Pakistan Depletes Half of Its Gas Reserves

Pakistan is left with only 50 percent natural gas reserves as high consumption in different sectors has exhausted 50 percent of the overall reserves of 54 trillion cubic feet (tcf) by financial year of 2011-12, said State Bank of Pakistan in its annual report. The country now has sufficient reserves to last just over 20 years, under the increasingly unlikely scenario that current production rates are maintained throughout. The country experienced some of the worst gas shortages in its history in 2011 as supply to the industrial, compressed natural gas (CNG) and power sectors was significantly curtailed, resulting in closure of hundreds of units and losses to business and productions. The shortfall peaked during the winter season, when gas consumption for domestic heating increased, and demand reached 4,580 million cubic feet per day (mmcfd) versus supply of 3,878 mmcfd. Throughout the remainder of the year, shortfall in the system varied between 10 to 15 percent of demand (400-700 mmcfd), depending on supply availability from key fields. The impact on textile production was particularly damaging and supply to fertilizer producers was curtailed by up to 20 percent vis--vis their allocation.

The natural gas availability to the power sector also remained below requirement. In particular, gas availability to Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC) averaged around 55 percent of official allocation (276 mmcfd) whereas independent power producers based on gas were forced to remain idle or operate below capacity. The factors contributing to prevailing shortages of natural gas exploration in Pakistan have not been undertaken aggressively, hence production has historically remained undiversified. As of fiscal year 2010, natural gas was being produced from 98 fields, of which nine fields accounted for 80 percent of total daily supply. Exploration and production activity has been largely concentrated in Sindh with 71 percent of total production and the most recent significant gas discovery dates back to 1998. In effect, Pakistan must aggressively explore alternatives to diversify supply of this precious commodity. Part of the explanation for why gas exploration has remained subdued may be found in the pricing structure of the commodity. Exploratory prices of gas are linked to crude oil, but impact of changes in reference crude prices is not fully passed on to investors, as benchmark prices for compensation are computed on a bi-annual basis only. Furthermore, exploration and production companies accrue only 50 percent of any upside price movements in the price of gas with the remainder collected by the government in the form of a windfall levy. Producer (well-head) prices of gas therefore do not particularly incentivise exploration of the commodity, and production companies receive prices below import parity levels. These features of domestic gas pricing may come across as peculiar at first, but are justifiable so long as the benefits accrue squarely to the countrys industrial base. For these reasons, the supply-demand position of natural gas has deteriorated significantly, and shortages of the commodity with reference to indigenous supply are projected to increase to 3,021 mmcfd by FY16 or 48 percent of projected demand. Nearly half of this deficit may be bridged by imports, if arrangements presently under consideration are implemented as scheduled. Demand growth is expected to outpace increase in supply, and gas shortages may intensify in the near future. Based on supply projections, domestic production of gas is likely to peak by FY14 at 3,860 mmcfd and is set to decline thereafter.

Natural depletion in gas fields will ensure that committed supplies fall considerably short of demand, which is projected to reach 5,970 mmcfd by FY16. Production from fields presently identified for development will therefore become critical in managing the demand-supply gap. Key projects scheduled to come online by FY14 will contribute 460 mmcfd to gas supplies. Furthermore, since domestic production of gas will no longer be sufficient to meet consumption requirements, reliance on imports will increase. Between FY12 and FY16, the domestic gas shortfall is projected to increase from 2,458 mmcfd to 3,021 mmcfd, which may be reduced by 40 percent via imports. Source: Daily Times

Oil has been produced in what is now the republic of Pakistan from the early 1920's. According to Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Pakistan had proven oil reserves of 300 million barrels in January 2006. A number of fields were discovered in the upper Indus basin in the 1930's and 1940's. Since around 1980 a large number of hydrocarbon discoveries have been made in the central and southern parts of the country. In 1999 there were at least 70 oil and condensate fields in production, although none of them was of any great size. Total output has fluctuated within a range of about 55 000-65 000 b/d since 1989. In 2006, Pakistan produced an average of 58,000 bbl/d of crude oil, but has ambitious plans to increase its current output to 100,000 bbl/d by 2010. According to the 2008 BP Statistical Energy Survey, Pakistan consumed an average of 362.38 thousand barrels a day of oil in 2007. The countrys oil sector is regulated by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources. The Ministry grants oil concessions by open tender and by private negotiation. BP is currently the largest oil producer in Pakistan. Although the level of proved reserves reported by the Pakistan WEC Member Committee has tended to drift downwards in recent years, natural gas remains a major energy asset for Pakistan. According to the 2008 BP Statistical Energy Survey, Pakistan had 2007 proved natural gas reserves of 0.85 trillion cubic metres, with the major gasproducing fields being Sui in Balochistan and Mari in Sindh. According to the 2008 BP

Statistical Energy Survey, Pakistan had 2007 natural gas production of 30.8 billion cubic metres and consumption of 30.8 billion cubic metres. Pakistans government has plans to build a pipeline from Irans massive natural gas reserves to Indian markets across Pakistani territory.

