e% in the MS)*IOR an$ the SGS;. 4he !roce$ure% o"
the BSSAPG !rotocol are u%e$ to co=or$inate the location in"or'ation o" MS% that are 0MS0
60nternational Mobile Sub%criber 0$entit37 attache$ to both GPRS an$ non=GPRS %er:ice%. 4he G%
inter"ace i% al%o u%e$ to con:e3 %o'e circuit %witche$ relate$ !roce$ure% :ia the SGS;.
(7*50
L 0
$ & 5
$ & :
S C C &
# S S A & ;
L 0
$ & 5
$ & :
S C C &
# S S A & ;
" s i n t e r / a c e
S e r % i n g " & R S
S " S ,
o b i ! e S w i t c h i n g
C e n t e r ' V i s i t o r s
L o c a t i o n R e g i s t e r
S C ' V L R
3i-ure ,.2.' Si&nalin& Protocol %tack on the G% inter"ace 6SGS;=MS)*IOR7. Accor$in& to ?#.1@.
Q. 9.2.8 4hat is the role of the GMM layer5
A. 9.2.8
= 4he GPRS Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent !rotocol i% u%e$ on the /' an$ Gb inter"ace%1 between MS1
BSS an$ SGS;.
= GPRS u%e% the GSM MM 6Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent7 !rotocol. -ere it i% known a% the GPRS
MM !rotocol 6GMM7. 4he 'ain "unction o" the MM %ub=la3er i% to %u!!ort the 'obilit3 o" u%er
ter'inal%1 "or in%tance1 in"or'in& the network o" it% !re%ent location an$ !ro:i$in& u%er i$entit3
con"i$entialit3. A "urther "unction o" the GMM %ub=la3er i% to !ro:i$e connection 'ana&e'ent
%er:ice% to the $i""erent entitie% o" the u!!er )onnection Mana&e'ent 6)M7 %ub=la3er.
M A C
R L C
L L C
M M 8 S M
G S M 5 R 2
U + % ' ( e r 1 . / e
M A C
R L C
G S M 5 R 2
' e ( - o r 9
& e r v % / e
B S S G P
L $ % &
G $ % ' ( e r 1 . / e
L $ % &
M o $ % 4 e S ( . ( % o '
M S
B . & e S ( . ( % o ' S u $ & * & ( e +
B S S
S e r v % ' , G P R S
S u 0 0 o r ( N o 6 e
S G S N
r e 4 . *
B S S G P
L L C
M M 8 S M
' e ( - o r 9
& e r v % / e
3i-ure ,.2.* Si&nalin& Protocol %tack on /' an$ Gb inter"ace% 6MS=BSS=SGS;7. Accor$in& to ?#.1@.
(5*50
Q. 9.2.9 4hat type of si-nallin- protocols has been defined bet$een GS#s5
A. 9.2.9
= 4he %i&nallin& !lane in thi% ca%e relate% to GPRS Mobilit3 Mana&e'ent "unction% like "or
e<a'!le GPRS Attach1 GPRS Routein& Area /!$ate an$ Acti:ation o" P,P 6Packet ,ata Protocol7
)onte<t%. 4he %i&nallin& between GS; no$e% %hall be !er"or'e$ b3 the GPRS 4unnellin& Protocol
6G4P7.
= 4he G4P %i&nallin& "low i% a%%ociate$ with but %e!arate$ "ro'1 the G4P tunnel%. 2or each
GS;=GS; !air one or 'ore !ath% e<i%t. ne or 'ore tunnel% 'a3 u%e each !ath. G4P %hall be the
'ean% b3 which tunnel% are e%tabli%he$1 u%e$1 'ana&e$ an$ relea%e$. A !ath 'a3 be 'aintaine$ b3
kee!=ali:e echo 'e%%a&e%. All thi% en%ure% that a connecti:it3 "ailure between GS;% can be $etecte$ in
a ti'el3 'anner.
L 0
L 5
I &
. D &
" $ &
L 0
L 5
I &
. D &
" $ &
" n i n t e r / a c e
" & R S
" S ,
" & R S
" S ,
3i-ure ,.2., Si&nalin& Protocol %tack on the Gn inter"ace% 6GS;=GS;7. Accor$in& to ?#.1@.
Re"erence%
?#.1@ +4S0 +; 301 344 = GSM 03..01 EDigital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+)
?#.2@ Q3rki Penttinen1 EGPRS in !ireless Data "unctioning and Design o# the $et%ork1 9SR1
0SB; #(1=0=2.(.4=01 2002.
?#.3@ 4ar'o Anttalainen 1 E&o'ile (ommunications
?#.4@ )arle% 2errer an$ MiCuel li:er1 E)vervie% and (apacity o# the GPRS.
(#*50
Chapter "..
G!S Ser/ices and billin-
Q. 10.1 4hat is the meanin- of billin-5
A. 10.1
Billin& 'ean% to write a bill to the %ub%criber.
Q. 10.2 4hat are the ne$ billin- parameters in G!S5
A 10.2
4he billin& !ara'eter% are a% the "ollowin&8
( Billin& b3 ,ata :olu'eN
( Billin& Qualit3 o" %er:iceN
( Billin& b3 locationN
( Billin& b3 contentN
( 4ran%action.
Q. 10.3 4hat is the administrati/e center $here the bills are processed5
A. 10.3
4he a$'ini%trati:e center i% the bill center 6B)71 a% %hown in "i&ure 10.1.
3i-ure ".." Billin& )enter.
.0*50
Chapter "".
Char-in-
Q. 11.1 4hat is the purpose of char-in-5
A. 11.1
4he !ur!o%e o" char&in& i% to collect $ata on the network re%ource u%a&e an$ %er:ice% to enable the
billin& o" the %ub%criber.
Q. 11.2 4hat are the char-in- layers5
A. 11.2
4he char&in& la3er% are the "ollowin&8
( Acce%% Oa3er8 4he char&in& "or the u%a&e o" bearer re%ource% 6e.&. GPRS acce%% %er:ice%7N
( 0P Multi'e$ia Oa3er8 4he char&in& o" %er:ice% !ro:i$e$ b3 the 0MS 6e.&. 'ulti'e$ia
%e%%ion%7N
( Ser:ice an$ A!!lication Oa3er8 4he char&in& o" %er:ice% !ro:i$e$ b3 the %er:ice %ub%3%te'
6e.&. &a'e%1 location7.
Q. 11.3 4hat are the main char-in- methods5
A. 11.3
4he 'ain char&in& 'etho$% are a% the "ollowin&%
( Po%t!ai$8 a char&in& 'etho$ to !a3 "or %er:ice a"ter %er:ice u%a&e1 u%uall3 b3 a bill e:er3
'onthN
( Pre!ai$8 a char&in& 'etho$ to !a3 "or a %er:ice be"ore the actual %er:ice u%a&e. 4he 'one3 i%
!ai$ be"orehan$ to a !re!ai$ account1 an$ that 'one3 i% then $e$ucte$ "ro' the account
accor$in& to the %er:ice u%a&e. +<8 !hone car$%.
