Circuit Analysis

UNIT-I
Ohms Law KCL, KVL Node Voltage Analysis
Mesh Current Analysis

Circuits With Dependant And Controlled Sources Thevenins & Nortons Equivalent
Maximum Power Transfer And Superposition Theorem

VI Characteristics For Capacitors And Inductors.
EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BASIC CONCEPTS
Electric circuits: An electric circuit is a interconnection of various electrical circuit elements into one or more closed loops.
BASIC CONCEPTS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
ACTIVE ELEMENTS
PASSIVE ELEMENTS
VOLTAGE & CURRENT SOURCES
OP-AMP, TRANSISTORS
R,L,C
DEPENDENT SOURCES
INDEPENDENT SOURCES
BASIC CONCEPTS
Circuit elements are idealized models of physical devices that are defined by relationships between their terminal voltages and currents. Active elements can generate energy. Examples: voltage & current sources, generators, transistors and operational amplifiers.
Passive elements cannot generate energy. Examples: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors.
BASIC CONCEPTS
An independent source (voltage or current) may be constant (DC)or time-varying(AC); its value does not depend on other voltages or currents in the circuit. Is
Vs
vs (t)
is (t)
Independent time invariant (DC) Voltage Source
Independent time variant (AC) Voltage Source
Independent time invariant (DC) Voltage Source
Independent time variant (AC) Voltage Source
BASIC CONCEPTS
Example of independent source circuit

BASIC CONCEPTS
A dependent or Controlled source has a value that depends on another voltage or current in the same circuit. vs=Avx vs=Aix is=Avx is=Aix
+ Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
+ Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)
Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)
Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS)
BASIC CONCEPTS
Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS): It produces the voltage as a function of voltage elsewhere in the given circuit. Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS): It produces the voltage as a function of current elsewhere in the given circuit.
Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS): It produces the current as a function of voltage elsewhere in the given circuit.
Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS): It produces the current as a function of current elsewhere in the given circuit.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Example of dependent source circuit

BASIC CONCEPTS
Resistors provide resistance - they oppose the flow of electricity - measured in Ohms () Capacitors provide capacitance - they store energy in an electric field - measured in Farads (F)
Inductors provide inductance - they store energy in a magnetic field - measured in Henry (H)
BASIC CONCEPTS
Basic quantities in electric circuits are current, voltage, and power.
Current has an assumed direction of flow; currents in the direction of assumed current flow have positive values; currents in the opposite direction have negative values.
Voltage has an assumed polarity; volt drops in with the assumed polarity have positive values; volt drops of the opposite polarity have negative values. In circuit analysis the assumed polarity of voltages are often defined by the direction of assumed current flow.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Current is a flow of electron or moving positive electrical charge.
Measured in Amperes (A) = 1 Coulomb/s

Current is represented by I or i In general, current can be an arbitrary function of time. Constant current is called direct current (DC).
Current that can be represented as a sinusoidal function of time is called alternating current (AC).
BASIC CONCEPTS
Voltage is electromotive force provided by a source or a potential difference between two points in a circuit.
Measured in Volts (V): 1 J of energy is needed to move 1 C of charge through a 1 V potential difference.
Voltage is represented by V or v.
The lower case symbols v and i are usually used to denote voltages and currents that are functions of time.
The upper case symbols V and I are usually used to denote voltages and currents that are DC or AC steady-state voltages and currents.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Power is the rate at which energy is being absorbed or supplied. Power is computed as the product of voltage and current:
Measured in Watts (W)