Natural gas - proved reserves (cubic meters) Country Pakistan 2002 695,600,000,000 2003 695,600,00 0,000 2004 695,600,000,0 00 2005 759,700,000,0 00 2008 792,800,000,0 00 2010 840,200,000,0 00 2011 840,200,000,0 00

Definition of Natural gas - proved reserves: This entry is the stock of proved reserves of natural gas incubic meters (cu m). Proved reserves are those quantities of natural gas, which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.

Oil - production (bbl/day)

Country 2001 2004 2005 2007 2009 2010 Pakistan 62,870 61,000 63,000 68,670 59,140 64,950

Definition of Oil - production: This entry is the total oil produced in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.

Coal
Pakistan recently discovered one low and four low-to-medium quality coal seams in the Punjab. Low sulfur coal was recently reported at the Baluchistan and near Islamabad. Bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal have been found in Pakistan. Coal reserves are estimated at 175 billion tons. This would equate to 618 billion barrels of crude oil. When compared to oil reserves his is more than twice the amount of the top four countries. If At KSAs current usage, the reserves would last more than 200 years.

Oil and Gas

Natural gas production is at a high level in Pakistan. Estimated reserves are 885.3 billion cubic meters (as of January 2009). Gas fields are expected to last for another 20 years. The Sui gas field is the largest, accounting for 26% of Pakistans gas production. Daily production is 19 million cubic meters a day. Under the barren mountains of Balochistan and the sands of Sindh, there are untouched oil and gas reserves.

After years of rolling blackouts that have wreaked havoc on industry and fuelled political unrest, energy-starved Pakistan has set its sights on a coal-fired future. Regarded as the dirtiest of all fossil fuels, recent discoveries of untapped coal fields in southern Pakistan have convinced the government they could be on the cusp of a solution to their energy woes.

Late last month, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and his former rival, ex-president Asif Ali Zardari jointly inaugurated the construction of a $1.6 billion coal plant the southern town of Thar, hailing their shared goal of ending the nation's power crisis. The government has also green-lighted the construction of a pilot 660 megawatt coal-fired plant in Gadani, a small, serene town on the Arabian Sea known as Pakistan's ship-breaking hub. A 600 megawatt plant has also been given the go-ahead in the southern city of Jamshoro. The construction of these plants is one plank in an ambitious plan to convert many of the country's existing oil-based thermal plants and upgrade its ports as they begin swapping one black gold for another. "This is a major and historic fuel switching plan as we generate zero from coal compared to India which generates 69 percent of its electricity from coal-fired power plants," Pakistan's minister for power and water Khwaja Asif told AFP. - Oil 'increasingly unaffordable' Pakistan has struggled with scheduled power cuts for decades. But the problems have been particularly acute since 2008, with regular outages of up to 22 hours a day for many domestic users and even longer for industries -- costing about two percent of GDP per year. In the hot summer, when temperatures soar to 50C in the country's centre, Pakistan produces around 18,000 MW of power, with an average deficit of 4,000 MW. A lack of capacity together with huge debt cycles exacerbated by poor rates of tax collection are seen as some of the major factors contributing to the country's dismal power shortages.

The issue was also a central campaign theme in last year's general elections, which saw Nawaz Sharif elected to the top post. Faced with a growing bill for imported oil that currently stands at $14 billion and a rapidly depleting supply of natural gas, the country's private and public plants are switching their oil-plants over to coal. "Pakistan has been facing rising oil prices and declining gas reserves as well as tight foreign account situation, rendering the reliance on the import of oil to fuel power plants increasingly unaffordable," the Asian Development Bank said in a statement. Pakistan's largest private sector power utility Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC), which provides electricity to the country's biggest city, has taken the lead in plans for the coal switch. The company has recently granted engineering, procurement and construction contracts to Chinese company Harbin Electric International to convert two units of the Bin Qasim thermal power stations with 420 megawatt capacity. The $400 million project is expected to be completed by 2016. Alongside the conversions, Pakistan is also upgrading its port facilities to increase its ability to import coal. "Ports are the lifeline of the country," says Haleem Siddiqui, a veteran seaman who pioneered the first state-of-the art container terminal at Karachi Port and whose company is building a "dirty cargo terminal" at Port Qasim along Arabian Sea. The fully-mechanised terminal would be able to handle four to eight million tons of coal in the first phase to be completed by 2015, growing to 20 million tons in the extended phase in 2020, at a cost of $200 million. - Untapped fields -

But merely raising the amount of imported coal would strain the country's already dwindling foreign exchange reserves and adverse balance of payment, which fell to 13-year low of $2.8 billion in February. Which is why Pakistan is determined to find some of its energy needs under its own soil. Some experts have pointed to the Thar Desert in southern Sindh province, which sits on top a vast potential source of 175 billion tons of coal. "It is very huge reserve and is equivalent to combined oil reserves of Iran and Saudi Arab in terms of heating value," Agha Wasif, chief of the provincial energy department told AFP. Engro Powergen Limited, a joint venture of public and private sectors, is developing a block of the Thar coal field with $800 million dollars investment which is set to open by 2016. But not everyone is pleased. Some residents inside the Gadani Energy Park have been forced to leave their homes. "We are living here for seven generations and we have the graves of our ancestors here, how could we leave our place?" said 25-year-old Umaid Ali from the village of Qadir Goth. The power minister said no widespread displacements would take place, saying the land purchased for the Energy Park had been purchased long ago "and if there is any (residential) disturbance that would be duly taken care of". Pervez Hoodbhoy, a nuclear scientist and energy commentator, said that despite its dirty reputation -- coal produced 44 percent of global C02 emissions in 2011 -Pakistan has few other options to keep the lights on. "I'm aware of the fact that there are serious CO2 issues but the amount Pakistan is producing would be insignificant on the global scale.