Q. 11.4 4hat is the meanin- of char-in-5
A. 11.4
)har&in& 'ean% to collect in"or'ation o" the %ub%criber beha:ior to be able to write a bill.
Q. 11.5 4hat is the responsibility of GGS# (Gate$ay G!S support node) about char-in-5
A. 11.5
GGS; i% re%!on%ible "or &atherin& the char&in& in"or'ation "or the u%e o" e<ternal network%.
Q. 11.6 4hat is the information contained in The S7C2! (G!S char-in- data in GGS#)5
A. 11.6
4he in"or'ation containe$ in 4he S=),R 6GPRS char&in& $ata in GGS;7 i%8
( Start collection8 P,P 6Packet $ata Protocol7 conte<t acti:ationN
( Sto! collection8 P,P 6Packet $ata Protocol7 conte<t $eacti:ationN
( 4ra""ic :olu'e u!link*$ownlinkN
.1*50
( Qualit3 o" Ser:ice ne&otiate$N
( ,urationN
( SGS; 6Ser:in& GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e7 & GGS; 6Gatewa3 GPRS Su!!ort ;o$e7 a$$re%%N
( Acce%% Point ;a'e.
Q. 11.7 The Char-in- Gate$ay (CG) has many sub sections= each performin- a different tas%.
4hat are they and there tas%s5
A. 11.7
4he )G*AR) 6Accountin& Recor$ )ollection7 !er"or'% the collectin& o" ),R%
( 4he )G*ARM 6Accountin& Recor$ Iali$ation7 !er"or'% the :ali$ation o" ),R% be"ore bein&
!a%%e$ to the )G*)MN
( )G*)M 6)all Matcher7 !er"or'% the co'binin& an$ "or'attin& o" ),R% an$ then "orwar$%
the ),R% to an out!ut "ileN
( )G*24M 62ile 4ran%"er Mana&er7 !er"or'% the 'ana&e'ent an$ o:erall control o" the
$i""erent 'o$ule%N
( 4here i% al%o an alar' $i%!atcher which noti"ie% the ;etwork Mana&e'ent S3%te'% o" an3
alar'%.
Q. 11.8 2urin- $hich period C2!s can be -enerated in different SGS#s in the net$or%5
A. 11.8
,urin& roa'in& ti'e.
Q. 11.9 The G!S prepaid feature consists of three main functions. 4hat are they5
A. 11.9
4he3 are a% "ollow%8
( A=)har&in& Gatewa38 4he )har&in& Gatewa3 i% han$lin& !re=!ai$ %ub%criber% ),R>%
&enerate$ in near=real ti'eN
( B=-o'e Oocation Re&i%ter8 4he !re!ai$ in"or'ation i% %ent :ia a MAP inter"ace a% !art o" the
new char&in& characteri%tic%. 4he%e !ara'eter% co:er !re=!ai$1 hot billin& an$ "lat rate billin&.
)re$it e<hau%tion will be han$le$ b3 a cancel location %ent to the SGS; an$ "urther attach
reCue%t% to GPRS no$e% will then be re"u%e$ b3 the -ORN
( )=0;=S3%te' an$ ;))8 4he 0ntelli&ent ;etwork !lat"or' !ro:i$e% a 'ean% o" rechar&in& an$
cre$it Cuerie% "or !re=!ai$ %ub%criber%. 4he ;)) an$ the 0; !lat"or' !ro:i$e a 'ean%
char&in& reCue%t%1 !ro:i%ionin& an$ cre$it*%ub%cri!tion e<!ir3 in"or'ation.
Q. 11.10 4hat is the interface used bet$een the SGS# and Char-in- Gate$ay5
A. 11.10
4he Ga inter"ace i% u%e$ between the SGS; an$ )har&in& Gatewa31 a% %hown in the "i&ure 11...
.2*50
3i-ure "".". GPRS inter"ace%.
Q. 11.11 4hat does the G7C2! related to the e6ternal data net$or% usa-e contains5
A. 11.11
4he G=),R 6%ee "i&ure 11.77 i% relate$ to the e<ternal $ata network u%a&e1 it contain%8
( Start collection8 P,P 6Packet ,ata Protocol7 conte<t acti:ationN
( Sto! collection8 P,P 6Packet ,ata Protocol7 conte<t $eacti:ationN
( 4ra""ic :olu'e u!link*$ownlinkN
( Qualit3 o" Ser:ice ne&otiate$N
( SGS; & GGS; a$$re%%N
( Acce%% Point ;a'eN
( ,uration.
.3*50
3i-ure ""."" G=),R.
Q. 11.12 8o$ SMS7C2! can be sent5
A. 11.12
4he SMS=),R i% relate$ to the u%a&e o" %hort 'e%%a&e %er:ice with GPRS. 0t can be %en$ throu&h the
tra$itional network or the GPRS backbone1 a% %hown in the "i&ure 11.5.
3i-ure ""."2 SMS=),R.
.4*50
Q. 11.13 4hat is the difference bet$een /olume and time char-in-5
A. 11.13
9ith :olu'e=ba%e$ tari""1 char&in& i% on the a'ount o" in"or'ation 3ou acce%% or %en$. -owe:er with
ti'e=ba%e$ tari""1 3ou are char&e$ accor$in& to the $uration*ti'e o" %er:ice re&ar$le%% o" the total
a'ount o" in"or'ation acce%%e$ or %ent.
Q. 11.14 4here does the Char-in- Gate$ay (CG) collect char-in- data5
A. 11.14
4he )har&in& Gatewa3 6)G7 collect% char&in& $ata "ro' the GPRS network an$ $irect% it to the
billin& %3%te'1 a% %hown in "i&ure 11.10.
3i-ure ""."4 )har&in& ,ata.
Q. 11.14 4hat is Aa$ful Interception Gate$ay (AIG)5
A. 11.14
Oaw"ul 0nterce!tion Gatewa3 i% a "unctionalit3 that allow% authoritie% to interce!t or ``wireta!KK GPRS
'obile $ata tra""ic.
.(*50
Q. 11.15 In $hat interface data is encrypted from the MS to the SGS#5
A. 11.15
,ata on the air inter"ace i% encr3!te$ "ro' the MS to the SGS;. nl3 encr3!te$ connection% are u%e$
to 'ana&e the network.