Sign convention:
If power is positive into a circuit element, it means that the circuit element is absorbing power. If power is negative into a circuit element, it means that the circuit element is supplying power.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Branch: A branch is any portion of a circuit with two terminals connected to it A branch may consist of one or more circuit elements
In practice, any circuit element with two terminals connected to it is a branch
BASIC CONCEPTS
Node: A node is the junction of two or more branches In effect, any connection that can be accomplished by soldering various terminals together is a node.
It is very important to identify nodes properly in the analysis of electrical networks.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Loop: A loop is any closed connection of branches. Note how two different loops in the same circuit may include some of the same elements or branches.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Mesh: A mesh is a loop that does not contain other loops.
In previous figure the circuit with loops 1, 2, and 3 consists of two meshes: loops 1 and 2 are meshes, but loop 3 is not a mesh, because it encircles both loops 1 and 2. How many loops are present on the following 4-mesh circuit ANSWER: 14
EXERCISE
Determine how many branches, nodes, loops and meshes available for the following circuit.
Branch: 5 Node: 3 Loop: 6 Mesh: 3
Branch: 7 Node: 4 Loop: 10 Mesh: 4

OHMS LAW
The relationship between terminal voltage and current in electric circuit is governed by Ohms law. Ohms Law: The current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the applied voltage V and inversely proportional to its resistance R.
V = IR I = V/R R = V/I
OHMS LAW
Value of R varies from 0 to infinity Extreme values = 0 & infinity Limitation: Ohms law not applicable for non linear devices such as Diodes, Voltage regulators
Short circuit
Open circuit
OHMS LAW
Power P = iv i ( i R ) = i2R watts (v/R) v = v2/R watts
R and G are positive quantities, thus power is always positive

Reciprocal of resistor = conductance G = 1/R G has the ability to conduct electric current
R absorbs power from the circuit Passive element.

OHMS LAW
Example 1:
Determine voltage (v), conductance (G) and power (p) from the figure.
Example 2:
Calculate current i in figure below when the switch is in position 1. Find the current when the switch is in position 2.
KIRCHHOFFS LAW
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) are the fundamental laws of circuit analysis. KCL is the basis of nodal analysis in which the unknowns are the voltages at each of the nodes of the circuit. KVL is the basis of mesh analysis in which the unknowns are the currents flowing in each of the meshes of the circuit.
KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

KCL: At any instant the algebraic sum of the currents flowing into any junction in a circuit is zero or The sum of currents entering node is equal to sum of currents leaving node.
i (t ) 0
j 1 j
current entering = current leaving

I1 I2 I3 = 0 I2 = I1 I3 = 10 3 =7A

Example : Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit.
KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

KVL: The sum of voltages around any loop in a circuit is zero.
v (t ) 0
j 1 j

Sign Conversion to be followed: 1. Current always flows from higher potential to lower potential. Mark the polarities for the resistance according to it. 2. Travelling from ve to +ve terminal, must be marked +ve, they are potential rise. 3. Travelling from +ve to ve terminal, must be marked ve, they are potential drop. 4. While tracing a closed path, select any one direction clockwise or anticlockwise.

Example : Use KVL to obtain current in each resistor in the following circuit

Example : Use KVL to obtain v1, v2 and v3.
VOLTAGE SOURCE IN SERIES
VOLTAGE SOURCE IN PARALLEL
CURRENT SOURCE IN SERIES
CURRENT SOURCE IN PARALLEL
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN SERIES
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Determine the Req for the following circuit between the points A and B
Rab = 1 + 1.8304
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Determine the Req for the following circuit
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Determine the Req for the following circuit
VOLTAGE DIVISION
Consider a series of circuit of two resistors R1 and R2 connected to source of V volts.
As two resistors are connected in series the current flowing through both the resistors is same i.e I. then applying KVL we get,
VOLTAGE DIVISION - EXAMPLE
CURRENT DIVISION
Consider a parallel of circuit of two resistors R1 and R2 connected across a source of V volts.
The current through R1 is I1 and R2 is I2 while the total current is,
CURRENT DIVISION - EXAMPLE
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
Voltage source into current source
Example:
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
Current source into voltage source
Example:
NODE ANALYSIS
Node analysis is mainly based on KCL
This method uses the analysis of different nodes of a network

One of the node is assumed to be reference node whose potential is assumed to be zero It is also called as zero potential node or datum node At the other nodes the different voltages are to be measured with respect to reference node
NODE ANALYSIS
NODE ANALYSIS
NODE ANALYSIS - EXAMPLE

Write the nodal equations and solve for the node voltages in the circuit of the following Figure
ia = 1 mA; ib = 2 mA; R1 = 1 k;R2 = 500 ; R3 = 2.2 k; R4 = 4.7 k.

