Network Technology

Part 1

9th July, 2009

Author : Manju Devaraj IT Infra. Consultant

Network Technology Part 1

Famous Quote From Sir Isaac Newton

If I have been able to see farther than others, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants.

File Name: Network Technology Part1 Document Owner: mdev@sysintelligence.com

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Network Technology Part 1 Introduction to Networks

What is a Network? Computers connected together to share files, printers, applications & other resources with help of a protocol . Goals of networking: Increased Manageability Security Efficiency Networking Architecture: Cost effectiveness over non network systems. Peer to Peer: Server-based networking: Network medium - Bounded (wired) & unbounded (wireless). Terminal based networking: Networking Technology: LAN Technologies: Ethernet, ARCNET, Token Ring , Banyan Vines , Fast Ethernet , Gigabyte Ethernet , FDDI . WAN Technologies: ISDN, T1/T3 Leased Lines, x.25, Frame Relay, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), DSL & ATM. Wireless Technologies: Global system for Mobile Communication (GSM), CDMA, Personal Communication System (PCS) & Infrared Data Association (IrDA) ,Bluetooth ,WLAN. WPAN , LAN Devices: Repeaters, Concentrators, Bridges, Hubs, Switches, Routers & Multi station Access Units (MAUs) . WAN Devices: Modems, ISDN Adapters , CSU , DSU, PAD, FRAD , MUXes & IMUXes . Cabling Technologies: ( Falls under Physical Layer of OSI ) Co-axial , Twinax , Twisted pair , Fiber Optic Cabling & associated equipments such as connectors , Patch panels , wall plates & splitters . Serial Line Interface standards: RS-232, RS-422/423, RS-485 , V.35 & X.21 Data Storage Technologies: RAID , NAS ,SANs & the technologies used to connect them , such as Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) & Fiber channel (FC). Technologies for Securing Interfacing Private Corporate Network with Unsecured pubic Network: Firewalls, proxy servers & Packet Filtering Routers. Technologies for Increasing Availability & Reliability: Clustering, Cashing, Load Balancing & Fault Tolerant Technologies. Network Management Technologies : SNMP , RMON etc

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Network Technology Part 1

Network Protocols
What is a Protocol? Protocol is a set of rules for communication to happen. Network protocols defines how computers should identify each other on the network and how data is transferred between computers. Broad Classification : LAN Protocols: NetBIOS,NetBEUI , IPX/SPX , Ethernet & AppleTalk . WAN Protocols : SLIP , PPP , PPTP , ATM , L2TP etc Protocols Developed Within Mainframe env. IBMs SNA , SDLC & HDLC . Routing protocols: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS & BGP. Application Protocols developed for Internet : HTTP , FTP ,POP3, IMAP , SMTP, NNTP & DNS. Electronic Messaging Protocols: x.400, SMTP, POP3 & IMAP. Directory Protocols: X.500 & LDAP Security Protocols: PAP, CHAP , X.509 , Kerberos v5 , Digital certificates & various PKCS standards . Network protocol can be relatively simple or highly complex, a networking protocols can provide a variety of services, these services include . 1. Packet acknowledgment. - T 2. Segmentation. - T 3. Flow control. - T 4. Error detection. - D , T 5. Error correction. - T 6. Data compression. - P 7. Data encryption. - P Network Classification : Internet: The internet is a global network of interconnected networks, connecting private, public and university networks in one cohesive unit. Intranet: An intranet is a private enterprise network that uses internet and web technologies for information gathering and distribution within an organization. Extranet: An extranet is a community of interest created by extending an intranet to selected entities external to an organization.
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Network Technology Part 1 Network System Communication

Physical Layer cables, connectors, adapter cards, bits , Links ..etc Data Link Layer frames, links source and destination physical (MAC) addresses Network Layer - IP Addressing, routing, Fragmenting . Transport Layer - TCP reliable data connection services guaranteed, error-free, in-sequence delivery segments (sent to IP) Transport Layer - UDP connectionless - simple database lookup applications datagrams/messages (sent to IP) Application Services Layer standard application services: terminal access, file transfer, mail, NFS, WWW, news, DNS, etc.