Re"erence%
?11.1@ htt!8**www.hut."i*YHraut!al*&!r%*&!r%T%ec.ht'l
?11.2@ htt!8**www.t$a!.co.uk*uk*archi:e*billin&*bill6naru%T020#7.ht'l
?11.3@
htt!8**www.ci%co.co'*en*/S*net%ol*n%110*n%17(*n%177*n%275*networkin&T%olution%T$e%i&nT&ui$eTch
a!ter0#15.a0050121#ac.ht'l_22742
?11.4@
a!ter0#15.a0050121#ac.ht'l_22742
?11.(@
a!ter0#15.a0050121#ac.ht'l_77.55
Chapter "2.
G!S #et$or% lannin-
12.1. )a!acit3 Plannin&
Q. 12.1.1 4hich formula is used to calculate the call arri/al and stayin- in G!S net$or%s5
A. 12.1.1
0n ca%e o" $i'en%ionin& GSM network% it i% a%%u'e$ that the blockin& !robabilit3 $urin& the !eak
hour% i% 2=3A. 9hen GSM network i% $i'en%ione$ u%in& +rlan&=B "or'ula1 then %e:eral ten% o"
!ercenta&e o" channel% i% "ree "or GPRS tran%'i%%ion%. 0t i% alrea$3 clear that one GPRS ter'inal can
occu!3 a 'ulti!le nu'ber o" %lot% "ro' a ti'e "ra'e. But now Cue%tion i% that how 'an3 GPRS
ter'inal% are allowe$ to tran%'it the $ata at a ti'ea 0n a &i:en ba%e %tation1 the nu'ber o" allowe$
ter'inal $e!en$% on "our "actor%8 the a:era&e call arri:al rate1 the a:era&e call hol$in& ti'e1 a'ount
o" ra$io re%ource le"t "or GPRS an$ the GPRS call blockin& !robabilit3. )learl31 +rlan&=B "or'ula can
be u%e$ to calculate the call arri:al an$ %ta3in& in GPRS network%.
..*50
Q. 12.1.2 Can $e use the 0rlan-7> formula for G!S ac%et transmission system5
A. 12.1.2
;o. 9e cannot u%e the +rlan&=B 2or'ula "or GPRS !acket tran%'i%%ion %3%te' becau%e o" it%
bur%t3ne%% nature. But we can con%i$er the bur%t3 $ata tran%'i%%ion %3%te' !acket=b3=!acket ba%i%.
/n$er %o'e e%!ecial con$ition%1 it can be %hown that the !acket tran%'i%%ion in GPRS %3%te' can be
e<!lainin& a 'o$i"ie$ :er%ion o" +rlan&=) "or'ula1 but not +rlan&=B "or'ula. 0n ca%e o" real ti'e
!acket $ata tran%'i%%ion %3%te' a 'o$i"ie$ :er%ion o" +rlan&=B 'a3 be u%e$ "or GPRS Packet
tran%'i%%ion %3%te'.
Q. 12.1.3 Can $e use the 0rlan-7C formula for G!S ac%et transmission system5
A. 12.1.3
Re%. 9e can u%e the +rlan&=) 2or'ula "or GPRS !acket tran%'i%%ion %3%te' at lea%t in air inter"ace
!art. 4he 'ain !roble' o" GPRS tran%'i%%ion %3%te' o" it% bur%t3ne%% nature. But we can con%i$er the
bur%t3 $ata tran%'i%%ion %3%te' !acket=b3=!acket ba%i%. /n$er %o'e e%!ecial con$ition%1 it can be
%hown that the !acket tran%'i%%ion in GPRS %3%te' can be e<!lainin& a 'o$i"ie$ :er%ion o" +rlan&=)
"or'ula1 but not +rlan&=B "or'ula. 0n ca%e o" non=real ti'e !acket $ata tran%'i%%ion %3%te'1 a
'o$i"ie$ :er%ion o" +rlan&=) "or'ula 'a3 be u%e$ "or GPRS Packet tran%'i%%ion %3%te' ?12.1@.
Q. 12.1.4 State your o$n $ords that the same radio resources are used for GSM and G!S.
8o$ the radio resources are or-anised for GSM and G!S5
A. 12.1.4
0t i% not $e"ine$ nor re%tricte$ the nu'ber or e<i%tence o" the "i<e$ GPRS ti'e %lot%1 in the
%!eci"ication. 4here"ore1 the eCui!'ent 'anu"acturer% can "reel3 %elect their own %olution. 0n a
'o$ern ba%e %tation1 %o'e ti'e %lot% are re%er:e$ "or GSM u%er% an$ %o'e other ti'e %lot% are "i<e$
"or GPRS u%er%. 4he re%t ti'e %lot% are "or both GSM an$ GPRS u%er%. 4here"ore1 an o!erator cannot
$e"ine the ra$io re%ource% "or GPRS. An o!erator onl3 can %elect the 'ini'u' or 'a<i'u' nu'ber
GPRS ti'e %lot%.
Q. 12.1.5 & G!S time slot can ser/e se/eral simultaneous users $ithin the same timeslot7 is it
true5
A. 12.1.5
Accor$in& to %!eci"ication 6&%'03..071 a 'a<i'u' o" .=5 u%er% can be allocate$ "or a %in&le GPRS
ti'e%lot. 4hi% i% $ue to the li'itation% o" the /S2 6/!!er State 2la&7 !ara'eter.
Q. 12.1.6 In a base station= if some slots are used by GSM /oice sources= is it $ise to pro/ide all
other radio resources for G!S transmission system5
A. 12.1.6
0t i% !o%%ible to !ro:i$e all le"t ra$io re%ource% can be utili%e$ b3 GPRS u%er%. So'e re%earch re%ult%
%how that e<ce%% GPRS tran%'i%%ion %3%te' !ro$uce e<tra inter"erence "or GSM :oice. 4hu%1 the
Cualit3 o" GSM :oice will $e&ra$e. 4here"ore1 it i% better to li'it the GPRS $ata tran%'i%%ion.
.7*50
12.2. ther Plannin& 0%%ue%
Q. 12.2.1 8o$ channel codin- effects co/era-e area of G!S5
A. 12.2.1
)hannel co$in& in"luence% $ata rate an$ achie:e$ co:era&e area. Oi&hter channel co$in& can be 'a$e
clo%er to ba%e %tation. 0t i% theoreticall3 !o%%ible to reach 22.5kb*% $ata rate !er tra""ic channel.
4here"ore1 with GPRS1 it i% theoreticall3 !o%%ible to reach $ata rate u! to 22.5[5U152.4kb*%. 4he
li&hte%t GPRS channel co$in& enable% a 21.4kb*% rate.
