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Chapter 19

Methodology Monitoring and Tuning the Operational System

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Chapter 19 - Objectives
Meaning
When

of denormalization.

to denormalize to improve performance.

Importance

of monitoring and tuning the

operational system.
How
How

to measure efficiency.
system resources affect performance.

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Step 7 Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy


To determine whether introducing redundancy in a controlled manner by relaxing normalization rules will improve the performance of the system.

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Step 7 Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy


Result

of normalization is a design that is structurally consistent with minimal redundancy. However, sometimes a normalized database does not provide maximum processing efficiency. May be necessary to accept loss of some benefits of a fully normalized design in favor of performance.

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Step 7 Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy


Also

consider that denormalization: makes implementation more complex; often sacrifices flexibility; may speed up retrievals but it slows down updates.

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Step 7 Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy


Consider

denormalization in following situations, specifically to speed up frequent or critical transactions:


Hoi cac buoc loai bo du thua

Step 7.1 Combining 1:1 relationships


Step 7.2 Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:* relationships to reduce joins Step 7.3 Duplicating foreign key attributes in 1:* relationships to reduce joins
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Step 7 Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy


Step 7.4 Duplicating attributes in *:* relationships to reduce joins Step 7.5 Introducing repeating groups Step 7.6 Creating extract tables Step 7.7 Partitioning relations.

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Sample Relation Diagram

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Sample Relations

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Step 7.1 Combining 1:1 relationships

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Step 7.2 Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:* relationships to reduce joins

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Step 7.2 Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:* relationships: Lookup Table

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Step 7.2 Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:* relationships: Lookup Table

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Step 7.3 Duplicating FK attributes in 1:* relationship to reduce joins

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Step 7.4 Duplicating attributes in *:* relationships to reduce joins

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Step 7.5 Introducing repeating groups

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Step 7.6 Creating extract tables

Reports can access derived data and perform multirelation joins on same set of base relations. However, data the report is based on may be relatively static or may not have to be current. Possible to create a single, highly denormalized extract table based on relations required by reports, and allow users to access extract table directly instead of base relations.

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Step 7.7 Partitioning relations


Rather

than combining relations together, alternative approach is to decompose them into a number of smaller and more mannageable partitions. Two main types of partitioning: horizontal and vertical. Hoi 2 loai phan nho.Dap an horizontal, vertical

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Step 7.7 Partitioning relations


Co hinh nay! Hoi phan nhu nay la horizontal hay vertical

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Advantages and disadvantages of denormalization

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Step 8 Monitor & Tune Operational System


To monitor operational system and improve performance of system to correct inappropriate design decisions or reflect changing requirements.

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Step 8 Monitor & Tune Operational System

Number of factors may be used to measure efficiency:

Transaction throughput: number of transactions processed in given time interval. - Response time: elapsed time for completion of a single transaction. - Disk storage: amount of disk space required to store database files.
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No one factor is always correct. Have to trade each off against another to achieve reasonable balance. Need to understand how the various hardware components interact and affect database performance.

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Step 8 Monitor & Tune Operational System


DreamHome wish to hold pictures of properties, and comments that describe main features of property.
Co hinh nay. chon dap an la monitor & Tune

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