Sender

In 1983, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and what is now the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) published a document called "The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) ."

Reciever

Practical TCP/IP vs OSI Theoretical Model

L7 L6 Intermediate Network System

Segment L1 IP Datagram Frame Data Encapsulation

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Network Technology Part 1

TCP/IP Stack Operation

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Network Technology Part 1

Physical Layer
Network cables :
1. Coaxial Cable RG8 , RG48 2. Twisted-Pair Cable

i) STP - for use in environments more prone to electromagnetic interference. ii) UTP Telephones & LAN environment .
Unshielded twisted pair cable comes in a variety of different grades, called categories by the Electronics Industry Association (EIA) and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) .

EIA/TIA Cable Categories Category Usage : Cat 1: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA. Previously used for POTS telephone communications, ISDN and doorbell wiring. Cat 2: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA. Previously was frequently used on 4Mbit/s token ring networks. Cat 3: Current cable standard, used for data networks utilizing frequencies up to 16 MHz. Popular for 10 Mbit/s Ethernet networks. Cat 4: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA. Provided performance of up to 20 MHz, and was frequently used on 16Mbit/s token ring networks. Cat 5 : Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA. Provided performance of up to 100 MHz, used for 10/100 Mbps Ethernet . Cat 5e : Currently recognized by TIA/EIA. Provided performance of up to 100 MHz, used for 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet Cat 6: Defined by the ANSI TIA/EIA 568B-2.1. It provides performance of up to 250 MHz, more than double category 5 and 5e. Cat 6e: Operates at frequencies up to 500MHz and provides up to 10Gbit/s (STP) Cat 7: cat7(STP) is a cable standard for Ethernet and other interconnect technologies that can be made to be backwards compatible with traditional Cat 5 and Cat 6 Cat 7 features even more strict specifications for crosstalk and system noise than Cat 6. To achieve this, shielding has been added for individual wire pairs and the cable as a whole. designed for transmission at frequencies up to 650 MHz. The Cat 7 cable standard has been created to allow 10 Gigabit Ethernet over 100 m of copper cabling (also, 10-Gbit/s Ethernet now is typically run on Cat 6a).

3. Fiber Optic Cables (FOC)

A glass cabling media that sends network signals using light (LED/Laser) . Fiber-optic cabling has higher bandwidth capacity than copper cabling, and is used mainly for high-speed network Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) backbones, long cable runs, and connections to high-performance workstations.
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Network Technology Part 1

i) Single-mode FOC - Has a narrow core (5 or 10 microns in diameter) and allows only one signal to be sent or received at a time over very long distances (up to 50 times farther than multimode fiber-optic cabling). Light Source is laser-emitting diodes. Signal transmission is clear for approximately 30 miles (50 kilometers) before dispersion will distort signals, which means that single-mode fiber is ideal for long cable runs. Multimode fiber FOC - Has a thicker core (50, 62.5, or 100 microns in diameter) and has sufficient bandwidth to allow multiple signals to be simultaneously transmitted or received; each signal follows a different path or mode through the fiber. Light Source is Light-emitting diodes (LED). Signal transmission is clear for approximately 3000 feet, but longer cable runs can distort signals through modal dispersion. Note : Maximum acceptable bend radius of any FOC is usually 20 times the diameter of the cable . Distance of Tranmission is inversely proportional to Frequency D = 1/F OTDR for testing Faults in the Cable ( connector Loss , Coupling loss ,attenuation Micro bending )

i)

Cable Testing Parameters :

Testers will typically measure some or all of the following parameters at various frequencies from 100 MHz to 600 MHz and beyond: Attenuation, which is the decibel decrease in signal strength as a signal propagates through a physical medium Impedance, which is the resistance to the flow of alternating current Noise, indicated by the floor values for randomly generated electrical signals Near-end crosstalk (NEXT), which is a decibel measurement of crosstalk taken at the end where a signal is injected Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR), which is the decibel difference between NEXT and attenuation values