12.3. !ti'u' Plannin&
Q. 12.3.1 If one G!S terminal $ants to transmit data= ho$ it enters to a base station5
A. 12.3.1
0n the ca%e o" a nor'al GSM1 one 'obile ter'inal initiate% the call u%in& Ran$o' Acce%% )hannel
6RA)-7. 0n ca%e o" GPRS e<actl3 %a'e kin$ o" channel i% u%e$1 but it i% calle$ Packet Ran$o'
Acce%% )hannel 6PRA)-7. 4he ran$o' acce%% channel %che'e i% ba%e$ on %lotte$ AO-A. +ach
ran$o' acce%% channel con%i%t% o" a nu'ber o" %lot%. A &i:en acce%% !acket i% "ir%t tran%'itte$ into a
ran$o' acce%% %lot. 0" the acce%% !acket i% un%ucce%%"ul then the %a'e !acket i% tran%'itte$ into
another ran$o' acce%% %lot. A"ter a %ucce%%"ul rece!tion o" an acce%% !acket throu&h the ran$o'
acce%% %lot6%71 the 'obile network realiBe% that one ter'inal reCuire% ra$io re%ource% in a ba%e %tation.
4hen a ba%e %tation !ro:i$e% the ra$io re%ource% to GSM or GPRS ter'inal1 i" it ha% it.
Q. 12.3.2 4hat %ind of channels is used for G!S pac%et data transmission system5
A. 12.3.2
4he ran$o' acce%% channel% are utiliBe$ "or call e%tabli%h'ent1 which i% $e%cribe$ in la%t an%wer. 4he
4ra""ic )hannel% 64)-7 are utiliBe$ "or in"or'ation tran%'i%%ion in the u!link $irection 6"ro' 'obile
to ba%e %tation7 o" the Global S3%te' "or Mobile co''unication 6GSM7 network%. A GPRS ter'inal
u%e% the tra""ic channel% $3na'icall3. 0n other wor$%1 it occu!ie% the channel% onl3 when it nee$% to
tran%"er $ata. 4he tra""ic channel% utili%e$ "or GPRS $ata tran%'i%%ion i% calle$ Packet 4ra""ic
)hannel% 6P4)-7.
Q. 12.3.3 8o$ many least possible factors effects on the successful G!S pac%et data
transmission system5
A. 12.3.3
2ro' the !re:iou% two Cue%tion%1 it i% clear that a GPRS ter'inal "ir%t ha:e to enter u%in& ran$o'
acce%% channel. 4he %econ$ %ta&e i% that the ba%e %tation ha% to ha:e 'ini'u' nu'ber o" ra$io
re%ource "ree to !ro:i$e that GPRS ter'inal. 4here"ore1 at lea%t two !o%%ible "actor% a""ect the
%ucce%%"ul GPRS tran%'i%%ion %3%te'. A call i% reHecte$ $e!en$in& on it% inabilit3 to %uccee$ in the
ran$o' acce%% channel%. A call i% blocke$ $e!en$in& on it% inabilit3 to %uccee$ in the tra""ic channel%.
.5*50
Q. 12.3.4 8o$ the random access slots are mapped o/er in G!S pac%et data transmission
system5
A. 12.3.4
4here are "i:e $i""erent %tructure% o" the RA)- ?12.21 12.3@ with a!!ro<i'atel3 4001000 an$
n[7501000 RA)- %lot% !er hour 6nU 11 21 31 47. 0t i% intere%tin& to know the e<act choice o" the%e "i:e
$i""erent !o%%ibilitie%. 4he :alue can be %et ba%e$ on the arri:al rate o" the ter'inal% in a ba%e %tation.
Q. 12.3.5 8o$ many retransmissions are allo$ed for each mobile durin- the access5
A. 12.3.5
Accor$in& to %!eci"ication%1 a 'a<i'u' o" r retran%'i%%ion% i% allowe$ "or each 'obile call $urin&
the acce%% !erio$. 4he !ara'eter r can be %et to "our $i""erent !o%%ible :alue% 11 21 4 or 7 ?12.41 12.(@.
A hi&her retran%'i%%ion nu'ber r re$uce% the acce%% reHection !robabilit31 an$ hence r U 7 i% a wi$el3
u%e$ %ettin& !ara'eter ?12..@.
Q. 12.3.6 4hy random access part is important parameter for optimisation5
A. 12.3.6
9e are 'ore intere%te$ in thi% acce%% %tate to &i:e "ull a:ailabilit3 "or all kin$% o" GPRS call%. 0n the
%econ$ %ta&e1 i" all tra""ic channel% are "ull an$ the network i% unable to !ro:i$e an3 %er:ice1 the
network in"or'% the 'obile ter'inal o" it% 'locked call. n the other han$1 i" the call i% re3ected in the
acce%% %ta&e1 a 'obile ter'inal cannot recei:e an3 'e%%a&e "ro' the ba%e %tation. Ph3%icall31 it i%
unknown to the network that a ter'inal trie% to acce%% to tran%'it it% in"or'ation. 0n thi% ca%e1 the
'obile ter'inal 'a3 recei:e an auto'atic Eacce%% reHectionF %i&nal1 which 'a3 reCue%t the 'obile
u%er to tr3 a&ain. 4he 'obile u%er 'a3 think that the network i% "ull an$ atte'!t to call later. 4hi% i%
true "or the ca%e o" call blockin& but not "or call reHection. 4hu%1 the o!erator% ha:e to %ti'ulate 'ore
ran$o' acce%% %lot% to a:oi$ the call reHection4
Q. 12.3.7 4hich factors effects on the proper choice of the number of random access slots5
A. 12.3.7
4he o!ti'u' nu'ber o" ran$o' acce%% %lot% i% $irectl3 !ro!ortional to the a:era&e call arri:al rate1
bein& in$e!en$ent o" the a:era&e channel hol$in& ti'e an$ the nu'ber o" tra""ic channel% ?12.7@.
Q. 12.3.8 4hat $ill happen in terms of efficiency= if $e $ant to transmit real time traffic o/er
G!S5
A. 12.3.8
0n GPRS1 one ter'inal can occu!3 a 'ulti!le nu'ber o" %lot% $i%continuou%l3*$3na'icall3 in a ti'e
"ra'e1 the nu'ber o" acce!te$ call i% obtaine$ b3 $i:i$in& the nu'ber o" ra$io re%ource% $urin& that
ti'e with the 'a<i'u' allowe$ nu'ber o" %lot% !er GPRS ter'inal. 4ra""ic channel e""icienc3 with a
$i%continuou%l3*$3na'icall3 tran%'ittin& real=ti'e GPRS tra""ic i% unacce!tabl3 low1 e%!eciall3 with
the ran&e o" acce!table call lo%% !robabilitie% !ertainin& to a lower acti:it3 "actor ?12.5@.
.#*50
Q. 12.3.9 4hat is possibility of enhancin- the efficiency= if $e $ant to transmit real time traffic
o/er G!S5
A. 12.3.9
4he channel e""icienc3 can be enhance$ an$ the call lo%% !robabilit3 can be %u!!re%%e$ %i&ni"icantl3 i"
a hi&her 'a<i'u' nu'ber o" call% are acce!te$. Allocate$ ra$io re%ource% are le%% than the 'a<i'u'
nu'ber o" !acket tran%'i%%ion% at a ti'e. 4here"ore1 %o'e !acket% coul$ be $ro!!e$ "ro' the real=
ti'e tran%'i%%ion %3%te'. Re%ult% %how that the channel e""icienc3 a% well a% the !acket $ro!!in&
!robabilit3 increa%e% with increa%in& call inten%it31 'a<i'u' nu'ber o" a$'itte$ 0P call% an$ the
bur%tine%% "actor ?12.5@.
Q. 12.3.10 8o$ G!S act $ith non7real time traffic5
A. 12.3.10
4he channel e""icienc3 a% well a% the !robabilit3 that a !acket i% "orce$ "or Cueuin& increa%e% with
increa%in& call inten%it31 'a<i'u' nu'ber o" a$'itte$ GPRS call% an$ the acti:it3 "actor ?12.1@.
Q. 12.3.11 4hat is the impact of header?payload ratio in G!S transmission system5
A. 12.3.11
Re%ult% %how that the channel utiliBation $ecrea%e% with the increa%e o" hea$er*!a3loa$ ratio ?12.1@.
Re"erence%
?12.1@ Q. -. Sarker1 0P 4ra""ic 4ran%'i%%ion :er the General Packet Ra$io Ser:ice%1 ,nternational
(on#erence on (ommunications 0echnology ,((0 25561 will be hel$ in BeiHin&1 )hina1 2003.
?12.2@ +4S0=GSM 4echnical S!eci"ication1 GSM 0(.021 Ier%ion 4.2.01 EPh3%ical Oa3er on the Ra$io
Path1 Multi!le<in& an$ Multi!le Acce%% on the Ra$io PathF1 A!ril 1##3.
?12.3@ +; 300 #051 GSM 0(.02 :er%ion ..4.11 E,i&ital cellular teleco''unication% %3%te' 6Pha%e
2G7N Multi!le<in& an$ 'ulti!le acce%% on the ra$io !athF1 1##7.
?12.4@ +4S0=GSM 4echnical S!eci"ication1 GSM 04.051 Ier%ion 4.4.01 EMobile Ra$io 0nter"ace=Oa3er
3 S!eci"icationF1 A!ril 1##3.
?12.(@ +4S0 +; 300 #401 GSM 04.05 Ier%ion 7.1.21 E,i&ital cellular teleco''unication% %3%te'
6Pha%e 2G7N Mobile ra$io inter"ace la3er 3 %!eci"icationF1 1##5.
?12..@ M. Moul3 an$ M.=B. Pautet1 0he GS& system #or mo'ile communications Publi%he$ b3
author%1 1##2.
?12.7@ Q. -. Sarker an$ S. Q. -al'e1 !ti'iBin& the /%e o" Ran$o' Acce%% )hannel% in GSM=GPRS1
!ireless Personal (ommunications1 Se!te'ber 20021 ;o. 31 Iolu'e 221 !!. 357=405.
70*50
?12.5@ Q. -. Sarker an$ S. Q. -al'e1 +""icienc3 o" GSM an$ GPRS Air 0nter"ace "or Real 4i'e 0P
tra""ic 2low 9ith an$ 9ithout Packet ,ro!!in&1 !ireless Personal (ommunications1 A!ril 20021 ;o.
11 Iolu'e 211 !!. 12(=140.
Chapter "3.
0G!S (2.(G)
Q. 13.1 4hat is 02G0 and ho$ does it $or% in G!S5
A. 13.1
+,G+ 6enhance$ $ata rate% "or &lobal e:olution7 re"er% to a new kin$ o" 'o$ulation 'etho$ "or the
GSM ra$io inter"ace. 4he ori&inal 0.3 GMSD 6Gau%%ian 'ini'u' %hi"t ke3in&7 o" the %3%te' actuall3
re'ain% unchan&e$ with +,G+1 but 5=PSD 'o$ulation 6PSD1 Pha%e %hi"t ke3in&7 can al%o be u%e$1 i"
nece%%ar3. 4hi% 'ean% that 5=PSD1 which i% 'ore error=!rone but o""er% a "a%ter $ata rate1 can be u%e$
when the %i&nal error rate i% &oo$ enou&h.
4he ba%ic i$ea behin$ +,G+ i% to %i&ni"icantl3 i'!ro:e the $ata rate o" the GSM %3%te' co'!are$ to
ba%ic GSM $ata %er:ice%. A $ata rate o:er 400 kb*% can be reache$ with +GPRS u%in& channel co$in&
o""erin& the hi&he%t !o%%ible $ata rate an$ the %i'ultaneou% u%e o" all ei&ht 4RM ti'e %lot%.
Q. 13.2 4hat is G0!&#5
A. 13.2
4he %!eci"ication ter' G+RA; 6GSM +,G+ ra$io acce%% network7 re"er% to a ra$io network ba%e$ on
the co'bination o" ba%ic GSM an$ +,G+. G+RA; i% ba%e$ on GSM %!eci"ication relea%e ##1 but a%
with 'o%t GSM %er:ice ele'ent%1 it ha% it% own e:olutionar3 !ath. 4hu% %!eci"ication% "ollowin&
relea%e ## will contain i'!ro:e'ent% an$ a$$ition% to ba%ic G+RA;.
G+RA; i% al%o the na'e "or a 3 GPP workin& &rou! "ocu%in& on the continuou% $e:elo!'ent o" the
GSM1 GPRS an$ +,G+.
Q. 13.3 4hat are the functions of the 02G05 06plain briefly.
A. 13.3

Mainl3 two "unction% o" +,G+8
J Princi!le%N
J )hannel co$in&.
Principles1
617 +-S,8 4he +-S, contain% both the non=tran%!arent 6;47 an$ tran%!arent
647 tran%"er 'o$e%1 like the ba%ic GSM $ata %er:ice. ,ata rate% clo%e to .4kb*% can be reache$.
627 +GPRS8 +GPRS i% an i'!ro:e'ent o:er the "ir%t !ha%e GPRS %er:ice. +GPRS
$e"ine% 'ore channel co$in& cla%%e% than it% !re$ece%%or. 4hu% the achie:e$ $ata rate% !er in$i:i$ual
ti'e%lot are con%i$erabl3 hi&her than with the ba%ic GPRS %er:ice.
637 +AMR8 +MRA enable% the tran%"er o" hi&h=Cualit3 %!eech an$ 'u%ic. 4he %a'e
re%triction% a!!l3 to +AMR connection% a% a!!l3 to +-S,1 a% +AMR i% al%o circuit %witche$.
