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Turned and Pierced Potpourri Box

ood turning, cutting delicate frets with a scroll saw, and whittling are three of my favorite woodworking activities. The problem, when I first started thinking about this project, was how could I incorporate the three techniques to create a single unique item? After a good deal of thought I came up with the notion for this projecta turned box with a pierced lid, with a small amount of knife work in and around the piercing. The design draws its inspiration from two of my friends, one a wood turner and the other a general woodworker. However, they both needed a fresh angle to spark off their talents. Well, to cut a long story short, Gill came up with this great idea that they combine their talents so as to halve their workshop expenses and double their money-making potential. The good news is that they now

make the most beautiful turned and pierced containers, and they are both scooping up the rewards!

TURNING THE BOX

Though there are any number of ways of turning a small lidded box of this type and character, the best way is to use the four-jaw chuck technique. The procedure is wonderfully simple and direct. Having mounted the wood in the chuck, you start by turning the wood down to a 4"diameter cylinder, and parting off the tailstock end of the cylinder for the lid. This done, you hollow turn the box and cut the step on the rim, then take the surface to a good finish and part off. The next step is perhaps slightly tricky. You remount the lid section on the lathe and start by hollowing out the

lid and cutting the rim to fit the base. Then you remove the lid from the chuck, turn it over so that the expanding jaws of the chuck fit the inside of the rim, and finish up by turning the top of the lid. Don't forget to set the lid out with the 1/4" step-off lines to help later when you set out the design.

around the box. All that said, if you are keen to change the pierced design and/or the shape of the lid, you could possibly use a jeweler's piercing saw or perhaps a fine-blade hand fretsaw. It needs a bit of thinking about.

SPECIAL TIP: SCROLL SAW LIMITS

If you like the idea of this project but are planning to change the shape of the turned box, or even change the placing of the pierced holes, be mindful that the overall design is more or less governed by the use of the electric scroll saw. For example: As the saw is unable to cut wood thicker than about ", the lid can't be high and/or domed. Also, the saw can't be used to fret a pierced design

FRETTING, PIERCING AND WHITTLING THE LID

When you have made the turned box, with the lid nicely set out with the 1/4" guidelines, it's time to fret out the design. Pencil-press transfer the design through to the wood, bore out round holes with appropriate size bits, drill small pilot holes through the "windows" of the design, and fret out the shapes on the scroll saw. Finally, use the point of the knife to trim back the sharp edges of the piercings.

When you have sanded and smoothed the lid to a

good finish, use the point of the skew chisel to set the lid out with a series of rings. Space them about 1/4" apart. The idea is that you can use them as a guide to lay out the design.

3 It's most important that you use Forstner bits for the large holes that make up the design. I say this because they are the only bit types that guarantee perfectevery-time holes.

Shade in the pierced areas so that there is no doubt about the line of cut. If you are worried about the pencil smudging, then it's a good idea to give the whole lid a quick spray with pencil fixative as used by illustrators.

Take two cuts for each end of the little curved shape. Work from the central pilot hole and down toward the point so that the point is crisp and sharp.

USING THE LATHE AND THE FOUR-JAW CHUCK

Though wood turning is one of the most important woodworking activitiesvital for making just about everything from chair legs, stair balustrades, and bedposts, to boxes, candlesticks and bowlsit is also one of the most misunderstood of all the woodworking techniques. What happens with most beginners is that they purchase an "amateur" machine and a set of "starter" tools, and then become disenchanted when they can't make anything more exciting than small spindles. The problem, of course, is that small machines tend to wobble and shake, and the pronged center and the fixed tailstock center that are supplied with most small machines are totally inadequate and almost useless. As a result, many beginners soon get disillusioned and decide to give up wood turning. The pity of it is that the majority of these disillusioned beginners heap blame on themselves. Of course, what these beginners simply can't know is that turning is the one area of woodworking where the old adage "a poor workman always blames his tools" is a load of bunk! In the context of wood turning, the boring old adage ought more rightly read "poor results are nearly always the result of poor tools." All this adds up to the inescapable fact that exciting and varied wood turning can only really be

achieved if you have top quality tools and equipment. So there you go. If you are a beginner looking to get started, the following pointers will show you the way.

Lathe
In essence, a lathe is a woodworking machine used for cutting and shaping wood into a round section. The wood is pivoted and spun between centers and/or held in a chuck, while at the same time handheld chisels or gouges are used to make the cuts. Though there are many lathe typessmall ones, large ones, very long ones, some dedicated to making spindles, some dedicated to making bowls, some with fancy multispeed controls, and so on experience tells me that a large traditional lathe, with a big motor and a heavy cast-iron frame, is by far the best option. I say this because while a miniature lathe might well be superb for making small items like lace bobbins, it can't be used to make larger pieces like bowls and chair legs. A large lathe, on the other hand, can be used to make everything from lace bobbins to bedposts. As for the castiron frame of a large lathe, there's no rust, no vibration, no nothingit just sits there and does the job! I have a large old English lathe called a Harrison Jubilee, made about 1940. It is a wonderful machine.

HEADSTOCK AND TAILSTOCK The headstock, the power-driven unit at the left-hand side of the lathe, carries the bearings in which the spindle revolves. The spindle has an external screw for chucks and faceplates and an internal taper for the pronged center. The tailstock, the movable unit at the right-hand side of the lathe, holds a pointed center. The distance between the headstock and the tailstock can be adjusted by winding the tailstock center in or out. TOOL REST The tool rest, sometimes called T-rest, is the unit that moves left or right along the bed on which the tools meaning the gouges and chiselsare rested. Being mindful that the rest is a fulcrum for the levering action of the tools, it is essential that it can be swiftly and easily moved and put in place. THE BED The bed is the metal track, rods or rails that link the headstock to the tailstock, upon which the tool rest slides. Since it is vital that you are able to swiftly and easily move the tool rest, it is best to avoid narrow-slot, round-section bar beds that easily get clogged up with dust and shavings.

Four-Jaw Chuck
The four-jaw chuck is a mechanism used to hold the workpiece; it is a device that replaces the pronged center and all manner of other centers. Operated by a chuck key, the four jaws can be opened and closed in unison in such a way that they grip square sections. To my way of thinking the four-jaw chuck is essential. Okay, so four-jaw chucks are expensivemine cost one-quarter the price of my secondhand latheand they do need to be fitted with a guard. But they grip wood without the need to turn it down to a round sectiona huge time-saverand once the wood is in the chuck, you can be confident that it's going to stay put. When I said at the beginning that you can make just about everything you care to imagine on a large lathe, I should really have added the proviso: but only if you use a four-jaw chuck. You should see me at my lathe. 1 don't mess around with pronged centers or faceplates. 1 threw them away long since. I simply mount everything on the four-jaw chuck and get straight into the job. As well as holding square sections without the need for preparation, the jaws are good for other uses, such as holding rings and containers, holding a large screwinstead of using a screw centerand gripping round sections.

FOUR-JAW CHUCK The advantage of t h e f our-jaw chuck is that you can draw the tailstock center out of the way and approach the workpiece head-on.

Heart-Shaped Cheese Board

his project had its beginnings in our ever-pressing need to tidy up our workshop. The problem was, of course, what to do with the mountain of offcuts? I'm sure you know what I mean. The chair, table, box or whatever is finished, and you are left with great heaps of wood. Okay, maybe the longer lengths can be used for the next job in line, and the shavings can be used as fuel or as bedding for your chickens, and the dust can be swept up and put in the trash, but what to do with the mediumsize bits and pieces that look too good to throw away? Well, after a deal of thought, we came up with the

super-brilliant idea of cutting all our small offcuts down to a uniform size, and then laminating the resultant blocks to make cutting boards and surfaces that needed to show end grain. Okay, so it is a solution that involves a lot of time, sweat and effort, but then again, the finished boards can be presented or marketed as choice handcrafted items. So there you go. If you are up to your knees in offcuts, or you are short of cash and maybe know of a sawmill operator who is looking to give away his trimmings free, then perhaps this is the project for you!

MAKING THE BOARD

Collect all your waste wood and cut it down to the best overall section size. I went for a square section 1 3/4" X 1 3/4", but you can just as well go for 1" X 1" or 1" X 1 1/2", or whatever size best suits your material. And, of course, if you want to use a mix of sizes, then no matter, as long as the grain is running along the length and the corners are true at 90. Having achieved your sawed size, plane the wood down to a smooth finish. When you are happy with the finish, saw it down to 1 1/8" slices. When you have a stockpile of 1 1/8" slices, pencil label the endgrain face, arrange the slices side by side in rows of about 12" long, and spend time working out how best to clamp them together. You can use a couple of G-clamps and a bar clamp, or a jig and wedges; no matter, as long as the arrangement is such that you can apply end pressure without the strips bending or bowing along their length. Do the gluing-up in two stages: first the blocks side by side to make the strips, and then the strips side by side to make the slabs. Draw the design of the board on the slab, cut out the profile and sand the end-grain surfaces to a good finish. Fit the whittled feet and the cutting wire, give the whole works a coat of matte varnish and the project is finished.

except the glue. You need to check out the glue type and make sure that it's suitable, clear an area and make sure that there is room to maneuver, have cloths and newspaper handy, and so on. And then you have to actually clamp-up the wood and see how your arrangement works out. Okay, so maybe my way of working does sound a bit fussy, but the horrible alternative is to have glue smeared all over the place, only to find that the clamp isn't long enough, or you have glued the wrong surfaces, or you are missing some vital piece of equipment.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

SPECIAL TIP: DRY FIT FIRST

As the success of this project hinges on your being able to glue and clamp dozens of the little blocks together, it is important that you plan out the procedure. The best way is to have a trial dry run, with everything in place

Saw the 1 3/4" X 1 3/4" square section of wooddown into 1 1/8"" thick sliceslike slices off a loaf of bread and then clamp up. With the arrows indicating the run of the grain, you can see how the slices of wood need to be realigned when it comes to gluing.

Having whittled a small piece of hardwood to a but terfly shape and sanded it to a super smooth finish run two side-by-side 1/16"-diameter holes through the center of the bow, and knot the wire in place.

The best way of ensuring that the little ball feet stay in keeping with the total design is to whittle them to shape. I drilled and doweled four little square blocks, cut the corners off the blocks to make rough octagonals, and used a largish sloyd knife for the whittling.

And just in case you have an aversion to heart shapes, there is no reason at all why you can't go for just about any shape that takes your fancy. For example, you can simply round the corners of a rectangular board.

3 To fix the wire, drill a 1/8"-diameter hole, set the wire in the hole and then follow it up with a glued dowel. Make a saw cut between the cheeks, wrap the wire over and around in the cut and follow it up with a glued sliver wedge.

DEBRIS COLLECTION AND WOODSHOP SAFETY

Woodshop debris, in the form of offcuts, shavings and sawdust scattered around on the floor and over the surfaces, is a dangerous nuisance. The shavings make the floor slippery and the loose offcuts are potential anklebreakers. And of course, the wood dust not only clogs the machines, it is a fire risk, it creeps into the home, and it also harms the lungs. Just how much dust is considered to be dangerous? The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) suggests that if you can see wood dust floating around in the atmosphere when a shaft of sunlight shines across the workshop, then you have a problem that needs solving. We tackle the problem in several ways: We cut the amount of dust down at the source by using filtered machines and by producing shavings rather than dust, and we have a large mobile vacuum system that we move around to service the various machines. We also wear a rubber dust/vapor mask for most taskslike sawing, drilling, and when we are using varnish and suchand a lull-face electric visor-helmet respirator when we are working at the lathe. As to which mask does the better job, the rubber mask is silent but uncomfortable and sweaty, while the electric full-face respirator is a bit heavy and noisy. In the context of sawdust being bad for your lungs, I reckon that tried-and-trusted traditional American and European woods like ash, oak, beech, maple, willow, pear and pine are generally much safer than exotic species such as mahogany, obeche and iroko. All that said, if you find yourself sneezing, or your nose is running, or your skin develops a rash, then you best go for another wood type. So what to do if you are really worried about dust and allergic reactions and such? Well, I think that for safety's sake, you need to stay with the following rules of thumb: Whenever possible use hand tool techniques that pro duce shavings rather than dust. Use traditional white-wood species that are non-oily to the touch. Use a vacuum machine to suck up the dust as it is producedbefore it gets a chance to puff around the workshop. Wear a full-face mask, and always wash your hands and lace alter work. Always have a thorough sweep-up at the end of the day. If you have a health problem, then ask the advice of your doctor.

ELECTRIC VISOR-HELMET RESPIRATOR Though the choice of mask does in many ways depend upon your personal preferencethey both have their plus points/ usually wear the full-face respirator when I am working at the lathe, for t h e plain, simple reason that the full-face visor offers additional protection from flying debris.

Laminated Keepsake Box

hough you might think that a box is a box is a box and not very exciting, this particular little box is rather special. Not only does it use wood that might otherwise be thrown away, but better yet, the layering technique allows you to very easily modify the length, width and height to suit your own needs. You could call it a "log cabin" box. This refers to the way the sections are layered one on top of another with the ends staggered, just the way the old timers built their log cabins.

MAKING THE BOX

When you have studied the working drawings and seen how the lid and the base boards are set into slotswith the lid being able to slide in and outthen make decisions as to the size of your box, and size and plane the wood accordingly.

If you are going to stay with our design, you need twenty-four 1/2" X 1/2"-square sections in all, twelve long and twelve short. All I did was search through my pile of offcuts, select two colors that went together to make a pleasant counterchange, and then pushed the wood through my portable surface planer. Having planed the wood to a crisp 1/2" X 1/2"-square section, cut the wood to length so that it is perfectly square-ended and slightly oversize. As the long pieces need to end up at 5 1/2" meaning when they are built into the finished 6"-long boxit's best to cut them at about 5 5/8", so you can plane and sand them back to a good fit and finish. When you have made the twenty-four lengths, pile them up in a dry-run arrangement, in the order they are going to be in the finished box, and pencil mark the top and bottom layers of the stack. Draw in registration marks

so there is no doubting the layered order. Being very careful that you don't make a mistake, take the eight lengths that go to make the top and the bottom layers and use either a router or a grooving plane to cut the channels. Aim to have the grooves at about 3/16" wide, 1/4" deep, and centered in the 1/2" thickness of the wood. With the channels crisply worked, take the wood that you have chosen for the base and the lid and use a router or a plane to cut the rabbeted edges. While you are at it, use a router or a "round" moulding plane, or even a gouge, to cut the beautiful scooped convex curve that runs down from the top face of the lid through to the rabbet. Starting at the base and working up, glue the four base lengths together so that the base board is nicely contained, and then layer up in log cabin fashion until the box is complete. Don't forget to leave one of the top-end pieces

unglued. This done, test to make sure that the lid is a good fit and leave the box until the glue is set. Glue the short length on the end of the lid board. Finally, plane and sand the box down to a flush-sided smooth finish, make sure that the lid is a nice easy fit in the grooves, and then wax and burnish to a high sheen.

SPECIAL TIP: USING OLD PLANES

Though there are any number of ways of cutting tongues, grooves and rabbets, I t h i n k that the old metal grooving plane takes a bit of beating, meaning one of the old metal Stanley or Record planes. 1 use a Record 043 and 044, both made sometime before 1950. It's true they are no longer made, but 1 picked mine up at a flea market for no more than the cost of a new router bit. The Record 044 has eight blades that range in size from 1/8" to 9/16".

FENCE USING OLD PLANES

The classic Record 044 grooving plane is a beauty, easy to tune and pretty foolproof to use.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

1 With the base dry fitted in placemeaning no gluelayer the square sections up log-cabin style so that the ends stick out beyond the corners. Pay particular attention to the alignment of the grooves.

2 When you are happy with the overall shape and alignment of the box, use a ruler and square to check for squareness.

3 Before you leave the glue to set, make sure that the lid is an easy but snug fit and that it runs right through to the end of the box, so that the end runs into the groove.

PORTABLE SURFACE PLANER VS. HAND PLANES

If you are a beginner to woodworking, then sooner or later you will have to make decisions about your overall approach to the subject, or your "working philosophy." One of the main questions that you have to ask yourself is, do you want the emphasis to be on the bench power toolsmeaning routers, press drills, planers and all the restor do you want to focus on using hand tools? Most woodworkers 1 know fit in one of four groups: Will not use power tools at any price. Will grudgingly use the occasional power tool, but much prefers hand tools. Enjoys using power tools for most of the work, and tidies up with the hand tools. Very much enjoys using power tools and is reluctant to use hand tools. I reckon that Gill and 1 fit into group two. We much prefer working with hand tools but will sometimes use a power tool to speed things up. Okay, so you must surely have gathered by now, that we're not very keen on power tools. It's not so much that we can't afford to power up, but rather that we both dislike all the dust, debris and noise that power tools generate. To our way of thinking, there is nothing quite so unpleasant as being covered with fine dust and blasted with noise. All that said, 1 was so tuckered out one day last summerwhen I was heavily involved in the strenuous and sweat-making procedure of hand planing a massive rough-sawn oak plankthat I decided, against my better judgment, to invest in a portable planer thicknesser. To cut a long story shortor you could say to plane a fat story thinner (ha!)when I first saw this machine, I was firmly convinced that it was the beginning of the end of my way of working. My thinking was that it would somehow or other weaken my belief that slow-and-quiet is beautiful. However, there is no denying that it has changed the way 1 work. For example, where I once struggled and strained with a jointer plane, and then a smoothing plane, 1 now pass the wood a few times through the surface planer. In fact, I have to admit that it's a beautifully efficient machine that gets a lot of use. Of course, it is noisy, and 1 do have to house it in its own shed, and I did have to get myself a dust sucker and a full-face respirator mask, but against that, I can now spend much more time playing around with my various grooving, moulding and combination hand planes. Most experts would agree that the best way is to start with hand tool techniques and then power up when you fully understand your needs.

6 If all is correct, the base slab should be well conunncd, but should fit loosely, so that the box side can move without splitting the base.

The portable surface planer is a great bench machine. All you do is feed the wood in one side, between the cutter blades and the bed, and it comes out the other side nearly finished!

Miniature Mantle Clock

ometimes, when I am sitting alone in my workshop, I take up one or more pieces of choice wood and feast my eyes on the various colors that make up the character of the grain. To hold the wood up to the light and see the way the grain shimmers and glows, to see how two pieces of wood look when they are held side by sideand then to imagine how the wood might be used for a special projectthese are unique quality-time experiences that should not be missed. This project draws its inspiration from one of my alone in the workshop musings. The problem was how to bring together three relatively small pieces of choice exotic wooda scrap of ebony salvaged from an old long-gone piece of furniture, a sliver of silver sycamore veneer left over from a marquetry project, and a short length of dark wood that I've been using to prop open the door. Anyway,

I tossed all sorts of ideas around in my heada small piece of laminated jewelry? a turning? a handle for a knife? a drawer pull? And then it came to me . . . why not make a small clock case!

MAKING THE CLOCK CASE

First things first. Before you do anything else, you need to search out a miniature watch-clock and a Forstner drill bit sized to fit. For example, as my clock (described in the catalog as a "watch-clock miniature suitable for block and drilled recess mounting") measures slightly under 1 5/16" diameter across the span of the back and about 1/4" in depth, I reckoned that I needed a drill size of 1 3/8". When you have obtained the clock-watch and the drill size to suit, take your chosen pieces of wood and plane and sand the mating faces down to a true finish. This

done, smear white PVA glue on the mating faces and clamp up. Having waited for the glue to cure, set the compass to a radius of 1 1/4", spike it on the center veneer at a point about 1 3/8" down from top-center, and then strike off a 2 1/2"-diameter half-circle. When you are happy with the way the lines of the design are set out on the wood, move to the band saw and cut out the curve that makes the top of the case. Use a square to mark out the baseline, double-check that it is absolutely true, and then cut off the waste with a small-toothed backsaw. It's important that the baseline is square to the center line of the block, so spend time getting it right. When you are sure that the block sits square and true, move to the drill press and bore out the recess for the clock. Bore down to a depth of about 3/8". Having bored out the recess, take a scrap of sandpaper

and rub down the inside of the recess, so that the clockwatch is a tight push fit. If necessary, use a straight gouge to cut a little scoop for the hand-setting knob that sticks out at the side of clock case. When you have achieved a good fit of the clock-watch in the recess, rub the whole block down on a sheet of fine-grade abrasive paper. Finally, burnish the block with beeswax, slide the clockwatch mechanism in place, and the project is finished.

SPECIAL TIP: LAPPING

The best way of rubbing the faces of the block down to a smooth, true finish is to use a technique known as lapping. All you do is mount a sheet of medium-grade abrasive paper to a slab of 1/2"-thick plywood so that the grit side is uppermost. Then clamp the slab in place on the bench, In use, the workpiece is rubbed in the direction of the grain, backwards and forwards. The procedure is rerun with finer and finer grades of paper.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

1. pass radius to 1 1/4" and strike off the arc that makes the top of the case. Make sure that you spike the compass point on the middle of the fine black laminate.

3. Having selected a Forstner bit sized to fit the diameter of your clock, sink a recess to the appropriate depth. The success of the project hinges on the hole being perfectly placed, so spend time getting it right.

2. laving cut the curve on the band saw, run the faces of the block down on a series of lapping boards. Work through the grit sizes, from a medium-fine through a super-line flour grade. Only work in the direction of the grain, and be careful that you don't blur the sharp corners.

Swivel-Head Duck Decoy

uck decoys are no more than carved and whittled imitations of the real thing. The word decoy comes from the Dutch words kooj and koye meaning to lure or entice. Though old accounts suggest that decoys were first used by Native Americans, the notion was soon taken up by the white American settlers. It's a wonderfully simple idea: The carved wooden ducks are anchored out in the water, along comes a flock of ducks attracted by the decoys, they circle with a view to settling down on the water, andBang!the hunter is provided with easy targets. Okay, so it's not very sporting, but when one must. . . . Though once upon a time duck decoys were swiftly carved and whittled by the hunters to their own design and then thrown in a corner for next season, they are now

considered to be extremely valuable and very collectible examples of American folk art.

MAKING THE DUCK

Having first studied the working drawings, and variously looked at pictures of ducks, collected magazine clippings, made sketches and drawings, and maybe even used a lump of Plasticine to make a model, take your two carefully selected blocks of wood and draw out the profiles as seen in side view. Make sure that the grain runs from head to tail through both the head and the body. When you are happy with the imagery, use the tools of your choice to clear the waste. I used a band saw, but you can just as well use a bow saw, a straight saw and a

rasp, a large coping saw, a gouge and a drawknife, or whatever gets the job done. Next, set the two parts down on the benchso that you can see them in plain view and draw the top views out on the partially worked surfaces. Don't fuss around with the details, just go for the big broad shapes. Once again, when you are pleased with the imagery, use the tools of your choice to clear the waste. When the shapes have been roughed out, then comes the fun of whittling and modeling the details. Having noticed that this is the point in the project when most raw beginners lose their cool and start to panic, I should point out that there are no hard-and-fast rules. If you want to stand up or sit down, or work out on the porch, or work in the kitchen, or whatever, then that's fine. That said, your wits and your knives need to be sharp, you do have to avoid cutting directly into end grain, and you do have to work with small controlled paring cuts. Of course, much depends upon the wood and your strength, but 1 find that 1 tend to work either with a small thumb-braced paring cutin much the same way as when peeling an appleor with a thumb-pushing cut

that is managed by holding and pivoting the knife in one hand, while at the same time pushing against the back of the blade with the other hand. Either way, you do have to refrain from making slashing strokes. When you come to the final modeling, start by sitting down and having a good long look at the duck. Compare it to the working drawings and any photographs that you have collected along the way. If necessary, rework selected areas until it feels right. When you reckon that the form is as good as it's going to get, use a rasp and a pack of graded sandpapers to rub the whole work down to a smooth finish. Avoid overworking any one spot; it is better to keep the rasp/sandpaper and the wood moving, all the while aiming to work on the whole form. Finally, fit the neck dowel, run a hole down through the duck, drill out the washer recess on the underside of the base and the fixing hole on the front of the breast. Block in the imagery with watercolor paint, give the whole works a rubdown with the graded sandpapers, lay on a coat of beeswax or maybe a coat of varnish, and the duck is ready . . . not for shooting, but for showing!

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES
If you are looking to make a strong but controlled cut, you cannot do better than go lor the thumbpushing paring approach. In action, the cut is managed by holding and pivoting the knife in one hand, while at the same time pushing against the back of the knife with the thumb of the other hand. Notice how the direction of cuts runs at a slicing angle to the run of the grain.

3 Use the graded abrasive papers to achieve a smooth finish. In this instance the paper is wrapped around a dowel that nicely fits the long scooped shape.

2 Use the thumb-braced paring cut to shape the characteristic cluck bill. This cut uses the thumb as a lever to increase the efficiency of the stroke. Always be ready to change knives to suit the cuta small penknife blade for details, and a large sloyd knife when you want to move a lot of wood.

Slide the dowel into the neck socket and adjust the fit so that the head profile runs smoothly into the body. Be mindful that you might well need to modify the head and/or the body so that the two parts come together for a close-mating fit.

5 Now, with the washer in place, ease the pin/peg through the breast hole and push it into the dowel hole. Use plastic or leather washers to ensure a good tightturning fit.

SPECIAL TIP: SAFETY WITH A KNIFE

The degree of safety when using a knife will depend to a great extent on your stance and concentration. Okay, so there is no denying that a knife is potentially a very dangerous tool, and it's not a tool to use when you are tired or stressed, but that said, if the knife is sharp and the wood easy to cut, then you shouldn't have problems. If you have doubts, then have a try out on a piece of scrap wood. And don't forget . . . a good sharp knife is much safer that a blunt one that needs to be worried and bullied into action.

Matching Letter Opener and Desk Set

hen I was a school kid, I was obsessed with collecting knives and boxes. I had a box with a secret compartment, a box with a swivel-and-twist lid, and best of all, 1 had a beautiful old pen case dated about 1880, given to me by my grandfather. As for knives, I had all manner of dirks and daggers. My favorite was a stilettotype knife that had a silver handle and a red leather case really beautiful! Well, you know what kids are like, I was forever making up games and adventures that involved hiding things. Anyway, to cut a long, sad story short, I

hid my special knife and box in my grandfather's garden, my vacation came to an end, and I went to school. And no doubt you have guessed when I came back a year later, everything had changedno grandfather, no garden, no box, no knife. My grandfather had died, and my grandmother had sold the house. This project draws its inspiration from my long-gone knife and box. The silver knife has become a carved letter opener, the box has become a pen case, and they both go together to make the perfect desk set.

MAKING THE BOX

Having studied the working drawings and seen how the box is laminated up from three layers, take your three pieces of carefully chosen wood and pencil label them "lid," "middle" and "base." Set the middle section out with a center line, and use the 1 5/8"-diameter Forstner drill bit and the scroll saw to clear the waste. Clean out the cavity and take it to a good finish. Take the lid piece and use a pencil, ruler and compass to draw out the designmeaning the shape of the sliding lid. This done, move to the scroll saw, set the table to "tilt," and fret out the lid. You should finish up with a lid edge miter that undercuts the lip of the frame. When the four component parts for the projectthe base, the hollowed-out middle section, the top frame and the lidare all nicely finished, smear glue on the mating faces, sandwich them together and clamp up. Be sure to wipe up any glue that oozes into the inside of the box, or between the top of the middle section and the undercut lip of the frame. Finally, the box is glue mounted on a simple pen tray base. Then the whole works is cleaned up with the plane and rubbed down to a smooth, round-cornered finish.