"The alternative is nuclear power plants being imported from China and those have the potential for disaster given Pakistan's safety record. Given the choice this seems to be the lesser of two evils," he said.

CONSUMPTION OF CNG VEHICLES OUT OF CURRENT RESERVES

KARACHI: Pakistan has become the third country in the list of countries with the most natural gas vehicles, as over 26 percent of the vehicles on the roads consume natural gas, suggests the data of Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) Europe. The NGV Global suggests that Pakistan has observed the fastest growth in natural gas vehicles since the year 2000 as the number of gas vehicles has surged to around 3.5 million from less than 100,000 vehicles back in the year 2000. While Pakistan is the country with the highest number of CNG refilling stations in the world. Former CEO of OGDCL, Zahid Khan said that independent seminars and analysts consider CNG to be a burden on the system.An official at the Ministry of Petroleum said that from 2005-06 to 2010-11, CNG consumption increased at the rate of 24 percent, the highest increase witnessed in any sector. With gas production facing a decline, this growth is at the expense of other valueadded sectors like fertilizers, the general industry and the power sector, he said.With growing car ownership and CNG prices being kept at 55 percent of petrol prices, the CNG monster is fast eating into the legitimate gas share of other sectors. Commenting on the investments made by the CNG sector, the official said that many CNG stations were initial investments based on a government incentive. However the initial cost to set up a CNG station is approximately Rs55 million including Rs.31 million of the land cost and on average, the payback period is three years. Based on current CNG prices, most of the CNG stations have already made significant profits. The industry people say that when deciding on gas allocation, the government should consider the opportunity cost of the allocation of the gas to different sectors. Fertilizer, textile and other manufacturers are value added industries producing goods locally with capital and equipment, which is already present in the country and this reduces the import of goods and increases the exports of locally manufactured items.

CNG, on the other hand, involves the substitution of one fuel by another.Keeping energy prices in the form of CNG artificially low, encourages energy inefficiency. But energy spent using petrol for example, is likely to be less as the efficiency of use will be higher. Hence total expenditure on transport will not increase proportionately if CNG is withdrawn, industry sources said. The government should consider the fact that petrol is a perfect substitute for CNG, but there is no substitute available for fertilizer plants that use gas as a raw material, he added. The ministry official said that the CNG sector was stating inaccurately that the government was imposing Rs141 cess tax per mmbtu on CNG. In reality, in the first official communication on Cess dated Dec 15, 2011, the Cess for CNG was announced to be Rs 141/mmbtu for Region-1 (KPK, Baluchistan, Potohar Region) and Rs 79/mmbtu for Region-2 (Sindh, Punjab excluding Potohar Region). Later on it was reduced to Rs 84.6/mmbtu for Region-1 and Rs 47.4/mmbtu for Region 2 after the CNG associations went into negotiations with the government of Pakistan. Whereas, the fertilizer industry pays Rs 300/mmbtu.

According to International Association of Natural Gas Vehicles, as of December 2008, Pakistan has the worlds highest number of vehicles running on compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The number is 2 million. Pakistan also has the Worlds highest number of CNG refuelling stations. i.e. 2941(updated as of July 29, 2009). This growth has been phenomenal noting that CNG as a fuel was made available in Pakistan, only in 1992.

For many years, Argentina and Brazil used to be the world leaders in terms of number of vehicles using CNG. Pakistan overtook Brazil in 2006 and Argentina in 2008 to become the worlds largest consumer of CNG in vehicles.

PHOTO OF MA.JINNAH ROAD

Iran to Start Exporting Gas to Pakistan by 2014

Iran will start exporting natural gas to Pakistan by 2014, Shana agency reported citing Irans Minister of Petroleum Rostam Qasemi. A deal for Iran to export gas to Pakistan has been finalized, he told a news conference at Tehran Oil Show. He said Iran has constructed its tranche of the pipeline up to the southeastern city of Iranshahr. The minister said Iran is also constructing a pipeline to pump gas to Iraq, adding the pipeline is expected to be ready in 18 months. Once this pipeline is ready, Iran would export 20 million cubic meters of gas to Iraq to feed itspower plants , he said. Negotiations are under way to extend this pipeline up to Syria and theMediterranean Sea , he added.

The Diplomat

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THE PULSE

Image Credit: Oil Pipeline via Shutterstock

Pakistan Wants to Accelerate Iran Natural Gas Pipeline

Pakistans foreign ministry announced that Pakistan would double-down on the construction of its pipeline with Iran.