71*50
(hannel coding1
617 +-S,8 Accor$in& to %!eci"ication% relea%e ##1 the 5=PSD 'o$ulation can be u%e$
with the +-S, %er:ice "or u%er rate% 25.5 kb*%1 32.0kb*% an$ 43.2kb*% !er ti'e%lot.
627 +GPRS8 +GPRS channel co$in& cla%%e% are known a% the 'o$ulation an$ co$in&
%che'e 6M)S7. )la%%e% M)S=1XM)S=4 u%e the ba%ic GSM 0.3 GMSD 'o$ulation1 wherea% cla%%e%
M)S=(===M)S=# u%e the new 5=PSD 'o$ulation. 4he table contain% %o'e o" the 'o%t i'!ortant
!ara'eter% an$ :alue% relatin& to the +GPRS channel co$in& cla%%e%.
Table "3.3 +GPRS channel co$in& %che'e% an$ %o'e corre%!on$in& !ara'eter%.
)la%% )o$e rate )o$e rate o"
hea$er
Mo$ulation ,ata rate6kb*%7
M)S=1 .(3 .(3 .3GMSD 5.5
M)S=2 ... .(3 .3GMSD 11.2
M)S=3 .50 .(3 .3GMSD 14.5
M)S=4 1.00 .(3 .3GMSD 17..
M)S=( .37 1*3 5=PSD 22.4
M)S=. .4# 1*3 5=PSD 2#..
M)S=7 .7. .3. 5=PSD 44.5
M)S=5 .#2 .3. 5=PSD (4.4
M)S=# 1.00 .3. 5=PSD (#.2
Q. 13.4 2ra$ the G0!&# architecture F e6plain briefly.
A. 13.4
4he G+RA; or GSM +,G+ ra$io acce%% network architecture con%i%t% o" GSM>% ba%e %tation %3%te'
6BSS7 an$ it% inter"ace. 4he MS>% are in contact with the G+RA; :ia /'=inter"ace.G+RA; can u%e
Gb=1 A=1 0u=!% an$ 0u=c% inter"ace% to contact the GSM an$ /M4S trunk network%1 a% %how in "i&ure
13.4.
3i-ure "3.4 G+RA;.
72*50
G0!&#
Ou=c%
Ou=!%
A
Gb
GSM*/
M4S=
)ore
network
6);7
B4S
B4S
B4S
BS)
B4S
B4S
MS
BS)
B4S

BSS
BSS
Q. 13.5 State in your o$n $ordsG the classes of 02G07MS5
A. 13.5
Accor$in& to the %!eci"ication%1 an +,G+=MS can onl3 "unction in the "ollowin& cla%%e%8
( A*Gb cla%%N thi% cla%% can "unction in e.&. !re=relea%e 4=co'!laint ter'inal%1 an$ in relea%e 4=
co'!liant network%1 when no 0u inter"ace ha% been $e"ine$ between the network an$ the trunk
network.
( 0u=cla%%N a connection can be "or'e$ either :ia the 0u=!%= or 0.c%=inter"ace%. An e<a'!le o" the
u%e o" thi% cla%% woul$ be the %ituation in a relea%e 4=co'!liant network1 where the 0u=
inter"ace ha% been $e"ine$ between the network an$ the trunk network.
Q. 13.6 06plain the dedicated control channel (2C8).
A. 13.6
4he $e$icate$ control channel% 6,)-7 "or the !h3%ical channel% o" each connection are $e"ine$ a%
"ollow8
( 4he "a%t control channel 2A))- ha% been co'bine$ with one tra""ic channel 64)-7. 4he
2A))- i% o" the %a'e t3!e a% the tra""ic channel.
( 4he !acket a%%ociate$ control channel 6PA)-7 ha% been co'bine$ with each !acket $ata
tra""ic channel 6P,4)-7.
( 4he %low a%%ociate$ control channel 6SA))-7 ha% been Hoine$ to each 4)-= an$ *or P,4)-
channel.
( 4he %tan$ alone $e$icate$ control channel 6S,))-7 i% u%e$ accor$in& to %!eci"ication.
4he ,)- are the "ollowin& on %hare$ !h3%ical channel%8
( Bi=$irectional !acket a%%ociate$ control channel 6PA))-7N calle$ PA))-*/ u!link an$
PA))-*, $ownlink.
( 4he P4))-*/ inten$e$ "or the u!link tran%"er o" the 4A=!ara'eter1 u%e$ when the MS %en$%
a PA)-=bur%t.
( 4he P4))-*, inten$e$ "or the $ownlink tran%"er o" the 4A= !ara'eter1 i% u%e$ to u!$ate the
:alue o" the 4A=!ara'eter to %e:eral MS.
Re"erence%
?13.1@ Q. Penttinen1 Iantaa1 EGPRS in 9irele%% ,ata1 2unctionin& an$ ,e%i&n o" the ;etwork1 9SR1
2inlan$1 2002.
73*50
Chapter "4.
0/olution to$ard 1MTS (3G)
14.1. 4heor3 o" 9i$eban$
Q 14.1.1 4hy $ideband is better than narro$band for cellular transmission system5
A 14.1.1
Ra$io !ro!a&ation a""ect a lot "or the ca!acit3 o" cellular %3%te'. Re%ult% %how that the wi$eban$
ra$io !ro!a&ation lo%% in ter'% o" "a$in& i% le%% than the narrowban$ !ro!a&ation. 4he !ath lo%%
$i""erence between the narrowban$ an$ wi$eban$ i% :er3 %'all. 0n ca%e o" "reCuenc3 $i:er%it31 the
wi$eban$ %i&nal %how% better !er"or'ance than narrowban$ e%!eciall3 in urban area where 'an='a$e
ob%tacle% are 'an3. 0t i% intere%tin& that the "a$in& ob%er:e$ in urban area% i% le%% than in %uburban
area% ?14.1@.
Q. 14.1.2 4hat $ill happen if the 3G is deployed alon- $ith the 2G5
A. 14.1.2
2ro' a u%er>% !oint o" :iew1 the %cenario i% clear. A'on& other thin&%1 thi% i'!lie% that 2G %ub%criber%
%houl$ be able to acce%% 3G network% b3 'ean% o" a 2G S0M car$ an$ a $ual='o$e han$%et. 2or $oin&
thi%1 there are 'an3 technical !roble'% an$ 'o%t o" the' are alrea$3 %ol:e$.
Q. 14.1.3 4hat is the total impact= if 2G and 3G are deployed to-ether5
A. 14.1.3
4he o:erall ca!acit3 will $e&ra$e $ue to coe<i%tence o" a 3G*9),MA %3%te' with %econ$=&eneration
%3%te'%. A ;orth A'erican 2G %3%te' P)S wa% con%i$ere$1 but other 2G %3%te'% 6GSM1 0S=13. an$
0S=#(7 can al%o be con%i$ere$. 4he re%ult% %how that the 3G e""icienc3 $e&ra$e% a lot in the !re%ence o"
2G. 0n 'o%t ca%e%1 the 2G %3%te'% are "oun$ to be the a&&re%%or an$ the 3G %3%te'% the :icti' ?2@.