Ia i1 i2 =0 I2 + ib i3 - i4 = 0

Solve for all unknown currents and voltages in the circuit of following Figure using node analysis
I1 = 10 mA; I2 = 50 mA; R1 =1 k; R2 = 2 k; R3 = 10 k; R4 = 2 k
NODE ANALYSIS - EXERCISE

Calculate the node voltages in the following circuits
NODE ANALYSIS
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources The node voltage method is very easily applied when current sources are present in a circuit.
Since current sources are directly accounted for by KCL

Some confusion arises, when voltage sources are present in a circuit analyzed by the node voltage method. In fact, the presence of voltage sources actually simplifies the calculations.

Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources The voltage at node a is forced to be equal to that of the voltage source; that is, Va = Vs. Thus, only two nodal equations will be needed, at nodes b and c:

Find the voltage Vx by the node voltage method for the circuit shown on the right.
ANS: VX=18V
Find the current through each resistor in the circuit using node analysis
ANS: I(1OHM)=5.75A, I(1OHM)=9.25A, I(0.5OHM)=3.5A, I(2OHM)=5.5A, I(1OHM)=9A

WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
NODE ANALYSIS
SUPER NODE
SUPER NODE
SUPER NODE
ANS: V1 = 148.148V
MESH ANALYSIS
A Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it The main difference between Kirchhoff's law and mesh analysis, in mesh analysis instead of branch current loop current is considered for writing the equations Another difference is, in mesh analysis each branch may carry more than one current The number of equations obtains by this technique is equal to the number of meshes in the circuit.
MESH ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS - EXAMPLE
Ans I2 = -1.1267 A, I3 = -2.67 A, I2 I3 = 1.5493 A


Find the mesh currents in the circuit of Figure if V1 = 10 V; V2 = 9 V; V3 = 1 V; R1 = 5 ; R2 = 10 ; R3 = 5 ; R4 = 5 .
MESH ANALYSIS - EXERCISE

Find the mesh currents in the circuit of Figure if V1 = 12 V; V2 = 6 V; R1 = 3 ;R2 = 8 ; R3 = 6 ; R4 =4

For the circuit in Figure, find the branch currents and using mesh analysis.
ANSWER:

WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
For the circuit in Figure, find the currents I0 using mesh analysis.
ANSWER: I0=-5A
MESH ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT SOURCE
Applying mesh analysis to circuits containing current sources (dependent or independent) may appear
10-4i1-6(i1-i2)=0
i1=-2A
MESH ANALYSIS
I2-i1=6A
20-6i1-10i2-4i2=0

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM- EXAMPLE

Using superposition theorem, determine the current through the 4 resistor

Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit Since there are two sources, let V=V1+V2
where V1 is the contribution due to the 6-V voltage source

V2 is the contribution due to 3-A current source To obtain V1, we set the current source to zero

Applying KVL to the loop in Fig.(a)
To get V2 we set the voltage source to zero, as in Fig(b). Using current division,
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM- EXERCISE

Using superposition, find the current through the 3 resistor of the network of Fig. Answer:0.1A Using superposition, find the V0 through the 2 resistor of the network of Fig. Answer:6V Find the current through 2 resistor of the network of Fig. Answer:1A
THEVENINS THEOREM
Original circuit
Thevenin equivalent circuit.
THEVENINS THEOREM
THEVENINS THEOREM
THEVENINS THEOREM
THEVENINS THEOREM - EXAMPLE

Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the following circuit shown below

To Find Rth

To Find Vth
Vth
The Vth value will be the voltage available across 6k resistor. So Apply mesh analysis to the two loop and find the current flow on 6k resistor. Then Vth = 3V

Thevinens equivalent circuit
Vth

Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown, to the left of the terminals a-b. Then find the current through RL=6,16 and 36

To find Rth
To find Req or Rth turn off the 32-V voltage source (replacing it with a short circuit) and the 2-A current source (replacing it with an open circuit).