NIC ( Network Interface / Ethernet Adapter )

Functions at the data-link layer protocol and the physical layer. NIC can support standard Ethernet, Fast Ethernet (100Base-TX or 100Base-T4), Full-Duplex Fast Ethernet, 1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet. Speed & Duplex Setting :

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Network Technology Part 1

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Network Technology Part 1

Network Connections :
1. Bridging & Switching is a technique used to connect networks at the data-link layer. 2. Switching extends up to Network Routing , thats more than Datalink Layer with the Layer 3 Switching Capabilities . Layer2 - Cisco 2950 , Layer3 - Cisco 3500 series , Multi Layer Switch (MLS) 6500 Series , Nexus Series 3. Routing A router connects two networks together, forming an internetwork. Unlike bridges and switches, routers function at the network layer of the OSI reference model. Packet Routing - Because they operate at the boundaries of LANs, routers do not forward broadcast messages, except in certain specific cases. A router forwards a packet based on the destination address in the network layer protocol header, which specifies the packet's ultimate destination, and not the hardware address used at the data-link layer. A router has an internal table (called a routing table) that contains information about the networks around it, and it uses this table to determine where to send each packet.

File Name: Network Technology Part1 Document Owner: mdev@sysintelligence.com

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Network Technology Part 1

Ethernetworking at DLL
Ethernet is the most popular local area network (LAN) protocol operating at the data-link layer .

Ethernet Standards
There have been two sets of Ethernet standards over the years. The first was the original Ethernet protocol, as developed by Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox, which came to be known as DIX Ethernet & IEEE 802.3 . Both the IEEE 802.3 and DIX Ethernet standards consist of the following three basic components: Physical layer specifications Frame format CSMA/CD MAC mechanism

File Name: Network Technology Part1 Document Owner: mdev@sysintelligence.com

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Network Technology Part 1

Coaxial Thin & Thick Net

UTP Ethernet

Functions of the Ethernet frame fields are as follows: Preamble (7 bytes). This field contains 7 bytes of alternating 0s and 1s, which the communicating systems use to synchronize their clock signals. Start Of Frame Delimiter (1 byte). This field contains 6 bits of alternating 0s and 1s, followed by two consecutive 1s, which is a signal to the receiver that the transmission of the actual frame is about to begin. Destination Address (6 bytes). This field contains the 6-byte hexadecimal address of the network interface adapter on the local network to which the packet will be transmitted. Source Address (6 bytes). This field contains the 6-byte hexadecimal address of the network interface adapter in the system generating the packet. Ethertype/Length (2 bytes). In the DIX Ethernet frame, this field contains a code identifying the network layer protocol for which the data in the packet is intended. In the IEEE 802.3 frame, this field specifies the length of the data field (excluding the pad). Data And Pad (46 to 1500 bytes). This field contains the data received from the network layer protocol on the transmitting system, which is sent to the same protocol on the destination system. Ethernet frames (including the header and footer, except for the Preamble and Start Of Frame Delimiter) must be at least 64 bytes long; so if the data received from the network layer protocol is less than 46 bytes, the system adds padding bytes to bring it up to its minimum length. Frame Check Sequence (4 bytes). The frame's footer is a single field that comes after the network layer protocol data and contains a 4-byte checksum value for the entire packet. Ethernet Frame Note : Regular, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet all use the same Ethernet frame format
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Network Technology Part 1

Network Classification
Operating Network Classification Intranet Enables communication between internal systems and services. High - Blue zone High - Blue zone Level of Trust - Security Zone

Extranet

Enables communication between internal and external (e.g., customers and/or vendors) systems and/or services Enables communication between Internal and public systems, e.g., Internet.

Yellow zone Green Zone

Open-net

Untrusted - Red Zone

IES defines concepts and details of the permissible data flows and communications channels for IES activities.

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Network Technology Part 1

To be Continued
To be Continued

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Thanks !!!!! Manju Devaraj