Q. 14.1.4 8o$ the $ideband sho$s better recei/ed po$er than narro$band5
A. 14.1.4
0t can be %hown that the recei:e$ !ower i% &i:en b3 ?1@
1
2
2
0
3
0
2
1
1
1
1
]
1
'
,
_

#
7
# 8 P
r
. 0n ca%e o"
narrowban$1 BZZ
0
#
. 4hu% the recei:e$ !ower beco'e%
[ ]
1
3
0

# 8 P
r
. )learl31 the !ath lo%% i%
le%% an$ the recei:e$ !ower i% hi&h with wi$eban$ co'!are to the narrowban$.
74*50
Q. 14.1.5 8o$ the $ideband sho$s better than narro$band considerin- the di/ersity5
A. 14.1.5
4he wi$eban$ %i&nal recei:e$ can be con%i$ere$ a% the 'ulti"reCuenc3 %i&nal arri:al. 9ithin a ti'e1 i"
the nu'ber o" recei:e$ $i:er%it3 increa%e%1 then the "a$in& i% re$uce$. 0t can be %hown that the nu'ber
o" $i:er%it3 & U 79 G1 ?1@. 9here1 7 i% ban$wi$th an$ i% the ti'e $ela3 %!rea$. )on%i$er a ca%e
o" %uburban1 where the ti'e $ela3 %!rea$ i% 0.(
%. 0" the narrowban$ ban$wi$th 7 U 30k-B1 the

e""ecti:e nu'ber o" $i:er%it3 6%in&le branch an$ two other branche%7 & : 1.01(. 2or the %a'e ca%e1
con%i$erin& a wi$eban$ ca%e 7 U 1.2( M-B1 the e""ecti:e nu'ber o" $i:er%it3 & : 1..2(. )learl31 the
"a$in& i% le%% b3 increa%in& the nu'ber o" e""ecti:e $i:er%it3.
0n urban area1 the &ain with wi$eban$ i% better co'!are to narrowban$. 0n urban area1 i" we con%i$er
6"our branche% an$ "i:e other branche%7 an$ the ti'e $ela3 %!rea$ i% 0.3
%. 0" the narrowban$

ban$wi$th 7 U 30k-B1 the e""ecti:e nu'ber o" $i:er%it3 & : 1.0#. 2or the %a'e ca%e1 con%i$erin& a
wi$eban$ ca%e 7 U 1.2( M-B1 the e""ecti:e nu'ber o" $i:er%it3 & : 4.7(. 2inall31 we can conclu$e
that the wi$eban$ rece!tion i% better than narrowban$ in a cellular %3%te'.
14.2. Qualit3 o" Ser:ice in 3G
Q. 14.2.1 4hat is the e/olution scenario from 2G to 3G5
A. 14.2.1
4here are %e:eral 2G to 3G %cenario%1 althou&h %o'e o!erator% are woul$ be conten$ with u%in& 2.(G
technolo&ie% to a!!roach the 3G characteri%tic%. 2i&ure 14.2.1 %how% the :ariou% e:olution %cenario%
?14.3@.
7(*50
3i-ure "4.2." +:olution %cenario. Accor$in& to ?14.3@.
Q. 14.2.2 4hat is the main difference bet$een 2G and 2.(G5
A. 14.2.2
)urrentl31 there are "un$a'entall3 three $i""erent t3!e% o" 2G $i&ital %3%te'%8 Global S3%te' "or
Mobile )o''unication% 6GSM71 4i'e=,i:i%ion 'ulti!le Acce%% 64,MA7 an$ )o$e ,i:i%ion
Multi!le Acce%% 6),MA7. 4he 'ain inten%ion o" the in$u%tr3 to i'!ro:e the network %er:ice an$ en$
u%er a!!lication% towar$ an en$=to=en$ 0P %olution ca!able o" %u!!ortin& Cualit3 o" %er:ice 6QoS7 to
'eet the nee$% o" the $o'inant $ata tra""ic. Man3 o!erator% an$ :en$or% went to the e:olution !ath1
which i% b3 i'!ro:in& the 2G towar$% 2.(G. 4he $eci%ion wa% ba%e$ on 'an3 "actor%1 %uch a%
%!ectru' a:ailabilit31 co%t an$ their a%%e%%'ent o" which will be the $o'inant 3G worl$wi$e %tan$ar$.
n the other han$1 3G 'ean% new technolo&ie% ba%e$ on &lobal %tan$ar$%1 all o" the abo:e.
Q. 14.2.3 State in your o$n $ord= $hat is 3G and $ho is responsible for standardi<ation of 3G5
A. 14.2.3
3G i% a &lobal %tan$ar$iBation new technolo&3 that inclu$e% %uch a% 'obile 'ulti'e$ia1 !er%onal
%er:ice%1 the co:era&e o" the $i&itation%1 'obilit31 an$ the 0nternet. 9i$eban$ ),MA wa% %electe$
"ir%t "or 3G. 9i$eban$ ),MA al%o known a% /ni:er%al Mobile 4eleco''unication% S3%te' 6/M4S7
i% a 'e'ber o" the 0nternational Mobile 4eleco''unication% b3 the 3ear 2000 60M4=20007 an$ i%
bein& %tan$ar$iBe$ in the 4hir$ Generation Partner%hi! ProHect 63GPP7. 3GPP %electe$ the /M4S
Ra$io Acce%% ;etwork calle$ /M4S terre%trial RA; 6/4RA;7 ?14.3@.
Q. 14.2.4
A. 14.2.4
4he /M4S R00 $e"ine% two Ra$io Acce%% ;etwork 6RA;7 technolo&ie%1 a GPRS*+,G+ ra$io acce%%
network 6G+RA;7 an$ the !re:iou% one /ni:er%al 4erre%trial Ra$io Acce%% ;etwork 6/4RA;7.
7.*50

4he%e two acce%% network% an$ !o%%ibl3 other t3!e% o" acce%% network% 6e.&.1 9OA;1 BRA;7 will be
connecte$ to the %a'e !acket=%witche$ core network1 which i% the e:olution o" GPRS ?14.3@.