By Ankit Panda December 11, 2013

After a disappointing series of conversations with U.S.Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, Pakistan announced that it would take steps to bolster its fragile energy security situation by doubling-down on cooperation with Iran over an ongoing gas pipeline project. The pipeline between the two countries will enable the transfer of gas from Irans South Pars facilities to Pakistan. Iran has successfully constructed most of the 900 kilometer pipeline up to the Pakistani border. The United States opposes the project. The pipeline project initially faced a deadline of winter 2014 but due to repeated delays, gas is not expected to flow from Iran to Pakistan until sometime later that year. Reportedly, Pakistan would be contractually obligated to pay Iran US$1 million for every day of delay on the project beyond its agreed-upon deadline. The decision to speed up efforts this time came from a meeting between Pakistani and Iranian officials in Tehran. According to Dawn, [Pakistan] Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources Shahid Khaqan Abbasi and Iranian Minister of Petroleum Bijan Namdar Zangeneh held at the Ministry of Petroleum at Tehran on Monday. The two countries agreed to formulate a road map to proceed with the gas pipeline project, focusing on bolstering coordination and cooperation on the development of the pipeline. The United States has expressed opposition to the multi-billion dollar energy infrastructure project between the two neighbors over concerns regarding the comprehensive sanctions against Iran over its nuclear program. The recent U.S.-Iran detente in Geneva has not changed this. The Pakistan foreign ministry could have strategically released this information in the wake of Chuck Hagel s visit to emphasize to the United States that Pakistan could take unilateral steps in its economic interests that would be contrary to American interests. Reports emerged towards the conclusion of Hagels visit that the United States may withhold aid from Pakistan over anti-American

protests that have disabled the strategically important Ground Lines of Communications (GLOC) that permit the United States and its NATO coalition partners to extract equipment from Afghanistan. Pakistans Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif also looked elsewhere for economic support as he turned to the European Union on Tuesday, after the conclusion of his talks with Hagel. The United States, in 2010, asked Pakistan to cease cooperating with Iran on the pipeline project and instead proposed a U.S.-funded pipeline to transfer liquefied natural gas to the energy-starved country from Tajikistan, through Afghanistans Wakhan Corridor. Pakistan ignored the American offer and signed the deal with Iran anyway, pointing to its overwhelming benefit to Pakistans national interests. The U.S. has at time raised the possibility that it will sanction Pakistan if it purchases natural gas from Iran. The pipeline also caused some tension between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia which offered its own energy package in exchange for Pakistan abandoning its activities with Iran over the pipeline. Negotiations between Iran and Pakistan on the pipeline began in the mid-1990s, resulting in a preliminary agreement in 1995. Iran later coordinated an extension of the proposed pipeline to India. Earlier this year, Irans Tadbir Energy and Pakistan Interstate Gas Company (ISGC) signed an agreement to jointly construct the pipeline on the Pakistani side. The construction was later inaugurated by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Ali Asif Zardari. Some doubts exist about the viability of the pipeline for Pakistan. The Sustainable Policy Development Institute assesses that the pipeline overwhelmingly favors Iran due to the pricing structure incorporated into the contract between the two countries. Iran is importing gas at the price of $4/MMBtu from Turkmenistan, a price which is uncorrelated with prevailing global prices for oil. In its exports to Pakistan, Iran has pegged the price at $14/MMBtu a price that is periodically revisited and updated in line with market conditions. The SPDI report concludes that This is a death sentence for Pakistans economy and it is unfortunate on behalf of Pakistan who has blatantly ignored the energy dynamics and its pricing while going for this deal.

A Step for the Future Sustainability in Pakistan: Conversion of Vehicle Fuel from CNG to HCNG & its Environmental Effects/Benefits
Qandeel Fatima Gillani *, Farrukh Jamil**, Waqar-unNisa***,Dr. Moinuddin Ghauri**** Department of Chemical Engineering COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Abstract Abstract- The land of Pakistan is highly enriched with treasure of natural gas reservoirs due to that compressed natural gas CNG is abundantly used all over the Pakistan as a vehicle fuel. Natural gas can be blended with hydrogen to make HCNG. HCNG vehicle offers the potentials for immediate emission benefits, reduction in NOx/ SOx emission, which eventually affects positively on our environment. At the same time they can pave the way for a transition of fuel cell vehicles by building early demand for hydrogen infrastructure and vehicle fueled with hydrogen based transportations for future. This paper will mainly focus the blends of H and CNG as a fuel and its benefits for the future of Pakistan. Keywords: Saba, reducing substances, tannins, mucins, proteins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids., E. coli, callouses, Ethanol
1. Introduction

Most of energy used in world is supplied by fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuels generates waste materials, mainly emissions to the atmosphere in form of

combustion fuel gases and dust, as well as some ash and/or clinker. These waste materials have hazardous effects on environment, some of them locally, others with more widespread or even global impact. 1. Pakistan is that part of land which is very rich with treasure of natural gas. It is one of most abundant energy resources in Pakistan. Natural gas is mixture of various gases, major component is methane. In nature, this is odorless and colorless gas. In year 2007-2008, natural gas consumption in Pakistan was 1817.741 MMCF/day2. Natural gas is a domestically available energy source with all consumers including residential, commercial, industrial, electricity generation, and automotive. While liquid petroleum fuels are current standard for automotive applications, some believe that hydrogen is indeed future automotive fuel of choice. A transition to hydrogenfueled automobiles will take a litte time. One approach being suggested as an early step is concept of blending hydrogen with compressed natural gas (H/CNG) for use in internal combustion engine vehicles. Current natural gas engines and vehicles can be modified to operate on H/CNG with available technology. Pakistan has been suffering from severe kind of energy crisis for long. Transportation fuels are major component of our energy consumption scenario. Prices of transportation fuels are increasing and this is the main reason that transportation in Pakistan is becoming very expensive day by day. Rapid growth in transportation industry has occurred in last two decade in Pakistan. CNG is cheaper, environmental friendly and well known alternative transportation fuel. Hydrogen is an excellent

additive to methane or gasoline due to its unique characteristics. The blends of Hydrogen and CNG serve effectively as fuel for vehicles.

2. Cng Vehicles & Basic Infrastructures

Pakistan is third largest country in world that using CNG as a transportation fuel. In June 2007, 15500003 vehicles on road were running due to CNG fuel, which is 24.9% of total vehicles. In 2012, no of vehicles will approximately 3500000 with annual growth of 50.1% [Based on data from IANGV]. Pakistan has largest number of CNG stations that is 145045 in June 2008. Natural gas vehicles are potential alternative to gasoline vehicles in short term. They are less polluting and fuel is widely available in Pakistan.

3. Hcng As A Fuel:
Since last 15 years, many experiments have been conducted all over world. The major topic of the study is reduction of emission with respect to %age of hydrogen by volume and air fuel ratio. HCNG is a fuel, having very Purification of Natural Gas with High CO2 Content by Formation of Gas Hydrate: Thermodynamic Verification

181
small amount of Hydrogen by volume leads to many advantages due to some particular physical and chemical properties of two fuels [1]. The currently alternative fuels CNG and hydrogen have been studied and according to literature, they prove to be safe, economic, environment friendly fuel. [2][3][4][5] In Pakistan mostly small vehicles are utilizing CNG as a fuel. If they are converted into HCNG, following Benefits can be availed from the above mentioned step:

 A higher efficiency Better environmental effect Blend of H2 (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% by volume) with CNG may be utilized. The volume to weight ratio of H2 in HCNG is shown in Table 01. From the table it is clear that hydrogen has less weight then same volume of CNG. In table 2, the properties of Hydrogen and Methane are shown. Based on an examination of properties in Table 2, it is seen that hydrogen is able to burn ultra-lean at an equivalence ratioequivalence ratioequivalence ratio.
Table 1: Volume To Weight Ratio Of H2 Volume Weight 14% 5% 20% 7% 29% 10% 34% 12% 42% 15%

Addition of H2 in CNG increases the calorific value of fuel. HCNG can be used without modification in CNG vehicles. [1]. In Pakistan, small vehicles are gradually shifted from gasoline to CNG fuel. This is the better step for saving our natural resources that directly convert gasoline vehicles on HCNG.
Table 1 Comparison Between Properties Of Methane And Hydrogen Properties Hydrogen(H2) Methane(CH4) Equivalence ratio ignition lower limit in NTP air [6] 0.10 0.53 Mass lower heating value (kJ/kg) [7] 119,930 50,020 Density of gas at NTP (kg/m3 ) [7] 0.083764 0.65119 Volumetric lower heating value at

NTP (kJ/m3 ) [8] 10,046 32,573 Stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio (kg/kg) [8] 34.20 17.19 Volumetric fraction of fuel in air, =1 at NTP[8] 0.290 0.095 Volumetric lower heating value in air, = 1 at NTP (kJ/m3) [8] 2913 3088 Burning speed in NTP air (cm/s) 265-325 37-45 Percentage thermal energy radiated from flame to surroundings [7] 17-25 23-33 Molar carbon to hydrogen ratio 0 0.25 Quenching distance in NTP air in cm [7] 0.064 0.203 Flame temperature in air (K) [7] 2318 2148

4. Environmental Effects Environmental effects of the HCNG can be seen by emissions of various gases from HCNG. The major emissions are NOx, CO2, CO, NMHC, CH4 and HC emissions. Various studies are conducted to see values of emitted gases from the HCNG. Usually NOx refer to a mixture of two gases: Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO is a colorless gas where NO2 absorbs sunlight strongly at short wavelengths. Many studies are conducting regarding NOx emissions from combustion of HCNG. Generally NOx emissions increases but if a catalytic support is installed in the vehicles at gases exit point, NOx emissions can be reduced. Mostly studies regarding emissions are carried out on single cylinder experimental

engines. According to studies, with increasing H2 percentage, BSNOx values are increasing or decreasing. According to [9][10][8] with increasing H2 percentage, BSNOx values are increasing. BSNOx values, which were obtained by [9], can be considered as high [8] obtained BSNOx about 21g/kWh at 40%H2 + 60%CH4, 19g/kW h at 20% H2 + 80% CH4 and 16g/kW h BSNOx and 100% CH4 at equivalence ratio 0.8. But, in experiments performed by [11] with increasing H2 percentage, BSNOx values are decreasing. Moreover, if equivalence ratios are decreased, BSNOx values reach to a low value. Some experiments conducted on complete vehicles, according to [12] NOx values are changes at different equivalence ratio () NOx changes as shown in fig 01.
Figure 1. NOx and torque in function of k for lean mixtures at 1500rpm (15% H2)