CARVING THE BOX AND THE KNIFE

Carefully draw out the angel design, make a tracing, and then pencil-press transfer the imagery through to both the top of the sliding lid of the box, and the piece of wood that you have chosen for the knife. This done, take the tools of your choice and swiftly set in the lines of the lid design with a V-section trench. I prefer to use the knife to cut the incised lines, but you might well prefer to use a small V-tool. When you work with the paper knife, start by fretting out the profile on the scroll saw. This done, take a small low-angled shoulder plane and clear the bulk of the waste from the blade. When you are happy with the basic form, use a knife to whittle the details. All you do is set the primary lines in with stop-cuts and then shave the wood down to the level of the cuts, so that selected areas are left standing in relief. For example: When you come to the skirt, slice a stop-cut around the line of the waist, and then shave the wood from the hem through to the waist, until the skirt takes on the characteristic conical and rounded shape. And so you continue, working here and there over the design, all the while setting in stop-cuts and cutting in towards the stop-cuts until you achieve what you consider to be a good form. Finally, rub all the surfaces down to a smooth finish, give the whole works a thin coat of Danish oil, and then use beeswax to burnish to a sheen finish. 1 When you have made the four component parts for the boxthe base, the hollowed-out middle section, the lid, and the frame into which the lid slidestake the finest graded sandpaper and rub the mating faces down to a good finish. Pay particular attention to the inside of the hollow and the mitered edge of the lid frame.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

SPECIAL TIP: CARVING THE DETAILS

If you have any doubts at all as to how the carving ought to gomeaning the shape and the modeling of the detailsthe best way is to make a full-size Plasticine working model. All you do is roll out the Plasticine to the required 3/4" thickness, cut out the profile as seen in the plan view, and then whittle and model the form in much the same way as you would with the wood. Making and using a model is a winner on many counts. You can easily replace the Plasticine if you make a mistake, you can use the Plasticine to make trial cuts and, best of all, you can use dividers to take step-off measurements directly from the model through to the wood. 2 Transfer the angel design through to the top of the lid, and to the knife. Be mindful that in both instances it's important that the design be perfectly aligned with the center line. Use a hard pencil so that the lines are firmly indented.

3 Use a small penknife to cut the incised lines that make up the design of the lid. Work each V section incision or trench with three cutsfirst a single stop-cut down the center of the V to establish the depth, followed by an angled cut to each side of the stop-cut to remove the waste.

Use the three-stroke whittling method to block out and partially model the various basic forms. The working order is: Define the perimeter of the formthe skirt, head or whateverby making stop-cuts straight down into the wood. Make angled cuts down into the stop-cuts to define the length and breadth of the form. Use restrained easing and paring cuts to rough out the details as seen in the plan side and end views.

4 Having made a Plasticine model to help figure out the intricacies of the design, take a small nosing shoulder-type plane and swiftly reduce the bulk of the waste. Shape the blade by angling down each side of the center line.

6 The broad modeling is best achieved by using a small-bladed penknife to make thumb-braced paring cuts. The technique wins on at least two countsthe thumb increases the efficiency of the stroke, while at the same time giving you maximum control. The cone shape of the skirt is achieved by first running a stop-cut around the waist, and then paring down at an angle toward the slop-cut.

the top of the head is achieved by repeatedly making a sequence of three cutsa deep straight-down stop-cut to establish the depth of the V, followed by two cuts that angle down and in towards the bottom of the stop-cut.

7 The V section that goes around

8 Once you have drawn out the shape and position of the pen tray, use a shallow sweep gouge to carve out a smooth-sided dip or depression.

USING THE SCROLL SAW

If you are new to woodworking and maybe a bit nervous, and you plan to make small fancy items like boxes, pushalong, toys, chair backs or pieces of marquetrymeaning items using thin sections of wood that have a lot of delicately curved (fretworked profiles and pierced holesthen you can't do better than getting an electric scroll saw. This machine, sometimes called an electric fretsaw or an electric jigsaw, is just about as safe as you can get. In truth, it is so safe that it is one of the few woodworking machines allowed in schools for young kids. In fact, I first saw one of these machines being used in a school by a ten-year-oldto make a jigsaw puzzle. Okay, so they can nip and worry fingers, but the working action is such that anything more than a grazed finger is almost impossible. The scroll saw has a reciprocating blade, meaning a blade that joggles up and down as if to imitate the movement of a hand fret or coping saw. The bottom end of the blade is clamped in a chuck that is driven by the crankshaft, while the top end of the blade is clamped to the end of a spring-loaded arm. The blade is fitted with the teeth pointing downward, so that it cuts on the downstroke. In

use, the workpiece is advanced across the worktable toward the joggling blade, and maneuvered so that the moving blade is always presented with the line of the next cut. The wonderful thing about these saws is that the resultant cut edge is so clean that it hardly needs sanding. If you are thinking about buying and using an electric scroll saw, the following tips and pointers will help you on your way. Saw TableThere are about six machines currently on the marketGerman, British, Canadian and American. Though they are all pretty good, it is most important that you get an up-to-date machine that has a table-tilt option. This feature allows you to tilt the worktable so you can make a cut that is variously angled to the working face, as in this project. A good tip is to rub over the work surface with a white candle before use. It lowers the woodto-table friction so that the workpiece glides rather than staggers. Blade ClampFrom one machine to another, there are all manner of weird and wonderful mechanisms used to clamp the blade. For example, one machine has a clamping block that is tightened by means of an Allen wrench/

CUTTING A PIERCED WINDOW

In use, the workpiece is maneuvered and advanced so that the moving blade is presented with the line of the next cut.

key, another has a pronged finger that supports pin-end blades, and yet another has a clamping block that is tightened by means of a large thumbscrew/wing nut. While each system has its good and bad points, I think overall the large thumb-screw is the best option. I say this because the Allen wrench option soon distorts, and the pinholding mechanism on some machines is made of buttersoft, easy-to-bend metal. BladesThe standard scroll saw blade is 5" long and flatended. Coming in a whole range of tooth sizes, from coarse through super fine, the blades are designed variously to cut everything from solid wood, plywood and plastic, to thin mild steel, brass and aluminum. If you find that the blade bends and drifts or burns the wood, then chances are it is badly tensioned and/or blunt and needs replacing. Dust-Blowing MechanismWhen the saw is in use, the sawdust piles up and covers the line of cut so that you can't see where you are going. Though most scroll saws have a bellows and tube mechanism that blows the dust away from the drawn line, the pity of it is that the dust is blown directly into the user's faceall good fun! If this is a worry to you, then it's best to wear a face mask.

CUTTING AN INTERIOR PIERCED "W INDOW"

A good part of the pleasure of using a scroll saw is its ability to cut a perfect hole or "window" in the middle of a piece of sheet wood. For example, it is perfect for fretting out models, and for making pierced chair back slats anything that is relatively small and intricate. The working procedure for piercing enclosed "windows" is: Drill a pilot hole through the area of waste big enough to take the blade. With the machine unplugged, ease off the tension until the blade goes slack. Unhitch the top end of the blade from its clamping block. Pass the end of the blade up through the pilot hole and rehitch it to the top block. Retension the blade until it "pings" when plucked. Hold the workpiece firmly down on the table so that the blade is clear of the sides of the pilot hole, and then switch on the power. Fret out the "window" until the waste falls free. Finally, switch off the power and then release the ten sion, unhitch the top end of the blade, and remove the workpiece.

Classic Bow Saw

he classic bow saw, sometimes known as a Turner's saw, is a tool whose design and origins go way back into the dim and distant past. Though I've seen bow saws of this type illustrated on Greek vases, in English medieval manuscripts, in Albrecht Durer's etchings, and so on, the classic design is such that it is still as useful for curved work as it ever was. The actual workings of the saw are fascinating: The blade is held under tension by means of a wooden stick or tongue and a twisted twine that is wrapped around the top of the side cheeks. What else to say, except that if you are looking to make a unique gift for a woodworking buddysomething really specialthen this is a beauty!

MAKING THE SAW

First things firstbuy your blade. I say this because, if your blade is a different size than the one used in this project, you can modify the other material sizes to suit. The bow saw is made in three parts. There are the handles that need to be turned on the lathe; the fancy frame sides or cheeks that are fretted out with a scroll saw, coping saw or even a bow saw; and finally, there are the metal parts that make up the handles. Okay, so it does sound a bit complicated, but don't panic, it's as simple as can be.

SHAPING THE FRAME

Having pencil-press transferred the designs through to the wood, fretted out the shaped ends, and used a straight saw to cut out the crossbar, use a small spokeshave and a plane to skim the three component parts down to a good finish. Cut chamfered edges on the crossbar and the cheeks and generally round over the curved shapes, all as shown in the working drawings. When you come to cutting the mortise and tenon jointsmeaning where the crossbar fits into the end cheeksall you have to remember is that the joints both need to be a loose fit. The best procedure is to cut the joint for a good push fit, and then trim the ends of the tenon to a rounded finish so that they are an easy rocking fit in the mortise. Establish the handle centers on the bottom ends of the cheeks. Then run them through with a hole that is a loose fit for your 6" nails. Finally, use a piece of offcut to make the twist stick, sometimes called a toggle or a tongue.

PUTTING IT TOGETHER
When you have made all six component partsthe two scrolled cheeks, the crossbar, the two handles and the twist stickthen comes the fun of putting the saw together. Start by fitting the H-frame together. This done, pass the slotted nail ends through the bottom ends of the cheeks and fit the blade with the pins. Make sure that the teeth are looking away from the largest of the two handles. Wrap three or four turns of strong twine/cord around the fancy ends of the cheeks and knot the ends of the cords together to make a loop. Finally, slide the twist stick in place between the turns of twine and twist it over and over so that the cheeks pull apart and the blade is held under tension.

SPECIAL TIP
Since the bow saw cheeks are put under a lot of tension and stress, it's vital that you choose the best possible wood. I've checked around and seen that the handles are usually made from beech, maple or ebony, and the Hframe made from beech or ash. We have gone for an ash frame and maple handles.

TURNING THE HANDLES

Having studied the working drawings and seen how the two handles are quite different in length, take your chosen piece of woodwe used mapleand turn the two handles in one piece. Make sure the stubs or spigots fit your metal ferrules, and then rub them down on the lathe and part off. As to how you drill the holes through the handles, it really depends on your workshop and equipment. I found that the best way was to grip and support the handle in the four-jaw chuckmeaning the chuck on the lathe and then use a drill chuck mounted on the tailstock end of the lathe. The good thing about this method is that it is a foolproof way of making sure that the holes are perfectly centered. All I did was drill the larger diameter recess hole and then follow through with a smaller diameter hole. When you have made the handles, all nicely smooth and drilled, then comes the tricky business of fitting the metal parts. It's best to start by fitting the ferrules. Take your metal tube (I used two copper plumbing fittings, but you can just as well use a slice off the end of a brass tube) and cut it off so that you have two 1/2" lengths or rings. Use a file and steel wool to polish the rings to a smooth, shiny finish, and then tap them in place on the turned handle stubs. Finally, pass the 6" nails through the handles and the ends of the frame, cut them to length with a hacksaw, and cut slots into the ends of the nails so that they fit your chosen bow saw blades. Mark the position of the blade-end holes. Then run 3/32"-diameter holes through the nail ends, so that you can secure the blade ends with small nails or split pins.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES 1 An old English bow saw with curved cheeks and stop-chamfered details is shown at top left; an old English bow saw with unusual carved detail at top right. An English bow saw with a whittled twist stick is shown at center left; a selection of carved cheek scroll designs at center right. Shown at bottom, a European bow saw tends to be bigger, with straight cheeks and a much wider blade.

2 The three parts that go to make the H frame: the two scrolled cheeks and the crossbar. If you look closely at this photograph and compare it to the finished project, you will notice that I had to shorten the crossbar to fit the only available blade.

3 Trim and adjust the tenon so that it is a loose rocking fit in the mortise. Notice how the corners of the mortise need to be nipped off at an angle.

4 The on-lathe sequencefrom left to rightthe headstock waste, the parting waste, the large handle, the ferrule stub, the parting waste, the small handle, the ferrule stub, and finally the parting and tailstock waste. Note that the arrows indicate the parting waste.

5 Bend the nail slightly and pass it through the handle for a tight captured fit. See how the nail head fits snug and flush in the recess.

6 Check the length of the nail against the width of the frame and then mark the position of the blade slot accordingly. If you need a longer nail stub, then deepen the recess hole.

the blade in the slot and fix it in place with a 7 Slide split pin. If at some time you need to fit a slightly longer blade, then you can slide washers on the nail between the ferrule and the cheek.

Carved Fruit Bowl

here is something magical about carving bowls. Do you know what I mean? One moment you have a slab of woodnothing very special, just a piece of wood that might or might not end up on the fireand the next moment you have a carved bowl that is a useful part and parcel of your life. We have this bowl that my Welsh grandfather made. It wouldn't win prizes and it isn't so beautiful, and it is a bit stained and has somehow been slightly scorched on one side, but for all that, it has always been with me. When 1 was a kid with chicken pox, the bowl was filled with apples and placed beside the bed; it was beside me when I was studying for my exams; it was given to me when I got married, and no doubt I will give

it to one of my sons somewhere along the line. It has become an heirloom, something precious! So there you go, if you are looking to make a special gift, one that might well see the next millennium in and out, then perhaps this is the project for you.

CARVING THE BOWL

Before you do anything else, you need to search out a block of easy-to-carve wood about 4" thick, 12" wide, and 12" along the run of the grain. You could use a wood like lime, a fruit wood, a piece of yellow pine, or whatever, as long as it's relatively easy to carve and free from splits and knots.

Pencil label the two 12" X 12" faces, one "top rim" and the other "foot rim." Now, with the slab set "top rim" face uppermost, first draw crossed diagonals to establish topcenter; then use the compass or dividers to scribe out two circles, one with a radius of 6" and one with a radius of 5 1/2". Rerun this procedure on the "foot rim" side of the slab, only this time have the two circles at 2 3/4" radius and 2" radius. When you're happy with the way the wood has been set out, use a band saw to cut out the blank. This clone, move to the drill press and run a good size pilot hole into the center of the "top rim" side of the wood. Drill down to a depth of exactly 3 1/4". 1 used a 2"diameter Forstner bit, but a l"-diameter would be fine. Being mindful that the bottom of the hole marks both the level of the inside bowl and the thickness of the base, it is vital that you don't go deeper than 3 1/4". With the workpiece set down on the bench so that the "top rim" lace is uppermost, take a mallet and a straight, shallow sweep gouge and work around the rim of the drilled hole cutting back the waste. The working procedure should go something like this: Work once around the hole scooping out a ring of waste, work around this initial ring scooping out another ring of waste, and so on, all the while backing up until you reach what will become the inside rim of the bowl. When you have cleared one level of waste, return to the edge of the drilled hole and

start over. So you continue, clearing the waste level by level until you begin to establish the beautiful shape of the inside of the bowl. Use whatever tools best do the job. For example, 1 started with the straight gouge and the mallet, then changed to a front-bent gouge, and finally I switched to using a small hooked knife for tidying up. When the shape of the inside of the bowl is well established, turn the workpiece over so that the base is uppermost, and set to work carving and shaping in much the same way as already described. The carving procedure for the outside of the bowl is pretty straightforward, only this time you need to work in two directionsfrom the inside edge of the foot ring and in toward the center of the base, and from the outside edge of the foot ring and out and down towards the rim. And so you resume, carving the inside of the foot ring a little, carving the bold convex shape of the outside of bowl profile, carving the inside of the bowl a tad more, and so on and on, until the wall thickness ranges between about 3/8" at the rim to 5/8" outside the foot ring. And of course, all along the way, you have to keep your tools razor sharp so that each and every cut is clean, crisp and controlled. As you get nearer to the beautiful bowl shape that is hidden just below the surface of the wood, you have to be more and more cautious with your cuts.

SPECIAL TIPS AND RULES OF THUMB

It's all straight forward, as long as you stay with the following guidelines: Try to set up a work rhythmcarve for a few minutes, then stroke the tool on the stone and strop, then stand back and be critical, and then go back to a few minutes of carving, and so on. You will find that this way of working ensures that everything is controlled . . . the tools slay sharp, you have time to assess your progress, and you don't get tired. As the bowl nears completion, you will find that it is more difficult to grip and hold the bowl. The best way is to either cradle it in your lap or nestle it on a pile of rags. When you are carving the inside of the bowlwhen it's nearly finishedyou have to be extra careful that you don't lever on and break the relatively fragile rim. To prevent this end, you might need to use one of the bent gouges rather than a straight gouge. I would recommend either a no. 5 bent gouge at about 3/4" wide, or perhaps a no. 7 spoon gouge at about the same width. Be mindful that the flatter the sweep (meaning the shape of the blade in cross section) the greater the chance that the corners of the blade will cut and tear the wood. STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

CARVING THE BOWL INTERIOR The swooping shape of the bent gouge lets you carve the concave curve without levering the shaft of the tool on th e fragile rim.

1 Having established the center of t h e square slab by drawing crossed diagonals and cutting the circular blank, use the 2" diameter Forstner b i t to run a 3 1/4-deep pilot hole down into the center (top). Work around the hole clearing the waste (bottom left). Clear the waste level by level, all the while backing up from the pilot hole through to the rim (bottom right).

One of the easiest ways to bring the bowl to a good finish is to use a hooked sloyd knife. As you are working around the inside of the bowl, be mindful that all along the way you will need to adjust your angle of cut to suit the ever-changing run of the grain.

4 The beautiful concave curve shape that runs down from the outside of the foot rim is achieved by thrusting down with the blade and levering back with the handle.

3 When you come to carve the inside of the foot meaning the inside of the base ringuse small, controlled cuts, with one hand pushing and the other guiding and being ready to break. Notice how in this instance you can lever the shank of the tool on the relatively strong foot
rim.

5 All along the way you will have to make repeated checks with the caliper. Try to aim for a section that starts relatively thick at the base and gradually tapers up to a thin rim.

A GOOD WOOD GUIDE FOR CARVING

Wood carving is a wonderfully fulfilling and exciting area of woodworking, but only, if you choose the right wood. When 1 first started carving, I had in mind to carve a female torso, a Venus. I'm sure you know what I mean, a bit like Marilyn Monroe, but more so. Though my teacher told me to use lime, when I arrived at the wood yard and saw the astronomical prices, 1 was swiftly talked into buyingat a quarter of the price of limea massive piece of I-don't-know-what. Well, when 1 got my "bargain" wood back to the workshop, it was a nightmare. The wood was green and wet, it was lull of iron-hard knots, it started to warp and split the moment I started carving, it made my tools rusty, the grain was wild and twistedI could continue listing its terrible qualities. Yes, I did manage to finish my carving, but at what cost to my strength and sanity? It was truly awful, a sort of mad mix-up between Marilyn Monroe and a glandular Guernsey! The moral of this sad little tale from my teenage years is there are no shortcuts, and there are very few bargains. You must use a piece of good wood. The following listing will help you on your way: AlderA sapwood tree common in low-lying areas. A wood traditionally used by North American Indians and early settlers, it is especially good for bowls and general kitchenwares. American WhitewoodKnown variously as tulipwood, basswood, canary wood, and many other names besides, this is a soft, easy-to-carve wood. AppleA hard dense, close-grained fruitwood, it comes in small sizes, carves well and takes a good polish. Apple is traditionally used for small items of treen (woodenware), and for kitchenwares. BeechA heavy, relatively easy-to-carve wood that has a yellow-gold sapwood and a reddish heart. Beech is particular! good for carved furniture. BoxwoodA beautiful, pleasant-smelling, butter-smooth wood that is extremely hard and close-grained. If you want to carve items like jewelry, hair combs, small dishes and boxes, then boxwood is a good choice. CedarPencil Cedar is a favorite wood for carving. It cuts to a clear pink-brown finish.

CherryAmerican cherry is a close-grained, hard-towork, reddish brown wood that comes in relatively small widths. It carves well and can be brought to a wonderful high-shine finish. HickoryStraight-grained with a white sapwood and reddish brown heartwood, hickory is often the first choice for large sculptural carvings. Horse ChestnutWhite if it is felled in winter, and yellow-brown if it is felled later in the year, this wood is especially good for carved furniture details and for dairy and kitchenwares. HollyA close-grained, ivory-white wood that carves well and takes fine details, it is a good wood for small desktop toys, and kitchenwares. LimeEnglish lime is one of my favorite woods. Buttercolored, close-grained and easy to carve, it is the traditional choice for architectural work, like mirror surrounds, coats-of-arms, small sculptures and interior trim. Though linden or basswood are often described as being the same as lime, they are to my way of thinking quite different. MapleSoft maple is the traditional choice for general carversused for making such things as furniture, domestic wares and musical instrumentswhile rock maple is preferred for heavier items like sports gear and some laundry wares. PearA pink-brown wood that has a close-grained, satiny finish. It's really good for kitchenwares. PlumOne of my favorite woods. Though it is certainly very difficult to carve, the color and texture are special especially good for small presentation pieces. SycamoreA hard, light-colored wood, it carves and finishes well. Sycamore is a top choice for dairy and kitchenwares, where it is important that the wood leave no smell or taint. Yellow PineWhite to reddish light brown, it is good for large sculptural carvings and interior details. It has been used traditionally in shipbuilding and interior joinery. If you order the wood unseen, be sure to specify "smooth first growth." If you don't, there is a good chance that you will be given poor-grade, coarse and knotty second growth.

Gilded Scroll Shelf

y dictionary defines a console shelf as being an ornamental bracketespecially one used to support a bustwhile a scroll is described as being a decorative carving in the form of a stylized roll of parchment. Okay, not very exciting you might think, just a shelf and a bracket. But give the shelf a semicircular form and an ogee-type lip profile, embellish the scroll with a wee bit of carving and coat of gold paint, and then put the two together, and suddenlyPow!you have a really special eye-catching item, a truly unique and dynamic piece of woodwork.

MAKING THE SHELF

The actual shelf is very straightforwardreally no more than two half-circles butted and dowelled at right angles. That said, you do have to be mindful at the layout stage that the top boardthe one that will become the shelf surfaceneeds to measure the radius of the circle from front to back, plus the thickness of the wood. Use a compass, ruler and square to set out the wood: Fret the two forms out with a band saw. Use a router or moulding plane to cut the lip profile. Then use glue and hidden dowels to butt the forms together at right angles.

MAKING THE BRACKET

Having chosen your block of easy-to-carve wood, press transfer the side view of the scroll through to the wood and then cut it out on the band saw. Then run a center line down the front lace. Next, take some masking tape and use it to establish the tapered shape of the scroll as seen in front view. Set the workpiece side-down on the bench and use a mallet and shallow-sweep straight gouge to lower the side of the scroll. The best way of visualizing the lowered side of the scroll is to think of it as a mountain road that starts at the center of the big end of the scroll, curls around and downhill, and then slowly back uphill to finish at the center of the small scroll. Staying with this mountain-androads imagery, if you leave the scroll on its side, and if you lower your viewpoint to bench level, you will see that with the finished scroll, the scroll centersor you might say the peaks around which the roads curlare both at the same height. When you are clear in your own mind as to the shape of the scroll, carve down to the level of the "road" on one side of the scroll, then flip the scroll over and work the other side in identical mirror-image reverse. The best way of ensuring that the scroll is symmetrical as seen in front view is to slightly lower the "road" on one side and then the other, and then back to the other side, and so on. You will find that this little-by-little approachwith constant reference to the center lineis the easiest way to proceed. Having made the sides of the scroll, turn it over so you can see it front-on. Use the masking tape and a soft pencil to establish the 1/4"-wide track that runs parallel to each side edge. When you are happy with the guidelines, use a knife and gouge to work and model the central area until it is lowered by about 3/16" and is slightly convex. When you have what you consider is a well-formed and modeled scroll, use the graded sandpapers to rub it

down to a smooth finish. Make sure that all the nooks and creases are crisp and clean. This done, draw the stylized foliage imagery on the front face of the scroll, incise it with the knife, and then give the whole works a coat of matte white undercoat paint, followed by a coat of bestquality gold paint. Run a couple holes in from the back of the shelf support, use brass screws to fix the bracket to the shelf, and finally give the whole works a coat of thin varnish and/ or a burnishing with beeswax polish.

SPECIAL TIP
Though generally in woodcarvmg your wood has to be attractive, straight-grained, free from splits and knots and relatively easy to carve, there are times when, as the wood is to be painted, you don't have to worry about its looks. This being the case, you could go for an inexpensive, characterless but easy-to-carve variety like jelutong. That said, if you relish the notion of the project but want to go for a uniform plain wood blond look, then 1 think your best choice would be lime.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

1 Butt the two halves of the shelf together and fit with glue and secret dowels.

2 When you have made the blank and used the masking tape to establish the shape of the bracket as seen in front view, shade in the waste that needs to be cut away. Note that the arrows indicate the center line and the sides.

3 If you have carved it correctly, you will see that the scroll peaks are at the same level.

5 Use a knife to clean up the sides and to deepen the stop-cut that defines the depth and shape of the camber. 4 The mountain road analogy perfectly describes how the side-face curls down, around and up. Be watchful as you lower the "road" that the "cliff facemeaning the face that in this view goes vertically up from the road and through to the peakis cleanly worked.

7 Be careful when you are working the top of the small scroll that you don't dig too deeply into what will be end grain.

6 The incised cuts are best worked with three strokes: one stop-cut to set in the center line and to establish the depth of the incision, followed up by an angled cut at each side to establish the width of the incision and to remove the waste.

8 Having used a ruler and square to draw in the center line, do a dry-run fit of the scroll. Establish the position of the screw holes by taking your eyelevel down to the face of the wood and identifying the scroll-to-shelf contact points.

GILDING THE SCROLL BRACKET

Woodworkers are forever coming up with new and exciting ideas. I'm sure you know what I mean. One moment you are hall way through a project, and the next . . . Eureka! A new idea or variation springs to mind. And so it was with this project. The moment I had finished describing how to carve the bracket and give it a lick of gold paint, it suddenly occurred to me that perhaps it would be more in keeping with the wood carving tradition to gild the bracket. Though gilding is a technique that requires a good deal of time and patience, the end result is stunning, well worth the effort. There are two methods of gilding: oil and water. 1 have opted for what is best described as the shortcut oil technique. That is to say, I follow the whole procedure for the gold painting, and then finish up with the gilding.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

THE GILDING PROCEDURE

Give the finished carving a couple of coats of matte white undercoat paint followed by a coat of gold paint, and wait for the paint to dry. Then take a piece of fine-grade sandpaper and rub the carving down to a smooth-to-thetouch finishthe smoother the better. Being mindful that the oil gold size dries in about 25 minutes, give a small area at the back of the bracket a swift thin coat. When the size is tackyalmost dryslide one of the gold leaf sheets out onto the plywood and cut it into small postage-stamp pieces. Press straight down with the lull length of the blade. Now for the tricky part! Take the brush or tip, pass it a couple of times over your hair to increase the static, and then touch it down so that it picks up a small piece of gold leaf. Lay the gold leaf down onto the tacky size and dab it into place with a pad of lint-free cotton cloth. Take up the second piece of gold leaf and lay it down alongside the first so that there is a slight overlap. Continue until the whole surface of the bracket is covered in gold. Finally, dust the surface with a dry brush to remove loose pieces of gold, and the job is done. Having made sure that everything is clean, dry and free from dustyour hands, the blade and the plywoodtake the blade and press the whole length of the cutting edge down hard on the gold leaf. Make the cut by slightly rocking the blade. 1

2 Wipe the brush over your hair to increase the static, then swiftly pick up the gold leaf and lay it down on the tacky gold size. Press the leaf down with a clean cotton pad.

COMBINATION AND MULTIPLANES

I don't like routers. Okay, so maybe they are the best thing since sliced bread. Yes, they do a wonderful job, and 1 agree that they aren't as expensive as they used to be, and there is no doubting that they get the job done in almost no time at all. I know all the arguments. The thing is, I don't like routers because of all the dust and noise. But how do I cut my moldings, grooves, tongues, rounds, hollows and all the other profiles? Well, the beautifully simple answer is, 1 use an old Stanley 45 combination plane. The Stanley 45 is, to my way of thinking, one of the most beautiful woodworking tools ever invented. It came into being at the end of the nineteenth century, when there was a huge push by the iron plane manufacturers to come up with a single do-it-all plane. You have to remember that up until that time, every type and size of slot, tongue, fillet and fancy profile needed to be worked with a dedicated plane. Can you imagine? If you were a keen woodworker in the nineteenth century, it's likely you would have needed 40 to 50 or more different wooden moulding planes! The Stanley 45 is a quality tool, more like a hand-built gun than a plane. It has a main body piece with a sledgeskate sole runner and a rosewood handle; a cutter clamp and integral depth gauge with a large knurled wheel; two nickel steel outrigger arms that are fixed to the main body with screws; a middle section with an integral handle and sledge-skate sole runner that fits onto the outrigger arms; a fence with a rosewood runner; and a selection of 45 plus cutting irons. And as if all that isn't enough, my Stanley 45 is covered in fancy caste motifs; dripping with chrome and nickel plate; heavy with thumbscrews, locking nuts, wing nuts, adjusting screws, cutting spurs and knobs; and supplied with the set of cutting irons packaged in a wooden wallet. Better yet, the whole works fits into the most attractive tin presentation box. And just in case you are wondering . . . yes, the plane does indeed live up to its looks. Of course, it has to be carefully tuned and the irons need to be kept sharp, but that said, it is a most efficient tool.

STANLEY COMBINATION PLANE

The legendary Stanley 45 in action.

Setting up the Plane

As to why Stanley stopped making the "45" way back in the 1960s, who can say. They are still being sought by today's woodworkers, and though they are relatively easy to obtain, the main problem is that most secondhand 45's come disassembled and without the necessary setting, tuning and using instructions. And just in case you are one of the growing army of avid user-collectors who have a secondhand Stanley 45, and would dearly like to know how it needs to be sorted

and tuned, then help is at hand. The order of setting up or tuningthe way I do it is as follows. I first select a cutting iron and check that the edge is clean and well honed. If necessary, I wipe it on the oilstone and use a slipstone and a strop to bring the cutter bevel to a razor-sharp, 35 edge. This done, I fit the cutting iron into the groove and adjust the wing nut so that the iron is held in position. Next, I slide the middle sole runner on the outrigger arms and slide it up to the body of the plane so that the blade has a runner at each side edge. If I am going to cut across the run of the grain, I set the spurs so that the little cutter or nicker blade is in the down position. Lastly, I measure and set the fence and the plane is ready for action. Okay, the plane is well set up and tuned, you have a nice straight-grained piece of wood in the vise, and you are ready to go. The first thing to do is get a household candle and wipe it over the sole and fence of the plane. Certainly it sounds a bit strange, but a couple strokes with the candle will dramatically reduce the frictionit will just about cut your sweat by half. And just in case you don't believe me, try it without the candleha! When you are ready to go, with the depth gauge set, set the runners down on the workpiece so that the fence is hanging over the side edge of the workpiece. Clench that fence hard up against the side edge, and then take repeated passes until the groove, tongue or profile is cut. The best procedure is to start at the end of the wood furthest away from you, and then gradually back up. Of course, you might need to adjust the depth of cut, but if you have it all together, with the plane nicely tuned and set up, the rest is easy. As 1 said at the beginning, the Stanley 45 is a beautiful tool: no dust, no deafening noise, no need for a mask or ear plugs, no motors or dangling cables. Just a sweet slickkk ... slickkk . . . as the paper-thin shavings curl up.

Heart-Shaped Puzzle Box

hen I was a kid, an old woman left me a small wooden box in her will. The funny thing was that, although it appeared to be just an ordinary empty box with a small division to one side, when I shook it, it rattled. After variously pushing, pressing and sliding the sides and base of the box, I discovered that it had a secret compartment! It was very exciting. When I pressed down on one side of the bottom inside of the box, I was able to slide up one side of the little division to reveal a secret space. As for the rattling noise, it was a solid gold half sovereign! This project draws its inspiration from that old wooden box. It has all the same elements: a secret area, a sliding lid, and a part that swivels open.

MAKING THE BOX

First things first, you must have a good long look at the working drawings and see how the box works. Of course, like all such boxes, it's pretty easy when you know how. To open the box, swivel the lid to the right to reveal the coin slot and the top of the dovetail key. Then, at the same time, slide and swivel the coin slot face of the box down and around to reveal the inside compartment. When you have studied the design, draw out the heart shape. Make a tracing. Pencil press transfer the traced lines through to the layers of wood that go to make up the box. You need six layers in all: four at 1/4" thick and two at 1 1/8". Fret the shapes out on the scroll saw, so that they are all slightly oversizemeaning that the line of cut

is about 1/8" to the waste side of the drawn line. While you are at it, cut out the inside-box area. Glue the two 1 1/8" layers together and use a gouge to pare the inside of the box to a clean finish. Next, use a fine saw and chisel to pare a channel from top to bottom of the box (at top-middle, where the two cheeks meet). Now, pencil label the four 1/4"-thick cutouts: "top," "second down," "third down" and "bottom." Then glue the "bottom" to the box. Glue the rod of wood in the channel and cut the dovetail shape. This done, take the "third down" layer and cut the two slots and the dovetail location notch. When you are happy with the fit, take the "second down" layer, set the scroll saw cutting table at an angle, and run the wood through the saw to cut the miter across the topleft cheek. When you have made all the component parts, then comes the not-so-easy part of putting the box together. The best procedure is to first fix the slotted layer and the bottom half of the mitered layer with a swivel screw. Then glue the two halves of the mitered layer together. Finish by gluing the lop layer to cover up the swivel screw. Certainly it sounds complicated but, in fact, you will have it worked out in much less time than it lakes to tell. Finally, you rub it down with the graded sandpapers and seal with Danish oil.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

SPECIAL TIP
The secret of getting this box right has to do with the standard of the finishing and fitting. All the surfaces must be rubbed down to a super-smooth finish, especially the mating faces that are to be glued and the laces that are to slide over each other. As to the final gluing, the best procedure is to start off using double-sided sticky tape, and then use the glue for real when you know how it all goes together. 1 say this because it is the easiest thing in the world to make a complete mess-up by gluing the wrong two parts together. Be warned!

1 Detail showing how the square rod fits in the channel so that the dovetail at the top locates in the slotted layer. The procedure is to first glue and fit the rod, then cut the dovetail.

2 The miter cut on the second layer needs to be angled so that it l ooks toward the bottom of the heart. Be mindful that the finer the saw used to make the cut, the better the fit.

3 See how the top-left part of the mitered layer needs to be glued to the slotted layer, so that the topmost part of the miter hangs clear of the dovetail.

4 The pivot slot on the third layer needs to be adjusted so that the layer can be slid down and then swung overso that the "cheeks" at the top of the heart just clear the dovetail.

5 In my design, the slotted layer is able to swing to the left or right. If you want to make the box more of a puzzle, a good modification would be to build in a little "stop" peg so that the layer could only be swung to the left.

PROTOTYPES
A prototype is a full-size working model that is made prior to the project. The idea is to use inexpensive materials to work out all the problems before you start using your precious materials. As you can imagine, this heart-shaped box didn't drop from the sky perfect and ready-madeno way! In fact, it was rather difficult to sort out. Although the various views and cross sections looked fine on paper, I just couldn't figure out how the three layers that make the top of the box fit great together. In the end, after a deal of swearing and messing about, 1 decided that the best way was to make a full-size prototype from three pieces of 1/4"-thick hardboard. The working procedure went as follows: First I cut out the three heart shapes and pencil labelled them "1," "2" and "3." Then I drew the heart shape out on the bench. Next, I took cutout number 3 and played around on the drawn-out heart with various placings of the swivel point and the sliding slot. The main difficulty I found was positioning the miter in such a way that there was enough room for the "cheeks" of the heart to slide open. When I had established the precise position of the swivel point and the length of the slot, I then tried out board number 2 and fixed the position of the miter slot. And, of course, when it came to making the box for real, I had the hardboard cutouts to use as templates. And just in case you are thinking that you are so skilled that you can go straight in and make the toy, the table or whatever, without making a working model, yes, you might well be lucky once or even twice. But sooner or later you are going to make a mistake with one or all parts getting incorrectly cut and/or glued. For example: I once designed the most beautiful chair. It looked wonderful on paper; the drawn elevations were a work of art! But when it was built, it was unstable, it was grossly uncomfortable, and it started to pull apart. Another time, 1 made a moving toy that looked good on paper, but when 1 made it full size, the friction between the wheels and the floor was so great that it simply didn't work. All this is to say that the only sure way of knowing that a design is going to work is to make a full-size working model.

TWEAKING THE DESIGN When you are fixing the swivel point and the slot, make sure that the slot is long enough for the cheeks to clear the underside of the dovetail.

6 Because I had quite a lot of trouble cutting out the center of the boxfirst with the drills and then with a gouge I think the next lime around 1 will redesign the dovetail post so that it cuts right through the wall of the box. Then 1 can more easily clear the inside-box waste on my fine-bladed band saw.

Traditional Springerle Board

he American Colonial kitchen or "keeping room" was an absolute treasury of fine woodwork. There were butter bowls and salt trays, boxes and knife racks, pipeshelves, cutting boards, tables and chairs, all of them variously carved, pierced and detailed. Of course, they are all exciting in some way or other, but for my money, I particularly like the beautifully carved biscuit and cookie boards. There were shortcake molds made by the English and Scottish communities, breadboards made by the Swedish communities, little stamps and presses made by the Polish immigrants. Just about every Old World group had a unique style, form and tradition of carved boards.

Of all these "mother country" woodenwares, the German American Springerle cookie boards are perhaps the most delicate and fanciful. Every early Pennsylvania German home had them. The cookie dough was rolled thin and the carved hardwood board was pressed onto it to imprint the designs. When the cookies were baked, the resultant raised designs and motifs made an attractive table arrangement. So if you like the notion of basic carving, and you know someone who enjoys baking, then this could be the project for you.

MAKING THE SPRINGERLE BOARD

This is the perfect project for nervous beginners who are looking for an easy way into the craft of woodcarving. All you need is a flat board, a bench clamp or holdfast, a Vsection gouge, a straight gouge, a small spoon gouge, a sharp knife and a steel safety ruler, and you are ready to begin. Trace the design on a slab of well-prepared, closegrained hardwood. We have chosen beech, but you could just as well go for plum, pear, sycamore or maple. Then carefully pencil-press transfer the primary lines of the design through to the wood. Next, cut out the shape of the board on a scroll saw and rub the edges down to a good finish. This done, secure the workpiece flat-down with the clamps or holdfast and use the spoon bit tool to scoop out the primary elements of the design. Don't try for any great depth, just settle for nice round depressions. It's all pretty easy, as long as you are careful that the tool doesn't dig too deeply into the gram and/or skid across the wood. Continue working with a controlled action, holding and guiding the tool with one hand and pushing, scooping and maneuvering with the other until you have achieved what you consider is a good strong design. You need to dish out the hat, the hair, the face, the coat and cuffs, and the boots. Being mindful that the design is in reverse, try to judge the depth of the carving so that the fullest part of the design has the deepest hollows. Aim to scoop out the little dips and hollows to a depth of about 1/4". Don't dig the tool too deep or try to lever the tool, but rather work with a delicate scooping and paring action. Cut across the grain wherever possible. Remove only small curls of wood and try to keep the carving crisp and controlled. If you feel at any time that the tool is cutting roughly, then approach the grain from another angle or sharpen the tool with a few strokes on the stone and leather. Bear in mind that each and every hollow needs to be worked smoothlyno rough surfaces or undercuts. It's a good idea from time to time to test out your carving

by taking a piece of Plasticine and pressing it into the cut shapes, just as if you were pressing dough on the board. Once you have considered the shape and detail of the pressing, you can adjust your work accordingly. Ask yourself as you are working, could the little dips be deeper? are the shapes nicely rounded? and so on. With the basic pattern in place, take the very smallest spoon gouge and scoop out the little dips that go to make up the small dot and dash details of the buttons and eyes. Next, use your knives to cut in the fine details. For example, you need to cut in the features, the sash and belt, the tassels around the top of the boots, and so on. And of course, if at any time along the way you want to cut in pockets or bigger plumes or other details, then follow your fancies. Finally, use the knife or V-tool to cut in the simple frame shape.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

1 Go over the transferred lines with a soft pencil and then spray with pencil fixative to prevent

2 Use one of your spoon bent gouges to scoop out all the little hollows and depressions that will make up the design.

4 Use the smallest spoon bit gouge to "winkle" out the small dot-and-dash details of the eyes and trim. Stab the tool down vertically and twist it on the spot so that it "drills" out a pocket of waste.

SPECIAL TIP
If you find that your tools are cutting roughly, the chances are that the wood is damp or unsuitable or the tools are blunt and need sharpening. The best way to work is to set yourself a rhythm. That is, spend a lew minutes carving and a few minutes standing back and assessing your progress, and then a few minutes rubbing the bevel of the knife or chisel on the fine stone, and so on. If you do this, the work will move along smoothly, with the carving being nicely considered and the tools kept at maximum sharpness.

3 If the shape of the depression permits, cease with the spoon bit and change to using the straight gouge. You will find that the straight tool allows you to get a bit more weight behind the thrust.

5 Use the knife to cut the tassel details. Make three cuts for each tassela deep stabbing horizontal stop-cut to define the width of the tassel, followed by two downstrokes to clear the waste from the triangular pocket.

section frame detail. Each line is made with three cutsa single straight-down stop-cut to define the depth of the V, followed by two angled cuts to clear the waste. example, you might get a couple of straight gouges, a Vtool and a bent gouge. Of course, once you actually start carving, the whole problem sorts itself out. You will soon discover that certain tricky details simply cannot be worked, or that you can't carve an undercut or some other detail with any one of your four tools. Then you have enough knowledge to buy a tool of a shape and size to suit. When I first started carving, my favorite tool was a medium-size, shallow-curve straight gougeit still gets used more than any other tool. So you might start out with the four tools, and everything will be fine and dandy, until the time comes when you need to use a fishtail or a smaller spoon gouge, or yet another size straight gouge .. . and so the fun begins. All that said, the single thing that bothers most beginners is that they are confused when it comes to the names and the numbers of woodcarving tools. If you don't know what I mean, look at various woodcarving tool catalogs.

6 Use the steel safety ruler and the knife to cut the V-

CHOOSING AND USING WOODCARVING TOOLS

There are so many woodcarving tools on the market that beginners are often bewildered when it comes to buying gouges and chisels. For example, I have just looked through a handful of current catalogs and I see hundreds of slightly different tools to choose from. Maybe you aren't going to need more than a handful of tools, but the big problem is which ones to buy. The first question you have to ask yourself is what do you have in mind to carve? Are you excited about the notion of carving huge sculptural pieces? Or do you fancy caning intricate little birds? Or do you just want to try your hand at traditional flatwork like chip or relief carving, the sort of carving that you see on furniture? When you decide on your area of woodcarving sculptural, relief designs, miniatures or whateverit's best to buy a modest starter kit of, say, four tools. For

From one manufacturer to another, there are all manner of descriptions that relate to the same tool types. Some manufacturers use letters and numbers, some use their own prefix codes, and so forth. If you are a beginner and still undecided as to the correct gouges for your starter kit, then try the following methodit may help. Start by determining the width of blade you need. Let's say that you have chosen a V2" width. Next, consider the hollow or sweep of the blade. Ask yourself, do you want a shallow sweep or do you want a deep U-section sweep for bowls and such? Finally, decide on the profile or shape of the blade along its length. For example, do you want a straight blade or a curved or spoon bent? Once you have sorted out the blade width, the shape of the sweep and the profile of the blade, then all you do is walk into the store and point a finger.

STRAIGHT CHISELS AND GOUGES

If you are still confused as to terms, the following glossary will show you the way. Straight ChiselA straight chisel is a flat-bladed tool that has a straight cutting edge. If you jab the cutting edge into the wood, it will leave a straight cut, like a dash. The term "straight" relates to the shape of the blade along its length. The size of the chisel is determined by the width of the cutting edge. In use, the chisel is held in one hand and then either pushed or struck with a mallet. Straight GougeThough the straight gouge is straight along its lengthjust like the straight chiselthe blade is hollow-curved in cross section. If you stab a gouge into the wood, it makes a curved cut, like a C or U. The shape of the curve is termed the "sweep." So when you are ordering a gouge, you need to know the width of the blade and the shape of the sweep. In use, the straight gouge is either pushed by hand or struck with a mallet.
CURVED OR BENT CHISELS AND GOUGES

(A) Straight chisel; (B) deep sweep curved gouge; (C) shallow sweep spoon bent gouge; (D) shallow sweep fishtail gouge; (E) shallow sweep backbent gouge.

CURVED OR BENT CHISELS AND GOUGES

Having established that the term "straight" describes the shape of the blade along its length, it follows that the terms "curved" or "bent" also describe the blade along its length. For example, you might have two gouges that make identical cuts, the only difference being that one is straight along its length and the other curved or bent. They make the same cut, but the bent tool allows you to

hook and scoop into hollows that the straight tool is unable to reach. Spoon bent, fishtail and back-bent tools are simply gouges that are more extremely shaped along their length. So, if you want the cutting edge of your gouge to be a certain width and sweep, you have to make a decision as to the shape of the blade along its length. Do you want a straight blade for heavy pushing or mallet work, a bent one for digging out a shallow bowl, a spoon shape for scooping out deep hollows, or a fishtail for cleaning out tight corners? HandlesOnce you have decided on the width of the blade, the size of the sweepmeaning the shape of the C sectionand the shape of the blade along its length, then comes the choice of the handle. There are turned hardwood handles, plastic handles, handles with and without ferrules, and so on. I personally prefer the "London" pattern of turned and shaped octagonal boxwood handles on three counts. They are comfortable to hold, they look good, and best of all, the octagonal section prevents the tool rolling about or falling off the bench and doing damage.

Nautical Clock and Weather Station

hen we decided to move from a wild and windy part of the coast to a relatively mild hills-and-dales part of the country, we felt that we wanted to take a lasting memento with us. As we both love the sea, we felt that we wanted a reminder of our wonderful walks along the rugged cliffs, of the picnics on the lonely beaches, and of the exciting times we had with our many boats. After a great deal of thought that took in such notions as collecting sea shells and the like, it suddenly came to us. Why not take a piece of driftwoodperhaps part of an old boatand turn it into a nautical clock and weather station? To our way of thinking, the whole project would be a lasting memento . . . of the beaches, the storms that smashed up the boats, and the constant need to keep one eye on the time, tide and weather. So if you, too, want to make a memento gift that uses a piece of found wood, then this is a great project.

The wonderful thing about a design of this size, type and character is its flexibility. There are any number of amazingly exciting options. I say this because, as soon as I had made the sculpted and weathered board, Gill came up with the beautiful idea of using one of our old moulding planes to create a classic moulded board. Her thinking was that there must be thousands of woodworkers out there who own an old plane and are just looking for an excuse to tune it up and get started! She also had the bright idea that with a more formal board, the various instruments could be arranged so that the board could be mounted vertically or horizontally.

MAKING THE FOUND WOOD BOARD

This project is slightly unusual in that your found wood needs the minimum of preparation. Okay, it needs to be clean and the like, but that's about itno jointing, no

extensive marking out, just three drilled holes and a small amount of planing and sanding. And, of course, there's no reason why your piece of found wood can't be a branch from a special tree, a part of an old house, a piece of wood found in the desert or mountains, or by a river, as long as it has some particular significance. When you have found your piece of wood, set it down on the bench and consider how the instruments might best be placed. Are you going to settle for the clock, the thermometer and the hygrometer, (see page 73), or are you going to go for additional instruments like a tube barometer or maybe a special tide-time clock? Of course, much depends on the size of your piece of found wood. Though I wanted three matching brass dials, with a clock having Arabic numerals, I found it impossible to get a good matchup. As you can see, I had to settle for a slightly nasty white-face clock with Roman numerals. Make sure that the instruments you choose are designed to fit into a shallow recess or hole, with the brass surround or rim overlapping the edge of the hole. When you have decided where the instruments are going to be placed, use a wire brush to scour the grit and grime from the workpiece. If you see some part of the found wood that could be modified in some way, then so

much the better. For example, 1 knocked out two rusty old nails and wire brushed the resultant iron-stained holes so that they were big enough to take a piece of found rigging cordage, so that the clock and weather station could be hung on the wall. Use the wire brush to sculpt the form, to extend and exaggerate the actions of nature. You can make contours that are rounded and rippled, much the same way as the wind, rain, sand and sea scour out the soft part of the grain, so that the hard gram and knots are left standing in relief. When you have achieved what you consider is a good form, use a plane and sandpaper to prepare a level seating big enough for the instruments. Aim for a flat smooth surface that is slightly bigger than the instruments. Make sure that there are no nails, grit or other matter in the areas that are going to be drilled. Having cleaned up the seating for the instruments so that it resembles a level plateau, bore the recess holes out with the Forstner bits. Then seal with a coat of varnish and use beeswax to burnish the whole works to a rich sheen finish. Finally, push fit the instruments in the holes, fit the rope or chain, and the project is finished and ready for hanging.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

2 Remove the more obvious bits of rubbishold nails, bits of tar, embedded grit and such. Wipe the wood with a damp cloth and leave it until it is good and dry.

1 Having found your piece of wood, select a set of instruments to fit.

3 Not forgetting to wear gloves and goggles, use a power drill fitted with a wire brush attachment to scour out the loose grain. The safest procedure is to have the workpiece either screwed or clamped to the bench.

4 A close-up showing how I have concentrat ed use of the wire brush along the edges and around the knots, so that there is a smooth, level central area.

5 If you have a drill bit size that fits the instrument, then so much the better; otherwise, you have to drill the nearest size hole. After drilling the hole, painstakingly file it to fit. I needed to remove an all-round strip about 1/8" wide. Noteas I said earlier in the project, I don't much like the clock as shown. On consideration, I would much prefer the little watch-clock as shown in the miniature mantle clock case project.

MAKING A TRADITIONAL BEAD-MOULDED BOARD

Having measured and marked out the board and cut it to size, use the bench plane to bring it to a smooth finish. When you are happy that the board is square and true, secure it to the bench so that one long side is hanging over the edge. 3 Set your moulding plane up with /8"-wide beading iron. If like me, you are using a single-bead cutter to plane two beads side by sidea double reedthen adjust the fence to the position for the bead that is furthest in from the edge. The procedure is: First cut the bead that is furthest in from the edge. Then reset the fence and cut the bead nearest the edge. You repeat the procedure for the other edge of the board. Finally, having used a block plane to chamfer the ends of the board, drill out the three large-diameter holes as already described in step 5. SPECIAL TIP If you are looking to bore out clean-sided, flat-bottomed holesrelatively shallow holes as in this projectthen you can't do better than using Forstner drill bits in conjunction with a drill press. We use a large Delta bench drill press. It doesn't wobble, or make odd noises, or require a great deal of attention. It just gets on with the job. As for the drill bits, we have a set of Forstner bits made by Freud. They do a beautiful job every single time. They bore down through end grain and hard knots, and just about anything we care to throw at them. Best of all, we like the fact that we can use them to bore out overlapping holes. Yes, they do cost about twice as much as most bits, but they last longer, stay sharp and are a pleasure to use.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

When you have used the plane to cut the two beads side by side, reset the blade to the very finest of skimming cuts and burnish the surface of the wood to a sheen finish. Be careful not to force the pace. Just let the weight of the plane do the work.

Raised Letter Address Plaque

hen we first got married, one of the joys and pleasures was having our own home. Some of the first things we did when we moved into our infinitesimally minute cottage were to paint the front door bright red and design an address plaque. The red door didn't go down too well, but the plaque was a huge success! The neighbors admired it, the mailman said it added a touch of classin fact the whole street made comments. So, if you want to make someone a unique gift, one that will beautify their homebe it ever so humble a house, cottage, bungalow, farm, ranch or riverboatthen a fretted address plaque is a great idea.

THOUGHTS ON DESIGN
Of all the projects in the book, the name board is perhaps both the easiest and the most complex. I say this because, while the fretting techniques are truly easyjust about as simple and direct as can bethe design is something again. The problem is, of course, how to achieve a good visual effectmeaning a balance between the solid wood and the pierced areaswhile at the same time getting the message across and achieving a structure that is sound. For example, it's no good at all having a design that is so complex that it needs to be viewed closeup with a magnifying glass, or a house name that is more an epic saga than one or two words. Also, the shape of the pierced areas needs to be carefully thought through so that the imagery is rounded and easy to cut. You don't want lots of spiky, sharp-angled imagery that is almost impossible to cut. We are not suggesting that you necessarily use the sunburst image and the word "Home." After all, it would be more than a little bit strange if you, your neighbors and all our readers had identical boards. What we have in mind is that you use our imagery as an inspirational guide. In fact, you can use just about any imagery that takes your fancybirds, horses, cattle, mountains, trees or whatever. The chief design problem is being able to link the name and the imagery so that the total message gets across. Let's say, for example, that you are giving this board to your grandmother who lives by the sea in a cottage called "Harbor View." You might well have a galleon riding the waves, or seashells, or a crab, or an anchor, or gulls, or a steamer, or whatever sea-salt-and-briny imagery that suits. And your great auntthe one who lives in the mountainscould have a plaque with peaks, or bears, or fir trees. So let your imagination run wild!

When you have chosen your wood, and once you have achieved what you consider is a good designwith the spelling of the name double-checkedtrace off the design, press transfer the imagery through to the wood, and shade in the areas of waste that need to be cut away. This done, take your drill and run pilot holes through the shaded areas. How you fret out the waste areas depends on your particular tool kit. I used an electric scroll saw, but you could just as well use a coping saw, a bow saw or even a large fretsaw. No matter your choice of tool, the procedure is much the same. Make the pilot holes. Unhitch the saw blade and enter it through the hole. Refit the blade and adjust the tension. Then variously move and maneuver both the workpiece and the saw, so as to run the line of cut to the waste side of the drawn line. When you have fretted out the design and used the graded sandpapers to rub the rough edges to a smooth finish, cut out the base board and bring it to a good finish. Use waterproof glue to bond the two boards together. Finally, having first protected the wood with oil, paint or whatever seems appropriate, it's time to present the board as a gift. And if you really want to make it special, you could offer to mount the board on the wall, gate, post or other appropriate place.

SPECIAL TIP
If you are going to mount the board directly on a wall, say beside the front door, it's best to use brass or bronze screws and have the board distanced from the wall by an inch or so. That way, when the ram runs down the wall and dribbles behind the board, there is space enough for a good flow of drying air.

MAKING THE PLAQUE

First things first, you need to decide on the wood. I say this because in many ways the choice of the wood is essential to the design. While the wood must withstand the wind and the rain and be relatively easy to work, it must also be fitting for the task. For example, while oak is a good choice for our plaque which is to remain unpainted and mounted on a cottage near the sea, if you live in a pine forest or you plan to have the board painted, then you might as well use an inexpensive wood like pine.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES
1 Having settled on a good, easy-to-work style of lettering, spend time drawing the letters up to size.

Run small pilot holes through the areas that need to be cut away. Be mindful if you are using a hand saw, that as some blades have pin fixings, you will have to choose a larger bit size.

3 As you can see, I had a bit of trouble keeping the line of cut on course. The problem was that the blade needed changing, the wood was amazingly tough and stringy, and I needed a rest. The only good thing you can say is that the bad cuts occur well to the waste side of the drawn line.

4 If you find that the workpiece doesn't want to move smoothly, then it's a good idea to rub a wax candle over both the surface of the cutting table and the underside of the workpiece. And don't be stingy with the blades. If the blade looks saggy or burns the wood, then change it!

FRETTED LETTERS IN RELIEF If your workshop is anything like mine, you are forever wondering what you can do with the offcuts. Well, there we were fretting out the letter shapes when one of the kids next door, Michelle Edwards, asked me if she could have the "M" and "E" waste cutouts from the word "HOME," so that she could stick them on her bedroom door. And so it was that the idea came to us that we could design a house board that used the cutouts rather than the holes, if you see what I mean. PROCEDURE First, you need to draw the letter and/or number forms up to sizeours are 1 1/2" highand trace them off. Arrange the tracing on the 1/4" wood so that the grain runs from side to side through the letters. Pencil press transfer the traced lines through to the wood. As for the fretting out procedure, it's much the same as already described (see page 80), only easier. If you think about it, you will see that you only have to run the pilot holes through the enclosed formslike the O and Aand you don't have to worry about saving the ground around the letters. All you do is run the line of cut in from the edge of the wood, travel around the letter and then move on to the next form. Once you have beveled off the edges of the ground board, then comes the tricky task of setting out the various

guidelines. I use the word tricky advisedly, because if the spacing between the letters is wrong, or the baseline on which the letters sit is crooked, or whatever, then the whole thing will be messed-up. The best procedure is to work the spacing out on tracing paper, and then use a square and straight edge to very carefully mark the base board with all the guidelines. When you are happy with the guidelines and the spacing, smear the back of the letters with the PVA glue and dab them down on a piece of scrap wood to remove the excess. Then position them on the board and press down firmly. With all the letters/numbers in place, stand back to check the alignment and then leave them be until the glue has set. Finally, drill the four fixing holes and give the whole works a generous coat of yacht/spar varnish.

NUMBER PATTERNS

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

1 Press transfer the various letters and numbers through to the 1/4"-thick wood. Shade in the waste so that there is no doubting the line of cut. Then fret out the letters and numbers on the scroll saw. Work at a very steady, easy pace, all the while making sure that the line of cut is fractionally to the waste side of the drawn line.

2 Check and double-check the spacing. Label the back of each letter "glue side," and then very carefully glue them in place. Do your best to avoid using so much glue that it oozes out.

DESIGNING AND TRANSFERRING

One of the chief difficulties for many woodworking beginners is that they make mistakes when it comes to designing and transferring. They make the first mistake when they draw the designs up to size, and the second when they transfer the designs through to the wood. The pity of it is that, by the very nature of things, the designing and transferring mistakes occur in the early stages. What invariably happens is that the beginners get so frustrated with the techniques of designing and transferringwhat with using the wrong paper and with pencil lead getting smeared all over the paper and the woodthat they give up on the project before they ever get around to the wondrously exciting woodwork. If you are having difficulties, then the following tips will help you sort out your problems. So we searched around in books until we came up with a strong, bold letter style, one that looked as if it might lend itself to being fretted out with a scroll saw. Then we modified the style slightly so that all the little angles became curves. We used a ruler and square to draw the letters to size on thin layout paper, and then, using tracing paper with ruled guidelines and a square, we played around with the spacing of the letters until the word looked right. Be warned that you must always use a square in all lettering projects. If you don't, you will finish up with a badly spaced, wobbly mess! We did much the same thing with the sunburst design. Having settled on the idea of the sunburst, we drew the elements of the design on scraps of layout paper. We fiddled around with the placing and the size and then drew up a master design on white illustration board. Then we took a final tracing. It sounds a bit complicated, but the whole idea of working in this way is that all the many roughs, ideas, alternatives, variations, scribbles and sketches are worked out on the relatively inexpensive layout paper, before they are ever transferred to the quality paper. We take a tracing from the master drawing so that we can use the tracing in the workshopwhere it generally gets creased, damaged and used to destruction. The master drawings, however, are stored safely away for next time.

Designing
Designing is the procedure of working out the structure, pattern and form of a project by making various drawings, taking photographs and making models or prototypes. For example, with this address plaque the lettering needed a lot of thought. The problem was that while I personally prefer what might be described as classic Greek and Roman letter formswith serifs and thick and thin strokesit was pretty plain to see that such a style would be totally unsuitable in terms of wood and fretsaw work.

Gridded Working Drawings

A scaled square grid can be placed over a working drawing so that the object illustrated can be reduced or enlarged simply by changing the size of the grid. For example, if the grid is described as a "1" grid" or "one grid square to 1"" and the object is 6" long, and you want to finish up with an item 12" long, then all you do is double the scale and read each square off as being 2". And, of course, when you come to drawing the design up to size, you simply draw up a grid of the suggested size and transfer the contents of each square in the design through to your drawn grid.

Tracing and Pencil-Press Transferring

I usually describe the procedure of taking a tracing from the master design and then transferring the design through to the surface of the wood as "pencil-press transferring." The procedure is: Work up the design on layout paper, make the master drawing with a hard pencil and take a tracing with a hard pencil. Next, pencil in the back of the tracing with a soft 2B pencil. Turn the tracing right side up, fix it to the wood with tabs of masking tape, and then rework the traced lines with a hard pencil or ball-point pen. This done, remove the tracing and rework the transferred lines on the wood. Finally, spray the surface of the wood with artist's fixative to prevent the pencil from smudging.

DESIGN TOOLS A set square is an essential piece of drawing equipment. It's best to gel t h e see-through type so you can see what's going on under the square.

Paper, Illustration Board, Layout and Tracing Paper

We use layout paper for the initial scribbles and sketches, good-quality glazed white illustration board for drawing out the master designs, and best-grade tracing paper for the transferring. It's not that we are fussy or faddish, and it's certainly not that we can afford to splash our money around. It's just that over the years we have learned that using the choice papers generally gets the job done faster and with fewer mistakes. Certainly you might think that we could use a flimsy-grade tracing paper for transferring, but again, experience has taught us that using a cheapgrade paper is a bad bet. It tears easily, it bleeds when used with ink and it doesn't take kindly to being scratched and scraped. And the same could be said about the pencils, the illustration board and all the other designing materialsthe best is cheapest in the end! All that said, you can cut costs by visiting a printer and buying offcuts and ends of rolls/packs.

Masking Tape
We use an all-purpose paper, low-tack sticky tape to secure the card and tracing paper to the drawing board, and the tracing paper to the wood. We never use transparent tape simply because it is too sticky and damages both the paper and the wood.

TRANSFERRING SCALED DRAWINGS Having drawn a grid over the original design and another grid at a scale to suitin this case 1 wanted to double up, so it is twice the sizethen all you do is painstakingly transfer the contents of each square.

Counterbalance Horse Toy

One of the pleasures of making a traditional toy of this size, type and character is the fact that you can change the specifications, the working drawings, the imagery, and the techniques to suit your own needs and fancies. For example, you might prefer to go for an elephant or a tiger rather than the horse, or you might want a straight-sided slab rather than the turned base. Our advice is to have a good long look at the working drawings and the various photographs, and then either copy our design directly or go your own way and adjust the designs to suit.

MAKING THE HORSE

Having roughly fretted out the shape of the head and the four legs, begin by taking the seven component parts the head, the four legs and the two body piecesand gluing them together to make the blank. The best procedure is to first glue the two body parts together, then fix the legs to the body and finish with the head. Once you have made the blank, then comes the pleasurable task of whittling the horse to shape. It's all pretty straightforward. All you do is round over the back of the neck and body, swiftly model the face and the hooves, trim the legs and so on. Of course, the degree of modeling will to a great extent depend upon your knowledge of horse anatomy. But that said, I believe that in the context of toys, the imagery is best stylized and simplified. Or to put it another way, yes, the horse needs to look like a horse, but at the same time you do have to be mindful that it needs to be strong. With the overall horse whittled and sanded to shape, run a saw cut down the back of the neck and glue fix the little wooden pegs that go to make the mane. After a lot of trial and error, 1 found that a good method is to cut a couple wooden barbecue sticks into 1" lengths, slice the ends so that they are a tight push fit in the saw kerf, and then use cyanoacrylate to glue the sticks one at a time in the slots. When you are pleased with the shape and placing of the pegs, dribble a tad more glue along the whole row and, finally, trim them to length. When you come to the tail, whittle it to shape as seen in the side view, and then whittle the shape as seen in the top view. It is a little bit tricky because the pine is relatively hard and grainy, but you don't have to get too fussed about the precise shape. Lastly, drill two holes in the horseone for the tail and one for the wire. Then glue the tail into place. Making the horse is pretty easy, but if you look closely at the photographs, you will see that I needed to correct various mistakes. For example, I needed to inset strips to strengthen the hooves, and I had to glue and dowel-pin one of the legs so as to strengthen the short grain. All I am saying is don't get in a sweat if a leg splits off or something else breaks. Just make a glue-and-peg repair and start over.

and whittled posts, crossbar and ball, but you could go for turned posts or other changes.

PUTTING IT TOGETHER
Once you have made the horse, the stand and the ball, then comes the frustrating and finger-twistmg, but very enjoyable, task of putting it all together. Start by gluing the posts in the base and gluing and pinning the crossbar. Don't forget that the posts must be parallel and the crossbar level. Now, having first drilled a hole in the horse's belly and flattened one end of the counterbalance wire, dribble glue in the hole on the underside of the horse and push the flattened end of the wire in place. This done, d rill a hole right through the ball and thread the ball on the wire. Next, bend the wire into a gentle curve and position the horse on the crossbar. Try out various curves of wire until the horse is nicely balanced. Then glue the ball in place and clip off the excess wire. Finally, give all the surfaces a thin coat of varnish and let it dry. Burnish the whole thing with beeswax, and the horse is finished and ready for action.

MAKING THE STAND AND THE COUNTERBALANCE BALL

The stand can be as plain or as fancy as the mood takes you. As long as the height and placing of the posts allow lor the swing of the wire and the counterbalance ball, and the horizontal crossbar is level and parallel to the base, then the actual shape and construction are a matter for personal choice. I decided to go for a turned ring base,

WORKING DRAWING B

SPECIAL TIP
Gillmy wife and better halfhas just pointed out that there are toys for babies, toys for toddlers and toys for adults. She says that while the balancing horse is the perfect toy for an adultyou know the sort of thing, a toy that can be played with at the dinner table when kids, friends and family are looking onit's not the sort of toy that you give to a boisterous five-year-old!

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

1 Having glued up the blank, use your knives to model the details. Use tightly controlled paring cuts, all the while being careful not to damage the relatively fragile short-grain areas like the ears. Note that I had a trial fitting of the eyes at this stageI was eager to see how the overall image looked.

2 I had a bit of trouble when it came to the short grain on the back legs, so much so that I needed to reinforce one of them with a glued dowel. All I did was drill a hole across the run of the gram, dip a cocktail stick in glue and run it in the hole.

3 When you are gluing up, make sure that the posts are square to the base and parallel to each other. The good thing about using the PVA glue is that the long setting period allows you plenty of time to fiddle and fuss to get it right.

Flatten the end of the wire, smear it with glue, and then force it into the drilled hole (top). Having played around until the horse is more or less balanced, thread, glue and wedge the ball in place (bottom).

Finally, tweak the curve of the wire until the horse is perfectly posed.

DESIGN OPTION Design for a single-seater galloper, circa 1895-1905, by J.R. Anderson. We drew a good part of our inspiration for this project from this design.

DESIGN OPTION
Here's a head detail from a carousel horse circa 1926, Circus World, Orlando, Florida (lop), and a horse from the Crescent Park carousel, circa 1895, Riverside, East Providence (bottom).

Old-Fashioned Push-Along Toys

RUNNING ROSY
A doll to kiss, a doll to cuddleat some time or other, most of us have sought the cozy, clinging comfort of a toy doll. Running Rosy is something more than a doll. She's a sort of doll in a hurry, the perfect push-along-thecarpet plaything for younger kids. This is a beautiful plaything, a real delight for kids and adults alike. She's strong, easy to make, nicely rounded for "learning" hands, but best of all, her wheel-turning movement is just right for active toddlers who like to push toys along the floor. If you are looking to make a unique toy for a unique kid, then this is the one.

MAKING THE TOY

When you have carefully studied the working drawings, take the tracing paper, a pencil, ruler and compass, and carefully set out the design on the wood. If you are going to stay with my choice of materialsplywood sandwiched between solid woodthen you need six cutouts in all: two solid wood outside body parts, two plywood head and body spacers, and two plywood foot-wheels. If you are wondering about my choice of materials, it's pretty straightforward and logical. While the head-andbody spacer and the wheel need to be strong in all directions across the grain, they also need to be safe for kids,

as well as relatively easy to work with a coping saw. All things considered, we thought that best-quality 1/4"thick multi-layer plywood was a winner on many counts. It's strong, it's stable, it's easy to cut, and it's easy to bond layers together to give extra strength. When you have made all the cutouts, rub the two footwheels down to a smooth, round-edged finishso that they are smooth to the touch and the total two-wheel thickness is something less than 1/2". Next, establish the position of the pivotal dowel holes through the wheel and into the inside face of each solid wood body part. Then drill them out with a bit size that gives you a slightly loose fit for your chosen dowel. To assemble: Glue one body part to one side of the central head-body spacer. Set the two foot-wheels in the cavity so that the feet are facing in the correct direction. Slide the dowel in place, and, lastly, glue the other body part in place so that the foot-wheels and pivotal dowel are nicely contained. When the glue is dry, rub the whole works down so that the corners are rounded and good to hold. Aim for a form that is going to be safe and comfortable in a toddler's hands. Finally, use watercolors to tint in the imagery, give the whole works one or more coats of clear varnish, and the toy is finished.

it's easy to work, good to touch, strong across short grain "necks," and it glues and finishes well. Don't think you can cut costs by using the coarsecentered plywood that goes by such names as "block ply," "stout heart" and "Malaysian." I say this because plywood of this type and character tends to be difficult to work, soft, almost impossible to sand to a good finish, and prone to splintering. No, when we say "multi-ply," we are specifically referring to the type of plywood that is built up in thin 1/16" layers or veneers. A plywood of this character has a smooth, white, close-grained face, it's tremendously strong and it's great to work. Ask for "bestquality, multi-ply, multilayer or multi-core plywood," and don't be talked into anything else. Note, a sheet of 1/4"-thick multilayer plywood should be made up of four or five thin veneer layers.

SPECIAL TIP
Wooden toys must be childproof! Being mindful that toddlers are, at the very least, going to stick the toy in their mouths, it's most important that all the fixtures, fittings and materials be totally secure and nontoxic. Perhaps most important of all, the wood must be splinter resistant. With all this in mind, we chose to use multi-ply for the central layer and for the wheels, for the simple reason that

USING PLYWOOD Best quality multi-ply is a first choice material for small cutout type toys. It is amazingly strong and it rubs down to a good smooth-to- touch finish.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

1 Check the component parts against the working draw ings. And just in case you are wondering why I opted to use two 1/4"" thicknesses to make up the 1/2"thick spacerrather than a single 1/2" thicknessthe simple answer is that I had lots of pieces of 1/4" ply that needed to be used up.

2 Fix the two wheels together with a piece of doublesided sticky tape and rub them down so that they are slightly less than 1/2" in total thickness. The use of the tape not only ensures that both wheels are identical, it also makes them easier to handle.

3 Test the wheels in the body cavity. They need to be an easy loose-turning fit. Note that in this test run I have the feet running in the wrong direction!

4 Rub the whole works down to a smooth finish. Close your eyes to test the finishit's vital that every surface, edge and angle be supersmooth to the touch.

RUNNING REG IN HARDWOOD

Kids are so perceptive! When our Rosy toy was finished and up and running, I took it around to the 5-year-old girl next door for a bit of no-nonsense, in-depth criticism. Of course 1 was expecting a little bit of praise, but, oh no. All she said was, "But. . . where is running Reg?" So there you go, we had no other option but to make a Running Reg toy.

COUNTERCHANGE CUTTING
The clever thing about this project is not so much the design, but rather the way the two contrasting thicknesses of wood are cut and then counterchanged. It's an amazingly simple but subtle technique. All you do is sandwich two contrasting sheets of wood together, fret the design through both layers, and then swap the cutouts around so that the cutouts are contrasting.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES PROCEDURE

Take the four pieces of woodthe sycamore, the mahogany, and the two pieces of plywoodand use the doublesided sticky tape to make a sandwich that has the plywood as the filling. When you are happy with the arrangement, carefully press transfer the traced imagery through to the sycamore side of the sandwich. Use the scroll saw to fret out the outside profile. This done, ease off the outside layersthe sycamore and the mahoganyand stick them together. Cut out the plywood inner shape and the wheels. Then comes the very clever procedure of counterchange cutting. The method is beautifully simple. All you do is take the two profiles the sycamore and the mahogany, all nicely stuck together with the double-sided tapeand saw them down into all the little parts that go to make up the design. For example, with this design I ran cuts through at either side of the hat band and under the chin. All you then do is swap the cutouts around and put the toy together in much the same way as already described.

1 Having fitted the very finest blade in the scroll saw, very carefully cut the design down into its component parts. It's important that you use a new, welltensioned blade and go at it slowly, so that each and every cut is well placed and square to the wood.

2 Ease the layers apart, remove the double-sided tape and counter-change the parts. Note the little cut that goes to make the design of the mouth.

DESIGN OPTIONS

TOY SAFETY
Traditional wooden toys are enormous fun! Woodworkers like making them and kids like playing with them. But you do have to bear in mind that the average, intelligent finger-sticky toddler is generally going to do his level best to push the toy in his mouth and/or up his nose, if not worse! If you are going to make wooden toys, you have most certainly got to make sure that all the structures and all the materials are completely safe. If you are going to present the toys as gifts and/or make them for sale, you are legally bound to make sure that they are "safe, sound and fitting for their purpose." What this means is that you must ensure that every part of the toy is safeno splinters, no toxic materials, no loose parts that can be swallowed. Be warned, ignorance is no excuse under the lawyou must make sure that everything is safe! The following will provide you with some good sound guidelines.

with water-based varnish or to use acrylic paints. If you are concerned about paints and toy safety, then it's best if you write to various well-known paint manufacturers and ask their advice.

Wood Types
Although I have had no personal experience in this matter, I do understand that certain exotic wood types are dangerous if they are chewed. For example, I read of a case in which a child chewed a wooden toy from a Third World country, and the juices in the wood caused the child to go into some sort of shock. II we err on the side of safety and take it that some wood varieties are toxic, then the best advice is to use only wood varieties that we know to be safe. So, if we take it that modern American and British toymakers know what they are doing, it looks to me as if we should be going for wood types like lime, sycamore, beech, birch, oak and pine.

Paint
Since kids like brightly colored toys, it's vital that you make sure that you use paints that are completely safe and nontoxic. Yes, your dad's old paint might still be in good condition, and, yes, it would give a wonderfully glossy, hard-wearing finish, but then again, it is almost certainly poisonous! Most old paints contain all manner of toxic mixes, everything from lead and antimony to arsenic. You must set out on the assumption that all old paints are dangerous. When 1 asked around, I was assured that all modern paints are required by law to meet certain nontoxic, leadfree standards. But when I took it a bit further and phoned a paint manufacturer, they said that though their paints do most certainly come within safe standards, they don't necessarily come up to the standards required by the "Toy Safety" laws. As you can see, the whole area of paints and toy safety is somewhat difficult. I personally think that the best advice is either to use water stains and cover them

Fittings
As I remember, kids are always trying to pry their toys apart in an effort to find out how they work. This being the case, it's a good idea to avoid nails, small pieces of wire, and component parts that could in any way crack, splinter or shatter. The best advice is to use brass screws, glued dowels and glued layers.

Form
In many ways, the form a toy takes is as important as its substance and structure. For example, if a toy has a component part that is long, thin and spiky, or a part that could be swallowed, or a part that could be inserted into the ear or nose, then it follows that the toy in question has been badly designed. If and when you are designing your toys, or if you decide to modify this one, you must make sure that it's safe. For example, it might be a good idea to extend the walking girl's hair so as to make more of a handle, but the question iswould it be safe?

Turned Salt and Pepper Mills

very once in awhile, a good project idea comes to me right out of the blue. And so it was one day when I was sitting down to dinner. I was fiddling around with our horrible diminutive, pressed plastic, difficult-to-hold salt and pepper mills, and trying to fill them for the umpteenth time, when the idea suddenly came to meEureka! I could make a couple of cone-shaped mills on the lathesomething really big, bold and sculptural, something that wouldn't need filling every ten minutes or so,

something that would be a joy to the eye as well as to the hand. And that was how this project came into being. Okay, perhaps they aren't to everyone's taste and, yes, they are a bit on the big sidebut they are certainly a unique conversation piece. The over-coffee chat usually goes something like, "Where did you get those er . . . big/strange/terrible/unusual/beautiful salt and pepper mills?"ha!

MAKING THE SALT AND PEPPER MILLS

When you have studied the project and generally brought your lathe and tools to order, take your chosen wood and cut it to size. You need four 10" lengths in all: one dark and one light 1 1/4" X 3", and one dark and one light 2 1/4" X 3". Plane the mating faces and glue and clamp them together so that you have two 3" X 3"-square sections. If you have done it right, the two blocks will be color counterchanged, so that one is predominantly dark with a light strip and the other visa versa. You can, of course, glue the wood up from larger section materialso that you have a single large lumpand then slice it down to size. First establish the end centers of the blocks. Scribe out 3"-diameter circles and clear the bulk of the waste so that you more or less have octagonal sections. Then mount the wood on the lathe and swiftly turn it down to a 3"diameter smooth, round section. With the workpiece held securely in the four-jaw chuck and pivoted on the tailstock center, take the dividers and mark off the total 8 3/4" length. Take the parting tool and sink a tool-width channel at each end. Run the tool in to a depth of 1" so that you are left with a 1 "-diameter core at each end of the turning. Now, with the narrow end of the cone nearest the chuck, take the gouge and make repeated passes from right through to left. When you have made the cone shape, carefully part the waste off at the tailstock end. With the drill chuck mounted in the tailstock, run two holes into the wide end of the conefirst a 2"-diameter hole at about 1/2" deep, followed up by a l"-diameter hole at about 5" to 6" deep. Finally, part the cone off from the lathe, run a j "diameter hole down into the top of the cone at top center, and saw off the top of the cone so that it is truncated at an angle. Rub down to a smooth finish and then burnish with a small amount of vegetable oil.

TOOL TIP

When you are using a turning chisel, the procedure is to lift the

handle up until the lower end of the cutting edge begins to bite, then advance the cut in the direction of the blade. If you work in this way, you will find that the skewed approach greatly minimizes tool pressure and consequent flexing of the workpiece.

SPECIAL TIP
Because t h e gist of this project has to do with being able to drill deep, accurate, smooth-sided holes, I would always advise using either a Forstner bit or a saw tooth multispur-type bit. As to the actual drilling procedure, if you have to do it off the lathesay on a drill pressthen be warned, if you go off center, there is a big chance that you might break through the walls of the cone.

DRILLING HOLES ON THE LATHE

If you need to drill holes on the lathe, then it's best to get a Forstner or multispur bit with an extension bar.

STEP-BY-STEP STAGES

1 If you don't like the notion of gluing up small individual strips of wood or you are working with bigger pieces, a very economical method is to glue up the three blocks as shown, and then saw the resultant piece through from end to end.

If you are working on a small lathe, it's always a good idea to clear the bulk of the waste by planing the wood to an octagonal section. You need to finish up with two blanks, one predominantly light and the other predominantly dark.

3 In the interest of safety, you must make absolutely sure that the laminations are sound and well glued. If you have any doubts at all, it's best to start over. Be warned, if ever you should decide to modify this project and go for different light-dark proportionsmeaning a different gluing-up arrangementyou must make sure that the lamination line occurs well clear of the center of spin. If you don't, there is a danger that the tailstock point will force the wood apart.

THE FACE PLATE

Using a faceplate is a good, sound means of securing a large blank. Notice the use of short, fat screws for maximum holding efficiency.

4 With the workpiece held secure in the jaws of the chuck, lit a 2"-diameter Forstner bit in the tailstock chuck and run a 1/2"-deep hole into the end of the cone.

5 Having made the 2"-diameter hole, follow up with a 1" bit and sink a hole to a depth of about 5", 1/2" at a time. The procedure is, run the bit in 1/2" and then back out, and then back in another V2", and so on, so that you remove the waste little by little and give the bit a chance to cool off.

7 Having drilled the 3 /32"-diameter hole down into the top of the coneright through to the cavityand used a fine-tooth backsaw to truncate the cone, use the graded sandpapers to achieve a smooth finish.

6 The drilled and recessed base allows you to fit all manner of corks and plugs. If you like the idea of the project but want to go for something a little more sophisticated, then many specialist suppliers stock small brass screw-stopper-and-collar units that can easily be fitted into the recess.

GRINDING MILLS
Traditional Colonial-style salt and pepper mills are fascinating! It's not so much the way they fit together and operatealthough this is very interesting in itselfbut the way they are made. There is something really exciting about the procedure. One moment you have a couple of lumps of wood and the next you have two little machines. Really good fun! THE PROCEDURE Having first made sure that the wood is free from splits and cavities, mount it on the lathe and swiftly turn the greater part of the length down to a 2 1/4"-diameter cylinder. Run guidelines around the cylinder so that the top part of the mill is nearest to the tailstock end of the lathe. Turn the top of the millcalled a capstanto shape and very carefully part off. Fit the tailstock drill chuck, set the l 1/8"-diameter Forstner bit in the chuck, and run a hole into the end of the cylinder. Sink the hole in to a depth of about 3". Part off the 5 1/5"-long cylinder. Wind the tailstock up so that the remaining short STEP-BY-STEP STAGES length of wood is well supported. Turn off a spigot that is going to be a tight push fit in the l 1/8"-diameter hole that you have drilled into what will be the top end of the body. Now, slide the body onto the spigot, refit the tailstock drill chuck and bore different size holes into what will be the base of the mill body. Bore the first hole at 1 1/2"-diameter and 1/2" deep, followed up by the second hole at 1 1/8"-diameter and as deep as it will go. When you are this far, the rest is easy. You simply reverse the body of the mill in the chuckso that the base is in the chuckfit the capstan on the mill, and then wind up the tailstock and turn the mill to shape.

1 Having turned the capstan to shape and parted off, drill a 1 1/8"diameter hole into what will be the top of the body. Then push the cylinder onto the spigot.

WORKING DRAWING B

2 Bore two holes into the bottom of the mill the first hole at 1/2" in diameter and 1/2" deep, followed by the second hole at 1 1/8" in diameter and as deep as it goes.

3 Having more or less turned the capstan to shape, fit it in the chuck and bring it to a good finish. Run a 3/8"diameter hole through the workpiece.

4 Fit the whole works back on the lathe and sand and burnish to a good smooth finish.

5 Slide the mill mechanism up through the body and fix with the little bar and a couple of screws.

DESIGNING FOR THE LATHE

Designing for the lathe is uniquely problematic. The success of the design not only hinges on aesthetics and function but also on the turning techniques. Of course, the same goes when you are designing a chair or whatever you still have to make decisions about the tools and the techniquesbut with turning, the tools and the techniques are paramount. Also, the design solution is very closely related to method. In chairmaking, the balance of concern is perhaps equally distributed between aesthetics, function and technique; with wood turning, the technique concerns far outweigh all others. In fact, when I'm designing for the lathe, my big worry is not whether it looks good or if it functions. Rather, I'm concerned with how I will hold, secure and approach the workpiece while it is being turned, and whether it is safe. When I'm designing for wood turning, I always run through the following little how-will-I-do-it checklist: Is the lathe powerful enough? Will the motor size hap pily shift the weight of the wood? Is the distance between centers long enough to accom modate the design? Is the radius of swing big enough? (Meaning, is the distance between the center of spin and the top of the bed great enough?) How am I going to hold the wood? Am I going to use the four-jaw chuck, the face plate, the screw chuck, the pronged center, or what? Will I turn multiples in one piece to be cut apart or as individual units?

6 Having screwed the ring washer on the capstan spigot, slide the capstan on the threaded rod and fit with the fancy head screw.

 Will 1 need to use a drill chuck in the tailstock mandrel? Will I need to use special drill bits with extension pieces? Will I turn the item over the bed of the lathe? Or will I use the outboard bowl-turning option on the back of the lathe? Is the chosen wood type available in the size and quality I need? Will I need to laminate up? Is the wood the traditional choice for a turning of this size and character? Will 1 need to use special tools other than the usual scrapers, chisels and gouges? As you can see, at least half of the design procedure has to do with the lathe and related tooling. Of course, just about all your questions are answered if you want to turn something like a baseball batyour only worry is lengthbut if the turning is more complex with maybe two component parts that fit together, then it's not so easy and needs thinking about. Let's say, for example, that you have set yourself the design problem of turning a large lidded containerthe biggest diameter possible on your lathea form about as high as it is round. The first thing you do is measure the radius of swing and double it. If your lathe measures 3" from the center of the headstock down to the top face of the bed, you can reckon on a diameter of no more than 6". So, you are turning a container about 6" in diameter and 6" high. Next, you have to decide how the block of wood is to be held and the order of work. Though there are many

ways of proceeding, I usually turn the wood down between centersmeaning the outside profilethen hold the wood in the four-jaw chuck while I hollow-turn the center. When I have cleared the waste from inside the container and maybe turned the rim, I then change the container around on the chuckso that it is held by its rimand finish up by turning the base. What else to say, except that you must always think well ahead before you put tools to wood. And of course, as with all potentially dangerous machinery, you must always be wide awake and ready for the unexpected.

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