Q. 14.2.5 9hat i% the 'oti:ation "or the u%e o" 0P tran%!ort in the Ra$io Acce%% ;etwork 6RA;7 o"
3Ga
A. 14.2.5
0n the 0P ba%e$ tran%!ort in 3G RA;1 the network% ele'ent% are connecte$ :ia an 0P network a% %hown
in 2i&ure 14.2.(. 4here are %e:eral 'oti:ation% behin$ that. 0P i% a network la3er !rotocol an$ i%
in$e!en$ent o" link*!h3%ical la3er%. 4here"ore1 it ha% :er3 &oo$ ca!abilitie% to allow wi$e %election o"
lower la3er technolo&ie% inclu$in& S3nchronou% !tical ;etwork% 6S;+47 or 9a:elen&th ,i:i%ion
Multi!le<in& 69,M7. 0P i% not onl3 beco'in& the ba%i% "or !acketiBation o" :oice1 $ata1 %i&nallin&1
an$ o!eration1 a$'ini%tration an$ 'ana&e'ent in the network worl$ but al%o "or the 3G=core network.
#S
#S
#S
R,C
I& transport networ*
3i-ure "4.2.( 0P tran%!ort in RA;. Accor$in& to ?14.3@.
14.3. A ;ew 3G S3%te'8 )o$e ,i:i%ion ,u!le<
Q. 14.3.1 4hat is multiple access5
A. 14.3.1
0" two or 'ore $e:ice% tr3 to acce%% a %3%te' i% calle$ 'ulti!le acce%%. 4here are three kin$% o"
'ulti!le acce%% %3%te'%. 617 2reCuenc3 $i:i%ion 'ulti!le acce%% 62,MA71 where $i""erent u%er% u%e
$i""erent "reCuencie% to tran%'it or recei:e %i&nal%. 627 4i'e $i:i%ion 'ulti!le acce%% 64,MA71 where
$i""erent u%er% u%e $i""erent ti'e to tran%'it or recei:e %i&nal%1 an$ 637 )o$e $i:i%ion 'ulti!le acce%%
77*50
6),MA71 where $i""erent co$e% are u%e$ "or tran%'it or recei:e$ %i&nal%. 0n$u%tr3 alrea$3 %electe$
),MA "or 3G ?14.4@.
Q. 14.3.2 9hat i% $u!le<in&a
A. 14.3.2
4wo wa3 co''unication% i% calle$ $u!le<in&. )urrentl31 onl3 two t3!e% o" $u!le<in& %3%te' are
u%e$8 2reCuenc3 $i:i%ion $u!le<in& 62,,7 an$ 4i'e $i:i%ion $u!le<in& 64,,7. 2,, u%e two
$i""erent "reCuencie% "or inco'in& an$ out&oin& %i&nal%. 4,, u%e %a'e "reCuenc3 but $i""erent ti'e
%lot% "or inco'in& an$ out&oin& %i&nal%. A new t3!e o" $u!le<in& i% !o%%ible calle$ )o$e $i:i%ion
$u!le< 6),,71 u%e two $i""erent smart co$e% "or inco'in& an$ out&oin& %i&nal%.
Q. 14.3.3 9h3 2,, i% better than 4,,a
A. 14.3.3
4,, u%e% the %a'e "reCuenc3 "or u!link an$ $ownlink. Becau%e o" that1 there are "our kin$% o"
inter"erence e<i%t a% %hown in 2i&ure 14.3.3.1. 4he3 are
1. A$Hacent ba%e to ho'e 'obile
2. A$Hacent ba%e to ho'e ba%e
3. A$Hacent 'obile to ho'e 'obile
4. A$Hacent 'obile to ho'e ba%e
1
#
1
#
1
#
1
#
Home base
Ad<acent base
0
5
:
2
3i-ure "4.3.3." 2our inter"erence% "or 4,,.
n the other han$1 2,, u%e two $i""erent "reCuencie% "or u!link an$ $ownlink. Becau%e o" that1 there
are two kin$% o" inter"erence e<i%t while u%in& 4,, %3%te' a% %hown in 2i&ure 14.3.3.2. 4he3 are
1. A$Hacent ba%e to ho'e 'obile
2. A$Hacent 'obile to ho'e ba%e
75*50
1
#
1
#
Home base
Ad<acent base
0
5
2
#
2
#
3i-ure "4.3.3.2 4wo inter"erence% "or 4,,.
)learl31 2,, i% better than 4,, becau%e o" le%% inter"erence.
Q. 14.3.4 9h3 ),, i% the be%t $u!le<in& %3%te' an$ e<!lain% the 'ain a$:anta&e% o" ),,a
A. 14.3.4
),, u%e %'art co$in&. 4he %'art co$in& i% a :er3 new technolo&3 that i% wh3N ),, i% a :er3 new
conce!t. 4he 'ain a$:anta&e o" ),, i% behin$ the :alue o" %'art co$in&. 4he newl3 $e:elo!e$ %'art
co$e ha% two %'art !ro!ertie%. 2ir%t1 Auto=correlation i% eCual% Bero1 which cau%e% no 'ulti!ath
inter"erence. Secon$1 )ro%%=correlation eCual% Bero1 which cau%e% no 'ulti=u%er inter"erence.
4wo $i""erent %'art co$e% can i%olate the inter"erence "ro' the %a'e "reCuenc3 an$ "ro' the %a'e
ti'e "ra'e a% %hown in 2i&ure 14.(. 4hi% i% wh3 it i% better than 4,, an$ 2,,. )ertainl31 %'art co$e
$oe% not nee$ the technolo&ie%8 rake recei:er1 !ower control1 Hoint $etection1 %'art antenna1 an$ %o"t
han$o:er ?14.4@.
Home base
Ad<acent base
1 1 1
1 1
c t #
2 1 1
1 1
c t #
3 1 1
1 1
c t #
4 1 1
1 1
c t #
no inter/erence
3i-ure "4.3.4 ),, !ro$uce% no inter"erence becau%e o" %'art co$e.
Re"erence%
7#*50
?14.1@ 9.).R.Oee1 E4heor3 o" wi$eban$ ra$io !ro!a&ationF ;ehicular 0echnology (on#erence1 Ma3
1#=221 1##11 !!. 25(=255.
?14.2@ B. S'i$a1 I. Sa'!ath1 P1 Marinier1 E)a!acit3 $e&ra$ation $ue to coe<i%tence between %econ$
&eneration an$ 3G*9),MA %3%te'%F ;ehicular 0echnology (on#erence1 20021 !!. #( S##.
?14.3@ S. ,i<it1 R. Guo1 b. Antoniou1 Re%ource 'ana&e'ent an$ Cualit3 o" %er:ice in thir$ &eneration
wirele%% network%1 ,--- (ommunications &aga<ine1 Iolu'e8 3# 0%%ue8 21 2eb 20011 !!. 12( S133.
?14.4@ 9. ). R. Oee1 4he 'o%t %!ectru'=e""icient $u!le<in& %3%te'8 ),,1 ,--- (ommunications
&aga<ine1 Iolu'e8 40 0%%ue8 31 Mar 20021 !!. 1.3 S1...
50*50

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