Karan D. & Francfort J. made a study in 2003 on factory CNG vehicle without modifying its engine, except NOx all emissions reduced to significant amount. The results of CNG versus HCNG are shown in table 03.
Table 2 Percent Change In Emissions: Vehicle Operating Using Cng Versus Hcng. Emissions Percentage Change Carbon monoxide (CO) -55.4 Total hydrocarbons (HC) -34.7 Carbon dioxide (CO2) -11.3 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) +92.1

Purification of Natural Gas with High CO2 Content by Formation of Gas Hydrate: Thermodynamic Verification

182
5. Environmental Problems And Benefits Using

Hcng As A Fuel
Pakistan has been declared highly polluted country by World Bank (WB) & other organization. Road transport sector causes more urban air pollution than any other single human activity in Pakistan according to a report of WB, it is cause of one half of the NOx, two-thirds of CO, and about one half of hydrocarbon emissions. It has been noted in last twenty years that, air pollution (AP) due to vehicles fuels exceeds maximum limits set by various organizations including World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), WB and might be a major cause of respiratory diseases7. The WBs estimation reports that AP causes 168,000 premature deaths annually in Pakistan (60 percent of them attributable to indoor air pollution)8. Use of HCNG as a fuel definitely helps a lot to solve these problems. The emissions from automobiles are reduced approximately up to 30% as per calculation. The premature deaths and respiratory diseases in Pakistan can be minimized by providing clean environment.

6. Conclusion
A complete study of Hydrogen sources in Pakistan should be conducted, so that cheapest way of getting H2 for HCNG may be adopted. Improve the quality of CNG cylinders so that they can be used for blends of 20% to 50% H2 by volume rather than 15% by volume. For filling purpose dispensers should be well equipped and calibrated for measuring correct amount of H2 and CNG by volume.Instead of shifting vehicles from gasoline to CNG, the vehicles must be directly shifted to HCNG for efficient fuel consumption and low emission. Additional catalytic treatment kit must be installed in

prevailing CNG vehicles to reduce NOx emissions while using them with HCNG. Existing natural gas vehicles can be enabled to use a mixture of hydrogen and natural gas (HCNG) which will help to stimulate the development of hydrogen reformation and dispensing infrastructure. The combination of HCNG infrastructure and natural gas/hydrogen vehicles may prove to be essential for nurturing the infancy of the future hydrogen highway for sustainability in Pakistan. At the same time the immediate reduction is shown in emissions from automobile which definitely help us to protect our environment. The pollution free environment helps us to save many children from pre mature death.

REFERENCES
[1] Karan D. Francfort J., 2003. Freedom car and vehicle technologies program- advanced vehicles testing activity- Arizona public services. [2] Karim GA, Wierzba I., 1992. Safety measures associated with the operation of engines on various alternative fuels. Reliab Eng System Safety, 37:938. [3] Adamson KA, Pearson P., 2000. Hydrogen and methanol: a comparison of safety, economics, efficiency and emissions. J Power Source, 86:54855. [4] Hackney J. Neufville R., 2001. Life cycle model of alternative fuel vehicles: emissions, energy, and cost trade-offs. Transport Res Part A, 35:24366. [5] Demirbas A., 2002. Fuel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) for transportation. Energy Sources, 24:60110. [6] Das LM, 1990. Hydrogen engines: a view of the past and a look into the future. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 15(6):425- 43.

[7] Peschka W., 1992. Liquid hydrogen: fuel of the future. Berlin: Springer, 283-6. [8] Bauer CG, Forest TW, 2001. Effect of hydrogen addition on performance of methane-fueled vehicles, Part I: effect on S.I. engine performance. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 26:5570. [9] Swain MR, Yusuf MJ, Dulger Z, Swain MN, 1993. The effects of hydrogen addition on natural gas engine operation. SAE paper 932775. [10] Hoekstra RL, Collier K. Mulligan N., 1994. Demonstration of hydrogen mixed gas vehicles. Proceedings of 10th World hydrogen Energy Conference held in Cocoa Beach, USA, June 2024. [11] Raman V, Hansel J, Fulton J, Brudery D., 1994. Hythanean ultraclean transport fuel. Proceedings of 10th World hydrogen Energy Conference held in Cocoa Beach, USA, June 2024. [12] Fernando Ortenzi, Maria Chiesa, Riccardo Scarcelli, Giovanni Pede, 2008. Experimental tests of blends of hydrogen and natural gas in light-duty vehicles. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 33:3225 3229

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Pakistan said to have large reserves of shale gas, oil

KHALEEQ KIANI

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ISLAMABAD: In a major development, the Energy Information Administration (EIA), the American federal authority on energy statistics and analysis, has estimated fresh recoverable shale gas reserves of 105 trillion cubic

feet (TCF) and more than nine billion barrels of oil in Pakistan. These estimates of recoverable hydrocarbon reserves are many times larger than so far proven reserves of 24 TCF for gas and about 300 million barrels for oil. Pakistan currently produces about 4.2 billion cubic feet of gas and about 70,000 barrels of oil per day. A government official said the new estimates appeared to be very very encouraging but it had not been shared with the government of Pakistan. He said the shale gas had seen tremendous developments in the United States and a couple of other countries were trying to use the latest technology. Pakistan, he said, was also encouraging exploration and production companies to venture into the fresh horizon. According to a June 2013 estimates of the EIA based on surveys conducted by Advanced Resources International (ARI), a total of 1,170 TCF of risked shale gas are estimated for India-Pakistan region --584 TCF in India and 586 TCF in Pakistan. In case of Pakistan these estimates are backed by proven studies and verified technical data The risked, technically recoverable shale gas resource is estimated at 201 TCF, with 96 TCF in India and 105 TCF in Pakistan, said the EIA. The EIA also estimated risked shale oil in place for India/Pakistan of 314 billion barrels, with 87 billion barrels in India and 227 billion barrels in Pakistan. The risked, technically recoverable shale oil resource is estimated at 12.9

billion barrels for those two countries, with 3.8 billion barrels for India and 9.1 billion barrels for Pakistan, the EIA said. The southern and central Indus basins are located in Pakistan, along border with India and Afghanistan which are bounded by the Indian shield on the east and highly folded and thrust mountains on the west. The lower Indus basin has commercial oil and gas discoveries in the Cretaceous-age Goru Fm sands plus additional gas discoveries in shallower formations. The shales in the Sembar Formation are considered as the primary source rocks for these discoveries. The EIA said that while oil and gas shows have been recorded in the Sembar Shale on the Thar Platform, no productive oil or gas wells have yet been drilled into the Sembar Shale. About the resource assessment, the EIA said that within 31,320 sq miles of dry gas prospective area, the Sembar Shale in the lower Indus basin had a resource concentration of 83 billion cubic feet per square mile. Within the 25,560 square mile wet gas and condensate prospective are, the Sembar shale has resource concentration of 57 BCF per sq. miles of wet gas and nine million barrels per square mile of condensate. Within the 26,700 square miles oil prospective area, the Sembar Shale has a resource concentration of 37 million barrels per square mile.

No change in position on Iran-Pak gas pipeline: US

Last Updated: Tuesday, January 14, 2014, 13:22
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Washington: The US has said that there is no change in its position regarding Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline, to which it was earlier opposed to, in the view of the landmark nuclear deal between Iran and the P5+1 countries. "It's my understanding there's no change in position," State Department Deputy Spokesperson, Marie Harf, told reporters yesterday at her daily newsconference. As a result of the agreement between Iran and P5+1 countries - the US, UK, Russia, China, and France plus Germany - the US has relaxed a number of sanctions on Iran, including the one which does not require countries like India to reduce import of oil from Iran to avoid American sanctions. "Obviously, even the limited relief that Iran would get under the Joint Plan of Action, if they fulfill their commitments, maintains the core architecture of oil, banking, and financial sanctions in place," Harf said. Harf said the first step of the agreement goes into effect on January 20th. "On the 20th, the IAEA will report on the current status of Iran's nuclear program, including specifically on its uranium enrichment program and the Arak reactor. So

regardless of what they do between now and then, on the 20th, they will halt production of 20 per cent enriched uranium," he said. "They'll disable the centrifuge cascade configurations they've been using to produce it. They will start to dilute half of the 20 per cent enriched uranium, and continue to convert the rest to oxide form not suitable for further enrichment," Harf said. "By the end of the six months, they'll have completed a dilution of 20 per cent enriched uranium and ? or conversion to oxide by the end of the six months. "So regardless of what they do between now and then, by the end of the six months, if they fulfil their commitments, they will have completed the dilution or conversion of their stockpile of 20 per cent enriched uranium," the spokesperson said.

The Joint Action Plan, she said, have laid out very specifically what Iran can and can't do. "We have always said that if the Iranians, when they say they only want a peaceful nuclear program, that they can prove it. That's part of what this process is about," she said. "If they fulfil their commitments under the Joint Plan of Action, that's certainly a step in the right direction, a credible, concrete, tangible step. But words aren't enough, given the history here," she added. "That's why we need to see actions. That's why it's so important that on January 20th, we are going to see Iran take concrete, tangible actions that could eventually, through very difficult diplomacy, lead to a comprehensive agreement," Harf said.

PTI

Pakistan By

stung

by Syed

Iran

pipeline

blow Fazl-e-Haider

KARACHI - Iran has not only canceled a US$500 million loan promised to Pakistan last year to help fund its construction of pipeline to bring natural gas from Iran; it has also said it will demand compensation if Islamabad fails to build its side of the pipeline by the end of next year. The announcement came just days after Islamabad had agreed to speed up work on the US$7.5 billion project. Reasons for Tehran's drastic and sudden u-turn decision could range from the dismal state of its own economy to understandings reached with the US last month on the future of its nuclear-development project. Complicating matters, Pakistan was reported last month to have built nuclear weapons for Saudi Arabia, Iran's arch-rival in the region, and that these were ready for shipping. Whatever the case, it turns the pipeline, once considered an energy lifeline for Pakistan's economy, into a liability for the cashstrapped South Asian country. Iran's Deputy Oil Minister Ali Majedi, announcing the cancelation of the planned $500 million loan, said Tehran had no obligation to finance the Pakistani side of the pipeline project and warned that compensation would be demanded on failure to complete the Pakistan end of the pipeline on schedule within the next 12 months. "Pakistani officials were told in recent talks that, given the sanctions [on Iran], Iran is not able to finance construction of the pipeline [in Pakistan] and has no obligation to do so," Associated Press reported Majedi as saying. "If a contractor is chosen today and pipeline construction begins today, it will take four years to complete it. Should Pakistan fail to take gas by the end of next year, Iran will demand compensation under the terms of the contract." The pipeline deal stipulates that Pakistan must construct its side of the pipeline by December 2014. If the country fails to meet this deadline, it will be liable to pay fines that could run into themillions of dollars per day. Islamabad has so far failed to secure the required funding for the IP pipeline due to the threat of sanctions from the US. Iran's new stand on the pipeline has pushed Pakistan into a dilemma. There is a price the country will have to pay either way if it withdraws from the project or goes ahead. It will have to pay a penalty for abandoning the project, while it will have to arrange financing and face US sanctions in the event of starting work on the project. It will be hard for the country to arrange funds to pay the cost in either

situation. Iran's nuclear deal with Western nations rekindled hopes in Islamabad that it would be able to pursue the pipeline project, but the US has refused to exempt the project as a part of its sanctions against Iran. Islamabad took up the issue with US authorities at a meeting on the sidelines of the revised bilateral strategic dialogue in Washington last month. The US however was not convinced. US State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki, three days after the November 23 nuclear deal with Iran, said, "Our position on that [opposing the Iran-Pakistan pipeline] has not changed." While the Iranian economy is in a mess, with a devalued currency, high inflation, and limited scope for exports, the nuclear deal reached last month with the US gives it access to $1.5 billion in revenue from trade in gold and precious metals, and will allow some $4.2 billion from energy sales to be transferred in installments if, and as, Iran fulfills its commitments, according to a White House fact sheet. Its scope for helping to fund the pipeline is therefore possibly greater now than prior to that deal. US opposition to the pipeline is linked both to its sanction-regime against Iran and to Washington's determination to develop a gas pipeline from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and on to South Asia, including Pakistan. It is also promoting the Central Asia South Asia Electricity Trade and Transmission Project (CASA-1000), which would allow Pakistan and Afghanistan to buy electricity from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, pledging $15 million this month towards that. Last week, Islamabad said it was pushing ahead with the much-delayed pipeline to Iran, a day after the Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources, Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, and Iranian oil officials decided during a meeting in Tehran to expedite work on the project. Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared that both sides had agreed to speed up work to finish construction of the pipeline. Last month, Islamabad requested a $2 billion loan from Tehran to build its portion of pipeline on its territory. Iran has already laid the necessary 600 kilometers of pipeline on its side. Last year, Washington pressed Islamabad to shelve the IP pipeline as a precondition to holding further talks on the possibilities of cooperation in the energy sector, but the US did not make any commitment to finance the proposed $13 billion Diamer Bhasha Dam project. Washington has also dangled Islamabad other energy carrots, including the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline and potential projects involving the importation of liquefied natural gas in efforts to convince the country to halt the IP pipeline.

The IP pipeline is considered vital to Pakistan's economy, as the country continues to face extreme power shortages and prolonged blackouts in rural and urban areas, severely restraining industrial growth. Under the pipeline deal, Iran would export 21.5 million cubic meters of gas per day to Pakistan from next year. Local experts however have warned that the high cost involved would itself cause severe damage to the local economy. The Islamabad-based Sustainable Development Policy Institute said in a recent report that the pipeline would be a "death sentence" for the country. The report criticized Pakistani officials for blatantly ignoring the energy dynamics and pricing while agreeing to the pipeline deal with Tehran. The report raised serious doubts about how Pakistan could finance the at least $1.5 billion needed to construct the pipeline and whether it could go through with the project without facing US sanctions in place over Iran's nuclear program. It also urged the government to renegotiate its contract with Iran and uncouple the price of gas with the cost of oil. Some local analysts suggest that the gas price may be renegotiated with Tehran, but that the government in Islamabad must not withdraw from the project under US pressure without securing a tit-for-tat deal with Washington. Pakistan may turn to Russia and China, which have shown interest in building and financing the pipeline through government-to-government cooperation. The location of Pakistan provides a key to jump-starting strategic pipelines from both central Asia and the Middle East to supply energy to India and southeast Asia. Syed Fazl-e-Haider (http://www.syedfazlehaider.com) is a development analyst in Pakistan. He is the author of many books, including The Economic Development of Balochistan(2004). He can be contacted at sfazlehaider05@yahoo.com. (Copyright 2013 Asia Times Online (Holdings) Ltd. All rights reserved. Please contact us about sales, syndication and republishing.)

The American oil company Unocal has proposed the construction of oil and gas pipelines from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan to Pakistan and later to India. Afghanistan's long war has prevented this project from moving forward. If some degree of stability returns to Afghanistan, the project may be resurrected.