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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
61
M
UTUAL
 
E
FFECT
 
B
ETWEEN
 
L
FC
 
 A 
ND
 
 A 
 VR 
 
L
OOPS
 
I
N
 
P
OWER 
 
P
LANT
Siraparapu.Satyanarayana
1
, Prof. R. K. Sharma
2
, Mukta
3
1, 2, 3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.
 A
 BSTRACT 
 
This paper is proposed to show the mutual interaction between of both LFC and the AVR loops. The coupling effects of these two AVR and LFC loops are studied by extending the linear zed AGC system and it include the excitation system also. For a complete system model we have to study the oscillation of LFC and AVR loops with PID CONTROLLERS. This combined model of LFC and AVR loops is tested on single-area power system. These results are shown in simulation; and will be reachable in dynamic and steady state responses [1][2].
 K 
 EYWORDS
 
 Load frequency control, Automatic voltage regulation, Automatic Generation Control, PID controllers, Excitation system
1.
 
I
NTRODUCTION
 
In a large scale inter connected power system , one of the most significant problem is both active and reactive power demands are never be steady and they will be continually changes with rising and falling trend. The active and reactive power can be maintain constant by adjusting the speed governor parameters in LFC loop and exciter in AVR loop respectively. However manual regulation is not feasible in interconnected Power System and therefore frequency regulation and voltage regulation equipment is installed at the generator. The coupling of both Load frequency control (LFC) and Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is generally known as an Automatic Generation Control (AGC). It deals with frequency through the LFC loop and with voltage through the AVR loop.
Figure 1.
 
Automatic Generation Control with LFC and AVR loops.
The main purposes of these two controlled loops are to maintain a frequency and voltage at a acceptable values in a power system. The steam input to the turbine must be continuously regulated in LFC loop because in order to match the active power demand otherwise the
 
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
62
machine speed will be vary consequent for changes in frequency. Where as in the AVR loop, the excitation for the generators must be regulated in order to match the reactive power demand otherwise the voltages at various system may goes to beyond the prescribed limit. The maximum permissible of change in frequency is about ± 5% Hz and voltage is about is ± 5% if not there will be a highly undesirable conditions in the power system like frequency and voltage fluctuations. So it is necessary to keep the frequency and voltage at constant level.
2.
 
NECESSARY
 
TO
 
MAINTAINING
 
FREQUENCY
 
AND
 
VOLTAGE
 
CONSTANT
2.1. REASONS TO KEEP THE FREQUENCY AT CONSTANT LEVEL
1)
 
Most of the AC motors requires constant frequency supply in order to maintain constant speed. 2)
 
In industry, it affects the continuous operation of the process. 3)
 
To maintain a synchronous operation of various units in the Power System, it is necessary to maintain constant frequency 4)
 
Frequency may also responsible and affects the amount of power transmitted through interconnected lines. 5) Electrical clocks may lose or gain time when they are driven by synchronous motors.
2.2. REASONS TO KEEP THE VOLTAGE AT CONSTANT LEVEL
1)
 
For lighting load like fluorescent and incandescent lamp are acutely sensitive to the changes in the voltage. 2)
 
For the induction motor loads, variations in the voltage will affect and change the torque. Generally in motors torque is directly proportional to the square of the terminal voltage. For example, if the supply voltage is low then the starting torque of the motor will be too low. 3)
 
If the voltage variation is very large than a prescribed value then the performance of the equipments will gets affected and the life span of the equipment may reduces.
4)
 
The picture of the television set will starts rolling due to the voltage are below a specified level because of the fluorescent tube will not glow at low voltages
.
3. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC)
LFC is for regulation of system frequency. It is also called a power factor control loop and influence the active power balances in the power system network. The main principle for the mechanism of the speed-governor is to adjust itself as per the load variations and the speed of the rotor also varies of the synchronous machine and hence the system frequency is also changes. This change in frequency is sensed by the frequency sensor and compared with a reference frequency value and produces a feedback signal. [5][6] We know
 N =
120
 f / P
Therefore N
α
 f Where, N = Speed in rpm. f = Frequency in Hz. P = Number of poles. This feedback signal can makes the variation of generated power by adjusting the opening of the steam inlet valve to steam turbine. Hence the real power balance between at the generation
 
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 3, No 1, February 2014
63
station and at the load demand is achieved. In the schematic diagram of LFC loop is consist of two loops. They are Primary control loop and secondary control loop. Primary control loop is also called as a speed governor control loop. It consists of generator, speed governor and turbine. Secondary control loop is consists of primary loop as well as with combination of PID controllers as shown in Figure.2
Figure2. Load Frequency Loop
4. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REULATOR
AVR is for regulation of system voltage magnitude by automatically. It is also called a Reactive power control loop and influence the reactive power balances in the power system network. The AVR is achieved by the excitation mechanism. The excitation system can control the field current of the synchronous machine. Hence the field current is controlled so as to regulating the terminal voltage of a generator. [5][6]
Figure3. Schematic diagram of AVR (or) Exciter
The voltage of the generator is proportional to the speed and excitation of the generator. If we maintain a speed at constant level, then the excitation system can control the terminal voltage of the generator. The voltage control is also called as an excitation control system. For the generator, the excitation is provided by the exciter. Depending upon the methods in which DC

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