To find Vth
To find Vth applying mesh analysis to the two loops, 32-4i1-12(i1-i2)=0 Sub i2=2A then, & i2=-2A (By Super Mesh)
-16i1=-8 so, i1=0.5A

Thevinens Equivalent Circuit
THEVENINS THEOREM - EXERCISE

Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit to the left of the terminals a-b. Then find the current I=1.
ANSWER: Rth = 2.4 & Vth = 4.8V


To find Rth

To find Vth

Thevinens equivalent circuit
NORTONS THEOREM
Illustration of Nortons theorem
Original circuit
Nortons equivalent circuit.
NORTONS THEOREM
Conversion between Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits
NORTONS THEOREM
FINDING RN or Rth
FINDING IN or ISC
NORTONS THEOREM
STEP-1: Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent circuit is found and mark the terminals. STEP-2: Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced with short circuits, and current sources with open circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between the two marked terminals. STEP-3: Calculate IN by first returning all sources to their original position and then finding the short-circuit current between the marked terminals. STEP-4: Draw the Norton equivalent circuit by showing current source IN in parallel with equivalent resistance RN along with the portion of the circuit previously removed.
NORTONS THEOREM - EXAMPLE

Draw the Norton equivalent circuit for the following circuit shown below

To Find RN

To Find IN

Nortons equivalent circuit

Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit shown, to the left of the terminals a-b.

To find RN
To find Req or Rth turn off the 12-V voltage source (replacing it with a short circuit) and the 2-A current source (replacing it with an open circuit).

To find IN
To find IN applying mesh analysis to the two loops,

Nortons Equivalent Circuit
NORTONS THEOREM - EXERCISE

Draw the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit to the left of the terminals a-b.
ANSWER: IL=0.2272A
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

The maximum power transfer theorem states that A load will receive maximum power from a linear bilateral dc network when its total resistive value is exactly equal to the Thevenin resistance of the network.
Original circuit
Illustration of Maximum power transfer theorem


For the network of Figure, determine the value of R for maximum power to R, and calculate the power delivered under these conditions.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM Find the value of RL in Figure for maximum power to RL, and determine the maximum power.

To Find RTh
To Find ETh
RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE
VI CHARACTERISTICS OF RESISTOR
CAPACITANCE
CAPACITANCE
VI CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPACITOR
INDUCTANCE
INDUCTANCE
VI CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTOR
VI REALATIONSHIP WITH RLC

Circuit Analysis

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Circuit Analysis

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

UNIT-I

Ohms Law KCL, KVL Node Voltage Analysis

Mesh Current Analysis

Maximum Power Transfer And Superposition Theorem

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VOLTAGE & CURRENT SOURCES

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Independent time invariant (DC) Voltage Source

Independent time variant (AC) Voltage Source

Independent time invariant (DC) Voltage Source

Independent time variant (AC) Voltage Source

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Example of independent source circuit

+ Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)

+ Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)

Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)

Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS)

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Example of dependent source circuit

Measured in Amperes (A) = 1 Coulomb/s

Measured in Watts (W)

In practice, any circuit element with two terminals connected to it is a branch

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

It is very important to identify nodes properly in the analysis of electrical networks.

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Branch: 7 Node: 4 Loop: 10 Mesh: 4

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

R and G are positive quantities, thus power is always positive

R absorbs power from the circuit Passive element.

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

current entering = current leaving

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VOLTAGE SOURCE IN SERIES

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VOLTAGE SOURCE IN PARALLEL

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CURRENT SOURCE IN SERIES

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CURRENT SOURCE IN PARALLEL

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN SERIES

EEE101-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL