~440 BC THE HISTORY OF HERODOTUS by Herodotus translated by George Rawlinson The First Book, Entitled CL !

THE"E are the resear#hes o$ Herodotus o$ Hali#arnassus, whi#h he %ublishes, in the ho%e o$ thereby %reser&ing $ro' de#ay the re'e'bran#e o$ what 'en ha&e done, and o$ %re&enting the great and wonder$ul a#tions o$ the Greeks and the Barbarians $ro' losing their due 'eed o$ glory( and withal to %ut on re#ord what were their grounds o$ $euds) *##ording to the +ersians best in$or'ed in history, the +hoeni#ians began to ,uarrel) This %eo%le, who had $or'erly dwelt on the shores o$ the Erythraean "ea, ha&ing 'igrated to the -editerranean and settled in the %arts whi#h they now inhabit, began at on#e, they say, to ad&enture on long &oyages, $reighting their &essels with the wares o$ Egy%t and *ssyria) They landed at 'any %la#es on the #oast, and a'ong the rest at *rgos, whi#h was then %ree'inent abo&e all the states in#luded now under the #o''on na'e o$ Hellas) Here they e.%osed their 'er#handise, and traded with the nati&es $or $i&e or si. days( at the end o$ whi#h ti'e, when al'ost e&erything was sold, there #a'e down to the bea#h a nu'ber o$ wo'en, and a'ong the' the daughter o$ the king, who was, they say, agreeing in this with the Greeks, o, the #hild o$ na#hus) The wo'en were standing by the stern o$ the shi% intent u%on their %ur#hases, when the +hoeni#ians, with a general shout, rushed u%on the') The greater %art 'ade their es#a%e, but so'e were sei/ed and #arried o$$) o hersel$ was a'ong the #a%ti&es) The +hoeni#ians %ut the wo'en on board their &essel, and set sail $or Egy%t) Thus did o %ass into Egy%t, a##ording to the +ersian story, whi#h di$$ers widely $ro' the +hoeni#ian0 and thus #o''en#ed, a##ording to their authors, the series o$ outrages) *t a later %eriod, #ertain Greeks, with whose na'e they are una#,uainted, but who would %robably be Cretans, 'ade a landing at Tyre, on the +hoeni#ian #oast, and bore o$$ the king1s daughter, Euro%e) n this they only retaliated( but a$terwards the Greeks, they say, were guilty o$ a se#ond &iolen#e) They 'anned a shi% o$ war, and sailed to *ea, a #ity o$ Col#his, on the ri&er +hasis( $ro' when#e, a$ter des%at#hing the rest o$ the business on whi#h they had #o'e, they #arried o$$ -edea, the daughter o$ the king o$ the land) The 'onar#h sent a herald into Gree#e to de'and re%aration o$ the wrong, and the restitution o$ his #hild( but the Greeks 'ade answer that, ha&ing re#ei&ed no re%aration o$ the wrong done the' in the sei/ure o$ o the *rgi&e, they should gi&e none in this instan#e) n the ne.t generation a$terwards, a##ording to the sa'e

authorities, *le.ander the son o$ +ria', bearing these e&ents in 'ind, resol&ed to %ro#ure hi'sel$ a wi$e out o$ Gree#e by &iolen#e, $ully %ersuaded, that as the Greeks had not gi&en satis$a#tion $or their outrages, so neither would he be $or#ed to 'ake any $or his) *##ordingly he 'ade %ri/e o$ Helen( u%on whi#h the Greeks de#ided that, be$ore resorting to other 'easures, they would send en&oys to re#lai' the %rin#ess and re,uire re%aration o$ the wrong) Their de'ands were 'et by a re$eren#e to the &iolen#e whi#h had been o$$ered to -edea, and they were asked with what $a#e they #ould now re,uire satis$a#tion, when they had $or'erly re2e#ted all de'ands $or either re%aration or restitution addressed to the') Hitherto the in2uries on either side had been 'ere a#ts o$ #o''on &iolen#e( but in what $ollowed the +ersians #onsider that the Greeks were greatly to bla'e, sin#e be$ore any atta#k had been 'ade on Euro%e, they led an ar'y into *sia) 3ow as $or the #arrying o$$ o$ wo'en, it is the deed, they say, o$ a rogue0 but to 'ake a stir about su#h as are #arried o$$, argues a 'an a $ool) -en o$ sense #are nothing $or su#h wo'en, sin#e it is %lain that without their own #onsent they would ne&er be $or#ed away) The *siati#s, when the Greeks ran o$$ with their wo'en, ne&er troubled the'sel&es about the 'atter( but the Greeks, $or the sake o$ a single La#edae'onian girl, #olle#ted a &ast ar'a'ent, in&aded *sia, and destroyed the kingdo' o$ +ria') Hen#e$orth they e&er looked u%on the Greeks as their o%en ene'ies) For *sia, with all the &arious tribes o$ barbarians that inhabit it, is regarded by the +ersians as their own( but Euro%e and the Greek ra#e they look on as distin#t and se%arate) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h the +ersians gi&e o$ these 'atters) They tra#e to the atta#k u%on Troy their an#ient en'ity towards the Greeks) The +hoeni#ians, howe&er, as regards o, &ary $ro' the +ersian state'ents) They deny that they used any &iolen#e to re'o&e her into Egy%t( she hersel$, they say, ha&ing $or'ed an inti'a#y with the #a%tain, while his &essel lay at *rgos, and %er#ei&ing hersel$ to be with #hild, o$ her own $ree will a##o'%anied the +hoeni#ians on their lea&ing the shore, to es#a%e the sha'e o$ dete#tion and the re%roa#hes o$ her %arents) 4hether this latter a##ount be true, or whether the 'atter ha%%ened otherwise, shall not dis#uss $urther) shall %ro#eed at on#e to %oint out the %erson who $irst within 'y own knowledge in$li#ted in2ury on the Greeks, a$ter whi#h shall go $orward with 'y history, des#ribing e,ually the greater and the lesser #ities) For the #ities whi#h were $or'erly great ha&e 'ost o$ the' be#o'e insigni$i#ant( and su#h as are at %resent %ower$ul, were weak in the olden ti'e) shall there$ore dis#ourse e,ually o$ both, #on&in#ed that hu'an ha%%iness ne&er #ontinues long in one stay) Croesus, son o$ *lyattes, by birth a Lydian, was lord o$ all the nations to the west o$ the ri&er Halys) This strea', whi#h se%arates "yria $ro' +a%hlagonia, runs with a #ourse $ro' south to north, and

$inally $alls into the Eu.ine) "o $ar as our knowledge goes, he was the $irst o$ the barbarians who had dealings with the Greeks, $or#ing so'e o$ the' to be#o'e his tributaries, and entering into allian#e with others) He #on,uered the *eolians, onians, and 5orians o$ *sia, and 'ade a treaty with the La#edae'onians) 6% to that ti'e all Greeks had been $ree) For the Ci''erian atta#k u%on onia, whi#h was earlier than Croesus, was not a #on,uest o$ the #ities, but only an inroad $or %lundering) The so&ereignty o$ Lydia, whi#h had belonged to the Hera#lides, %assed into the $a'ily o$ Croesus, who were #alled the -er'nadae, in the 'anner whi#h will now relate) There was a #ertain king o$ "ardis, Candaules by na'e, who' the Greeks #alled -yrsilus) He was a des#endant o$ *l#aeus, son o$ Her#ules) The $irst king o$ this dynasty was *gron, son o$ 3inus, grandson o$ Belus, and great7grandson o$ *l#aeus( Candaules, son o$ -yrsus, was the last) The kings who reigned be$ore *gron s%rang $ro' Lydus, son o$ *tys, $ro' who' the %eo%le o$ the land, #alled %re&iously -eonians, re#ei&ed the na'e o$ Lydians) The Hera#lides, des#ended $ro' Her#ules and the sla&e7girl o$ 8ardanus, ha&ing been entrusted by these %rin#es with the 'anage'ent o$ a$$airs, obtained the kingdo' by an ora#le) Their rule endured $or two and twenty generations o$ 'en, a s%a#e o$ $i&e hundred and $i&e years( during the whole o$ whi#h %eriod, $ro' *gron to Candaules, the #rown des#ended in the dire#t line $ro' $ather to son) 3ow it ha%%ened that this Candaules was in lo&e with his own wi$e( and not only so, but thought her the $airest wo'an in the whole world) This $an#y had strange #onse,uen#es) There was in his bodyguard a 'an who' he s%e#ially $a&oured, Gyges, the son o$ 5as#ylus) *ll a$$airs o$ greatest 'o'ent were entrusted by Candaules to this %erson, and to hi' he was wont to e.tol the sur%assing beauty o$ his wi$e) "o 'atters went on $or a while) *t length, one day, Candaules, who was $ated to end ill, thus addressed his $ollower0 9 see thou dost not #redit what tell thee o$ 'y lady1s lo&eliness( but #o'e now, sin#e 'en1s ears are less #redulous than their eyes, #ontri&e so'e 'eans whereby thou 'ayst behold her naked)9 *t this the other loudly e.#lai'ed, saying, 94hat 'ost unwise s%ee#h is this, 'aster, whi#h thou hast uttered: 4ouldst thou ha&e 'e behold 'y 'istress when she is naked: Bethink thee that a wo'an, with her #lothes, %uts o$$ her bash$ulness) !ur $athers, in ti'e %ast, distinguished right and wrong %lainly enough, and it is our wisdo' to sub'it to be taught by the') There is an old saying, 1Let ea#h look on his own)1 hold thy wi$e $or the $airest o$ all wo'ankind) !nly, besee#h thee, ask 'e not to do wi#kedly)9 Gyges thus endea&oured to de#line the king1s %ro%osal, tre'bling lest so'e dread$ul e&il should be$all hi' through it) But the king re%lied to hi', 9Courage, $riend( sus%e#t 'e not o$ the design to %ro&e thee by this dis#ourse( nor dread thy 'istress, lest 'is#hie$

be) thee at her hands) Be sure will so 'anage that she shall not e&en know that thou hast looked u%on her) will %la#e thee behind the o%en door o$ the #ha'ber in whi#h we slee%) 4hen enter to go to rest she will $ollow 'e) There stands a #hair #lose to the entran#e, on whi#h she will lay her #lothes one by one as she takes the' o$$) Thou wilt be able thus at thy leisure to %eruse her %erson) Then, when she is 'o&ing $ro' the #hair toward the bed, and her ba#k is turned on thee, be it thy #are that she see thee not as thou %assest through the doorway)9 Gyges, unable to es#a%e, #ould but de#lare his readiness) Then Candaules, when bedti'e #a'e, led Gyges into his slee%ing7#ha'ber, and a 'o'ent a$ter the ,ueen $ollowed) "he entered, and laid her gar'ents on the #hair, and Gyges ga/ed on her) *$ter a while she 'o&ed toward the bed, and her ba#k being then turned, he glided stealthily $ro' the a%art'ent) *s he was %assing out, howe&er, she saw hi', and instantly di&ining what had ha%%ened, she neither s#rea'ed as her sha'e i'%elled her, nor e&en a%%eared to ha&e noti#ed aught, %ur%osing to take &engean#e u%on the husband who had so a$$ronted her) For a'ong the Lydians, and indeed a'ong the barbarians generally, it is re#koned a dee% disgra#e, e&en to a 'an, to be seen naked) 3o sound or sign o$ intelligen#e es#a%ed her at the ti'e) But in the 'orning, as soon as day broke, she hastened to #hoose $ro' a'ong her retinue su#h as she knew to be 'ost $aith$ul to her, and %re%aring the' $or what was to ensue, su''oned Gyges into her %resen#e) 3ow it had o$ten ha%%ened be$ore that the ,ueen had desired to #on$er with hi', and he was a##usto'ed to #o'e to her at her #all) He there$ore obeyed the su''ons, not sus%e#ting that she knew aught o$ what had o##urred) Then she addressed these words to hi'0 9Take thy #hoi#e, Gyges, o$ two #ourses whi#h are o%en to thee) "lay Candaules, and thereby be#o'e 'y lord, and obtain the Lydian throne, or die this 'o'ent in his roo') "o wilt thou not again, obeying all behests o$ thy 'aster, behold what is not law$ul $or thee) t 'ust needs be that either he %erish by whose #ounsel this thing was done, or thou, who sawest 'e naked, and so didst break our usages)9 *t these words Gyges stood awhile in 'ute astonish'ent( re#o&ering a$ter a ti'e, he earnestly besought the ,ueen that she would not #o'%el hi' to so hard a #hoi#e) But $inding he i'%lored in &ain, and that ne#essity was indeed laid on hi' to kill or to be killed, he 'ade #hoi#e o$ li$e $or hi'sel$, and re%lied by this in,uiry0 9 $ it 'ust be so, and thou #o'%ellest 'e against 'y will to %ut 'y lord to death, #o'e, let 'e hear how thou wilt ha&e 'e set on hi')9 9Let hi' be atta#ked,9 she answered, 9on the s%ot where was by hi' shown naked to you, and let the assault be 'ade when he is aslee%)9 *ll was then %re%ared $or the atta#k, and when night $ell, Gyges, seeing that he had no retreat or es#a%e, but 'ust absolutely either slay Candaules, or hi'sel$ be slain, $ollowed his 'istress into

the slee%ing7roo') "he %la#ed a dagger in his hand and hid hi' #are$ully behind the sel$7sa'e door) Then Gyges, when the king was $allen aslee%, entered %ri&ily into the #ha'ber and stru#k hi' dead) Thus did the wi$e and kingdo' o$ Candaules %ass into the %ossession o$ Gyges, o$ who' *r#hilo#hus the +arian, who li&ed about the sa'e ti'e, 'ade 'ention in a %oe' written in ia'bi# tri'eter &erse) Gyges was a$terwards #on$ir'ed in the %ossession o$ the throne by an answer o$ the 5el%hi# ora#le) Enraged at the 'urder o$ their king, the %eo%le $lew to ar's, but a$ter a while the %artisans o$ Gyges #a'e to ter's with the', and it was agreed that i$ the 5el%hi# ora#le de#lared hi' king o$ the Lydians, he should reign( i$ otherwise, he should yield the throne to the Hera#lides) *s the ora#le was gi&en in his $a&our he be#a'e king) The +ythoness, howe&er, added that, in the $i$th generation $ro' Gyges, &engean#e should #o'e $or the Hera#lides( a %ro%he#y o$ whi#h neither the Lydians nor their %rin#es took any a##ount till it was $ul$illed) "u#h was the way in whi#h the -er'nadae de%osed the Hera#lides, and the'sel&es obtained the so&ereignty) 4hen Gyges was established on the throne, he sent no s'all %resents to 5el%hi, as his 'any sil&er o$$erings at the 5el%hi# shrine testi$y) Besides this sil&er he ga&e a &ast nu'ber o$ &essels o$ gold, a'ong whi#h the 'ost worthy o$ 'ention are the goblets, si. in nu'ber, and weighing altogether thirty talents, whi#h stand in the Corinthian treasury, dedi#ated by hi') #all it the Corinthian treasury, though in stri#tness o$ s%ee#h it is the treasury not o$ the whole Corinthian %eo%le, but o$ Cy%selus, son o$ Eetion) E.#e%ting -idas, son o$ Gordias, king o$ +hrygia, Gyges was the $irst o$ the barbarians who' we know to ha&e sent o$$erings to 5el%hi) -idas dedi#ated the royal throne whereon he was a##usto'ed to sit and ad'inister 2usti#e, an ob2e#t well worth looking at) t lies in the sa'e %la#e as the goblets %resented by Gyges) The 5el%hians #all the whole o$ the sil&er and the gold whi#h Gyges dedi#ated, a$ter the na'e o$ the donor, Gygian) *s soon as Gyges was king he 'ade an in7road on -iletus and "'yrna, and took the #ity o$ Colo%hon) *$terwards, howe&er, though he reigned eight and thirty years, he did not %er$or' a single noble e.%loit) shall there$ore 'ake no $urther 'ention o$ hi', but %ass on to his son and su##essor in the kingdo', *rdys) *rdys took +riene and 'ade war u%on -iletus) n his reign the Ci''erians, dri&en $ro' their ho'es by the no'ads o$ "#ythia, entered *sia and #a%tured "ardis, all but the #itadel) He reigned $orty7nine years, and was su##eeded by his son, "adyattes, who reigned twel&e years) *t his death his son *lyattes 'ounted the throne) This %rin#e waged war with the -edes under Cya.ares, the grandson o$ 5eio#es, dro&e the Ci''erians out o$ *sia, #on,uered "'yrna, the Colo%honian #olony, and in&aded Cla/o'enae) Fro' this last

#ontest he did not #o'e o$$ as he #ould ha&e wished, but 'et with a sore de$eat( still, howe&er, in the #ourse o$ his reign, he %er$or'ed other a#tions &ery worthy o$ note, o$ whi#h will now %ro#eed to gi&e an a##ount) nheriting $ro' his $ather a war with the -ilesians, he %ressed the siege against the #ity by atta#king it in the $ollowing 'anner) 4hen the har&est was ri%e on the ground he 'ar#hed his ar'y into -ilesia to the sound o$ %i%es and har%s, and $lutes 'as#uline and $e'inine) The buildings that were s#attered o&er the #ountry he neither %ulled down nor burnt, nor did he e&en tear away the doors, but le$t the' standing as they were) He #ut down, howe&er, and utterly destroyed all the trees and all the #orn throughout the land, and then returned to his own do'inions) t was idle $or his ar'y to sit down be$ore the %la#e, as the -ilesians were 'asters o$ the sea) The reason that he did not de'olish their buildings was that the inhabitants 'ight be te'%ted to use the' as ho'esteads $ro' whi#h to go $orth to sow and till their lands( and so ea#h ti'e that he in&aded the #ountry he 'ight $ind so'ething to %lunder) n this way he #arried on the war with the -ilesians $or ele&en years, in the #ourse o$ whi#h he in$li#ted on the' two terrible blows( one in their own #ountry in the distri#t o$ Li'eneiu', the other in the %lain o$ the -aeander) 5uring si. o$ these ele&en years, "adyattes, the son o$ *rdys who $irst lighted the $la'es o$ this war, was king o$ Lydia, and 'ade the in#ursions) !nly the $i&e $ollowing years belong to the reign o$ *lyattes, son o$ "adyattes, who ;as said be$ore< inheriting the war $ro' his $ather, a%%lied hi'sel$ to it unre'ittingly) The -ilesians throughout the #ontest re#ei&ed no hel% at all $ro' any o$ the onians, e.#e%ting those o$ Chios, who lent the' troo%s in re,uital o$ a like ser&i#e rendered the' in $or'er ti'es, the -ilesians ha&ing $ought on the side o$ the Chians during the whole o$ the war between the' and the %eo%le o$ Erythrae) t was in the twel$th year o$ the war that the $ollowing 'is#han#e o##urred $ro' the $iring o$ the har&est7$ields) "#ar#ely had the #orn been set alight by the soldiers when a &iolent wind #arried the $la'es against the te'%le o$ -iner&a *ssesia, whi#h #aught $ire and was burnt to the ground) *t the ti'e no one 'ade any a##ount o$ the #ir#u'stan#e( but a$terwards, on the return o$ the ar'y to "ardis, *lyattes $ell si#k) His illness #ontinued, whereu%on, either ad&ised thereto by so'e $riend, or %er#han#e hi'sel$ #on#ei&ing the idea, he sent 'essengers to 5el%hi to in,uire o$ the god #on#erning his 'alady) !n their arri&al the +ythoness de#lared that no answer should be gi&en the' until they had rebuilt the te'%le o$ -iner&a, burnt by the Lydians at *ssesus in -ilesia) Thus 'u#h know $ro' in$or'ation gi&en 'e by the 5el%hians( the re'ainder o$ the story the -ilesians add) The answer 'ade by the ora#le #a'e to the ears o$ +eriander, son

o$ Cy%selus, who was a &ery #lose $riend to Thrasybulus, tyrant o$ -iletus at that %eriod) He instantly des%at#hed a 'essenger to re%ort the ora#le to hi', in order that Thrasybulus, $orewarned o$ its tenor, 'ight the better ada%t his 'easures to the %osture o$ a$$airs) *lyattes, the 'o'ent that the words o$ the ora#le were re%orted to hi', sent a herald to -iletus in ho%es o$ #on#luding a tru#e with Thrasybulus and the -ilesians $or su#h a ti'e as was needed to rebuild the te'%le) The herald went u%on his way( but 'eanti'e Thrasybulus had been a%%rised o$ e&erything( and #on2e#turing what *lyattes would do, he #ontri&ed this arti$i#e) He had all the #orn that was in the #ity, whether belonging to hi'sel$ or to %ri&ate %ersons, brought into the 'arket7%la#e, and issued an order that the -ilesians should hold the'sel&es in readiness, and, when he ga&e the signal, should, one and all, $all to drinking and re&elry) The %ur%ose $or whi#h he ga&e these orders was the $ollowing) He ho%ed that the "ardian herald, seeing so great store o$ #orn u%on the ground, and all the #ity gi&en u% to $esti&ity, would in$or' *lyattes o$ it, whi#h $ell out as he anti#i%ated) The herald obser&ed the whole, and when he had deli&ered his 'essage, went ba#k to "ardis) This #ir#u'stan#e alone, as gather, brought about the %ea#e whi#h ensued) *lyattes, who had ho%ed that there was now a great s#ar#ity o$ #orn in -iletus, and that the %eo%le were worn down to the last %it#h o$ su$$ering, when he heard $ro' the herald on his return $ro' -iletus tidings so #ontrary to those he had e.%e#ted, 'ade a treaty with the ene'y by whi#h the two nations be#a'e #lose $riends and allies) He then built at *ssesus two te'%les to -iner&a instead o$ one, and shortly a$ter re#o&ered $ro' his 'alady) "u#h were the #hie$ #ir#u'stan#es o$ the war whi#h *lyattes waged with Thrasybulus and the -ilesians) This +eriander, who a%%rised Thrasybulus o$ the ora#le, was son o$ Cy%selus, and tyrant o$ Corinth) n his ti'e a &ery wonder$ul thing is said to ha&e ha%%ened) The Corinthians and the Lesbians agree in their a##ount o$ the 'atter) They relate that *rion o$ -ethy'na, who as a %layer on the har%, was se#ond to no 'an li&ing at that ti'e, and who was, so $ar as we know, the $irst to in&ent the dithyra'bi# 'easure, to gi&e it its na'e, and to re#ite in it at Corinth, was #arried to Taenaru' on the ba#k o$ a dol%hin) He had li&ed $or 'any years at the #ourt o$ +eriander, when a longing #a'e u%on hi' to sail a#ross to taly and "i#ily) Ha&ing 'ade ri#h %ro$its in those %arts, he wanted to re#ross the seas to Corinth) He there$ore hired a &essel, the #rew o$ whi#h were Corinthians, thinking that there was no %eo%le in who' he #ould 'ore sa$ely #on$ide( and, going on board, he set sail $ro' Tarentu') The sailors, howe&er, when they rea#hed the o%en sea, $or'ed a %lot to throw hi' o&erboard and sei/e u%on his ri#hes) 5is#o&ering their design, he $ell on his knees, besee#hing the' to s%are his li$e, and

'aking the' wel#o'e to his 'oney) But they re$used( and re,uired hi' either to kill hi'sel$ outright, i$ he wished $or a gra&e on the dry land, or without loss o$ ti'e to lea% o&erboard into the sea) n this strait *rion begged the', sin#e su#h was their %leasure, to allow hi' to 'ount u%on the ,uarter7de#k, dressed in his $ull #ostu'e, and there to %lay and sing, and %ro'ising that, as soon as his song was ended, he would destroy hi'sel$) 5elighted at the %ros%e#t o$ hearing the &ery best har%er in the world, they #onsented, and withdrew $ro' the stern to the 'iddle o$ the &essel0 while *rion dressed hi'sel$ in the $ull #ostu'e o$ his #alling, took his har%, and standing on the ,uarter7de#k, #hanted the !rthian) His strain ended, he $lung hi'sel$, $ully attired as he was, headlong into the sea) The Corinthians then sailed on to Corinth) *s $or *rion, a dol%hin, they say, took hi' u%on his ba#k and #arried hi' to Taenaru', where he went ashore, and then#e %ro#eeded to Corinth in his 'usi#ian1s dress, and told all that had ha%%ened to hi') +eriander, howe&er, disbelie&ed the story, and %ut *rion in ward, to %re&ent his lea&ing Corinth, while he wat#hed an.iously $or the return o$ the 'ariners) !n their arri&al he su''oned the' be$ore hi' and asked the' i$ they #ould gi&e hi' any tiding o$ *rion) They returned $or answer that he was ali&e and in good health in taly, and that they had le$t hi' at Tarentu', where he was doing well) Thereu%on *rion a%%eared be$ore the', 2ust as he was when he 2u'%ed $ro' the &essel0 the 'en, astonished and dete#ted in $alsehood, #ould no longer deny their guilt) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h the Corinthians and Lesbians gi&e( and there is to this day at Taenaru', an o$$ering o$ *rion1s at the shrine, whi#h is a s'all $igure in bron/e, re%resenting a 'an seated u%on a dol%hin) Ha&ing brought the war with the -ilesians to a #lose, and reigned o&er the land o$ Lydia $or $i$ty7se&en years, *lyattes died) He was the se#ond %rin#e o$ his house who 'ade o$$erings at 5el%hi) His gi$ts, whi#h he sent on re#o&ering $ro' his si#kness, were a great bowl o$ %ure sil&er, with a sal&er in steel #uriously inlaid, a work a'ong all the o$$erings at 5el%hi the best worth looking at) Glau#us, the Chian, 'ade it, the 'an who $irst in&ented the art o$ inlaying steel) !n the death o$ *lyattes, Croesus, his son, who was thirty7$i&e years old, su##eeded to the throne) !$ the Greek #ities, E%hesus was the $irst that he atta#ked) The E%hesians, when he laid siege to the %la#e, 'ade an o$$ering o$ their #ity to 5iana, by stret#hing a ro%e $ro' the town wall to the te'%le o$ the goddess, whi#h was distant $ro' the an#ient #ity, then besieged by Croesus, a s%a#e o$ se&en $urlongs) They were, as said, the $irst Greeks who' he atta#ked) *$terwards, on so'e %rete.t or other, he 'ade war in turn u%on e&ery onian and *eolian state, bringing $orward, where he #ould, a substantial ground o$ #o'%laint( where su#h $ailed hi', ad&an#ing so'e

%oor e.#use) n this way he 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ all the Greek #ities in *sia, and $or#ed the' to be#o'e his tributaries( a$ter whi#h he began to think o$ building shi%s, and atta#king the islanders) E&erything had been got ready $or this %ur%ose, when Bias o$ +riene ;or, as so'e say, +itta#us the -ytilenean< %ut a sto% to the %ro2e#t) The king had 'ade in,uiry o$ this %erson, who was lately arri&ed at "ardis, i$ there were any news $ro' Gree#e( to whi#h he answered, 9=es, sire, the islanders are gathering ten thousand horse, designing an e.%edition against thee and against thy #a%ital)9 Croesus, thinking he s%ake seriously, broke out, 9*h, 'ight the gods %ut su#h a thought into their 'inds as to atta#k the sons o$ the Lydians with #a&alry>9 9 t see's, oh> king,9 re2oined the other, 9that thou desirest earnestly to #at#h the islanders on horseba#k u%on the 'ainland,7 thou knowest well what would #o'e o$ it) But what thinkest thou the islanders desire better, now that they hear thou art about to build shi%s and sail against the', than to #at#h the Lydians at sea, and there re&enge on the' the wrongs o$ their brothers u%on the 'ainland, who' thou holdest in sla&ery:9 Croesus was #har'ed with the turn o$ the s%ee#h( and thinking there was reason in what was said, ga&e u% his shi%7building and #on#luded a league o$ a'ity with the onians o$ the isles) Croesus a$terwards, in the #ourse o$ 'any years, brought under his sway al'ost all the nations to the west o$ the Halys) The Ly#ians and Cili#ians alone #ontinued $ree( all the other tribes he redu#ed and held in sub2e#tion) They were the $ollowing0 the Lydians, +hrygians, -ysians, -ariandynians, Chalybians, +a%hlagonians, Thynian and Bithynian Thra#ians, Carians, onians, 5orians, *eolians and +a'%hylians) 4hen all these #on,uests had been added to the Lydian e'%ire, and the %ros%erity o$ "ardis was now at its height, there #a'e thither, one a$ter another, all the sages o$ Gree#e li&ing at the ti'e, and a'ong the' "olon, the *thenian) He was on his tra&els, ha&ing le$t *thens to be absent ten years, under the %reten#e o$ wishing to see the world, but really to a&oid being $or#ed to re%eal any o$ the laws whi#h, at the re,uest o$ the *thenians, he had 'ade $or the') 4ithout his san#tion the *thenians #ould not re%eal the', as they had bound the'sel&es under a hea&y #urse to be go&erned $or ten years by the laws whi#h should be i'%osed on the' by "olon) !n this a##ount, as well as to see the world, "olon set out u%on his tra&els, in the #ourse o$ whi#h he went to Egy%t to the #ourt o$ *'asis, and also #a'e on a &isit to Croesus at "ardis) Croesus re#ei&ed hi' as his guest, and lodged hi' in the royal %ala#e) !n the third or $ourth day a$ter, he bade his ser&ants #ondu#t "olon) o&er his treasuries, and show hi' all their greatness and 'agni$i#en#e) 4hen he had seen the' all, and, so $ar as ti'e

allowed, ins%e#ted the', Croesus addressed this ,uestion to hi') 9"tranger o$ *thens, we ha&e heard 'u#h o$ thy wisdo' and o$ thy tra&els through 'any lands, $ro' lo&e o$ knowledge and a wish to see the world) a' #urious there$ore to in,uire o$ thee, who', o$ all the 'en that thou hast seen, thou dee'est the 'ost ha%%y:9 This he asked be#ause he thought hi'sel$ the ha%%iest o$ 'ortals0 but "olon answered hi' without $lattery, a##ording to his true senti'ents, 9Tellus o$ *thens, sire)9 Full o$ astonish'ent at what he heard, Croesus de'anded shar%ly, 9*nd where$ore dost thou dee' Tellus ha%%iest:9 To whi#h the other re%lied, 9First, be#ause his #ountry was $lourishing in his days, and he hi'sel$ had sons both beauti$ul and good, and he li&ed to see #hildren born to ea#h o$ the', and these #hildren all grew u%( and $urther be#ause, a$ter a li$e s%ent in what our %eo%le look u%on as #o'$ort, his end was sur%assingly glorious) n a battle between the *thenians and their neighbours near Eleusis, he #a'e to the assistan#e o$ his #ountry'en, routed the $oe, and died u%on the $ield 'ost gallantly) The *thenians ga&e hi' a %ubli# $uneral on the s%ot where he $ell, and %aid hi' the highest honours)9 Thus did "olon ad'onish Croesus by the e.a'%le o$ Tellus, enu'erating the 'ani$old %arti#ulars o$ his ha%%iness) 4hen he had ended, Croesus in,uired a se#ond ti'e, who a$ter Tellus see'ed to hi' the ha%%iest, e.%e#ting that at any rate, he would be gi&en the se#ond %la#e) 9Cleobis and Bito,9 "olon answered( 9they were o$ *rgi&e ra#e( their $ortune was enough $or their wants, and they were besides endowed with so 'u#h bodily strength that they had both gained %ri/es at the Ga'es) *lso this tale is told o$ the'07 There was a great $esti&al in honour o$ the goddess 8uno at *rgos, to whi#h their 'other 'ust needs be taken in a #ar) 3ow the o.en did not #o'e ho'e $ro' the $ield in ti'e0 so the youths, $ear$ul o$ being too late, %ut the yoke on their own ne#ks, and the'sel&es drew the #ar in whi#h their 'other rode) Fi&e and $orty $urlongs did they draw her, and sto%%ed be$ore the te'%le) This deed o$ theirs was witnessed by the whole asse'bly o$ worshi%%ers, and then their li$e #losed in the best %ossible way) Herein, too, God showed $orth 'ost e&idently, how 'u#h better a thing $or 'an death is than li$e) For the *rgi&e 'en, who stood around the #ar, e.tolled the &ast strength o$ the youths( and the *rgi&e wo'en e.tolled the 'other who was blessed with su#h a %air o$ sons( and the 'other hersel$, o&er2oyed at the deed and at the %raises it had won, standing straight be$ore the i'age, besought the goddess to bestow on Cleobis and Bito, the sons who had so 'ightily honoured her, the highest blessing to whi#h 'ortals #an attain) Her %rayer ended, they o$$ered sa#ri$i#e and %artook o$ the holy ban,uet, a$ter whi#h the two youths $ell aslee% in the te'%le) They ne&er woke 'ore, but so %assed $ro' the earth) The *rgi&es, looking on the' as a'ong the best o$ 'en, #aused statues o$ the' to be 'ade, whi#h they ga&e to the shrine at 5el%hi)9

4hen "olon had thus assigned these youths the se#ond %la#e, Croesus broke in angrily, 94hat, stranger o$ *thens, is 'y ha%%iness, then, so utterly set at nought by thee, that thou dost not e&en %ut 'e on a le&el with %ri&ate 'en:9 9!h> Croesus,9 re%lied the other, 9thou askedst a ,uestion #on#erning the #ondition o$ 'an, o$ one who knows that the %ower abo&e us is $ull o$ 2ealousy, and $ond o$ troubling our lot) * long li$e gi&es one to witness 'u#h, and e.%erien#e 'u#h onesel$, that one would not #hoose) "e&enty years regard as the li'it o$ the li$e o$ 'an) n these se&enty years are #ontained, without re#koning inter#alary 'onths, twenty7$i&e thousand and two hundred days) *dd an inter#alary 'onth to e&ery other year, that the seasons 'ay #o'e round at the right ti'e, and there will be, besides the se&enty years, thirty7$i&e su#h 'onths, 'aking an addition o$ one thousand and $i$ty days) The whole nu'ber o$ the days #ontained in the se&enty years will thus be twenty7si. thousand two hundred and $i$ty, whereo$ not one but will %rodu#e e&ents unlike the rest) Hen#e 'an is wholly a##ident) For thysel$, oh> Croesus, see that thou art wonder$ully ri#h, and art the lord o$ 'any nations( but with res%e#t to that whereon thou ,uestionest 'e, ha&e no answer to gi&e, until hear that thou hast #losed thy li$e ha%%ily) For assuredly he who %ossesses great store o$ ri#hes is no nearer ha%%iness than he who has what su$$i#es $or his daily needs, unless it so ha% that lu#k attend u%on hi', and so he #ontinue in the en2oy'ent o$ all his good things to the end o$ li$e) For 'any o$ the wealthiest 'en ha&e been un$a&oured o$ $ortune, and 'any whose 'eans were 'oderate ha&e had e.#ellent lu#k) -en o$ the $or'er #lass e.#el those o$ the latter but in two res%e#ts( these last e.#el the $or'er in 'any) The wealthy 'an is better able to #ontent his desires, and to bear u% against a sudden bu$$et o$ #ala'ity) The other has less ability to withstand these e&ils ;$ro' whi#h, howe&er, his good lu#k kee%s hi' #lear<, but he en2oys all these $ollowing blessings0 he is whole o$ li'b, a stranger to disease, $ree $ro' 'is$ortune, ha%%y in his #hildren, and #o'ely to look u%on) $, in addition to all this, he end his li$e well, he is o$ a truth the 'an o$ who' thou art in sear#h, the 'an who 'ay rightly be ter'ed ha%%y) Call hi', howe&er, until he die, not ha%%y but $ortunate) "#ar#ely, indeed, #an any 'an unite all these ad&antages0 as there is no #ountry whi#h #ontains within it all that it needs, but ea#h, while it %ossesses so'e things, la#ks others, and the best #ountry is that whi#h #ontains the 'ost( so no single hu'an being is #o'%lete in e&ery res%e#t7 so'ething is always la#king) He who unites the greatest nu'ber o$ ad&antages, and retaining the' to the day o$ his death, then dies %ea#eably, that 'an alone, sire, is, in 'y 2udg'ent, entitled to bear the na'e o$ 1ha%%y)1 But in e&ery 'atter it beho&es us to 'ark well the end0 $or o$tenti'es God gi&es 'en a glea' o$ ha%%iness, and then %lunges the'

into ruin)9 "u#h was the s%ee#h whi#h "olon addressed to Croesus, a s%ee#h whi#h brought hi' neither largess nor honour) The king saw hi' de%art with 'u#h indi$$eren#e, sin#e he thought that a 'an 'ust be an arrant $ool who 'ade no a##ount o$ %resent good, but bade 'en always wait and 'ark the end) *$ter "olon had gone away a dread$ul &engean#e, sent o$ God, #a'e u%on Croesus, to %unish hi', it is likely, $or dee'ing hi'sel$ the ha%%iest o$ 'en) First he had a drea' in the night, whi#h $oreshowed hi' truly the e&ils that were about to be$all hi' in the %erson o$ his son) For Croesus had two sons, one blasted by a natural de$e#t, being dea$ and du'b( the other, distinguished $ar abo&e all his #o7'ates in e&ery %ursuit) The na'e o$ the last was *tys) t was this son #on#erning who' he drea't a drea' that he would die by the blow o$ an iron wea%on) 4hen he woke, he #onsidered earnestly with hi'sel$, and, greatly alar'ed at the drea', instantly 'ade his son take a wi$e, and whereas in $or'er years the youth had been wont to #o''and the Lydian $or#es in the $ield, he now would not su$$er hi' to a##o'%any the') *ll the s%ears and 2a&elins, and wea%ons used in the wars, he re'o&ed out o$ the 'ale a%art'ents, and laid the' in hea%s in the #ha'bers o$ the wo'en, $earing lest %erha%s one o$ the wea%ons that hung against the wall 'ight $all and strike hi') 3ow it #han#ed that while he was 'aking arrange'ents $or the wedding, there #a'e to "ardis a 'an under a 'is$ortune, who had u%on hi' the stain o$ blood) He was by ra#e a +hrygian, and belonged to the $a'ily o$ the king) +resenting hi'sel$ at the %ala#e o$ Croesus, he %rayed to be ad'itted to %uri$i#ation a##ording to the #usto's o$ the #ountry) 3ow the Lydian 'ethod o$ %uri$ying is &ery nearly the sa'e as the Greek) Croesus granted the re,uest, and went through all the #usto'ary rites, a$ter whi#h he asked the su%%liant o$ his birth and #ountry, addressing hi' as $ollows07 94ho art thou, stranger, and $ro' what %art o$ +hrygia $leddest thou to take re$uge at 'y hearth: *nd who', 'oreo&er, what 'an or what wo'an, hast thou slain:9 9!h> king,9 re%lied the +hrygian, 9 a' the son o$ Gordias, son o$ -idas) a' na'ed *drastus) The 'an unintentionally slew was 'y own brother) For this 'y $ather dro&e 'e $ro' the land, and lost all) Then $led here to thee)9 9Thou art the o$$s%ring,9 Croesus re2oined, 9o$ a house $riendly to 'ine, and thou art #o'e to $riends) Thou shalt want $or nothing so long as thou abidest in 'y do'inions) Bear thy 'is$ortune as easily as thou 'ayest, so will it go best with thee)9 Then#e$orth *drastus li&ed in the %ala#e o$ the king) t #han#ed that at this &ery sa'e ti'e there was in the -ysian !ly'%us a huge 'onster o$ a boar, whi#h went $orth o$ten $ro' this 'ountain #ountry, and wasted the #orn7$ields o$ the -ysians) -any a ti'e had the -ysians #olle#ted to hunt the beast, but instead o$ doing

hi' any hurt, they #a'e o$$ always with so'e loss to the'sel&es) *t length they sent a'bassadors to Croesus, who deli&ered their 'essage to hi' in these words0 9!h> king, a 'ighty 'onster o$ a boar has a%%eared in our %arts, and destroys the labour o$ our hands) 4e do our best to take hi', but in &ain) 3ow there$ore we besee#h thee to let thy son a##o'%any us ba#k, with so'e #hosen youths and hounds, that we 'ay rid our #ountry o$ the ani'al)9 "u#h was the tenor o$ their %rayer) But Croesus bethought hi' o$ his drea', and answered, 9"ay no 'ore o$ 'y son going with you( that 'ay not be in any wise) He is but 2ust 2oined in wedlo#k, and is busy enough with that) will grant you a %i#ked band o$ Lydians, and all 'y hunts'en and hounds( and will #harge those who' send to use all /eal in aiding you to rid your #ountry o$ the brute)9 4ith this re%ly the -ysians were #ontent( but the king1s son, hearing what the %rayer o$ the -ysians was, #a'e suddenly in, and on the re$usal o$ Croesus to let hi' go with the', thus addressed his $ather0 9For'erly, 'y $ather, it was dee'ed the noblest and 'ost suitable thing $or 'e to $re,uent the wars and hunting7%arties, and win 'ysel$ glory in the'( but now thou kee%est 'e away $ro' both, although thou hast ne&er beheld in 'e either #owardi#e or la#k o$ s%irit) 4hat $a#e 'eanwhile 'ust wear as walk to the $oru' or return $ro' it: 4hat 'ust the #iti/ens, what 'ust 'y young bride think o$ 'e: 4hat sort o$ 'an will she su%%ose her husband to be: Either, there$ore, let 'e go to the #hase o$ this boar, or gi&e 'e a reason why it is best $or 'e to do a##ording to thy wishes)9 Then Croesus answered, 9-y son, it is not be#ause ha&e seen in thee either #owardi#e or aught else whi#h has dis%leased 'e that kee% thee ba#k( but be#ause a &ision whi#h #a'e be$ore 'e in a drea' as sle%t, warned 'e that thou wert doo'ed to die young, %ier#ed by an iron wea%on) t was this whi#h $irst led 'e to hasten on thy wedding, and now it hinders 'e $ro' sending thee u%on this enter%rise) Fain would kee% wat#h o&er thee, i$ by any 'eans 'ay #heat $ate o$ thee during 'y own li$eti'e) For thou art the one and only son that %ossess( the other, whose hearing is destroyed, regard as i$ he were not)9 9*h> $ather,9 returned the youth, 9 bla'e thee not $or kee%ing wat#h o&er 'e a$ter a drea' so terrible( but i$ thou 'istakest, i$ thou dost not a%%rehend the drea' aright, 1tis no bla'e $or 'e to show thee wherein thou errest) 3ow the drea', thou saidst thysel$, $oretold that should die stri#ken by an iron wea%on) But what hands has a boar to strike with: 4hat iron wea%on does he wield: =et this is what thou $earest $or 'e) Had the drea' said that should die %ier#ed by a tusk, then thou hadst done well to kee% 'e away( but it said a wea%on) 3ow here we do not #o'bat 'en, but a wild ani'al) %ray thee, there$ore, let 'e go with the')9

9There thou hast 'e, 'y son,9 said Croesus, 9thy inter%retation is better than 'ine) yield to it, and #hange 'y 'ind, and #onsent to let thee go)9 Then the king sent $or *drastus, the +hrygian, and said to hi', 9*drastus, when thou wert s'itten with the rod o$ a$$li#tion7 no re%roa#h, 'y $riend7 %uri$ied thee, and ha&e taken thee to li&e with 'e in 'y %ala#e, and ha&e been at e&ery #harge) 3ow, there$ore, it beho&es thee to re,uite the good o$$i#es whi#h thou hast re#ei&ed at 'y hands by #onsenting to go with 'y son on this hunting %arty, and to wat#h o&er hi', i$ %er#han#e you should be atta#ked u%on the road by so'e band o$ daring robbers) E&en a%art $ro' this, it were right $or thee to go where thou 'ayest 'ake thysel$ $a'ous by noble deeds) They are the heritage o$ thy $a'ily, and thou too art so stalwart and strong)9 *drastus answered, 9E.#e%t $or thy re,uest, !h> king, would rather ha&e ke%t away $ro' this hunt( $or 'ethinks it ill besee's a 'an under a 'is$ortune su#h as 'ine to #onsort with his ha%%ier #o'%eers( and besides, ha&e no heart to it) !n 'any grounds had stayed behind( but, as thou urgest it, and a' bound to %leasure thee ;$or truly it does beho&e 'e to re,uite thy good o$$i#es<, a' #ontent to do as thou wishest) For thy son, who' thou gi&est into 'y #harge, be sure thou shalt re#ei&e hi' ba#k sa$e and sound, so $ar as de%ends u%on a guardian1s #are$ulness)9 Thus assured, Croesus let the' de%art, a##o'%anied by a band o$ %i#ked youths, and well %ro&ided with dogs o$ #hase) 4hen they rea#hed !ly'%us, they s#attered in ,uest o$ the ani'al( he was soon $ound, and the hunters, drawing round hi' in a #ir#le, hurled their wea%ons at hi') Then the stranger, the 'an who had been %uri$ied o$ blood, whose na'e was *drastus, he also hurled his s%ear at the boar, but 'issed his ai', and stru#k *tys) Thus was the son o$ Croesus slain by the %oint o$ an iron wea%on, and the warning o$ the &ision was $ul$illed) Then one ran to "ardis to bear the tidings to the king, and he #a'e and in$or'ed hi' o$ the #o'bat and o$ the $ate that had be$allen his son) $ it was a hea&y blow to the $ather to learn that his #hild was dead, it yet 'ore strongly a$$e#ted hi' to think that the &ery 'an who' he hi'sel$ on#e %uri$ied had done the deed) n the &iolen#e o$ his grie$ he #alled aloud on 8u%iter Catharsius to be a witness o$ what he had su$$ered at the stranger1s hands) *$terwards he in&oked the sa'e god as 8u%iter E%histius and Hetaereus7 using the one ter' be#ause he had unwittingly harboured in his house the 'an who had now slain his son( and the other, be#ause the stranger, who had been sent as his #hild1s guardian, had turned out his 'ost #ruel ene'y) +resently the Lydians arri&ed, bearing the body o$ the youth, and behind the' $ollowed the ho'i#ide) He took his stand in $ront o$ the #orse, and, stret#hing $orth his hands to Croesus, deli&ered

hi'sel$ into his %ower with earnest entreaties that he would sa#ri$i#e hi' u%on the body o$ his son7 9his $or'er 'is$ortune was burthen enough( now that he had added to it a se#ond, and had brought ruin on the 'an who %uri$ied hi', he #ould not bear to li&e)9 Then Croesus, when he heard these words, was 'o&ed with %ity towards *drastus, notwithstanding the bitterness o$ his own #ala'ity( and so he answered, 9Enough, 'y $riend( ha&e all the re&enge that re,uire, sin#e thou gi&est senten#e o$ death against thysel$) But in sooth it is not thou who hast in2ured 'e, e.#e%t so $ar as thou hast unwittingly dealt the blow) "o'e god is the author o$ 'y 'is$ortune, and was $orewarned o$ it a long ti'e ago)9 Croesus a$ter this buried the body o$ his son, with su#h honours as be$itted the o##asion) *drastus, son o$ Gordias, son o$ -idas, the destroyer o$ his brother in ti'e %ast, the destroyer now o$ his %uri$ier, regarding hi'sel$ as the 'ost un$ortunate wret#h who' he had e&er known, so soon as all was ,uiet about the %la#e, slew hi'sel$ u%on the to'b) Croesus, bere$t o$ his son, ga&e hi'sel$ u% to 'ourning $or two $ull years) *t the end o$ this ti'e the grie$ o$ Croesus was interru%ted by intelligen#e $ro' abroad) He learnt that Cyrus, the son o$ Ca'byses, had destroyed the e'%ire o$ *styages, the son o$ Cya.ares( and that the +ersians were be#o'ing daily 'ore %ower$ul) This led hi' to #onsider with hi'sel$ whether it were %ossible to #he#k the growing %ower o$ that %eo%le be$ore it #a'e to a head) 4ith this design he resol&ed to 'ake instant trial o$ the se&eral ora#les in Gree#e, and o$ the one in Libya) "o he sent his 'essengers in di$$erent dire#tions, so'e to 5el%hi, so'e to *bae in +ho#is, and so'e to 5odona( others to the ora#le o$ *'%hiaraus( others to that o$ Tro%honius( others, again, to Bran#hidae in -ilesia) These were the Greek ora#les whi#h he #onsulted) To Libya he sent another e'bassy, to #onsult the ora#le o$ *''on) These 'essengers were sent to test the knowledge o$ the ora#les, that, i$ they were $ound really to return true answers, he 'ight send a se#ond ti'e, and in,uire i$ he ought to atta#k the +ersians) The 'essengers who were des%at#hed to 'ake trial o$ the ora#les were gi&en the $ollowing instru#tions0 they were to kee% #ount o$ the days $ro' the ti'e o$ their lea&ing "ardis, and, re#koning $ro' that date, on the hundredth day they were to #onsult the ora#les, and to in,uire o$ the' what Croesus the son o$ *lyattes, king o$ Lydia, was doing at that 'o'ent) The answers gi&en the' were to be taken down in writing, and brought ba#k to hi') 3one o$ the re%lies re'ain on re#ord e.#e%t that o$ the ora#le at 5el%hi) There, the 'o'ent that the Lydians entered the san#tuary, and be$ore they %ut their ,uestions, the +ythoness thus answered the' in he.a'eter &erse07 #an #ount the sands, and #an 'easure the o#ean( ha&e ears $or the silent, and know what the du'b 'an 'eaneth(

Lo> on 'y sense there striketh the s'ell o$ a shell7#o&ered tortoise, Boiling now on a $ire, with the $lesh o$ a la'b, in a #auldron7 Brass is the &essel below, and brass the #o&er abo&e it) These words the Lydians wrote down at the 'outh o$ the +ythoness as she %ro%hesied, and then set o$$ on their return to "ardis) 4hen all the 'essengers had #o'e ba#k with the answers whi#h they had re#ei&ed, Croesus undid the rolls, and read what was written in ea#h) !nly one a%%ro&ed itsel$ to hi', that o$ the 5el%hi# ora#le) This he had no sooner heard than he instantly 'ade an a#t o$ adoration, and a##e%ted it as true, de#laring that the 5el%hi# was the only really ora#ular shrine, the only one that had dis#o&ered in what way he was in $a#t e'%loyed) For on the de%arture o$ his 'essengers he had set hi'sel$ to think what was 'ost i'%ossible $or any one to #on#ei&e o$ his doing, and then, waiting till the day agreed on #a'e, he a#ted as he had deter'ined) He took a tortoise and a la'b, and #utting the' in %ie#es with his own hands, boiled the' both together in a bra/en #auldron, #o&ered o&er with a lid whi#h was also o$ brass) "u#h then was the answer returned to Croesus $ro' 5el%hi) 4hat the answer was whi#h the Lydians who went to the shrine o$ *'%hiarans and %er$or'ed the #usto'ary rites obtained o$ the ora#le there, ha&e it not in 'y %ower to 'ention, $or there is no re#ord o$ it) *ll that is known is that Croesus belie&ed hi'sel$ to ha&e $ound there also an ora#le whi#h s%oke the truth) *$ter this Croesus, ha&ing resol&ed to %ro%itiate the 5el%hi# god with a 'agni$i#ent sa#ri$i#e, o$$ered u% three thousand o$ e&ery kind o$ sa#ri$i#ial beast, and besides 'ade a huge %ile, and %la#ed u%on it #ou#hes #oated with sil&er and with gold, and golden goblets, and robes and &ests o$ %ur%le( all whi#h he burnt in the ho%e o$ thereby 'aking hi'sel$ 'ore se#ure o$ the $a&our o$ the god) Further he issued his orders to all the %eo%le o$ the land to o$$er a sa#ri$i#e a##ording to their 'eans) 4hen the sa#ri$i#e was ended, the king 'elted down a &ast ,uantity o$ gold, and ran it into ingots, 'aking the' si. %al's long, three %al's broad, and one %al' in thi#kness) The nu'ber o$ ingots was a hundred and se&enteen, $our being o$ re$ined gold, in weight two talents and a hal$( the others o$ %ale gold, and in weight two talents) He also #aused a statue o$ a lion to be 'ade in re$ined gold, the weight o$ whi#h was ten talents) *t the ti'e when the te'%le o$ 5el%hi was burnt to the ground, this lion $ell $ro' the ingots on whi#h it was %la#ed( it now stands in the Corinthian treasury, and weighs only si. talents and a hal$, ha&ing lost three talents and a hal$ by the $ire) !n the #o'%letion o$ these works Croesus sent the' away to 5el%hi, and with the' two bowls o$ an enor'ous si/e, one o$ gold, the other o$

sil&er, whi#h used to stand, the latter u%on the right, the $or'er u%on the le$t, as one entered the te'%le) They too were 'o&ed at the ti'e o$ the $ire( and now the golden one is in the Cla/o'enian treasury, and weighs eight talents and $orty7two 'inae( the sil&er one stands in the #orner o$ the ante7#ha%el, and holds si. hundred a'%horae) This is known be#ause the 5el%hians $ill it at the ti'e o$ the Theo%hania) t is said by the 5el%hians to be a work o$ Theodore the "a'ian, and think that they say true, $or assuredly it is the work o$ no #o''on artist) Croesus sent also $our sil&er #asks, whi#h are in the Corinthian treasury, and two lustral &ases, a golden and a sil&er one) !n the $or'er is ins#ribed the na'e o$ the La#edae'onians, and they #lai' it as a gi$t o$ theirs, but wrongly, sin#e it was really gi&en by Croesus) The ins#ri%tion u%on it was #ut by a 5el%hian, who wished to %leasure the La#edae'onians) His na'e is known to 'e, but $orbear to 'ention it) The boy, through whose hand the water runs, is ; #on$ess< a La#edae'onian gi$t, but they did not gi&e either o$ the lustral &ases) Besides these &arious o$$erings, Croesus sent to 5el%hi 'any others o$ less a##ount, a'ong the rest a nu'ber o$ round sil&er basins) *lso he dedi#ated a $e'ale $igure in gold, three #ubits high, whi#h is said by the 5el%hians to be the statue o$ his baking7wo'an( and $urther, he %resented the ne#kla#e and the girdles o$ his wi$e) These were the o$$erings sent by Croesus to 5el%hi) To the shrine o$ *'%hiaraus, with whose &alour and 'is$ortune he was a#,uainted, he sent a shield entirely o$ gold, and a s%ear, also o$ solid gold, both head and sha$t) They were still e.isting in 'y day at Thebes, laid u% in the te'%le o$ s'enian *%ollo) The 'essengers who had the #harge o$ #on&eying these treasures to the shrines, re#ei&ed instru#tions to ask the ora#les whether Croesus should go to war with the +ersians and i$ so, whether he should strengthen hi'sel$ by the $or#es o$ an ally) *##ordingly, when they had rea#hed their destinations and %resented the gi$ts, they %ro#eeded to #onsult the ora#les in the $ollowing ter's07 9Croesus, o$ Lydia and other #ountries, belie&ing that these are the only real ora#les in all the world, has sent you su#h %resents as your dis#o&eries deser&ed, and now in,uires o$ you whether he shall go to war with the +ersians, and i$ so, whether he shall strengthen hi'sel$ by the $or#es o$ a #on$ederate)9 Both the ora#les agreed in the tenor o$ their re%ly, whi#h was in ea#h #ase a %ro%he#y that i$ Croesus atta#ked the +ersians, he would destroy a 'ighty e'%ire, and a re#o''endation to hi' to look and see who were the 'ost %ower$ul o$ the Greeks, and to 'ake allian#e with the') *t the re#ei%t o$ these ora#ular re%lies Croesus was o&er2oyed, and $eeling sure now that he would destroy the e'%ire o$ the +ersians, he sent on#e 'ore to +ytho, and %resented to the 5el%hians, the nu'ber o$ who' he had as#ertained, two gold staters a%ie#e) n return $or

this the 5el%hians granted to Croesus and the Lydians the %ri&ilege o$ %re#eden#y in #onsulting the ora#le, e.e'%tion $ro' all #harges, the 'ost honourable seat at the $esti&als, and the %er%etual right o$ be#o'ing at %leasure #iti/ens o$ their town) *$ter sending these %resents to the 5el%hians, Croesus a third ti'e #onsulted the ora#le, $or ha&ing on#e %ro&ed its truth$ulness, he wished to 'ake #onstant use o$ it) The ,uestion whereto he now desired an answer was7 94hether his kingdo' would be o$ long duration:9 The $ollowing was the re%ly o$ the +ythoness07 4ait till the ti'e shall #o'e when a 'ule is 'onar#h o$ -edia( Then, thou deli#ate Lydian, away to the %ebbles o$ Her'us( Haste, oh> haste thee away, nor blush to beha&e like a #oward) !$ all the answers that had rea#hed hi', this %leased hi' $ar the best, $or it see'ed in#redible that a 'ule should e&er #o'e to be king o$ the -edes, and so he #on#luded that the so&ereignty would ne&er de%art $ro' hi'sel$ or his seed a$ter hi') *$terwards he turned his thoughts to the allian#e whi#h he had been re#o''ended to #ontra#t, and sought to as#ertain by in,uiry whi#h was the 'ost %ower$ul o$ the Gre#ian states) His in,uiries %ointed out to hi' two states as %re7e'inent abo&e the rest) These were the La#edae'onians and the *thenians, the $or'er o$ 5ori#, the latter o$ oni# blood) *nd indeed these two nations had held $ro' &ery, early ti'es the 'ost distinguished %la#e in Gree#e, the being a +elasgi#, the other a Helleni# %eo%le, and the one ha&ing ne&er ,uitted its original seats, while the other had been e.#essi&ely 'igratory( $or during the reign o$ 5eu#alion, +hthiotis was the #ountry in whi#h the Hellenes dwelt, but under 5orus, the son o$ Hellen, they 'o&ed to the tra#t at the base o$ !ssa and !ly'%us, whi#h is #alled Histiaeotis( $or#ed to retire $ro' that region by the Cad'eians, they settled, under the na'e o$ -a#edni, in the #hain o$ +indus) Hen#e they on#e 'ore re'o&ed and #a'e to 5ryo%is( and $ro' 5ryo%is ha&ing entered the +elo%onnese in this way, they be#a'e known as 5orians) 4hat the language o$ the +elasgi was #annot say with any #ertainty) $, howe&er, we 'ay $or' a #on2e#ture $ro' the tongue s%oken by the +elasgi o$ the %resent day7 those, $or instan#e, who li&e at Creston abo&e the Tyrrhenians, who $or'erly dwelt in the distri#t na'ed Thessaliotis, and were neighbours o$ the %eo%le now #alled the 5orians7 or those again who $ounded +la#ia and "#yla#e u%on the Helles%ont, who had %re&iously dwelt $or so'e ti'e with the *thenians7 or those, in short, o$ any other o$ the #ities whi#h ha&e dro%%ed the na'e but are in $a#t +elasgian( i$, say, we are to $or' a #on2e#ture $ro' any o$ these, we 'ust %ronoun#e that the +elasgi s%oke a barbarous language) $ this were really so, and the entire +elasgi# ra#e s%oke the sa'e tongue, the *thenians, who were

#ertainly +elasgi, 'ust ha&e #hanged their language at the sa'e ti'e that they %assed into the Helleni# body( $or it is a #ertain $a#t that the %eo%le o$ Creston s%eak a language unlike any o$ their neighbours, and the sa'e is true o$ the +la#ianians, while the language s%oken by these two %eo%le is the sa'e( whi#h shows that they both retain the idio' whi#h they brought with the' into the #ountries where they are now settled) The Helleni# ra#e has ne&er, sin#e its $irst origin, #hanged its s%ee#h) This at least see's e&ident to 'e) t was a bran#h o$ the +elasgi#, whi#h se%arated $ro' the 'ain body, and at $irst was s#anty in nu'bers and o$ little %ower( but it gradually s%read and in#reased to a 'ultitude o$ nations, #hie$ly by the &oluntary entran#e into its ranks o$ nu'erous tribes o$ barbarians) The +elasgi, on the other hand, were, as think, a barbarian ra#e whi#h ne&er greatly 'ulti%lied) !n in,uiring into the #ondition o$ these two nations, Croesus $ound that one, the *thenian, was in a state o$ grie&ous o%%ression and distra#tion under +isistratus, the son o$ Hi%%o#rates, who was at that ti'e tyrant o$ *thens) Hi%%o#rates, when he was a %ri&ate #iti/en, is said to ha&e gone on#e u%on a ti'e to !ly'%ia to see the Ga'es, when a wonder$ul %rodigy ha%%ened to hi') *s he was e'%loyed in sa#ri$i#ing, the #auldrons whi#h stood near, $ull o$ water and o$ the $lesh o$ the &i#ti's, began to boil without the hel% o$ $ire, so that the water o&er$lowed the %ots) Chilon the La#edae'onian, who ha%%ened to be there and to witness the %rodigy, ad&ised Hi%%o#rates, i$ he were un'arried, ne&er to take into his house a wi$e who #ould bear hi' a #hild( i$ he already had one, to send her ba#k to her $riends( i$ he had a son, to disown hi') Chilon1s ad&i#e did not at all %lease Hi%%o#rates, who disregarded it, and so'e ti'e a$ter be#a'e the $ather o$ +isistratus) This +isistratus, at a ti'e when there was #i&il #ontention in *tti#a between the %arty o$ the "ea7#oast headed by -ega#les the son o$ *l#'aeon, and that o$ the +lain headed by Ly#urgus, one o$ the *ristolaids, $or'ed the %ro2e#t o$ 'aking hi'sel$ tyrant, and with this &iew #reated a third %arty) Gathering together a band o$ %artisans, and gi&ing hi'sel$ out $or the %rote#tor o$ the Highlanders, he #ontri&ed the $ollowing stratage') He wounded hi'sel$ and his 'ules, and then dro&e his #hariot into the 'arket7%la#e, %ro$essing to ha&e 2ust es#a%ed an atta#k o$ his ene'ies, who had atte'%ted his li$e as he was on his way into the #ountry) He besought the %eo%le to assign hi' a guard to %rote#t his %erson, re'inding the' o$ the glory whi#h he had gained when he led the atta#k u%on the -egarians, and took the town o$ 3isaea, at the sa'e ti'e %er$or'ing 'any other e.%loits) The *thenians, de#ei&ed by his story, a%%ointed hi' a band o$ #iti/ens to ser&e as a guard, who were to #arry #lubs instead o$ s%ears, and to a##o'%any hi' where&er he went) Thus strengthened, +isistratus broke into re&olt and sei/ed

the #itadel) n this way he a#,uired the so&ereignty o$ *thens, whi#h he #ontinued to hold without disturbing the %re&iously e.isting o$$i#es or altering any o$ the laws) He ad'inistered the state a##ording to the established usages, and his arrange'ents were wise and salutary) Howe&er, a$ter a little ti'e, the %artisans o$ -ega#les and those o$ Ly#urgus agreed to $orget their di$$eren#es, and united to dri&e hi' out) "o +isistratus, ha&ing by the 'eans des#ribed $irst 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ *thens, lost his %ower again be$ore it had ti'e to take root) 3o sooner, howe&er, was he de%arted than the $a#tions whi#h had dri&en hi' out ,uarrelled anew, and at last -ega#les, wearied with the struggle, sent a herald to +isistratus, with an o$$er to re7establish hi' on the throne i$ he would 'arry his daughter) +isistratus #onsented, and on these ter's an agree'ent was #on#luded between the two, a$ter whi#h they %ro#eeded to de&ise the 'ode o$ his restoration) *nd here the de&i#e on whi#h they hit was the silliest that $ind on re#ord, 'ore es%e#ially #onsidering that the Greeks ha&e been $ro' &ery an#ient ti'es distinguished $ro' the barbarians by su%erior saga#ity and $reedo' $ro' $oolish si'%leness, and re'e'bering that the %ersons on who' this tri#k was %layed were not only Greeks but *thenians, who ha&e the #redit o$ sur%assing all other Greeks in #le&erness) There was in the +aeanian distri#t a wo'an na'ed +hya, whose height only $ell short o$ $our #ubits by three $ingers1 breadth, and who was altogether #o'ely to look u%on) This wo'an they #lothed in #o'%lete ar'our, and, instru#ting her as to the #arriage whi#h she was to 'aintain in order to besee' her %art, they %la#ed her in a #hariot and dro&e to the #ity) Heralds had been sent $orward to %re#ede her, and to 'ake %ro#la'ation to this e$$e#t0 9Citi/ens o$ *thens, re#ei&e again +isistratus with $riendly 'inds) -iner&a, who o$ all 'en honours hi' the 'ost, hersel$ #ondu#ts hi' ba#k to her own #itadel)9 This they %ro#lai'ed in all dire#tions, and i''ediately the ru'our s%read throughout the #ountry distri#ts that -iner&a was bringing ba#k her $a&ourite) They o$ the #ity also, $ully %ersuaded that the wo'an was the &eritable goddess, %rostrated the'sel&es be$ore her, and re#ei&ed +isistratus ba#k) +isistratus, ha&ing thus re#o&ered the so&ereignty, 'arried, a##ording to agree'ent, the daughter o$ -ega#les) *s, howe&er, he had already a $a'ily o$ grown u% sons, and the *l#'aeonidae were su%%osed to be under a #urse, he deter'ined that there should be no issue o$ the 'arriage) His wi$e at $irst ke%t this 'atter to hersel$, but a$ter a ti'e, either her 'other ,uestioned her, or it 'ay be that she told it o$ her own a##ord) *t any rate, she in$or'ed her 'other, and so it rea#hed her $ather1s ears) -ega#les, indignant at re#ei&ing an a$$ront $ro' su#h a ,uarter, in his anger instantly 'ade u% his di$$eren#es with the o%%osite $a#tion, on whi#h +isistratus, aware o$ what was %lanning against hi', took hi'sel$

out o$ the #ountry) *rri&ed at Eretria, he held a #oun#il with his #hildren to de#ide what was to be done) The o%inion o$ Hi%%ias %re&ailed, and it was agreed to ai' at regaining the so&ereignty) The $irst ste% was to obtain ad&an#es o$ 'oney $ro' su#h states as were under obligations to the') By these 'eans they #olle#ted large su's $ro' se&eral #ountries, es%e#ially $ro' the Thebans, who ga&e the' $ar 'ore than any o$ the rest) To be brie$, ti'e %assed, and all was at length got ready $or their return) * band o$ *rgi&e 'er#enaries arri&ed $ro' the +elo%onnese, and a #ertain 3a.ian na'ed Lygda'is, who &olunteered his ser&i#es, was %arti#ularly /ealous in the #ause, su%%lying both 'en and 'oney) n the ele&enth year o$ their e.ile the $a'ily o$ +isistratus set sail $ro' Eretria on their return ho'e) They 'ade the #oast o$ *tti#a, near -arathon, where they en#a'%ed, and were 2oined by their %artisans $ro' the #a%ital and by nu'bers $ro' the #ountry distri#ts, who lo&ed tyranny better than $reedo') *t *thens, while +isistratus was obtaining $unds, and e&en a$ter he landed at -arathon, no one %aid any attention to his %ro#eedings) 4hen, howe&er, it be#a'e known that he had le$t -arathon, and was 'ar#hing u%on the #ity, %re%arations were 'ade $or resistan#e, the whole $or#e o$ the state was le&ied, and led against the returning e.iles) -eanti'e the ar'y o$ +isistratus, whi#h had broken u% $ro' -arathon, 'eeting their ad&ersaries near the te'%le o$ the +allenian -iner&a, %it#hed their #a'% o%%osite the') Here a #ertain soothsayer, *'%hilytus by na'e, an *#arnanian, 'o&ed by a di&ine i'%ulse, #a'e into the %resen#e o$ +isistratus, and a%%roa#hing hi' uttered this %ro%he#y in the he.a'eter 'easure07 3ow has the #ast been 'ade, the net is out7s%read in the water, Through the 'oonshiny night the tunnies will enter the 'eshes) "u#h was the %ro%he#y uttered under a di&ine ins%iration) +isistratus, a%%rehending its 'eaning, de#lared that he a##e%ted the ora#le, and instantly led on his ar'y) The *thenians $ro' the #ity had 2ust $inished their 'idday 'eal, a$ter whi#h they had betaken the'sel&es, so'e to di#e, others to slee%, when +isistratus with his troo%s $ell u%on the' and %ut the' to the rout) *s soon as the $light began, +isistratus bethought hi'sel$ o$ a 'ost wise #ontri&an#e, whereby the 'ight be indu#ed to dis%erse and not unite in a body any 'ore) He 'ounted his sons on horseba#k and sent the' on in $ront to o&ertake the $ugiti&es, and e.hort the' to be o$ good #heer, and return ea#h 'an to his ho'e) The *thenians took the ad&i#e, and +isistratus be#a'e $or the third ti'e 'aster o$ *thens) 6%on this he set hi'sel$ to root his %ower 'ore $ir'ly, by the aid o$ a nu'erous body o$ 'er#enaries, and by kee%ing u% a $ull e.#he,uer, %artly su%%lied $ro' nati&e sour#es, %artly $ro' the #ountries about

the ri&er "try'on) He also de'anded hostages $ro' 'any o$ the *thenians who had re'ained at ho'e, and not le$t *thens at his a%%roa#h( and these he sent to 3a.os, whi#h he had #on,uered by $or#e o$ ar's, and gi&en o&er into the #harge o$ Lygda'is) Farther, he %uri$ied the island o$ 5elos, a##ording to the in2un#tions o$ an ora#le, a$ter the $ollowing $ashion) *ll the dead bodies whi#h had been interred within sight o$ the te'%le he dug u%, and re'o&ed to another %art o$ the isle) Thus was the tyranny o$ +isistratus established at *thens, 'any o$ the *thenians ha&ing $allen in the battle, and 'any others ha&ing $led the #ountry together with the son o$ *l#'aeon) "u#h was the #ondition o$ the *thenians when Croesus 'ade in,uiry #on#erning the') +ro#eeding to seek in$or'ation #on#erning the La#edae'onians, he learnt that, a$ter %assing through a %eriod o$ great de%ression, they had lately been &i#torious in a war with the %eo%le o$ Tegea( $or, during the 2oint reign o$ Leo and *gasi#les, kings o$ "%arta, the La#edae'onians, su##ess$ul in all their other wars, su$$ered #ontinual de$eat at the hands o$ the Tegeans) *t a still earlier %eriod they had been the &ery worst go&erned %eo%le in Gree#e, as well in 'atters o$ internal 'anage'ent as in their relations towards $oreigners, $ro' who' they ke%t entirely aloo$) The #ir#u'stan#es whi#h led to their being well go&erned were the $ollowing07 Ly#urgus, a 'an o$ distin#tion a'ong the "%artans, had gone to 5el%hi, to &isit the ora#le) "#ar#ely had he entered into the inner $ane, when the +ythoness e.#lai'ed aloud, !h> thou great Ly#urgus, that #o'1st to 'y beauti$ul dwelling, 5ear to lo&e, and to all who sit in the halls o$ !ly'%us, 4hether to hail thee a god know not, or only a 'ortal, But 'y ho%e is strong that a god thou wilt %ro&e, Ly#urgus) "o'e re%ort besides, that the +ythoness deli&ered to hi' the entire syste' o$ laws whi#h are still obser&ed by the "%artans) The La#edae'onians, howe&er) the'sel&es assert that Ly#urgus, when he was guardian o$ his ne%hew, Labotas, king o$ "%arta, and regent in his roo', introdu#ed the' $ro' Crete( $or as soon as he be#a'e regent, he altered the whole o$ the e.isting #usto's, substituting new ones, whi#h he took #are should be obser&ed by all) *$ter this he arranged whate&er a%%ertained to war, establishing the Eno'otiae, Tria#ades, and "yssitia, besides whi#h he instituted the senate,1 and the e%horalty) "u#h was the way in whi#h the La#edae'onians be#a'e a well7go&erned %eo%le) !n the death o$ Ly#urgus they built hi' a te'%le, and e&er sin#e they ha&e worshi%%ed hi' with the ut'ost re&eren#e) Their soil being good and the %o%ulation nu'erous, they s%rang u% ra%idly to %ower, and be#a'e a $lourishing %eo%le) n #onse,uen#e they soon #eased to be

satis$ied to stay ,uiet( and, regarding the *r#adians as &ery 'u#h their in$eriors, they sent to #onsult the ora#le about #on,uering the whole o$ *r#adia) The +ythoness thus answered the'0 Cra&est thou *r#ady: Bold is thy #ra&ing) shall not #ontent it) -any the 'en that in *r#ady dwell, whose $ood is the a#orn7 They will ne&er allow thee) t is not that a' niggard) will gi&e thee to dan#e in Tegea, with noisy $oot7$all, *nd with the 'easuring line 'ete out the glorious #ha'%aign) 4hen the La#edae'onians re#ei&ed this re%ly, lea&ing the rest o$ *r#adia untou#hed, they 'ar#hed against the Tegeans, #arrying with the' $etters, so #on$ident had this ora#le ;whi#h was, in truth, but o$ base 'etal< 'ade the' that they would ensla&e the Tegeans) The battle, howe&er, went against the', and 'any $ell into the ene'y1s hands) Then these %ersons, wearing the $etters whi#h they had the'sel&es brought, and $astened together in a string, 'easured the Tegean %lain as they e.e#uted their labours) The $etters in whi#h they worked were still, in 'y day, %reser&ed at Tegea where they hung round the walls o$ the te'%le o$ -iner&a *lea) Throughout the whole o$ this early #ontest with the Tegeans, the La#edae'onians 'et with nothing but de$eats( but in the ti'e o$ Croesus, under the kings *na.andrides and *risto, $ortune had turned in their $a&our, in the 'anner whi#h will now relate) Ha&ing been worsted in e&ery engage'ent by their ene'y, they sent to 5el%hi, and in,uired o$ the ora#le what god they 'ust %ro%itiate to %re&ail in the war against the Tegeans) The answer o$ the +ythoness was that be$ore they #ould %re&ail, they 'ust re'o&e to "%arta the bones o$ !restes, the son o$ *ga'e'non) 6nable to dis#o&er his burial7%la#e, they sent a se#ond ti'e, and asked the god where the body o$ the hero had been laid) The $ollowing was the answer they re#ei&ed07 Le&el and s'ooth is the %lain where *r#adian Tegea standeth( There two winds are e&er, by strong ne#essity, blowing, Counter7stroke answers stroke, and e&il lies u%on e&il) There all7tee'ing Earth doth harbour the son o$ *trides( Bring thou hi' to thy #ity, and then be Tegea1s 'aster) *$ter this re%ly, the La#edae'onians were no nearer dis#o&ering the burial7%la#e than be$ore, though they #ontinued to sear#h $or it diligently( until at last a 'an na'ed Li#has, one o$ the "%artans #alled *gathoergi, $ound it) The *gathoergi are #iti/ens who ha&e 2ust ser&ed their ti'e a'ong the knights) The $i&e eldest o$ the knights go out e&ery year, and are bound during the year a$ter their dis#harge to go where&er the "tate sends the', and a#ti&ely e'%loy the'sel&es in

its ser&i#e) Li#has was one o$ this body when, %artly by good lu#k, %artly by his own wisdo', he dis#o&ered the burial7%la#e) nter#ourse between the two "tates e.isting 2ust at this ti'e, he went to Tegea, and, ha%%ening to enter into the worksho% o$ a s'ith, he saw hi' $orging so'e iron) *s he stood 'ar&elling at what he beheld, he was obser&ed by the s'ith who, lea&ing o$$ his work, went u% to hi' and said, 9Certainly, then, you "%artan stranger, you would ha&e been wonder$ully sur%rised i$ you had seen what ha&e, sin#e you 'ake a 'ar&el e&en o$ the working in iron) wanted to 'ake 'ysel$ a well in this roo', and began to dig it, when what think you: #a'e u%on a #o$$in se&en #ubits long) had ne&er belie&ed that 'en were taller in the olden ti'es than they are now, so o%ened the #o$$in) The body inside was o$ the sa'e length0 'easured it, and $illed u% the hole again)9 "u#h was the 'an1s a##ount o$ what he had seen) The other, on turning the 'atter o&er in his 'ind, #on2e#tured that this was the body o$ !restes, o$ whi#h the ora#le had s%oken) He guessed so, be#ause he obser&ed that the s'ithy had two bellows, whi#h he understood to be the two winds, and the ha''er and an&il would do $or the stroke and the #ounterstroke, and the iron that was being wrought $or the e&il lying u%on e&il) This he i'agined 'ight be so be#ause iron had been dis#o&ered to the hurt o$ 'an) Full o$ these #on2e#tures, he s%ed ba#k to "%arta and laid the whole 'atter be$ore his #ountry'en) "oon a$ter, by a #on#erted %lan, they brought a #harge against hi', and began a %rose#ution) Li#has betook hi'sel$ to Tegea, and on his arri&al a#,uainted the s'ith with his 'is$ortune, and %ro%osed to rent his roo' o$ hi') The s'ith re$used $or so'e ti'e( but at last Li#has %ersuaded hi', and took u% his abode in it) Then he o%ened the gra&e, and #olle#ting the bones, returned with the' to "%arta) Fro' hen#e$orth, whene&er the "%artans and the Tegeans 'ade trial o$ ea#h other1s skill in ar's, the "%artans always had greatly the ad&antage( and by the ti'e to whi#h we are now #o'e they were 'asters o$ 'ost o$ the +elo%onnese) Croesus, in$or'ed o$ all these #ir#u'stan#es, sent 'essengers to "%arta, with gi$ts in their hands, who were to ask the "%artans to enter into allian#e with hi') They re#ei&ed stri#t in2un#tions as to what they should say, and on their arri&al at "%arta s%ake as $ollows07 9Croesus, king o$ the Lydians and o$ other nations, has sent us to s%eak thus to you0 1!h La#edae'onians, the god has bidden 'e to 'ake the Greek 'y $riend( there$ore a%%ly to you, in #on$or'ity with the ora#le, knowing that you hold the $irst rank in Gree#e, and desire to be#o'e your $riend and ally in all true $aith and honesty)19 "u#h was the 'essage whi#h Croesus sent by his heralds) The La#edae'onians, who were aware be$orehand o$ the re%ly gi&en hi' by

the ora#le, were $ull o$ 2oy at the #o'ing o$ the 'essengers, and at on#e took the oaths o$ $riendshi% and allian#e0 this they did the 'ore readily as they had %re&iously #ontra#ted #ertain obligations towards hi') They had sent to "ardis on one o##asion to %ur#hase so'e gold, intending to use it on a statue o$ *%ollo7 the statue, na'ely, whi#h re'ains to this day at Thorna. in La#onia, when Croesus, hearing o$ the 'atter, ga&e the' as a gi$t the gold whi#h they wanted) This was one reason why the La#edae'onians were so willing to 'ake the allian#e0 another was, be#ause Croesus had #hosen the' $or his $riends in %re$eren#e to all the other Greeks) They there$ore held the'sel&es in readiness to #o'e at his su''ons, and not #ontent with so doing, they $urther had a huge &ase 'ade in bron/e, #o&ered with $igures o$ ani'als all round the outside o$ the ri', and large enough to #ontain three hundred a'%horae, whi#h they sent to Croesus as a return $or his %resents to the') The &ase, howe&er, ne&er rea#hed "ardis) ts 'is#arriage is a##ounted $or in two ,uite di$$erent ways) The La#edae'onian story is that when it rea#hed "a'os, on its way towards "ardis, the "a'ians ha&ing knowledge o$ it, %ut to sea in their shi%s o$ war and 'ade it their %ri/e) But the "a'ians de#lare that the La#edae'onians who had the &ase in #harge, ha%%ening to arri&e too late, and learning that "ardis had $allen and that Croesus was a %risoner, sold it in their island, and the %ur#hasers ;who were, they say, %ri&ate %ersons< 'ade an o$$ering o$ it at the shrine o$ 8uno0 the sellers were &ery likely on their return to "%arta to ha&e said that they had been robbed o$ it by the "a'ians) "u#h, then, was the $ate o$ the &ase) -eanwhile Croesus, taking the ora#le in a wrong sense, led his $or#es into Ca%%ado#ia, $ully e.%e#ting to de$eat Cyrus and destroy the e'%ire o$ the +ersians) 4hile he was still engaged in 'aking %re%arations $or his atta#k, a Lydian na'ed "andanis, who had always been looked u%on as a wise 'an, but who a$ter this obtained a &ery great na'e indeed a'ong his #ountry'en, #a'e $orward and #ounselled the king in these words0 9Thou art about, oh> king, to 'ake war against 'en who wear leathern trousers, and ha&e all their other gar'ents o$ leather( who $eed not on what they like, but on what they #an get $ro' a soil that is sterile and unkindly( who do not indulge in wine, but drink water( who %ossess no $igs nor anything else that is good to eat) $, then, thou #on,uerest the', what #anst thou get $ro' the', seeing that they ha&e nothing at all: But i$ they #on,uer thee, #onsider how 'u#h that is %re#ious thou wilt lose0 i$ they on#e get a taste o$ our %leasant things, they will kee% su#h hold o$ the' that we shall ne&er be able to 'ake the' loose their gras%) For 'y %art, a' thank$ul to the gods that they ha&e not %ut it into the hearts o$ the +ersians to in&ade Lydia)9 Croesus was not %ersuaded by this s%ee#h, though it was true

enough( $or be$ore the #on,uest o$ Lydia, the +ersians %ossessed none o$ the lu.uries or delights o$ li$e) The Ca%%ado#ians are known to the Greeks by the na'e o$ "yrians) Be$ore the rise o$ the +ersian %ower, they had been sub2e#t to the -edes( but at the %resent ti'e they were within the e'%ire o$ Cyrus, $or the boundary between the -edian and the Lydian e'%ires was the ri&er Halys) This strea', whi#h rises in the 'ountain #ountry o$ *r'enia, runs $irst through Cili#ia( a$terwards it $lows $or a while with the -atieni on the right, and the +hrygians on the le$t0 then, when they are %assed, it %ro#eeds with a northern #ourse, se%arating the Ca%%ado#ian "yrians $ro' the +a%hlagonians, who o##u%y the le$t bank, thus $or'ing the boundary o$ al'ost the whole o$ Lower *sia, $ro' the sea o%%osite Cy%rus to the Eu.ine) 8ust there is the ne#k o$ the %eninsula, a 2ourney o$ $i&e days a#ross $or an a#ti&e walker) There were two 'oti&es whi#h led Croesus to atta#k Ca%%ado#ia0 $irstly, he #o&eted the land, whi#h he wished to add to his own do'inions( but the #hie$ reason was that he wanted to re&enge on Cyrus the wrongs o$ *styages, and was 'ade #on$ident by the ora#le o$ being able so to do0 $or *styages, son o$ Cya.ares and king o$ the -edes, who had been dethroned by Cyrus, son o$ Ca'byses, was Croesus1 brother by 'arriage) This 'arriage had taken %la#e under #ir#u'stan#es whi#h will now relate) * band o$ "#ythian no'ads, who had le$t their own land on o##asion o$ so'e disturban#e, had taken re$uge in -edia) Cya.ares, son o$ +hraortes, and grandson o$ 5eio#es, was at that ti'e king o$ the #ountry) Re#ognising the' as su%%liants, he began by treating the' with kindness, and #o'ing %resently to estee' the' highly, he intrusted to their #are a nu'ber o$ boys, who' they were to tea#h their language and to instru#t in the use o$ the bow) Ti'e %assed, and the "#ythians e'%loyed the'sel&es, day a$ter day, in hunting, and always brought ho'e so'e ga'e( but at last it #han#ed that one day they took nothing) !n their return to Cya.ares with e'%ty hands, that 'onar#h, who was hot7te'%ered, as he showed u%on the o##asion, re#ei&ed the' &ery rudely and insultingly) n #onse,uen#e o$ this treat'ent, whi#h they did not #on#ei&e the'sel&es to ha&e deser&ed, the "#ythians deter'ined to take one o$ the boys who' they had in #harge, #ut hi' in %ie#es, and then dressing the $lesh as they were wont to dress that o$ the wild ani'als, ser&e it u% to Cya.ares as ga'e0 a$ter whi#h they resol&ed to #on&ey the'sel&es with all s%eed to "ardis, to the #ourt o$ *lyattes, the son o$ "adyattes) The %lan was #arried out0 Cya.ares and his guests ate o$ the $lesh %re%ared by the "#ythians, and they the'sel&es, ha&ing a##o'%lished their %ur%ose, $led to *lyattes in the guise o$ su%%liants) *$terwards, on the re$usal o$ *lyattes to gi&e u% his su%%liants when Cya.ares sent to de'and the' o$ hi', war broke out between the Lydians and the -edes, and #ontinued $or $i&e years, with &arious

su##ess) n the #ourse o$ it the -edes gained 'any &i#tories o&er the Lydians, and the Lydians also gained 'any &i#tories o&er the -edes) *'ong their other battles there was one night engage'ent) *s, howe&er, the balan#e had not in#lined in $a&our o$ either nation, another #o'bat took %la#e in the si.th year, in the #ourse o$ whi#h, 2ust as the battle was growing war', day was on a sudden #hanged into night) This e&ent had been $oretold by Thales, the -ilesian, who $orewarned the onians o$ it, $i.ing $or it the &ery year in whi#h it a#tually took %la#e) The -edes and Lydians, when they obser&ed the #hange, #eased $ighting, and were alike an.ious to ha&e ter's o$ %ea#e agreed on) "yennesis o$ Cili#ia, and Labynetus o$ Babylon, were the %ersons who 'ediated between the %arties, who hastened the taking o$ the oaths, and brought about the e.#hange o$ es%ousals) t was they who ad&ised that *lyattes should gi&e his daughter *ryenis in 'arriage to *styages, the son o$ Cya.ares, knowing, as they did, that without so'e sure bond o$ strong ne#essity, there is wont to be but little se#urity in 'en1s #o&enants) !aths are taken by these %eo%le in the sa'e way as by the Greeks, e.#e%t that they 'ake a slight $lesh wound in their ar's, $ro' whi#h ea#h su#ks a %ortion o$ the other1s blood) Cyrus had #a%tured this *styages, who was his 'other1s $ather, and ke%t hi' %risoner, $or a reason whi#h shall bring $orward in another o$ 'y history) This #a%ture $or'ed the ground o$ ,uarrel between Cyrus and Croesus, in #onse,uen#e o$ whi#h Croesus sent his ser&ants to ask the ora#le i$ he should atta#k the +ersians( and when an e&asi&e answer #a'e, $an#ying it to be in his $a&our, #arried his ar's into the +ersian territory) 4hen he rea#hed the ri&er Halys, he trans%orted his ar'y a#ross it, as 'aintain, by the bridges whi#h e.ist there at the %resent day( but, a##ording to the general belie$ o$ the Greeks, by the aid o$ Thales the -ilesian) The tale is that Croesus was in doubt how he should get his ar'y a#ross, as the bridges were not 'ade at that ti'e, and that Thales, who ha%%ened to be in the #a'%, di&ided the strea' and #aused it to $low on both sides o$ the ar'y instead o$ on the le$t only) This he e$$e#ted thus07 Beginning so'e distan#e abo&e the #a'%, he dug a dee% #hannel, whi#h he brought round in a se'i#ir#le, so that it 'ight %ass to rearward o$ the #a'%( and that thus the ri&er, di&erted $ro' its natural #ourse into the new #hannel at the %oint where this le$t the strea', 'ight $low by the station o$ the ar'y, and a$terwards $all again into the an#ient bed) n this way the ri&er was s%lit into two strea's, whi#h were both easily $ordable) t is said by so'e that the water was entirely drained o$$ $ro' the natural bed o$ the ri&er) But a' o$ a di$$erent o%inion( $or do not see how, in that #ase, they #ould ha&e #rossed it on their return) Ha&ing %assed the Halys with the $or#es under his #o''and, Croesus entered the distri#t o$ Ca%%ado#ia whi#h is #alled +teria) t lies

in the neighbourhood o$ the #ity o$ "ino%e u%on the Eu.ine, and is the strongest %osition in the whole #ountry thereabouts) Here Croesus %it#hed his #a'%, and began to ra&age the $ields o$ the "yrians) He besieged and took the #hie$ #ity o$ the +terians, and redu#ed the inhabitants to sla&ery0 he likewise 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ the surrounding &illages) Thus he brought ruin on the "yrians, who were guilty o$ no o$$en#e towards hi') -eanwhile, Cyrus had le&ied an ar'y and 'ar#hed against Croesus, in#reasing his nu'bers at e&ery ste% by the $or#es o$ the nations that lay in his way) Be$ore beginning his 'ar#h he had sent heralds to the onians, with an in&itation to the' to re&olt $ro' the Lydian king0 they, howe&er, had re$used #o'%lian#e) Cyrus, notwithstanding, 'ar#hed against the ene'y, and en#a'%ed o%%osite the' in the distri#t o$ +teria, where the trial o$ strength took %la#e between the #ontending %owers) The #o'bat was hot and bloody, and u%on both sides the nu'ber o$ the slain was great( nor had &i#tory de#lared in $a&our o$ either %arty, when night #a'e down u%on the battle7$ield) Thus both ar'ies $ought &aliantly) Croesus laid the bla'e o$ his ill su##ess on the nu'ber o$ his troo%s, whi#h $ell &ery short o$ the ene'y( and as on the ne.t day Cyrus did not re%eat the atta#k, he set o$$ on his return to "ardis, intending to #olle#t his allies and renew the #ontest in the s%ring) He 'eant to #all on the Egy%tians to send hi' aid, a##ording to the ter's o$ the allian#e whi#h he had #on#luded with *'asis, %re&iously to his league with the La#edae'onians) He intended also to su''on to his assistan#e the Babylonians, under their king Labynetus, $or they too were bound to hi' by treaty0 and $urther, he 'eant to send word to "%arta, and a%%oint a day $or the #o'ing o$ their su##ours) Ha&ing got together these $or#es in addition to his own, he would, as soon as the winter was %ast and s%ringti'e #o'e, 'ar#h on#e 'ore against the +ersians) 4ith these intentions Croesus, i''ediately on his return, des%at#hed heralds to his &arious allies, with a re,uest that they would 2oin hi' at "ardis in the #ourse o$ the $i$th 'onth $ro' the ti'e o$ the de%arture o$ his 'essengers) He then disbanded the ar'y #onsisting o$ 'er#enary troo%s7 whi#h had been engaged with the +ersians and had sin#e a##o'%anied hi' to his #a%ital, and let the' de%art to their ho'es, ne&er i'agining that Cyrus, a$ter a battle in whi#h &i#tory had been so e&enly balan#ed, would &enture to 'ar#h u%on "ardis) 4hile Croesus was still in this 'ind, all the suburbs o$ "ardis were $ound to swar' with snakes, on the a%%earan#e o$ whi#h the horses le$t $eeding in the %asture7grounds, and $lo#ked to the suburbs to eat the') The king, who witnessed the unusual sight, regarded it &ery rightly as a %rodigy) He there$ore instantly sent 'essengers to the soothsayers o$ Tel'essus, to #onsult the' u%on the 'atter, His 'essengers rea#hed the #ity, and obtained $ro' the Tel'essians an e.%lanation o$ what the %rodigy %ortended, but $ate did not allow the'

to in$or' their lord( $or ere they entered "ardis on their return, Croesus was a %risoner) 4hat the Tel'essians had de#lared was that Croesus 'ust look $or the entry o$ an ar'y o$ $oreign in&aders into his #ountry, and that when they #a'e they would subdue the nati&e inhabitants( sin#e the snake, said they, is a #hild o$ earth, and the horse a warrior and a $oreigner) Croesus was already a %risoner when the Tel'essians thus answered his in,uiry, but they had no knowledge o$ what was taking %la#e at "ardis, or o$ the $ate o$ the 'onar#h) Cyrus, howe&er, when Croesus broke u% so suddenly $ro' his ,uarters a$ter the battle at +teria, #on#ei&ing that he had 'ar#hed away with the intention o$ disbanding his ar'y, #onsidered a little, and soon saw that it was ad&isable $or hi' to ad&an#e u%on "ardis with all haste, be$ore the Lydians #ould get their $or#es together a se#ond ti'e) Ha&ing thus deter'ined, he lost no ti'e in #arrying out his %lan) He 'ar#hed $orward with su#h s%eed that he was hi'sel$ the $irst to announ#e his #o'ing to the Lydian king) That 'onar#h, %la#ed in the ut'ost di$$i#ulty by the turn o$ e&ents whi#h had gone so entirely against all his #al#ulations, ne&ertheless led out the Lydians to battle) n all *sia there was not at that ti'e a bra&er or 'ore warlike %eo%le) Their 'anner o$ $ighting was on horseba#k( they #arried long lan#es, and were #le&er in the 'anage'ent o$ their steeds) The two ar'ies 'et in the %lain be$ore "ardis) t is a &ast $lat, bare o$ trees, watered by the Hyllus and a nu'ber o$ other strea's, whi#h all $low into one larger than the rest, #alled the Her'us) This ri&er rises in the sa#red 'ountain o$ the 5indy'enian -other, and $alls into the sea near the town o$ +ho#aea) 4hen Cyrus beheld the Lydians arranging the'sel&es in order o$ battle on this %lain, $ear$ul o$ the strength o$ their #a&alry, he ado%ted a de&i#e whi#h Har%agus, one o$ the -edes, suggested to hi') He #olle#ted together all the #a'els that had #o'e in the train o$ his ar'y to #arry the %ro&isions and the baggage, and taking o$$ their loads, he 'ounted riders u%on the' a##outred as horse'en) These he #o''anded to ad&an#e in $ront o$ his other troo%s against the Lydian horse( behind the' were to $ollow the $oot soldiers, and last o$ all the #a&alry) 4hen his arrange'ents were #o'%lete, he ga&e his troo%s orders to slay all the other Lydians who #a'e in their way without 'er#y, but to s%are Croesus and not kill hi', e&en i$ he should be sei/ed and o$$er resistan#e) The reason why Cyrus o%%osed his #a'els to the ene'y1s horse was be#ause the horse has a natural dread o$ the #a'el, and #annot abide either the sight or the s'ell o$ that ani'al) By this stratage' he ho%ed to 'ake Croesus1s horse useless to hi', the horse being what he #hie$ly de%ended on $or &i#tory) The two ar'ies then 2oined battle, and i''ediately the Lydian war7horses, seeing and s'elling the #a'els, turned round and

gallo%ed o$$( and so it #a'e to %ass that all Croesus1s ho%es withered away) The Lydians, howe&er, beha&ed 'an$ully) *s soon as they understood what was ha%%ening, they lea%ed o$$ their horses, and engaged with the +ersians on $oot) The #o'bat was long( but at last, a$ter a great slaughter on both sides, the Lydians turned and $led) They were dri&en within their walls and the +ersians laid siege to "ardis) Thus the siege began) -eanwhile Croesus, thinking that the %la#e would hold out no in#onsiderable ti'e, sent o$$ $resh heralds to his allies $ro' the beleaguered town) His $or'er 'essengers had been #harged to bid the' asse'ble at "ardis in the #ourse o$ the $i$th 'onth( they who' he now sent were to say that he was already besieged, and to besee#h the' to #o'e to his aid with all %ossible s%eed) *'ong his other allies Croesus did not o'it to send to La#edae'on) t #han#ed, howe&er, that the "%artans were the'sel&es 2ust at this ti'e engaged in a ,uarrel with the *rgi&es about a %la#e #alled Thyrea, whi#h was within the li'its o$ *rgolis, but had been sei/ed on by the La#edae'onians) ndeed, the whole #ountry westward, as $ar as Ca%e -alea, belonged on#e to the *rgi&es, and not only that entire tra#t u%on the 'ainland, but also Cythera, and the other islands) The *rgi&es #olle#ted troo%s to resist the sei/ure o$ Thyrea, but be$ore any battle was $ought, the two %arties #a'e to ter's, and it was agreed that three hundred "%artans and three hundred *rgi&es should 'eet and $ight $or the %la#e, whi#h should belong to the nation with who' the &i#tory rested) t was sti%ulated also that the other troo%s on ea#h side should return ho'e to their res%e#ti&e #ountries, and not re'ain to witness the #o'bat, as there was danger, i$ the ar'ies stayed, that either the one or the other, on seeing their #ountry'en undergoing de$eat, 'ight hasten to their assistan#e) These ter's being agreed on, the two ar'ies 'ar#hed o$$, lea&ing three hundred %i#ked 'en on ea#h side to $ight $or the territory) The battle began, and so e,ual were the #o'batants, that at the #lose o$ the day, when night %ut a sto% to the $ight, o$ the whole si. hundred only three 'en re'ained ali&e, two *rgi&es, *l#anor and Chro'ius, and a single "%artan, !thryadas) The two *rgi&es, regarding the'sel&es as the &i#tors, hurried to *rgos) !thryadas, the "%artan, re'ained u%on the $ield, and, stri%%ing the bodies o$ the *rgi&es who had $allen, #arried their ar'our to the "%artan #a'%) 3e.t day the two ar'ies returned to learn the result) *t $irst they dis%uted, both %arties #lai'ing the &i#tory, the one, be#ause they had the greater nu'ber o$ sur&i&ors( the other, be#ause their 'an re'ained on the $ield, and stri%%ed the bodies o$ the slain, whereas the two 'en o$ the other side ran away( but at last they $ell $ro' words to blows, and a battle was $ought, in whi#h both %arties su$$ered great loss, but at the end the La#edae'onians gained the &i#tory) 6%on this the *rgi&es, who u% to that ti'e had worn their hair long, #ut it

o$$ #lose, and 'ade a law, to whi#h they atta#hed a #urse, binding the'sel&es ne&er 'ore to let their hair grow, and ne&er to allow their wo'en to wear gold, until they should re#o&er Thyrea) *t the sa'e ti'e the La#edae'onians 'ade a law the &ery re&erse o$ this, na'ely, to wear their hair long, though they had always be$ore #ut it #lose) !thryadas hi'sel$, it is said, the sole sur&i&or o$ the three hundred, %re&ented by a sense o$ sha'e $ro' returning to "%arta a$ter all his #o'rades had $allen, laid &iolent hands u%on hi'sel$ in Thyrea) *lthough the "%artans were engaged with these 'atters when the herald arri&ed $ro' "ardis to entreat the' to #o'e to the assistan#e o$ the besieged king, yet, notwithstanding, they instantly set to work to a$$ord hi' hel%) They had #o'%leted their %re%arations, and the shi%s were 2ust ready to start, when a se#ond 'essage in$or'ed the' that the %la#e had already $allen, and that Croesus was a %risoner) 5ee%ly grie&ed at his 'is$ortune, the "%artans #eased their e$$orts) The $ollowing is the way in whi#h "ardis was taken) !n the $ourteenth day o$ the siege Cyrus bade so'e horse'en ride about his lines, and 'ake %ro#la'ation to the whole ar'y that he would gi&e a reward to the 'an who should $irst 'ount the wall) *$ter this he 'ade an assault, but without su##ess) His troo%s retired, but a #ertain -ardian, Hyroeades by na'e, resol&ed to a%%roa#h the #itadel and atte'%t it at a %la#e where no guards were e&er set) !n this side the ro#k was so %re#i%itous, and the #itadel ;as it see'ed< so i'%regnable, that no $ear was entertained o$ its being #arried in this %la#e) Here was the only %ortion o$ the #ir#uit round whi#h their old king -eles did not #arry the lion whi#h his le'an bore to hi') For when the Tel'essians had de#lared that i$ the lion were taken round the de$en#es, "ardis would be i'%regnable, and -eles, in #onse,uen#e, #arried it round the rest o$ the $ortress where the #itadel see'ed o%en to atta#k, he s#orned to take it round this side, whi#h he looked on as a sheer %re#i%i#e, and there$ore absolutely se#ure) t is on that side o$ the #ity whi#h $a#es -ount T'olus) Hyroeades, howe&er, ha&ing the day be$ore obser&ed a Lydian soldier des#end the ro#k a$ter a hel'et that had rolled down $ro' the to%, and ha&ing seen hi' %i#k it u% and #arry it ba#k, thought o&er what he had witnessed, and $or'ed his %lan) He #li'bed the ro#k hi'sel$, and other +ersians $ollowed in his tra#k, until a large nu'ber had 'ounted to the to%) Thus was "ardis taken, and gi&en u% entirely to %illage) 4ith res%e#t to Croesus hi'sel$, this is what be$ell hi' at the taking o$ the town) He had a son, o$ who' 'ade 'ention abo&e, a worthy youth, whose only de$e#t was that he was dea$ and du'b) n the days o$ his %ros%erity Croesus had done the ut'ost that be #ould $or hi', and a'ong other %lans whi#h he had de&ised, had sent to 5el%hi to #onsult the ora#le on his behal$) The answer whi#h he had re#ei&ed $ro' the +ythoness ran thus07

Lydian, wide7ruling 'onar#h, thou wondrous si'%le Croesus, 4ish not e&er to hear in thy %ala#e the &oi#e thou hast %rayed $or 6ttering intelligent sounds) Far better thy son should be silent> *h> woe worth the day when thine #ar shall $irst list to his a##ents) 4hen the town was taken, one o$ the +ersians was 2ust going to kill Croesus, not knowing who he was) Croesus saw the 'an #o'ing, but under the %ressure o$ his a$$li#tion, did not #are to a&oid the blow, not 'inding whether or no he died beneath the stroke) Then this son o$ his, who was &oi#eless, beholding the +ersian as he rushed towards Croesus, in the agony o$ his $ear and grie$ burst into s%ee#h, and said, 9-an, do not kill Croesus)9 This was the $irst ti'e that he had e&er s%oken a word, but a$terwards he retained the %ower o$ s%ee#h $or the re'ainder o$ his li$e) Thus was "ardis taken by the +ersians, and Croesus hi'sel$ $ell into their hands, a$ter ha&ing reigned $ourteen years, and been besieged in his #a%ital $ourteen days( thus too did Croesus $ul$ill the ora#le, whi#h said that he should destroy a 'ighty e'%ire by destroying his own) Then the +ersians who had 'ade Croesus %risoner brought hi' be$ore Cyrus) 3ow a &ast %ile had been raised by his orders, and Croesus, laden with $etters, was %la#ed u%on it, and with hi' twi#e se&en o$ the sons o$ the Lydians) know not whether Cyrus was 'inded to 'ake an o$$ering o$ the to so'e god or other, or whether he had &owed a &ow and was %er$or'ing it, or whether, as 'ay well be, he had heard that Croesus was a holy 'an, and so wished to see i$ any o$ the hea&enly %owers would a%%ear to sa&e hi' $ro' being burnt ali&e) Howe&er it 'ight be, Cyrus was thus engaged, and Croesus was already on the %ile, when it entered his 'ind in the de%th o$ his woe that there was a di&ine warning in the words whi#h had #o'e to hi' $ro' the li%s o$ "olon, 93o one while he li&es is ha%%y)9 4hen this thought s'ote hi' he $et#hed a long breath, and breaking his dee% silen#e, groaned out aloud, thri#e uttering the na'e o$ "olon) Cyrus #aught the sounds, and bade the inter%reters in,uire o$ Croesus who it was he #alled on) They drew near and asked hi', but he held his %ea#e, and $or a long ti'e 'ade no answer to their ,uestionings, until at length, $or#ed to say so'ething, he e.#lai'ed, 9!ne would gi&e 'u#h to see #on&erse with e&ery 'onar#h)9 3ot knowing what he 'eant by this re%ly, the inter%reters begged hi' to e.%lain hi'sel$( and as they %ressed $or an answer, and grew to be troubleso'e, he told the' how, a long ti'e be$ore, "olon, an *thenian, had #o'e and seen all his s%lendour, and 'ade light o$ it( and how whate&er he had said to hi' had $allen out e.a#tly as he $oreshowed, although it was nothing that es%e#ially #on#erned hi', but a%%lied to all 'ankind alike, and 'ost to those who see'ed to

the'sel&es ha%%y) -eanwhile, as he thus s%oke, the %ile was lighted, and the outer %ortion began to bla/e) Then Cyrus, hearing $ro' the inter%reters what Croesus had said, relented, bethinking hi'sel$ that he too was a 'an, and that it was a $ellow7'an, and one who had on#e been as blessed by $ortune as hi'sel$, that he was burning ali&e( a$raid, 'oreo&er, o$ retribution, and $ull o$ the thought that whate&er is hu'an is inse#ure) "o he bade the' ,uen#h the bla/ing $ire as ,ui#kly as they #ould, and take down Croesus and the other Lydians, whi#h they tried to do, but the $la'es were not to be 'astered) Then, the Lydians say that Croesus, %er#ei&ing by the e$$orts 'ade to ,uen#h the $ire that Cyrus had relented, and seeing also that all was in &ain, and that the 'en #ould not get the $ire under, #alled with a loud &oi#e u%on the god *%ollo, and %rayed hi', i$ he e&er re#ei&ed at his hands any a##e%table gi$t, to #o'e to his aid, and deli&er hi' $ro' his %resent danger) *s thus with tears he besought the god, suddenly, though u% to that ti'e the sky had been #lear and the day without a breath o$ wind, dark #louds gathered, and the stor' burst o&er their heads with rain o$ su#h &iolen#e, that the $la'es were s%eedily e.tinguished) Cyrus, #on&in#ed by this that Croesus was a good 'an and a $a&ourite o$ hea&en, asked hi' a$ter he was taken o$$ the %ile, 94ho it was that had %ersuaded hi' to lead an ar'y into his #ountry, and so be#o'e his $oe rather than #ontinue his $riend:9 to whi#h Croesus 'ade answer as $ollows0 94hat did, oh> king, was to thy ad&antage and to 'y own loss) $ there be bla'e, it rests with the god o$ the Greeks, who en#ouraged 'e to begin the war) 3o one is so $oolish as to %re$er war to %ea#e, in whi#h, instead o$ sons burying their $athers, $athers bury their sons) But the gods willed it so)9 Thus did Croesus s%eak) Cyrus then ordered his $etters to be taken o$$, and 'ade hi' sit down near hi'sel$, and %aid hi' 'u#h res%e#t, looking u%on hi', as did also the #ourtiers, with a sort o$ wonder) Croesus, wra%%ed in thought, uttered no word) *$ter a while, ha%%ening to turn and %er#ei&e the +ersian soldiers engaged in %lundering the town, he said to Cyrus, 9-ay now tell thee, oh> king, what ha&e in 'y 'ind, or is silen#e best:9 Cyrus bade hi' s%eak his 'ind boldly) Then he %ut this ,uestion0 94hat is it, oh> Cyrus, whi#h those 'en yonder are doing so busily:9 9+lundering thy #ity,9 Cyrus answered, 9and #arrying o$$ thy ri#hes)9 93ot 'y #ity,9 re2oined the other, 9nor 'y ri#hes) They are not 'ine any 'ore) t is thy wealth whi#h they are %illaging)9 Cyrus, stru#k by what Croesus had said, bade all the #ourt to withdraw, and then asked Croesus what he thought it best $or hi' to do as regarded the %lundering) Croesus answered, 93ow that the gods ha&e 'ade 'e thy sla&e, oh> Cyrus, it see's to 'e that it is 'y %art, i$ see anything to thy ad&antage, to show it to thee) Thy sub2e#ts, the +ersians, are a %oor %eo%le with a %roud s%irit) $ then

thou lettest the' %illage and %ossess the'sel&es o$ great wealth, will tell thee what thou hast to e.%e#t at their hands) The 'an who gets the 'ost, look to ha&ing hi' rebel against thee) 3ow then, i$ 'y words %lease thee, do thus, oh> king07 Let so'e o$ thy bodyguards be %la#ed as sentinels at ea#h o$ the #ity gates, and let the' take their booty $ro' the soldiers as they lea&e the town, and tell the' that they do so be#ause the tenths are due to 8u%iter) "o wilt thou es#a%e the hatred they would $eel i$ the %lunder were taken away $ro' the' by $or#e( and they, seeing that what is %ro%osed is 2ust, will do it willingly)9 Cyrus was beyond 'easure %leased with this ad&i#e, so e.#ellent did it see' to hi') He %raised Croesus highly, and ga&e orders to his bodyguard to do as he had suggested) Then, turning to Croesus, he said, 9!h> Croesus, see that thou are resol&ed both in s%ee#h and a#t to show thysel$ a &irtuous %rin#e0 ask 'e, there$ore, whate&er thou wilt as a gi$t at this 'o'ent)9 Croesus re%lied, 9!h> 'y lord, i$ thou wilt su$$er 'e to send these $etters to the god o$ the Greeks, who' on#e honoured abo&e all other gods, and ask hi' i$ it is his wont to de#ei&e his bene$a#tors7 that will be the highest $a&our thou #anst #on$er on 'e)9 Cyrus u%on this in,uired what #harge he had to 'ake against the god) Then Croesus ga&e hi' a $ull a##ount o$ all his %ro2e#ts, and o$ the answers o$ the ora#le, and o$ the o$$erings whi#h he had sent, on whi#h he dwelt es%e#ially, and told hi' how it was the en#ourage'ent gi&en hi' by the ora#le whi#h had led hi' to 'ake war u%on +ersia) *ll this he related, and at the end again besought %er'ission to re%roa#h the god with his beha&iour) Cyrus answered with a laugh, 9This readily grant thee, and whate&er else thou shalt at any ti'e ask at 'y hands)9 Croesus, $inding his re,uest allowed, sent #ertain Lydians to 5el%hi, en2oining the' to lay his $etters u%on the threshold o$ the te'%le, and ask the god, 9 $ he were not asha'ed o$ ha&ing en#ouraged hi', as the destined destroyer o$ the e'%ire o$ Cyrus, to begin a war with +ersia, o$ whi#h su#h were the $irst7$ruits:9 *s they said this they were to %oint to the $etters7 and $urther they were to in,uire, 9 $ it was the wont o$ the Greek gods to be ungrate$ul:9 The Lydians went to 5el%hi and deli&ered their 'essage, on whi#h the +ythoness is said to ha&e re%lied7 9 t is not %ossible e&en $or a god to es#a%e the de#ree o$ destiny) Croesus has been %unished $or the sin o$ his $i$th an#estor, who, when he was one o$ the bodyguard o$ the Hera#lides, 2oined in a wo'an1s $raud, and, slaying his 'aster, wrong$ully sei/ed the throne) *%ollo was an.ious that the $all o$ "ardis should not ha%%en in the li$eti'e o$ Croesus, but be delayed to his son1s days( he #ould not, howe&er, %ersuade the Fates) *ll that they were willing to allow he took and ga&e to Croesus) Let Croesus know that *%ollo delayed the taking o$ "ardis three $ull years, and that he is thus a %risoner three years later than was his destiny)

-oreo&er it was *%ollo who sa&ed hi' $ro' the burning %ile) 3or has Croesus any right to #o'%lain with res%e#t to the ora#ular answer whi#h he re#ei&ed) For when the god told hi' that, i$ he atta#ked the +ersians, he would destroy a 'ighty e'%ire, he ought, i$ he had been wise, to ha&e sent again and in,uired whi#h e'%ire was 'eant, that o$ Cyrus or his own( but i$ he neither understood what was said, nor took the trouble to seek $or enlighten'ent, he has only hi'sel$ to bla'e $or the result) Besides, he had 'isunderstood the last answer whi#h had been gi&en hi' about the 'ule) Cyrus was that 'ule) For the %arents o$ Cyrus were o$ di$$erent ra#es, and o$ di$$erent #onditions7 his 'other a -edian %rin#ess, daughter o$ ?ing *styages, and his $ather a +ersian and a sub2e#t, who, though so $ar beneath her in all res%e#ts, had 'arried his royal 'istress)9 "u#h was the answer o$ the +ythoness) The Lydians returned to "ardis and #o''uni#ated it to Croesus, who #on$essed, on hearing it, that the $ault was his, not the god1s) "u#h was the way in whi#h onia was $irst #on,uered, and so was the e'%ire o$ Croesus brought to a #lose) Besides the o$$erings whi#h ha&e been already 'entioned, there are 'any others in &arious %arts o$ Gree#e %resented by Croesus( as at Thebes in Boeotia, where there is a golden tri%od, dedi#ated by hi' to s'enian *%ollo( at E%hesus, where the golden hei$ers, and 'ost o$ the #olu'ns are his gi$t( and at 5el%hi, in the te'%le o$ +ronaia, where there is a huge shield in gold, whi#h he ga&e) *ll these o$$erings were still in e.isten#e in 'y day( 'any others ha&e %erished0 a'ong the' those whi#h he dedi#ated at Bran#hidae in -ilesia, e,ual in weight, as a' in$or'ed, and in all res%e#ts like to those at 5el%hi) The 5el%hian %resents, and those sent to *'%hiaraus, #a'e $ro' his own %ri&ate %ro%erty, being the $irst7$ruits o$ the $ortune whi#h he inherited $ro' his $ather( his other o$$erings #a'e $ro' the ri#hes o$ an ene'y, who, be$ore he 'ounted the throne, headed a %arty against hi', with the &iew o$ obtaining the #rown o$ Lydia $or +antaleon) This +antaleon was a son o$ *lyattes, but by a di$$erent 'other $ro' Croesus( $or the 'other o$ Croesus was a Carian wo'an, but the 'other o$ +antaleon an onian) 4hen, by the a%%oint'ent o$ his $ather, Croesus obtained the kingly dignity, he sei/ed the 'an who had %lotted against hi', and broke hi' u%on the wheel) His %ro%erty, whi#h he had %re&iously de&oted to the ser&i#e o$ the gods, Croesus a%%lied in the way 'entioned abo&e) This is all shall say about his o$$erings) Lydia, unlike 'ost other #ountries, s#ar#ely o$$ers any wonders $or the historian to des#ribe, e.#e%t the gold7dust whi#h is washed down $ro' the range o$ T'olus) t has, howe&er, one stru#ture o$ enor'ous si/e, only in$erior to the 'onu'ents o$ Egy%t and Babylon) This is the to'b o$ *lyattes, the $ather o$ Croesus, the base o$ whi#h is $or'ed o$ i''ense blo#ks o$ stone, the rest being a &ast 'ound o$

earth) t was raised by the 2oint labour o$ the trades'en, handi#ra$ts'en, and #ourtesans o$ "ardis, and had at the to% $i&e stone %illars, whi#h re'ained to 'y day, with ins#ri%tions #ut on the', showing how 'u#h o$ the work was done by ea#h #lass o$ work%eo%le) t a%%eared on 'easure'ent that the %ortion o$ the #ourtesans was the largest) The daughters o$ the #o''on %eo%le in Lydia, one and all, %ursue this tra$$i#, wishing to #olle#t 'oney $or their %ortions) They #ontinue the %ra#ti#e till they 'arry( and are wont to #ontra#t the'sel&es in 'arriage) The to'b is si. stades and two %lethra in #ir#u'$eren#e( its breadth is thirteen %lethra) Close to the to'b is a large lake, whi#h the Lydians say is ne&er dry) They #all it the Lake Gygaea) The Lydians ha&e &ery nearly the sa'e #usto's as the Greeks, with the e.#e%tion that these last do not bring u% their girls in the sa'e way) "o $ar as we ha&e any knowledge, they were the $irst nation to introdu#e the use o$ gold and sil&er #oin, and the $irst who sold goods by retail) They #lai' also the in&ention o$ all the ga'es whi#h are #o''on to the' with the Greeks) These they de#lare that they in&ented about the ti'e when they #olonised Tyrrhenia, an e&ent o$ whi#h they gi&e the $ollowing a##ount) n the days o$ *tys, the son o$ -anes, there was great s#ar#ity through the whole land o$ Lydia) For so'e ti'e the Lydians bore the a$$li#tion %atiently, but $inding that it did not %ass away, they set to work to de&ise re'edies $or the e&il) @arious e.%edients were dis#o&ered by &arious %ersons( di#e, and hu#kle7bones, and ball, and all su#h ga'es were in&ented, e.#e%t tables, the in&ention o$ whi#h they do not #lai' as theirs) The %lan ado%ted against the $a'ine was to engage in ga'es one day so entirely as not to $eel any #ra&ing $or $ood, and the ne.t day to eat and abstain $ro' ga'es) n this way they %assed eighteen years) "till the a$$li#tion #ontinued and e&en be#a'e 'ore grie&ous) "o the king deter'ined to di&ide the nation in hal$, and to 'ake the two %ortions draw lots, the one to stay, the other to lea&e the land) He would #ontinue to reign o&er those whose lot it should be to re'ain behind( the e'igrants should ha&e his son Tyrrhenus $or their leader) The lot was #ast, and they who had to e'igrate went down to "'yrna, and built the'sel&es shi%s, in whi#h, a$ter they had %ut on board all need$ul stores, they sailed away in sear#h o$ new ho'es and better sustenan#e) *$ter sailing %ast 'any #ountries they #a'e to 6'bria, where they built #ities $or the'sel&es, and $i.ed their residen#e) Their $or'er na'e o$ Lydians they laid aside, and #alled the'sel&es a$ter the na'e o$ the king1s son, who led the #olony, Tyrrhenians) Thus $ar ha&e been engaged in showing how the Lydians were brought under the +ersian yoke) The #ourse o$ 'y history now #o'%els 'e to in,uire who this Cyrus was by who' the Lydian e'%ire was destroyed, and by what 'eans the +ersians had be#o'e the lords

%ara'ount o$ *sia) *nd herein shall $ollow those +ersian authorities whose ob2e#t it a%%ears to be not to 'agni$y the e.%loits o$ Cyrus, but to relate the si'%le truth) know besides three ways in whi#h the story o$ Cyrus is told, all di$$ering $ro' 'y own narrati&e) The *ssyrians had held the E'%ire o$ 6%%er *sia $or the s%a#e o$ $i&e hundred and twenty years, when the -edes set the e.a'%le o$ re&olt $ro' their authority) They took ar's $or the re#o&ery o$ their $reedo', and $ought a battle with the *ssyrians, in whi#h they beha&ed with su#h gallantry as to shake o$$ the yoke o$ ser&itude, and to be#o'e a $ree %eo%le) 6%on their su##ess the other nations also re&olted and regained their inde%enden#e) Thus the nations o&er that whole e.tent o$ #ountry obtained the blessing o$ sel$7go&ern'ent, but they $ell again under the sway o$ kings, in the 'anner whi#h will now relate) There was a #ertain -ede na'ed 5eio#es, son o$ +hraortes, a 'an o$ 'u#h wisdo', who had #on#ei&ed the desire o$ obtaining to hi'sel$ the so&ereign %ower) n $urtheran#e o$ his a'bition, there$ore, he $or'ed and #arried into e.e#ution the $ollowing s#he'e) *s the -edes at that ti'e dwelt in s#attered &illages without any #entral authority, and lawlessness in #onse,uen#e %re&ailed throughout the land, 5eio#es, who was already a 'an o$ 'ark in his own &illage, a%%lied hi'sel$ with greater /eal and earnestness than e&er be$ore to the %ra#ti#e o$ 2usti#e a'ong his $ellows) t was his #on&i#tion that 2usti#e and in2usti#e are engaged in %er%etual war with one another) He there$ore began his #ourse o$ #ondu#t, and %resently the 'en o$ his &illage, obser&ing his integrity, #hose hi' to be the arbiter o$ all their dis%utes) Bent on obtaining the so&ereign %ower, he showed hi'sel$ an honest and an u%right 2udge, and by these 'eans gained su#h #redit with his $ellow7#iti/ens as to attra#t the attention o$ those who li&ed in the surrounding &illages) They had long been su$$ering $ro' un2ust and o%%ressi&e 2udg'ents( so that, when they heard o$ the singular u%rightness o$ 5eio#es, and o$ the e,uity o$ his de#isions, they 2oy$ully had re#ourse to hi' in the &arious ,uarrels and suits that arose, until at last they #a'e to %ut #on$iden#e in no one else) The nu'ber o$ #o'%laints brought be$ore hi' #ontinually in#reasing, as %eo%le learnt 'ore and 'ore the $airness o$ his 2udg'ents, 5eio#es, $eeling hi'sel$ now all i'%ortant, announ#ed that he did not intend any longer to hear #auses, and a%%eared no 'ore in the seat in whi#h he had been a##usto'ed to sit and ad'inister 2usti#e) 9 t did not s,uare with his interests,9 he said, 9to s%end the whole day in regulating other 'en1s a$$airs to the negle#t o$ his own)9 Hereu%on robbery and lawlessness broke out a$resh, and %re&ailed through the #ountry e&en 'ore than hereto$ore( where$ore the -edes asse'bled $ro' all ,uarters, and held a #onsultation on the state o$ a$$airs) The s%eakers, as think, were #hie$ly $riends o$ 5eio#es) 94e #annot %ossibly,9 they said, 9go on li&ing in this

#ountry i$ things #ontinue as they now are( let us there$ore set a king o&er us, that so the land 'ay be well go&erned, and we oursel&es 'ay be able to attend to our own a$$airs, and not be $or#ed to ,uit our #ountry on a##ount o$ anar#hy)9 The asse'bly was %ersuaded by these argu'ents, and resol&ed to a%%oint a king) t $ollowed to deter'ine who should be #hosen to the o$$i#e) 4hen this debate began the #lai's o$ 5eio#es and his %raises were at on#e in e&ery 'outh( so that %resently all agreed that he should be king) 6%on this he re,uired a %ala#e to be built $or hi' suitable to his rank, and a guard to be gi&en hi' $or his %erson) The -edes #o'%lied, and built hi' a strong and large %ala#e, on a s%ot whi#h he hi'sel$ %ointed out, and likewise ga&e hi' liberty to #hoose hi'sel$ a bodyguard $ro' the whole nation) Thus settled u%on the throne, he $urther re,uired the' to build a single great #ity, and, disregarding the %etty towns in whi#h they had $or'erly dwelt, 'ake the new #a%ital the ob2e#t o$ their #hie$ attention) The -edes were again obedient, and built the #ity now #alled *gbatana, the walls o$ whi#h are o$ great si/e and strength, rising in #ir#les one within the other) The %lan o$ the %la#e is that ea#h o$ the walls should out7to% the one beyond it by the battle'ents) The nature o$ the ground, whi#h is a gentle hill, $a&ours this arrange'ent in so'e degree, but it was 'ainly e$$e#ted by art) The nu'ber o$ the #ir#les is se&en, the royal %ala#e and the treasuries standing within the last) The #ir#uit o$ the outer wall is &ery nearly the sa'e with that o$ *thens) !$ this wall the battle'ents are white, o$ the ne.t bla#k, o$ the third s#arlet, o$ the $ourth blue, o$ the $i$th orange( all these are #oloured with %aint) The two last ha&e their battle'ents #oated res%e#ti&ely with sil&er and gold) *ll these $orti$i#ations 5eio#es #aused to be raised $or hi'sel$ and his own %ala#e) The %eo%le were re,uired to build their dwellings outside the #ir#uit o$ the walls) 4hen the town was $inished, he %ro#eeded to arrange the #ere'onial) He allowed no one to ha&e dire#t a##ess to the %erson o$ the king, but 'ade all #o''uni#ation %ass through the hands o$ 'essengers, and $orbade the king to be seen by his sub2e#ts) He also 'ade it an o$$en#e $or any one whatsoe&er to laugh or s%it in the royal %resen#e) This #ere'onial, o$ whi#h he was the $irst in&entor, 5eio#es established $or his own se#urity, $earing that his #o'%eers, who were brought u% together with hi', and were o$ as good $a'ily as he, and no whit in$erior to hi' in 'anly ,ualities, i$ they saw hi' $re,uently would be %ained at the sight, and would there$ore be likely to #ons%ire against hi'( whereas i$ they did not see hi', they would think hi' ,uite a di$$erent sort o$ being $ro' the'sel&es) *$ter #o'%leting these arrange'ents, and $ir'ly settling hi'sel$ u%on the throne, 5eio#es #ontinued to ad'inister 2usti#e with the sa'e stri#tness as be$ore) Causes were stated in writing, and sent in to

the king, who %assed his 2udg'ent u%on the #ontents, and trans'itted his de#isions to the %arties #on#erned0 besides whi#h he had s%ies and ea&esdro%%ers in all %arts o$ his do'inions, and i$ he heard o$ any a#t o$ o%%ression, he sent $or the guilty %arty, and awarded hi' the %unish'ent 'eet $or his o$$en#e) Thus 5eio#es #olle#ted the -edes into a nation, and ruled o&er the' alone) 3ow these are the tribes o$ whi#h they #onsist0 the Busae, the +areta#eni, the "tru#hates, the *ri/anti, the Budii, and the -agi) Ha&ing reigned three7and7$i$ty years, 5eio#es was at his death su##eeded by his son +hraortes) This %rin#e, not satis$ied with a do'inion whi#h did not e.tend beyond the single nation o$ the -edes, began by atta#king the +ersians( and 'ar#hing an ar'y into their #ountry, brought the' under the -edian yoke be$ore any other %eo%le) *$ter this su##ess, being now at the head o$ two nations, both o$ the' %ower$ul, he %ro#eeded to #on,uer *sia, o&errunning %ro&in#e a$ter %ro&in#e) *t last he engaged in war with the *ssyrians7 those *ssyrians, 'ean, to who' 3ine&eh belonged, who were $or'erly the lords o$ *sia) *t %resent they stood alone by the re&olt and desertion o$ their allies, yet still their internal #ondition was as $lourishing as e&er) +hraortes atta#ked the', but %erished in the e.%edition with the greater %art o$ his ar'y, a$ter ha&ing reigned o&er the -edes two7and7twenty years) !n the death o$ +hraortes his son Cya.ares as#ended the throne) !$ hi' it is re%orted that he was still 'ore war7like than any o$ his an#estors, and that he was the $irst who ga&e organisation to an *siati# ar'y, di&iding the troo%s into #o'%anies, and $or'ing distin#t bodies o$ the s%ear'en, the ar#hers, and the #a&alry, who be$ore his ti'e had been 'ingled in one 'ass, and #on$used together) He it was who $ought against the Lydians on the o##asion when the day was #hanged suddenly into night, and who brought under his do'inion the whole o$ *sia beyond the Halys) This %rin#e, #olle#ting together all the nations whi#h owned his sway, 'ar#hed against 3ine&eh, resol&ed to a&enge his $ather, and #herishing a ho%e that he 'ight su##eed in taking the town) * battle was $ought, in whi#h the *ssyrians su$$ered a de$eat, and Cya.ares had already begun the siege o$ the %la#e, when a nu'erous horde o$ "#yths, under their king -adyes, son o$ +rtotohyes, burst into *sia in %ursuit o$ the Ci''erians who' they had dri&en out o$ Euro%e, and entered the -edian territory) The distan#e $ro' the +alus -aeotis to the ri&er +hasis and the Col#hians is thirty days1 2ourney $or a lightly7e,ui%%ed tra&eller) AFro' Col#his to #ross into -edia does not take long7 there is only a single inter&ening nation, the "as%irians, %assing who' you $ind yoursel$ in -edia) This howe&er was not the road $ollowed by the "#ythians, who turned out o$ the straight #ourse, and took the u%%er route, whi#h is 'u#h longer, kee%ing the Cau#asus u%on their right) The "#ythians, ha&ing thus in&aded -edia, were o%%osed by the -edes,

who ga&e the' battle, but, being de$eated, lost their e'%ire) The "#ythians be#a'e 'asters o$ *sia) *$ter this they 'ar#hed $orward with the design o$ in&ading Egy%t) 4hen they had rea#hed +alestine, howe&er, +sa''eti#hus the Egy%tian king 'et the' with gi$ts and %rayers, and %re&ailed on the' to ad&an#e no $urther) !n their return, %assing through *s#alon, a #ity o$ "yria, the greater %art o$ the' went their way without doing any da'age( but so'e $ew who lagged behind %illaged the te'%le o$ Celestial @enus) ha&e in,uired and $ind that the te'%le at *s#alon is the 'ost an#ient o$ all the te'%les to this goddess( $or the one in Cy%rus, as the Cy%rians the'sel&es ad'it, was built in i'itation o$ it( and that in Cythera was ere#ted by the +hoeni#ians, who belong to this %art o$ "yria) The "#ythians who %lundered the te'%le were %unished by the goddess with the $e'ale si#kness, whi#h still atta#hes to their %osterity) They the'sel&es #on$ess that they are a$$li#ted with the disease $or this reason, and tra&ellers who &isit "#ythia #an see what sort o$ a disease it is) Those who su$$er $ro' it are #alled Enarees) The do'inion o$ the "#ythians o&er *sia lasted eight7and7twenty years, during whi#h ti'e their insolen#e and o%%ression s%read ruin on e&ery side) For besides the regular tribute, they e.a#ted $ro' the se&eral nations additional i'%osts, whi#h they $i.ed at %leasure( and $urther, they s#oured the #ountry and %lundered e&ery one o$ whate&er they #ould) *t length Cya.ares and the -edes in&ited the greater %art o$ the' to a ban,uet, and 'ade the' drunk with wine, a$ter whi#h they were all 'assa#red) The -edes then re#o&ered their e'%ire, and had the sa'e e.tent o$ do'inion as be$ore) They took 3ine&eh7 will relate how in another history7 and #on,uered all *ssyria e.#e%t the distri#t o$ Babylonia) *$ter this Cya.ares died, ha&ing reigned o&er the -edes, i$ we in#lude the ti'e o$ the "#ythian rule, $orty years) *styages, the son o$ Cya.ares, su##eeded to the throne) He had a daughter who was na'ed -andane #on#erning who' he had a wonder$ul drea') He drea't that $ro' her su#h a strea' o$ water $lowed $orth as not only to $ill his #a%ital, but to $lood the whole o$ *sia) This &ision he laid be$ore su#h o$ the -agi as had the gi$t o$ inter%reting drea's, who e.%ounded its 'eaning to hi' in $ull, whereat he was greatly terri$ied) !n this a##ount, when his daughter was now o$ ri%e age, he would not gi&e her in 'arriage to any o$ the -edes who were o$ suitable rank, lest the drea' should be a##o'%lished( but he 'arried her to a +ersian o$ good $a'ily indeed, but o$ a ,uiet te'%er, who' he looked on as 'u#h in$erior to a -ede o$ e&en 'iddle #ondition) Thus Ca'byses ;$or so was the +ersian #alled< wedded -andane, and took her to his ho'e, a$ter whi#h, in the &ery $irst year, *styages saw another &ision) He $an#ied that a &ine grew $ro' the wo'b o$ his daughter, and o&ershadowed the whole o$ *sia) *$ter this drea', whi#h he sub'itted also to the inter%reters, he sent to +ersia and

$et#hed away -andane, who was now with #hild, and was not $ar $ro' her ti'e) !n her arri&al he set a wat#h o&er her, intending to destroy the #hild to whi#h she should gi&e birth( $or the -agian inter%reters had e.%ounded the &ision to $oreshow that the o$$s%ring o$ his daughter would reign o&er *sia in his stead) To guard against this, *styages, as soon as Cyrus was born, sent $or Har%agus, a 'an o$ his own house and the 'ost $aith$ul o$ the -edes, to who' he was wont to entrust all his a$$airs, and addressed hi' thus7 9Har%agus, besee#h thee negle#t not the business with whi#h a' about to #harge thee( neither betray thou the interests o$ thy lord $or others1 sake, lest thou bring destru#tion on thine own head at so'e $uture ti'e) Take the #hild born o$ -andane 'y daughter( #arry hi' with thee to thy ho'e and slay hi' there) Then bury hi' as thou wilt)9 9!h> king,9 re%lied the other, 9ne&er in ti'e %ast did Har%agus disoblige thee in anything, and be sure that through all $uture ti'e he will be #are$ul in nothing to o$$end) $ there$ore it be thy will that this thing be done, it is $or 'e to ser&e thee with all diligen#e)9 4hen Har%agus had thus answered, the #hild was gi&en into his hands, #lothed in the garb o$ death, and he hastened wee%ing to his ho'e) There on his arri&al he $ound his wi$e, to who' he told all that *styages had said) 94hat then,9 said she, 9is it now in thy heart to do:9 93ot what *styages re,uires,9 he answered( 9no, he 'ay be 'adder and 'ore $ranti# still than he is now, but will not be the 'an to work his will, or lend a hel%ing hand to su#h a 'urder as this) -any things $orbid 'y slaying hi') n the $irst %la#e the boy is 'y own kith and kin( and ne.t *styages is old, and has no son) $ then when he dies the #rown should go to his daughter7 that daughter whose #hild he now wishes to slay by 'y hand7 what re'ains $or 'e but danger o$ the $ear$ullest kind: For 'y own sa$ety, indeed, the #hild 'ust die( but so'e one belonging to *styages 'ust take his li$e, not or 'ine)9 "o saying he sent o$$ a 'essenger to $et#h a #ertain -itradates, one o$ the herds'en o$ *styages, whose %asturages he knew to be the $ittest $or his %ur%ose, lying as they did a'ong 'ountains in$ested with wild beasts) This 'an was 'arried to one o$ the king1s $e'ale sla&es, whose -edian na'e was "%a#o, whi#h is in Greek Cyno, sin#e in the -edian tongue the word 9"%a#a9 'eans a bit#h) The 'ountains, on the skirts o$ whi#h his #attle gra/ed, lie to the north o$ *gbatana, towards the Eu.ine) That %art o$ -edia whi#h borders on the "as%irians is an ele&ated tra#t, &ery 'ountainous, and #o&ered with $orests, while the rest o$ the -edian territory is entirely le&el ground) !n the arri&al o$ the herds'an, who #a'e at the hasty su''ons, Har%agus said to hi'7 9*styages re,uires thee to take this #hild and lay hi' in the wildest %art o$ the hills, where he will be sure to die s%eedily) *nd he bade 'e tell thee, that i$ thou dost not kill the boy, but anyhow allowest hi' to es#a%e, he will %ut thee to the 'ost

%ain$ul o$ deaths) 'ysel$ a' a%%ointed to see the #hild e.%osed)9 The herds'an on hearing this took the #hild in his ar's, and went ba#k the way he had #o'e till he rea#hed the $olds) There, %ro&identially, his wi$e, who had been e.%e#ting daily to be %ut to bed, had 2ust, during the absen#e o$ her husband, been deli&ered o$ a #hild) Both the herds'an and his wi$e were uneasy on ea#h other1s a##ount, the $or'er $ear$ul be#ause his wi$e was so near her ti'e, the wo'an alar'ed be#ause it was a new thing $or her husband to be sent $or by Har%agus) 4hen there$ore he #a'e into the house u%on his return, his wi$e, seeing hi' arri&e so une.%e#tedly, was the $irst to s%eak, and begged to know why Har%agus had sent $or hi' in su#h a hurry) 94i$e,9 said he, 9when got to the town saw and heard su#h things as would to hea&en had ne&er seen su#h things as would to hea&en had ne&er ha%%ened to our 'asters) E&ery one was wee%ing in Har%agus1s house) t ,uite $rightened 'e, but went in) The 'o'ent ste%%ed inside, what should see but a baby lying on the $loor, %anting and whi'%ering, and all #o&ered with gold, and wra%%ed in #lothes o$ su#h beauti$ul #olours) Har%agus saw 'e, and dire#tly ordered 'e to take the #hild 'y ar's and #arry hi' o$$, and what was to do with hi', think you: 4hy, to lay hi' in the 'ountains, where the wild beasts are 'ost %lenti$ul) *nd he told 'e it was the king hi'sel$ that ordered it to be done, and he threatened 'e with su#h dread$ul things i$ $ailed) "o took the #hild u% in 'y ar's, and #arried hi' along) thought it 'ight be the son o$ one o$ the household sla&es) did wonder #ertainly to see the gold and the beauti$ul baby7#lothes, and #ould not think why there was su#h a wee%ing in Har%agus1s house) 4ell, &ery soon, as #a'e along, got at the truth) They sent a ser&ant with 'e to show 'e the way out o$ the town, and to lea&e the baby in 'y hands( and he told 'e that the #hild1s 'other is the king1s daughter -andane, and his $ather Ca'byses, the son o$ Cyrus( and that the king orders hi' to be killed( and look, here the #hild is)9 4ith this the herds'an un#o&ered the in$ant, and showed hi' to his wi$e, who, when she saw hi', and obser&ed how $ine a #hild and how beauti$ul he was, burst into tears, and #linging to the knees o$ her husband, besought hi' on no a##ount to e.%ose the babe( to whi#h he answered, that it was not %ossible $or hi' to do otherwise, as Har%agus would be sure to send %ersons to see and re%ort to hi', and he was to su$$er a 'ost #ruel death i$ he disobeyed) Failing thus in her $irst atte'%t to %ersuade her husband, the wo'an s%oke a se#ond ti'e, saying, 9 $ then there is no %ersuading thee, and a #hild 'ust needs be seen e.%osed u%on the 'ountains, at least do thus) The #hild o$ whi#h ha&e 2ust been deli&ered is stillborn( take it and lay it on the hills, and let us bring u% as our own the #hild o$ the daughter o$ *styages) "o shalt thou not be #harged with un$aith$ulness to thy lord, nor shall we ha&e 'anaged badly $or oursel&es) !ur dead babe will ha&e a royal $uneral, and this li&ing #hild will not be

de%ri&ed o$ li$e)9 t see'ed to the herds'an that this ad&i#e was the best under the #ir#u'stan#es) He there$ore $ollowed it without loss o$ ti'e) The #hild whi#h he had intended to %ut to death he ga&e o&er to his wi$e, and his own dead #hild he %ut in the #radle wherein he had #arried the other, #lothing it $irst in all the other1s #ostly attire, and taking it in his ar's he laid it in the wildest %la#e o$ all the 'ountain7range) 4hen the #hild had been three days e.%osed, lea&ing one o$ his hel%ers to wat#h the body, he started o$$ $or the #ity, and going straight to Har%agus1s house, de#lared hi'sel$ ready to show the #or%se o$ the boy) Har%agus sent #ertain o$ his bodyguard, on who' he had the $ir'est relian#e, to &iew the body $or hi', and, satis$ied with their seeing it, ga&e orders $or the $uneral) Thus was the herds'an1s #hild buried, and the other #hild, who was a$terwards known by the na'e o$ Cyrus, was taken by the herds'an1s wi$e, and brought u% under a di$$erent na'e) 4hen the boy was in his tenth year, an a##ident whi#h will now relate, #aused it to be dis#o&ered who he was) He was at %lay one day in the &illage where the $olds o$ the #attle were, along with the boys o$ his own age, in the street) The other boys who were %laying with hi' #hose the #owherd1s son, as he was #alled, to be their king) He then %ro#eeded to order the' about so'e he set to build hi' houses, others he 'ade his guards, one o$ the' was to be the king1s eye, another had the o$$i#e o$ #arrying his 'essages( all had so'e task or other) *'ong the boys there was one, the son o$ *rte'bares, a -ede o$ distin#tion, who re$used to do what Cyrus had set hi') Cyrus told the other boys to take hi' into #ustody, and when his orders were obeyed, he #hastised hi' 'ost se&erely with the whi%) The son o$ *rte'bares, as soon as he was let go, $ull o$ rage at treat'ent so little be$itting his rank, hastened to the #ity and #o'%lained bitterly to his $ather o$ what had been done to hi' by Cyrus) He did not, o$ #ourse, say 9Cyrus,9 by whi#h na'e the boy was not yet known, but #alled hi' the son o$ the king1s #owherd) *rte'bares, in the heat o$ his %assion, went to *styages, a##o'%anied by his son, and 'ade #o'%laint o$ the gross in2ury whi#h had been done hi') +ointing to the boy1s shoulders, he e.#lai'ed, 9Thus, oh> king, has thy sla&e, the son o$ a #owherd, hea%ed insult u%on us)9 *t this sight and these words *styages, wishing to a&enge the son o$ *rte'bares $or his $ather1s sake, sent $or the #owherd and his boy) 4hen they #a'e together into his %resen#e, $i.ing his eyes on Cyrus, *styages said, 9Hast thou then, the son o$ so 'ean a $ellow as that, dared to beha&e thus rudely to the son o$ yonder noble, one o$ the $irst in 'y #ourt:9 9-y lord,9 re%lied the boy, 9 only treated hi' as he deser&ed) was #hosen king in %lay by the boys o$ our &illage, be#ause they thought 'e the best $or it) He hi'sel$ was one

o$ the boys who #hose 'e) *ll the others did a##ording to 'y orders( but he re$used, and 'ade light o$ the', until at last he got his due reward) $ $or this deser&e to su$$er %unish'ent, here a' ready to sub'it to it)9 4hile the boy was yet s%eaking *styages was stru#k with a sus%i#ion who he was) He thought he saw so'ething in the #hara#ter o$ his $a#e like his own, and there was a nobleness about the answer he had 'ade( besides whi#h his age see'ed to tally with the ti'e when his grand#hild was e.%osed) *stonished at all this, *styages #ould not s%eak $or a while) *t last, re#o&ering hi'sel$ with di$$i#ulty, and wishing to be ,uit o$ *rte'bares, that he 'ight e.a'ine the herds'an alone, he said to the $or'er, 9 %ro'ise thee, *rte'bares, so to settle this business that neither thou nor thy son shall ha&e any #ause to #o'%lain)9 *rte'bares retired $ro' his %resen#e, and the attendants, at the bidding o$ the king, led Cyrus into an inner a%art'ent) *styages then being le$t alone with the herds'an, in,uired o$ hi' where he had got the boy, and who had gi&en hi' to hi'( to whi#h he 'ade answer that the lad was his own #hild, begotten by hi'sel$, and that the 'other who bore hi' was still ali&e with hi' in his house) *styages re'arked that he was &ery ill7ad&ised to bring hi'sel$ into su#h great trouble, and at the sa'e ti'e signed to his bodyguard to lay hold o$ hi') Then the herds'an, as they were dragging hi' to the ra#k, began at the beginning, and told the whole story e.a#tly as it ha%%ened, without #on#ealing anything, ending with entreaties and %rayers to the king to grant hi' $orgi&eness) *styages, ha&ing got the truth o$ the 'atter $ro' the herds'an, was &ery little $urther #on#erned about hi', but with Har%agus he was e.#eedingly enraged) The guards were bidden to su''on hi' into the %resen#e, and on his a%%earan#e *styages asked hi', 9By what death was it, Har%agus, that thou slewest the #hild o$ 'y daughter who' ga&e into thy hands:9 Har%agus, seeing the #owherd in the roo', did not betake hi'sel$ to lies, lest he should be #on$uted and %ro&ed $alse, but re%lied as $ollows07 9"ire, when thou ga&est the #hild into 'y hands instantly #onsidered with 'ysel$ how #ould #ontri&e to e.e#ute thy wishes, and yet, while guiltless o$ any un$aith$ulness towards thee, a&oid i'bruing 'y hands in blood whi#h was in truth thy daughter1s and thine own) *nd this was how #ontri&ed it) sent $or this #owherd, and ga&e the #hild o&er to hi', telling hi' that by the king1s orders it was to be %ut to death) *nd in this told no lie, $or thou hadst so #o''anded) -oreo&er, when ga&e hi' the #hild, en2oined hi' to lay it so'ewhere in the wilds o$ the 'ountains, and to stay near and wat#h till it was dead( and threatened hi' with all 'anner o$ %unish'ent i$ he $ailed) *$terwards, when he had done a##ording to all that #o''anded hi', and the #hild had died, sent so'e o$ the 'ost trustworthy o$ 'y eunu#hs, who

&iewed the body $or 'e, and then had the #hild buried) This, sire, is the si'%le truth, and this is the death by whi#h the #hild died)9 Thus Har%agus related the whole story in a %lain, straight$orward way( u%on whi#h *styages, letting no sign es#a%e hi' o$ the anger that he $elt, began by re%eating to hi' all that he had 2ust heard $ro' the #owherd, and then #on#luded with saying, 9"o the boy is ali&e, and it is best as it is) For the #hild1s $ate was a great sorrow to 'e, and the re%roa#hes o$ 'y daughter went to 'y heart) Truly $ortune has %layed us a good turn in this) Go thou ho'e then, and send thy son to be with the new #o'er, and to7night, as 'ean to sa#ri$i#e thank7o$$erings $or the #hild1s sa$ety to the gods to who' su#h honour is due, look to ha&e thee a guest at the ban,uet)9 Har%agus, on hearing this, 'ade obeisan#e, and went ho'e re2oi#ing to $ind that his disobedien#e had turned out so $ortunately, and that, instead o$ being %unished, he was in&ited to a ban,uet gi&en in honour o$ the ha%%y o##asion) The 'o'ent he rea#hed ho'e he #alled $or his son, a youth o$ about thirteen, the only #hild o$ his %arents, and bade hi' go to the %ala#e, and do whate&er *styages should dire#t) Then, in the gladness o$ his heart, he went to his wi$e and told her all that had ha%%ened) *styages, 'eanwhile, took the son o$ Har%agus, and slew hi', a$ter whi#h he #ut hi' in %ie#es, and roasted so'e %ortions be$ore the $ire, and boiled others( and when all were duly %re%ared, he ke%t the' ready $or use) The hour $or the ban,uet #a'e, and Har%agus a%%eared, and with hi' the other guests, and all sat down to the $east) *styages and the rest o$ the guests had 2oints o$ 'eat ser&ed u% to the'( but on the table o$ Har%agus, nothing was %la#ed e.#e%t the $lesh o$ his own son) This was all %ut be$ore hi', e.#e%t the hands and $eet and head, whi#h were laid by the'sel&es in a #o&ered basket) 4hen Har%agus see'ed to ha&e eaten his $ill, *styages #alled out to hi' to know how he had en2oyed the re%ast) !n his re%ly that he had en2oyed it e.#essi&ely, they whose business it was brought hi' the basket, in whi#h were the hands and $eet and head o$ his son, and bade hi' o%en it, and take out what he %leased) Har%agus a##ordingly un#o&ered the basket, and saw within it the re'ains o$ his son) The sight, howe&er, did not s#are hi', or rob hi' o$ his sel$7%ossession) Being asked by *styages i$ he knew what beast1s $lesh it was that he had been eating, he answered that he knew &ery well, and that whate&er the king did was agreeable) *$ter this re%ly, he took with hi' su#h 'orsels o$ the $lesh as were uneaten, and went ho'e, intending, as #on#ei&e, to #olle#t the re'ains and bury the') "u#h was the 'ode in whi#h *styages %unished Har%agus0 a$terwards, %ro#eeding to #onsider what he should do with Cyrus, his grand#hild, he sent $or the -agi, who $or'erly inter%reted his drea' in the way whi#h alar'ed hi' so 'u#h, and asked the' how they had e.%ounded it)

They answered, without &arying $ro' what they had said be$ore, that 9the boy 'ust needs be a king i$ he grew u%, and did not die too soon)9 Then *styages addressed the' thus0 9The boy has es#a%ed, and li&es( he has been brought u% in the #ountry, and the lads o$ the &illage where he li&es ha&e 'ade hi' their king) *ll that kings #o''only do he has done) He has had his guards, and his doorkee%ers, and his 'essengers, and all the other usual o$$i#ers) Tell 'e, then, to what, think you, does all this tend:9 The -agi answered, 9 $ the boy sur&i&es, and has ruled as a king without any #ra$t or #ontri&an#e, in that #ase we bid thee #heer u%, and $eel no 'ore alar' on his a##ount) He will not reign a se#ond ti'e) For we ha&e $ound e&en ora#les so'eti'es $ul$illed in an uni'%ortant way( and drea's, still o$tener, ha&e wondrously 'ean a##o'%lish'ents)9 9 t is what 'ysel$ 'ost in#line to think,9 *styages re2oined( 9the boy ha&ing been already king, the drea' is out, and ha&e nothing 'ore to $ear $ro' hi') 3e&ertheless, take good heed and #ounsel 'e the best you #an $or the sa$ety o$ 'y house and your own interests)9 9Truly,9 said the -agi in re%ly, 9it &ery 'u#h #on#erns our interests that thy kingdo' be $ir'ly established( $or i$ it went to this boy it would %ass into $oreign hands, sin#e he is a +ersian0 and then we -edes should lose our $reedo', and be ,uite des%ised by the +ersians, as being $oreigners) But so long as thou, our $ellow7#ountry'an, art on the throne, all 'anner o$ honours are ours, and we are e&en not without so'e share in the go&ern'ent) -u#h reason there$ore ha&e we to $ore#ast well $or thee and $or thy so&ereignty) $ then we saw any #ause $or %resent $ear, be sure we would not kee% it ba#k $ro' thee) But truly we are %ersuaded that the drea' has had its a##o'%lish'ent in this har'less way( and so our own $ears being at rest, we re#o''end thee to banish thine) *s $or the boy, our ad&i#e is that thou send hi' away to +ersia, to his $ather and 'other)9 *styages heard their answer with %leasure, and #alling Cyrus into his %resen#e, said to hi', 9-y #hild, was led to do thee a wrong by a drea' whi#h has #o'e to nothing0 $ro' that wrong thou wert sa&ed by thy own good $ortune) Go now with a light heart to +ersia( will %ro&ide thy es#ort) Go, and when thou gettest to thy 2ourney1s end, thou wilt behold thy $ather and thy 'other, ,uite other %eo%le $ro' -itradates the #owherd and his wi$e)9 4ith these words *styages dis'issed his grand#hild) !n his arri&al at the house o$ Ca'byses, he was re#ei&ed by his %arents, who, when they learnt who he was, e'bra#ed hi' heartily, ha&ing always been #on&in#ed that he died al'ost as soon as he was born) "o they asked hi' by what 'eans he had #han#ed to es#a%e( and he told the' how that till lately he had known nothing at all about the 'atter, but had been 'istaken7 oh> so widely>7 and how that he had learnt his history by the way, as he #a'e $ro' -edia) He had been ,uite sure that he was the son o$ the king1s #owherd, but on the road the king1s

es#ort had told hi' all the truth( and then he s%oke o$ the #owherd1s wi$e who had brought hi' u%, and $illed his whole talk with her %raises( in all that he had to tell the' about hi'sel$, it was always Cyno7 Cyno was e&erything) "o it ha%%ened that his %arents, #at#hing the na'e at his 'outh, and wishing to %ersuade the +ersians that there was a s%e#ial %ro&iden#e in his %reser&ation, s%read the re%ort that Cyrus, when he was e.%osed, was su#kled by a bit#h) This was the sole origin o$ the ru'our) *$terwards, when Cyrus grew to 'anhood, and be#a'e known as the bra&est and 'ost %o%ular o$ all his #o'%eers, Har%agus, who was bent on re&enging hi'sel$ u%on *styages, began to %ay hi' #ourt by gi$ts and 'essages) His own rank was too hu'ble $or hi' to ho%e to obtain &engean#e without so'e $oreign hel%) 4hen there$ore he saw Cyrus, whose wrongs were so si'ilar to his own, growing u% e.%ressly ;as it were< to be the a&enger who' he needed, he set to work to %ro#ure his su%%ort and aid in the 'atter) He had already %a&ed the way $or his designs, by %ersuading, se&erally, the great -edian nobles, who' the harsh rule o$ their 'onar#h had o$$ended, that the best %lan would be to %ut Cyrus at their head, and dethrone *styages) These %re%arations 'ade, Har%agus, being now ready $or re&olt, was an.ious to 'ake known his wishes to Cyrus, who still li&ed in +ersia( but as the roads between -edia and +ersia were guarded, he had to #ontri&e a 'eans o$ sending word se#retly, whi#h he did in the $ollowing way) He took a hare, and #utting o%en its belly without hurting the $ur, he sli%%ed in a letter #ontaining what he wanted to say, and then #are$ully sewing u% the %aun#h, he ga&e the hare to one o$ his 'ost $aith$ul sla&es, disguising hi' as a hunter with nets, and sent hi' o$$ to +ersia to take the ga'e as a %resent to Cyrus, bidding hi' tell Cyrus, by word o$ 'outh, to %aun#h the ani'al hi'sel$, and let no one be %resent at the ti'e) *ll was done as he wished, and Cyrus, on #utting the hare o%en, $ound the letter inside, and read as $ollows07 9"on o$ Ca'byses, the gods assuredly wat#h o&er thee, or ne&er wouldst thou ha&e %assed through thy 'any wonder$ul ad&entures7 now is the ti'e when thou 'ayst a&enge thysel$ u%on *styages, thy 'urderer) He willed thy death, re'e'ber( to the gods and to 'e thou owest that thou art still ali&e) think thou art not ignorant o$ what he did to thee, nor o$ what su$$ered at his hands be#ause #o''itted thee to the #owherd, and did not %ut thee to death) Listen now to 'e, and obey 'y words, and all the e'%ire o$ *styages shall be thine) Raise the standard o$ re&olt in +ersia, and then 'ar#h straight on -edia) 4hether *styages a%%oint 'e to #o''and his $or#es against thee, or whether he a%%oint any other o$ the %rin#es o$ the -edes, all will go as thou #ouldst wish) They will be the $irst to $all away $ro' hi', and 2oining thy side, e.ert the'sel&es to o&erturn his %ower) Be sure that on our %art all is ready( where$ore do thou thy %art, and

that s%eedily)9 Cyrus, on re#ei&ing the tidings #ontained in this letter, set hi'sel$ to #onsider how he 'ight best %ersuade the +ersians to re&olt) *$ter 'u#h thought, he hit on the $ollowing as the 'ost e.%edient #ourse0 he wrote what he thought %ro%er u%on a roll, and then #alling an asse'bly o$ the +ersians, he un$olded the roll, and read out o$ it that *styages a%%ointed hi' their general) 9*nd now,9 said he, 9sin#e it is so, #o''and you to go and bring ea#h 'an his rea%ing7hook)9 4ith these words he dis'issed the asse'bly) 3ow the +ersian nation is 'ade u% o$ 'any tribes) Those whi#h Cyrus asse'bled and %ersuaded to re&olt $ro' the -edes were the %rin#i%al ones on whi#h all the others are de%endent) These are the +asargadae, the -ara%hians, and the -as%ians, o$ who' the +asargadae are the noblest) The *#hae'enidae, $ro' whi#h s%ring all the +erseid kings, is one o$ their #lans) The rest o$ the +ersian tribes are the $ollowing0 the +anthialaeans, the 5erusiaeans, the Ger'anians, who are engaged in husbandry( the 5aans, the -ardians, the 5ro%i#ans, and the "agartians, who are no'ads) 4hen, in obedien#e to the orders whi#h they had re#ei&ed, the +ersians #a'e with their rea%ing7hooks, Cyrus led the' to a tra#t o$ ground, about eighteen or twenty $urlongs ea#h way, #o&ered with thorns, and ordered the' to #lear it be$ore the day was out) They a##o'%lished their task( u%on whi#h he issued a se#ond order to the', to take the bath the day $ollowing, and again #o'e to hi') -eanwhile he #olle#ted together all his $ather1s $lo#ks, both shee% and goats, and all his o.en, and slaughtered the', and 'ade ready to gi&e an entertain'ent to the entire +ersian ar'y) 4ine, too, and bread o$ the #hoi#est kinds were %re%ared $or the o##asion) 4hen the 'orrow #a'e, and the +ersians a%%eared, he bade the' re#line u%on the grass, and en2oy the'sel&es) *$ter the $east was o&er, he re,uested the' to tell hi' 9whi#h they liked best, to7day1s work, or yesterday1s:9 They answered that 9the #ontrast was indeed strong0 yesterday brought the' nothing but what was bad, to7day e&erything that was good)9 Cyrus instantly sei/ed on their re%ly, and laid bare his %ur%ose in these words0 9=e 'en o$ +ersia, thus do 'atters stand with you) $ you #hoose to hearken to 'y words, you 'ay en2oy these and ten thousand si'ilar delights, and ne&er #ondes#end to any sla&ish toil( but i$ you will not hearken, %re%are yoursel&es $or unnu'bered toils as hard as yesterday1s) 3ow there$ore $ollow 'y bidding, and be $ree) For 'ysel$ $eel that a' destined by +ro&iden#e to undertake your liberation( and you, a' sure, are no whit in$erior to the -edes in anything, least o$ all in bra&ery) Re&olt, there$ore, $ro' *styages, without a 'o'ent1s delay)9 The +ersians, who had long been i'%atient o$ the -edian do'inion, now that they had $ound a leader, were delighted to shake o$$ the yoke) -eanwhile *styages, in$or'ed o$ the doings o$ Cyrus,

sent a 'essenger to su''on hi' to his %resen#e) Cyrus re%lied, 9Tell *styages that shall a%%ear in his %resen#e sooner than he will like)9 *styages, when he re#ei&ed this 'essage, instantly ar'ed all his sub2e#ts, and, as i$ God had de%ri&ed hi' o$ his senses, a%%ointed Har%agus to be their general, $orgetting how greatly he had in2ured hi') "o when the two ar'ies 'et and engaged, only a $ew o$ the -edes, who were not in the se#ret, $ought( others deserted o%enly to the +ersians( while the greater nu'ber #ounter$eited $ear, and $led) *styages, on learning the sha'e$ul $light and dis%ersion o$ his ar'y, broke out into threats against Cyrus, saying, 9Cyrus shall ne&ertheless ha&e no reason to re2oi#e9( and dire#tly he sei/ed the -agian inter%reters, who had %ersuaded hi' to allow Cyrus to es#a%e, and i'%aled the'( a$ter whi#h, he ar'ed all the -edes who had re'ained in the #ity, both young and old( and leading the' against the +ersians, $ought a battle, in whi#h he was utterly de$eated, his ar'y being destroyed, and he hi'sel$ $alling into the ene'y1s hands) Har%agus then, seeing hi' a %risoner, #a'e near, and e.ulted o&er hi' with 'any 2ibes and 2eers) *'ong other #utting s%ee#hes whi#h he 'ade, he alluded to the su%%er where the $lesh o$ his son was gi&en hi' to eat, and asked *styages to answer hi' now, how he en2oyed being a sla&e instead o$ a king: *styages looked in his $a#e, and asked hi' in return, why he #lai'ed as his own the a#hie&e'ents o$ Cyrus: 9Be#ause,9 said Har%agus, 9it was 'y letter whi#h 'ade hi' re&olt, and so a' entitled to all the #redit o$ the enter%rise)9 Then *styages de#lared that 9in that #ase he was at on#e the silliest and the 'ost un2ust o$ 'en0 the silliest, i$ when it was in his %ower to %ut the #rown on his own head, as it 'ust assuredly ha&e been, i$ the re&olt was entirely his doing, he had %la#ed it on the head o$ another( the 'ost un2ust, i$ on a##ount o$ that su%%er he had brought sla&ery on the -edes) For, su%%osing that he was obliged to in&est another with the kingly %ower, and not retain it hi'sel$, yet 2usti#e re,uired that a -ede, rather than a +ersian, should re#ei&e the dignity) 3ow, howe&er, the -edes, who had been no %arties to the wrong o$ whi#h he #o'%lained, were 'ade sla&es instead o$ lords, and sla&es 'oreo&er o$ those who till re#ently had been their sub2e#ts)9 Thus a$ter a reign o$ thirty7$i&e years, *styages lost his #rown, and the -edes, in #onse,uen#e o$ his #ruelty, were brought under the rule o$ the +ersians) Their e'%ire o&er the %arts o$ *sia beyond the Halys had lasted one hundred and twenty7eight years, e.#e%t during the ti'e when the "#ythians had the do'inion) *$terwards the -edes re%ented o$ their sub'ission, and re&olted $ro' 5arius, but were de$eated in battle, and again redu#ed to sub2e#tion) 3ow, howe&er, in the ti'e o$ *styages, it was the +ersians who under Cyrus re&olted $ro' the -edes, and be#a'e then#e$orth the rulers o$ *sia) Cyrus ke%t *styages at his #ourt during the re'ainder o$ his li$e, without doing hi' any $urther in2ury) "u#h then were the #ir#u'stan#es

o$ the birth and bringing u% o$ Cyrus, and su#h were the ste%s by whi#h he 'ounted the throne) t was at a later date that he was atta#ked by Croesus, and o&erthrew hi', as ha&e related in an earlier %ortion o$ this history) The o&erthrow o$ Croesus 'ade hi' 'aster o$ the whole o$ *sia) The #usto's whi#h know the +ersians to obser&e are the $ollowing0 they ha&e no i'ages o$ the gods, no te'%les nor altars, and #onsider the use o$ the' a sign o$ $olly) This #o'es, think, $ro' their not belie&ing the gods to ha&e the sa'e nature with 'en, as the Greeks i'agine) Their wont, howe&er, is to as#end the su''its o$ the lo$tiest 'ountains, and there to o$$er sa#ri$i#e to 8u%iter, whi#h is the na'e they gi&e to the whole #ir#uit o$ the $ir'a'ent) They likewise o$$er to the sun and 'oon, to the earth, to $ire, to water, and to the winds) These are the only gods whose worshi% has #o'e down to the' $ro' an#ient ti'es) *t a later %eriod they began the worshi% o$ 6rania, whi#h they borrowed $ro' the *rabians and *ssyrians) -ylitta is the na'e by whi#h the *ssyrians know this goddess, who' the *rabians #all *litta, and the +ersians -itra) To these gods the +ersians o$$er sa#ri$i#e in the $ollowing 'anner0 they raise no altar, light no $ire, %our no libations( there is no sound o$ the $lute, no %utting on o$ #ha%lets, no #onse#rated barley7#ake( but the 'an who wishes to sa#ri$i#e brings his &i#ti' to a s%ot o$ ground whi#h is %ure $ro' %ollution, and there #alls u%on the na'e o$ the god to who' he intends to o$$er) t is usual to ha&e the turban en#ir#led with a wreath, 'ost #o''only o$ 'yrtle) The sa#ri$i#er is not allowed to %ray $or blessings on hi'sel$ alone, but he %rays $or the wel$are o$ the king, and o$ the whole +ersian %eo%le, a'ong who' he is o$ ne#essity in#luded) He #uts the &i#ti' in %ie#es, and ha&ing boiled the $lesh, he lays it out u%on the tenderest herbage that he #an $ind, tre$oil es%e#ially) 4hen all is ready, one o$ the -agi #o'es $orward and #hants a hy'n, whi#h they say re#ounts the origin o$ the gods) t is not law$ul to o$$er sa#ri$i#e unless there is a -agus %resent) *$ter waiting a short ti'e the sa#ri$i#er #arries the $lesh o$ the &i#ti' away with hi', and 'akes whate&er use o$ it he 'ay %lease) !$ all the days in the year, the one whi#h they #elebrate 'ost is their birthday) t is #usto'ary to ha&e the board $urnished on that day with an a'%ler su%%ly than #o''on) The ri#her +ersians #ause an o., a horse, a #a'el, and an ass to be baked whole and so ser&ed u% to the'0 the %oorer #lasses use instead the s'aller kinds o$ #attle) They eat little solid $ood but abundan#e o$ dessert, whi#h is set on table a $ew dishes at a ti'e( this it is whi#h 'akes the' say that 9the Greeks, when they eat, lea&e o$$ hungry, ha&ing nothing worth 'ention ser&ed u% to the' a$ter the 'eats( whereas, i$ they had 'ore %ut be$ore the', they would not sto% eating)9 They are &ery $ond o$ wine, and drink it in large ,uantities) To &o'it or obey natural #alls

in the %resen#e o$ another is $orbidden a'ong the') "u#h are their #usto's in these 'atters) t is also their general %ra#ti#e to deliberate u%on a$$airs o$ weight when they are drunk( and then on the 'orrow, when they are sober, the de#ision to whi#h they #a'e the night be$ore is %ut be$ore the' by the 'aster o$ the house in whi#h it was 'ade( and i$ it is then a%%ro&ed o$, they a#t on it( i$ not, they set it aside) "o'eti'es, howe&er, they are sober at their $irst deliberation, but in this #ase they always re#onsider the 'atter under the in$luen#e o$ wine) 4hen they 'eet ea#h other in the streets, you 'ay know i$ the %ersons 'eeting are o$ e,ual rank by the $ollowing token0 i$ they are, instead o$ s%eaking, they kiss ea#h other on the li%s) n the #ase where one is a little in$erior to the other, the kiss is gi&en on the #heek( where the di$$eren#e o$ rank is great, the in$erior %rostrates hi'sel$ u%on the ground) !$ nations, they honour 'ost their nearest neighbours, who' they estee' ne.t to the'sel&es( those who li&e beyond these they honour in the se#ond degree( and so with the re'ainder, the $urther they are re'o&ed, the less the estee' in whi#h they hold the') The reason is that they look u%on the'sel&es as &ery greatly su%erior in all res%e#ts to the rest o$ 'ankind, regarding others as a%%roa#hing to e.#ellen#e in %ro%ortion as they dwell nearer to the'( when#e it #o'es to %ass that those who are the $arthest o$$ 'ust be the 'ost degraded o$ 'ankind) 6nder the do'inion o$ the -edes, the se&eral nations o$ the e'%ire e.er#ised authority o&er ea#h other in this order) The -edes were lords o&er all, and go&erned the nations u%on their borders, who in their turn go&erned the "tates beyond, who likewise bore rule o&er the nations whi#h ad2oined on the') *nd this is the order whi#h the +ersians also $ollow in their distribution o$ honour( $or that %eo%le, like the -edes, has a %rogressi&e s#ale o$ ad'inistration and go&ern'ent) There is no nation whi#h so readily ado%ts $oreign #usto's as the +ersians) Thus, they ha&e taken the dress o$ the -edes, #onsidering it su%erior to their own( and in war they wear the Egy%tian breast%late) *s soon as they hear o$ any lu.ury, they instantly 'ake it their own0 and hen#e, a'ong other no&elties, they ha&e learnt unnatural lust $ro' the Greeks) Ea#h o$ the' has se&eral wi&es, and a still larger nu'ber o$ #on#ubines) 3e.t to %rowess in ar's, it is regarded as the greatest %roo$ o$ 'anly e.#ellen#e to be the $ather o$ 'any sons) E&ery year the king sends ri#h gi$ts to the 'an who #an show the largest nu'ber0 $or they hold that nu'ber is strength) Their sons are #are$ully instru#ted $ro' their $i$th to their twentieth year, in three things alone,7 to ride, to draw the bow, and to s%eak the truth) 6ntil their $i$th year they are not allowed to #o'e into the sight o$ their $ather, but %ass their li&es with the wo'en) This is done that, i$ the #hild

die young, the $ather 'ay not be a$$li#ted by its loss) To 'y 'ind it is a wise rule, as also is the $ollowing7 that the king shall not %ut any one to death $or a single $ault, and that none o$ the +ersians shall &isit a single $ault in a sla&e with any e.tre'e %enalty( but in e&ery #ase the ser&i#es o$ the o$$ender shall be set against his 'isdoings( and, i$ the latter be $ound to outweigh the $or'er, the aggrie&ed %arty shall then %ro#eed to %unish'ent) The +ersians 'aintain that ne&er yet did any one kill his own $ather or 'other( but in all su#h #ases they are ,uite sure that, i$ 'atters were si$ted to the botto', it would be $ound that the #hild was either a #hangeling or else the $ruit o$ adultery( $or it is not likely, they say, that the real $ather should %erish by the hands o$ his #hild) They hold it unlaw$ul to talk o$ anything whi#h it is unlaw$ul to do) The 'ost disgra#e$ul thing in the world, they think, is to tell a lie( the ne.t worst, to owe a debt0 be#ause, a'ong other reasons, the debtor is obliged to tell lies) $ a +ersian has the le%rosy he is not allowed to enter into a #ity, or to ha&e any dealings with the other +ersians( he 'ust, they say, ha&e sinned against the sun) Foreigners atta#ked by this disorder, are $or#ed to lea&e the #ountry0 e&en white %igeons are o$ten dri&en away, as guilty o$ the sa'e o$$en#e) They ne&er de$ile a ri&er with the se#retions o$ their bodies, nor e&en wash their hands in one( nor will they allow others to do so, as they ha&e a great re&eren#e $or ri&ers) There is another %e#uliarity, whi#h the +ersians the'sel&es ha&e ne&er noti#ed, but whi#h has not es#a%ed 'y obser&ation) Their na'es, whi#h are e.%ressi&e o$ so'e bodily or 'ental e.#ellen#e, all end with the sa'e letter7 the letter whi#h is #alled "an by the 5orians, and "ig'a by the onians) *ny one who e.a'ines will $ind that the +ersian na'es, one and all without e.#e%tion, end with this letter) Thus 'u#h #an de#lare o$ the +ersians with entire #ertainty, $ro' 'y own a#tual knowledge) There is another #usto' whi#h is s%oken o$ with reser&e, and not o%enly, #on#erning their dead) t is said that the body o$ a 'ale +ersian is ne&er buried, until it has been torn either by a dog or a bird o$ %rey) That the -agi ha&e this #usto' is beyond a doubt, $or they %ra#tise it without any #on#eal'ent) The dead bodies are #o&ered with wa., and then buried in the ground) The -agi are a &ery %e#uliar ra#e, di$$erent entirely $ro' the Egy%tian %riests, and indeed $ro' all other 'en whatsoe&er) The Egy%tian %riests 'ake it a %oint o$ religion not to kill any li&e ani'als e.#e%t those whi#h they o$$er in sa#ri$i#e) The -agi, on the #ontrary, kill ani'als o$ all kinds with their own hands, e.#e%ting dogs and 'en) They e&en see' to take a delight in the e'%loy'ent,

and kill, as readily as they do other ani'als, ants and snakes, and su#h like $lying or #ree%ing things) Howe&er, sin#e this has always been their #usto', let the' kee% to it) return to 'y $or'er narrati&e) ''ediately a$ter the #on,uest o$ Lydia by the +ersians, the onian and *eolian Greeks sent a'bassadors to Cyrus at "ardis, and %rayed to be#o'e his lieges on the $ooting whi#h they had o##u%ied under Croesus) Cyrus listened attenti&ely to their %ro%osals, and answered the' by a $able) 9There was a #ertain %i%er,9 he said, 9who was walking one day by the seaside, when he es%ied so'e $ish( so he began to %i%e to the', i'agining they would #o'e out to hi' u%on the land) But as he $ound at last that his ho%e was &ain, he took a net, and en#losing a great draught o$ $ishes, drew the' ashore) The $ish then began to lea% and dan#e( but the %i%er said, 1Cease your dan#ing now, as you did not #hoose to #o'e and dan#e when %i%ed to you)19 Cyrus ga&e this answer to the onians and *eolians, be#ause, when he urged the' by his 'essengers to re&olt $ro' Croesus, they re$used( but now, when his work was done, they #a'e to o$$er their allegian#e) t was in anger, there$ore, that he 'ade the' this re%ly) The onians, on hearing it, set to work to $orti$y their towns, and held 'eetings at the +anioniu', whi#h were attended by all e.#e%ting the -ilesians, with who' Cyrus had #on#luded a se%arate treaty, by whi#h he allowed the' the ter's they had $or'erly obtained $ro' Croesus) The other onians resol&ed, with one a##ord, to send a'bassadors to "%arta to i'%lore assistan#e) 3ow the onians o$ *sia, who 'eet at the +anioniu', ha&e built their #ities in a region where the air and #li'ate are the 'ost beauti$ul in the whole world0 $or no other region is e,ually blessed with onia, neither abo&e it nor below it, nor east nor west o$ it) For in other #ountries either the #li'ate is o&er #old and da'%, or else the heat and drought are sorely o%%ressi&e) The onians do not all s%eak the sa'e language, but use in di$$erent %la#es $our di$$erent diale#ts) Towards the south their $irst #ity is -iletus, ne.t to whi#h lie -yus and +riene( all these three are in Caria and ha&e the sa'e diale#t) Their #ities in Lydia are the $ollowing0 E%hesus, Colo%hon, Lebedus, Teos, Cla/o'enae, and +ho#aea) The inhabitants o$ these towns ha&e none o$ the %e#uliarities o$ s%ee#h whi#h belong to the three $irst7na'ed #ities, but use a diale#t o$ their own) There re'ain three other onian towns, two situate in isles, na'ely, "a'os and Chios( and one u%on the 'ainland, whi#h is Erythrae) !$ these Chios and Erythrae ha&e the sa'e diale#t, while "a'os %ossesses a language %e#uliar to itsel$) "u#h are the $our &arieties o$ whi#h s%oke) !$ the onians at this %eriod, one %eo%le, the -ilesians, were in no danger o$ atta#k, as Cyrus had re#ei&ed the' into allian#e) The islanders also had as yet nothing to $ear, sin#e +hoeni#ia was

still inde%endent o$ +ersia, and the +ersians the'sel&es were not a sea$aring %eo%le) The -ilesians had se%arated $ro' the #o''on #ause solely on a##ount o$ the e.tre'e weakness o$ the onians0 $or, $eeble as the %ower o$ the entire Helleni# ra#e was at that ti'e, o$ all its tribes the oni# was by $ar the $eeblest and least estee'ed, not %ossessing a single "tate o$ any 'ark e.#e%ting *thens) The *thenians and 'ost o$ the other oni# "tates o&er the world, went so $ar in their dislike o$ the na'e as a#tually to lay it aside( and e&en at the %resent day the greater nu'ber o$ the' see' to 'e to be asha'ed o$ it) But the twel&e #ities in *sia ha&e always gloried in the a%%ellation( they ga&e the te'%le whi#h they built $or the'sel&es the na'e o$ the +anioniu', and de#reed that it should not be o%en to any o$ the other oni# "tates( no "tate, howe&er, e.#e%t "'yrna, has #ra&ed ad'ission to it) n the sa'e way the 5orians o$ the region whi#h is now #alled the +enta%olis, but whi#h was $or'erly known as the 5ori# He.a%olis, e.#lude all their 5orian neighbours $ro' their te'%le, the Trio%iu'0 nay, they ha&e e&en gone so $ar as to shut out $ro' it #ertain o$ their own body who were guilty o$ an o$$en#e against the #usto's o$ the %la#e) n the ga'es whi#h were an#iently #elebrated in honour o$ the Trio%ian *%ollo, the %ri/es gi&en to the &i#tors were tri%ods o$ brass( and the rule was that these tri%ods should not be #arried away $ro' the te'%le, but should then and there be dedi#ated to the god) 3ow a 'an o$ Hali#arnassus, whose na'e was *gasi#les, being de#lared &i#tor in the ga'es, in o%en #onte'%t o$ the law, took the tri%od ho'e to his own house and there hung it against the wall) *s a %unish'ent $or this $ault, the $i&e other #ities, Lindus, alyssus, Ca'eirus, Cos, and Cnidus, de%ri&ed the si.th #ity, Hali#arnassus, o$ the right o$ entering the te'%le) The onians $ounded twel&e #ities in *sia, and re$used to enlarge the nu'ber, on a##ount ;as i'agine< o$ their ha&ing been di&ided into twel&e "tates when they li&ed in the +elo%onnese( 2ust as the *#haeans, who dro&e the' out, are at the %resent day) The $irst #ity o$ the *#haeans a$ter "i#yon, is +ellene, ne.t to whi#h are *egeira, *egae u%on the Crathis, a strea' whi#h is ne&er dry, and $ro' whi#h the talian Crathis re#ei&ed its na'e,7 Bura, Heli#e7 where the onians took re$uge on their de$eat by the *#haean in&aders7 *egiu', Rhy%es, +atreis, +hareis, !lenus on the +eirus, whi#h is a large ri&er7 5y'e and Tritaeeis, all sea7%ort towns e.#e%t the last two, whi#h lie u% the #ountry) These are the twel&e di&isions o$ what is now *#haea, and was $or'erly onia( and it was owing to their #o'ing $ro' a #ountry so di&ided that the onians, on rea#hing *sia, $ounded their twel&e "tates0 $or it is the height o$ $olly to 'aintain that these onians are 'ore onian than the rest, or in any res%e#t better born, sin#e the truth is that no s'all %ortion o$ the' were *bantians $ro' Euboea,

who are not e&en onians in na'e( and, besides, there were 'i.ed u% with the e'igration -inyae $ro' !r#ho'enus, Cad'eians, 5ryo%ians, +ho#ians $ro' the se&eral #ities o$ +ho#is, -olossians, *r#adian +elasgi, 5orians $ro' E%idaurus, and 'any other distin#t tribes) E&en those who #a'e $ro' the +rytaneu' o$ *thens, and re#kon the'sel&es the %urest onians o$ all, brought no wi&es with the' to the new #ountry, but 'arried Carian girls, whose $athers they had slain) Hen#e these wo'en 'ade a law, whi#h they bound the'sel&es by an oath to obser&e, and whi#h they handed down to their daughters a$ter the', 9That none should e&er sit at 'eat with her husband, or #all hi' by his na'e9( be#ause the in&aders slew their $athers, their husbands, and their sons, and then $or#ed the' to be#o'e their wi&es) t was at -iletus that these e&ents took %la#e) The kings, too, who' they set o&er the', were either Ly#ians, o$ the blood o$ Glau#us, son o$ Hi%%olo#hus, or +ylian Cau#ons o$ the blood o$ Codrus, son o$ -elanthus( or else $ro' both those $a'ilies) But sin#e these onians set 'ore store by the na'e than any o$ the others, let the' %ass $or the %ure7bred onians( though truly all are onians who ha&e their origin $ro' *thens, and kee% the *%aturia) This is a $esti&al whi#h all the onians #elebrate, e.#e%t the E%hesians and the Colo%honians, who' a #ertain a#t o$ bloodshed e.#ludes $ro' it) The +anioniu' is a %la#e in -y#ale, $a#ing the north, whi#h was #hosen by the #o''on &oi#e o$ the onians and 'ade sa#red to Heli#onian 3e%tune) -y#ale itsel$ is a %ro'ontory o$ the 'ainland, stret#hing out westward towards "a'os, in whi#h the onians asse'ble $ro' all their "tates to kee% the $east o$ the +anionia) The na'es o$ $esti&als, not only a'ong the onians but a'ong all the Greeks, end, like the +ersian %ro%er na'es, in one and the sa'e letter) The abo&e7'entioned, then, are the twel&e towns o$ the onians) The *eoli# #ities are the $ollowing07 Cy'e, #alled also +hri#onis, Larissa, 3eontei#hus, Te'nus, Cilla, 3otiu', *egiroessa, +itane, *egaeae, -yrina, and Gryneia) These are the ele&en an#ient #ities o$ the *eolians) !riginally, indeed, they had twel&e #ities u%on the 'ainland, like the onians, but the onians de%ri&ed the' o$ "'yrna, one o$ the nu'ber) The soil o$ *eolis is better than that o$ onia, but the #li'ate is less agreeable) The $ollowing is the way in whi#h the loss o$ "'yrna ha%%ened) Certain 'en o$ Colo%hon had been engaged in a sedition there, and being the weaker %arty, were dri&en by the others into banish'ent) The "'yrnaeans re#ei&ed the $ugiti&es, who, a$ter a ti'e, wat#hing their o%%ortunity, while the inhabitants were #elebrating a $east to Ba##hus outside the walls, shut to the gates, and so got %ossession o$ the town) The *eolians o$ the other "tates #a'e to their aid, and ter's were agreed on between the %arties, the onians #onsenting to gi&e u% all the 'o&eables, and the *eolians 'aking a surrender o$ the

%la#e) The e.%elled "'yrnaeans were distributed a'ong the other "tates o$ the *eolians, and were e&erywhere ad'itted to #iti/enshi%) These, then, were all the *eoli# #ities u%on the 'ainland, with the e.#e%tion o$ those about -ount da, whi#h 'ade no %art o$ this #on$edera#y) *s $or the islands, Lesbos #ontains $i&e #ities) *risba, the si.th, was taken by the -ethy'naeans, their kins'en, and the inhabitants redu#ed to sla&ery) Tenedos #ontains one #ity, and there is another whi#h is built on what are #alled the Hundred sles) The *eolians o$ Lesbos and Tenedos, like the onian islanders, had at this ti'e nothing to $ear) The other *eolians de#ided in their #o''on asse'bly to $ollow the onians, whate&er #ourse they should %ursue) 4hen the de%uties o$ the onians and *eolians, who had 2ourneyed with all s%eed to "%arta, rea#hed the #ity, they #hose one o$ their nu'ber, +yther'us, a +ho#aean, to be their s%okes'an) n order to draw together as large an audien#e as %ossible, he #lothed hi'sel$ in a %ur%le gar'ent, and so attired stood $orth to s%eak) n a long dis#ourse he besought the "%artans to #o'e to the assistan#e o$ his #ountry'en, but they were not to be %ersuaded, and &oted against sending any su##our) The de%uties a##ordingly went their way, while the La#edae'onians, notwithstanding the re$usal whi#h they had gi&en to the %rayer o$ the de%utation, des%at#hed a %ente#onter to the *siati# #oast with #ertain "%artans on board, $or the %ur%ose, as think, o$ wat#hing Cyrus and onia) These 'en, on their arri&al at +ho#aea, sent to "ardis La#rines, the 'ost distinguished o$ their nu'ber, to %rohibit Cyrus, in the na'e o$ the La#edae'onians, $ro' o$$ering 'olestation to any #ity o$ Gree#e, sin#e they would not allow it) Cyrus is said, on hearing the s%ee#h o$ the herald, to ha&e asked so'e Greeks who were standing by, 94ho these La#edae'onians were, and what was their nu'ber, that they dared to send hi' su#h a noti#e:9 4hen he had re#ei&ed their re%ly, he turned to the "%artan herald and said, 9 ha&e ne&er yet been a$raid o$ any 'en, who ha&e a set %la#e in the 'iddle o$ their #ity, where they #o'e together to #heat ea#h other and $orswear the'sel&es) $ li&e, the "%artans shall ha&e troubles enough o$ their own to talk o$, without #on#erning the'sel&es about the onians)9 Cyrus intended these words as a re%roa#h against all the Greeks, be#ause o$ their ha&ing 'arket7%la#es where they buy and sell, whi#h is a #usto' unknown to the +ersians, who ne&er 'ake %ur#hases in o%en 'arts, and indeed ha&e not in their whole #ountry a single 'arket7%la#e) *$ter this inter&iew Cyrus ,uitted "ardis, lea&ing the #ity under the #harge o$ Tabalus, a +ersian, but a%%ointing +a#tyas, a nati&e, to #olle#t the treasure belonging to Croesus and the other Lydians, and bring a$ter hi') Cyrus hi'sel$ %ro#eeded towards *gbatana, #arrying Croesus along with hi', not regarding the onians

as i'%ortant enough to be his i''ediate ob2e#t) Larger designs were in his 'ind) He wished to war in %erson against Babylon, the Ba#trians, the "a#ae, and Egy%t( he there$ore deter'ined to assign to one o$ his generals the task o$ #on,uering the onians) 3o sooner, howe&er, was Cyrus gone $ro' "ardis than +a#tyas indu#ed his #ountry'en to rise in o%en re&olt against hi' and his de%uty Tabalus) 4ith the &ast treasures at his dis%osal he then went down to the sea, and e'%loyed the' in hiring 'er#enary troo%s, while at the sa'e ti'e he engaged the %eo%le o$ the #oast to enrol the'sel&es in his ar'y) He then 'ar#hed u%on "ardis, where he besieged Tabalus, who shut hi'sel$ u% in the #itadel) 4hen Cyrus, on his way to *gbatana, re#ei&ed these tidings, he returned to Croesus and said, 94here will all this end, Croesus, thinkest thou: t see'eth that these Lydians will not #ease to #ause trouble both to the'sel&es and others) doubt 'e i$ it were not best to sell the' all $or sla&es) -ethinks what ha&e now done is as i$ a 'an were to 1kill the $ather and then s%are the #hild)1 Thou, who wert so'ething 'ore than a $ather to thy %eo%le, ha&e sei/ed and #arried o$$, and to that %eo%le ha&e entrusted their #ity) Can then $eel sur%rise at their rebellion:9 Thus did Cyrus o%en to Croesus his thoughts( whereat the latter, $ull o$ alar' lest Cyrus should lay "ardis in ruins, re%lied as $ollows0 9!h> 'y king, thy words are reasonable( but do not, besee#h thee, gi&e $ull &ent to thy anger, nor doo' to destru#tion an an#ient #ity, guiltless alike o$ the %ast and o$ the %resent trouble) #aused the one, and in 'y own %erson now %ay the $or$eit) +a#tyas has #aused the other, he to who' thou ga&est "ardis in #harge( let hi' bear the %unish'ent) Grant, then, $orgi&eness to the Lydians, and to 'ake sure o$ their ne&er rebelling against thee, or alar'ing thee 'ore, send and $orbid the' to kee% any wea%ons o$ war, #o''and the' to wear tuni#s under their #loaks, and to %ut buskins u%on their legs, and 'ake the' bring u% their sons to #ithern7%laying, har%ing, and sho%7kee%ing) "o wilt thou soon see the' be#o'e wo'en instead o$ 'en, and there will be no 'ore $ear o$ their re&olting $ro' thee)9 Croesus thought the Lydians would e&en so be better o$$ than i$ they were sold $or sla&es, and there$ore ga&e the abo&e ad&i#e to Cyrus, knowing that, unless he brought $orward so'e notable suggestion, he would not be able to %ersuade hi' to alter his 'ind) He was likewise a$raid lest, a$ter es#a%ing the danger whi#h now %ressed, the Lydians at so'e $uture ti'e 'ight re&olt $ro' the +ersians and so bring the'sel&es to ruin) The ad&i#e %leased Cyrus, who #onsented to $orego his anger and do as Croesus had said) Thereu%on he su''oned to his %resen#e a #ertain -ede, -a/ares by na'e, and #harged hi' to issue orders to the Lydians in a##ordan#e with the ter's o$ Croesus1 dis#ourse) Further, he #o''anded hi' to sell $or sla&es all who had 2oined the Lydians in their atta#k u%on "ardis, and

abo&e aught else to be sure that he brought +a#tyas with hi' ali&e on his return) Ha&ing gi&en these orders Cyrus #ontinued his 2ourney towards the +ersian territory) +a#tyas, when news #a'e o$ the near a%%roa#h o$ the ar'y sent against hi', $led in terror to Cy'e) -a/ares, there$ore, the -edian general, who had 'ar#hed on "ardis with a deta#h'ent o$ the ar'y o$ Cyrus, $inding on his arri&al that +a#tyas and his troo%s were gone, i''ediately entered the town) *nd $irst o$ all he $or#ed the Lydians to obey the orders o$ his 'aster, and #hange ;as they did $ro' that ti'e< their entire 'anner o$ li&ing) 3e.t, he des%at#hed 'essengers to Cy'e, and re,uired to ha&e +a#tyas deli&ered u% to hi') !n this the Cy'aeans resol&ed to send to Bran#hidae and ask the ad&i#e o$ the god) Bran#hidae is situated in the territory o$ -iletus, abo&e the %ort o$ +anor'us) There was an ora#le there, established in &ery an#ient ti'es, whi#h both the onians and *eolians were wont o$ten to #onsult) Hither there$ore the Cy'aeans sent their de%uties to 'ake in,uiry at the shrine, 94hat the gods would like the' to do with the Lydian, +a#tyas:9 The ora#le told the', in re%ly, to gi&e hi' u% to the +ersians) 4ith this answer the 'essengers returned, and the %eo%le o$ Cy'd were ready to surrender hi' a##ordingly( but as they were %re%aring to do so, *ristodi#us, son o$ Hera#lides, a #iti/en o$ distin#tion, hindered the') He de#lared that he distrusted the res%onse, and belie&ed that the 'essengers had re%orted it $alsely( until at last another e'bassy, o$ whi#h *ristodi#us hi'sel$ 'ade %art, was des%at#hed, to re%eat the $or'er in,uiry #on#erning +a#tyas) !n their arri&al at the shrine o$ the god, *ristodi#us, s%eaking on behal$ o$ the whole body, thus addressed the ora#le0 9!h> king, +a#tyas the Lydian, threatened by the +ersians with a &iolent death, has #o'e to us $or san#tuary, and lo, they ask hi' at our hands, #alling u%on our nation to deli&er hi' u%) 3ow, though we greatly dread the +ersian %ower, yet ha&e we not been bold to gi&e u% our su%%liant, till we ha&e #ertain knowledge o$ thy 'ind, what thou wouldst ha&e us to do)9 The ora#le thus ,uestioned ga&e the sa'e answer as be$ore, bidding the' surrender +a#tyas to the +ersians( whereu%on *ristodi#us, who had #o'e %re%ared $or su#h an answer, %ro#eeded to 'ake the #ir#uit o$ the te'%le, and to take all the nests o$ young s%arrows and other birds that he #ould $ind about the building) *s he was thus e'%loyed, a &oi#e, it is said, #a'e $orth $ro' the inner san#tuary, addressing *ristodi#us in these words0 9-ost i'%ious o$ 'en, what is this thou hast the $a#e to do: 5ost thou tear 'y su%%liants $ro' 'y te'%le:9 *ristodi#us, at no loss $or a re%ly, re2oined, 9!h, king, art thou so ready to %rote#t thy su%%liants, and dost thou #o''and the Cy'aeans to gi&e u% a su%%liant:9 9=es,9 returned the god, 9 do #o''and it, that so $or the i'%iety you 'ay the sooner %erish, and not #o'e here again to #onsult 'y ora#le about the surrender o$ su%%liants)9

!n the re#ei%t o$ this answer the Cy'aeans, unwilling to bring the threatened destru#tion on the'sel&es by gi&ing u% the 'an, and a$raid o$ ha&ing to endure a siege i$ they #ontinued to harbour hi', sent +a#tyas away to -ytilene) !n this -a/ares des%at#hed en&oys to the -ytilenaeans to de'and the $ugiti&e o$ the', and they were %re%aring to gi&e hi' u% $or a reward ; #annot say with #ertainty how large, as the bargain was not #o'%leted<, when the Cy'aeans hearing what the -ytilenaeans were about, sent a &essel to Lesbos, and #on&eyed away +a#tyas to Chios) Fro' hen#e it was that he was surrendered) The Chians dragged hi' $ro' the te'%le o$ -iner&a +oliu#hus and ga&e hi' u% to the +ersians, on #ondition o$ re#ei&ing the distri#t o$ *tarneus, a tra#t o$ -ysia o%%osite to Lesbos, as the %ri#e o$ the surrender) Thus did +a#tyas $all into the hands o$ his %ursuers, who ke%t a stri#t wat#h u%on hi' that they 'ight be able to %rodu#e hi' be$ore Cyrus) For a long ti'e a$terwards none o$ the Chians would use the barley o$ *tarneus to %la#e on the heads o$ &i#ti's, or 'ake sa#ri$i#ial #akes o$ the #orn grown there, but the whole %rodu#e o$ the land was e.#luded $ro' all their te'%les) -eanwhile -a/ares, a$ter he had re#o&ered +a#tyas $ro' the Chians, 'ade war u%on those who had taken %art in the atta#k on Tabalus, and in the $irst %la#e took +riene and sold the inhabitants $or sla&es, a$ter whi#h he o&erran the whole %lain o$ the -aeander and the distri#t o$ -agnesia, both o$ whi#h he ga&e u% $or %illage to the soldiery) He then suddenly si#kened and died) 6%on his death Har%agus was sent down to the #oast to su##eed to his #o''and) He also was o$ the ra#e o$ the -edes, being the 'an who' the -edian king, *styages, $easted at the unholy ban,uet, and who lent his aid to +la#e Cyrus u%on the throne) *%%ointed by Cyrus to #ondu#t the war in these %arts, he entered onia, and took the #ities by 'eans o$ 'ounds) For#ing the ene'y to shut the'sel&es u% within their de$en#es, he hea%ed 'ounds o$ earth against their walls, and thus #arried the towns) +ho#aea was the #ity against whi#h he dire#ted his $irst atta#k) 3ow the +ho#aeans were the $irst o$ the Greeks who %er$or'ed long &oyages, and it was they who 'ade the Greeks a#,uainted with the *driati# and with Tyrrhenia, with beria, and the #ity o$ Tartessus) The &essel whi#h they used in their &oyages was not the round7built 'er#hant7shi%, but the long %ente#onter) !n their arri&al at Tartessus, the king o$ the #ountry, whose na'e was *rganthonius, took a liking to the') This 'onar#h reigned o&er the Tartessians $or eighty years, and li&ed to be a hundred and twenty years old) He regarded the +ho#aeans with so 'u#h $a&our as, at $irst, to beg the' to ,uit onia and settle in whate&er %art o$ his #ountry they liked) *$terwards, $inding that he #ould not %re&ail u%on the' to agree to this, and hearing that the -ede was growing great in their neighbourhood, he ga&e the' 'oney to build a wall about their town,

and #ertainly he 'ust ha&e gi&en it with a bounti$ul hand, $or the town is 'any $urlongs in #ir#uit, and the wall is built entirely o$ great blo#ks o$ stone skil$ully $itted together) The wall, then, was built by his aid) Har%agus, ha&ing ad&an#ed against the +ho#aeans with his ar'y, laid siege to their #ity, $irst, howe&er, o$$ering the' ter's) 9 t would #ontent hi',9 he said, 9i$ the +ho#aeans would agree to throw down one o$ their battle'ents, and dedi#ate one dwelling7house to the king)9 The +ho#aeans, sorely &e.ed at the thought o$ be#o'ing sla&es, asked a single day to deliberate on the answer they should return, and besought Har%agus during that day to draw o$$ his $or#es $ro' the walls) Har%agus re%lied, 9that he understood well enough what they were about to do, but ne&ertheless he would grant their re,uest)9 *##ordingly the troo%s were withdrawn, and the +ho#aeans $orthwith took ad&antage o$ their absen#e to laun#h their %ente#onters, and %ut on board their wi&es and #hildren, their household goods, and e&en the i'ages o$ their gods, with all the &oti&e o$$erings $ro' the $anes e.#e%t the %aintings and the works in stone or brass, whi#h were le$t behind) 4ith the rest they e'barked, and %utting to sea, set sail $or Chios) The +ersians, on their return, took %ossession o$ an e'%ty town) *rri&ed at Chios, the +ho#aeans 'ade o$$ers $or the %ur#hase o$ the islands #alled the !enussae, but the Chians re$used to %art with the', $earing lest the +ho#aeans should establish a $a#tory there, and e.#lude their 'er#hants $ro' the #o''er#e o$ those seas) !n their re$usal, the +ho#aeans, as *rganthonius was now dead, 'ade u% their 'inds to sail to Cyrnus ;Corsi#a<, where, twenty years be$ore, $ollowing the dire#tion o$ an ora#le, they had $ounded a #ity, whi#h was #alled *lalia) Be$ore they set out, howe&er, on this &oyage, they sailed on#e 'ore to +ho#aea, and sur%rising the +ersian troo%s a%%ointed by Har%agus to garrison town, %ut the' all to the sword) *$ter this laid the hea&iest #urses on the 'an who should draw ba#k and $orsake the ar'a'ent( and ha&ing dro%%ed a hea&y 'ass o$ iron into the sea, swore ne&er to return to +ho#aea till that 'ass rea%%eared u%on the sur$a#e) 3e&ertheless, as they were %re%aring to de%art $or Cyrnus, 'ore than hal$ o$ their nu'ber were sei/ed with su#h sadness and so great a longing to see on#e 'ore their #ity and their an#ient ho'es, that they broke the oath by whi#h they had bound the'sel&es and sailed ba#k to +ho#aea) The rest o$ the +ho#aeans who ke%t their oath, %ro#eeded without sto%%ing u%on their &oyage, and when they #a'e to Cyrnus established the'sel&es along with the earlier settlers at *lalia and built te'%les in the %la#e) For $i&e years they annoyed their neighbours by %lundering and %illaging on all sides, until at length the Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians leagued against the', and sent ea#h a $leet o$ si.ty shi%s to atta#k the town) The +ho#aeans, on their %art,

'anned all their &essels, si.ty in nu'ber, and 'et their ene'y on the "ardinian sea) n the engage'ent whi#h $ollowed the +ho#aeans were &i#torious, but their su##ess was only a sort o$ Cad'eian &i#tory)1 They lost $orty shi%s in the battle, and the twenty whi#h re'ained #a'e out o$ the engage'ent with beaks so bent and blunted as to be no longer ser&i#eable) The +ho#aeans there$ore sailed ba#k again to *lalia, and taking their wi&es and #hildren on board, with su#h %ortion o$ their goods and #hattels as the &essels #ould bear, bade adieu to Cyrnus and sailed to Rhegiu') The Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians, who had got into their hands 'any 'ore than the +ho#aeans $ro' a'ong the #rews o$ the $orty &essels that were destroyed, landed their #a%ti&es u%on the #oast a$ter the $ight, and stoned the' all to death) *$terwards, when shee%, or o.en, or e&en 'en o$ the distri#t o$ *gylla %assed by the s%ot where the 'urdered +ho#aeans lay, their bodies be#a'e distorted, or they were sei/ed with %alsy, or they lost the use o$ so'e o$ their li'bs) !n this the %eo%le o$ *gylla sent to 5el%hi to ask the ora#le how they 'ight e.%iate their sin) The answer o$ the +ythoness re,uired the' to institute the #usto', whi#h they still obser&e, o$ honouring the dead +ho#aeans with 'agni$i#ent $uneral rites, and sole'n ga'es, both gy'ni# and e,uestrian) "u#h, then, was the $ate that be$ell the +ho#aean %risoners) The other +ho#aeans, who had $led to Rhegiu', be#a'e a$ter a while the $ounders o$ the #ity #alled @ela, in the distri#t o$ !enotria) This #ity they #olonised, u%on the showing o$ a 'an o$ +osidonia, who suggested that the ora#le had not 'eant to bid the' set u% a town in Cyrnus the island, but set u% the worshi% o$ Cyrnus the hero) Thus $ared it with the 'en o$ the #ity o$ +ho#aea in onia) They o$ Teos did and su$$ered al'ost the sa'e( $or they too, when Har%agus had raised his 'ound to the height o$ their de$en#es, took shi%, one and all, and sailing a#ross the sea to Thra#e, $ounded there the #ity o$ *bdera) The site was one whi#h Ti'esius o$ Cla/o'enae had %re&iously tried to #olonise, but without any lasting su##ess, $or he was e.%elled by the Thra#ians) "till the Teians o$ *bdera worshi% hi' to this day as a hero) !$ all the onians these two states alone, rather than sub'it to sla&ery, $orsook their $atherland) The others ; e.#e%t -iletus< resisted Har%agus no less bra&ely than those who $led their #ountry, and %er$or'ed 'any $eats o$ ar's, ea#h $ighting in their own de$en#e, but one a$ter another they su$$ered de$eat( the #ities were taken, and the inhabitants sub'itted, re'aining in their res%e#ti&e #ountries, and obeying the behests o$ their new lords) -iletus, as ha&e already 'entioned, had 'ade ter's with Cyrus, and so #ontinued at %ea#e) Thus was #ontinental onia on#e 'ore redu#ed to ser&itude( and when the onians o$ the islands saw their brethren u%on the 'ainland sub2ugated, they also, dreading the like, ga&e the'sel&es

u% to Cyrus) t was while the onians were in this distress, but still, a'id it all, held their 'eetings, as o$ old, at the +anioniu', that Bias o$ +riene, who was %resent at the $esti&al, re#o''ended ;as a' in$or'ed< a %ro2e#t o$ the &ery highest wisdo', whi#h would, had it been e'bra#ed, ha&e enabled the onians to be#o'e the ha%%iest and 'ost $lourishing o$ the Greeks) He e.horted the' 9to 2oin in one body, set sail $or "ardinia, and there $ound a single +an7 oni# #ity( so they would es#a%e $ro' sla&ery and rise to great $ortune, being 'asters o$ the largest island in the world, e.er#ising do'inion e&en beyond its bounds( whereas i$ they stayed in onia, he saw no %ros%e#t o$ their e&er re#o&ering their lost $reedo')9 "u#h was the #ounsel whi#h Bias ga&e the onians in their a$$li#tion) Be$ore their 'is$ortunes began, Thales, a 'an o$ -iletus, o$ +hoeni#ian des#ent, had re#o''ended a di$$erent %lan) He #ounselled the' to establish a single seat o$ go&ern'ent, and %ointed out Teos as the $ittest %la#e $or it( 9$or that,9 he said, 9was the #entre o$ onia) Their other #ities 'ight still #ontinue to en2oy their own laws, 2ust as i$ they were inde%endent states)9 This also was good ad&i#e) *$ter #on,uering the onians, Har%agus %ro#eeded to atta#k the Carians, the Caunians, and the Ly#ians) The onians and *eolians were $or#ed to ser&e in his ar'y) 3ow, o$ the abo&e nations the Carians are a ra#e who #a'e into the 'ainland $ro' the islands) n an#ient ti'es they were sub2e#ts o$ king -inos, and went by the na'e o$ Leleges, dwelling a'ong the isles, and, so $ar as ha&e been able to %ush 'y in,uiries, ne&er liable to gi&e tribute to any 'an) They ser&ed on board the shi%s o$ king -inos whene&er he re,uired( and thus, as he was a great #on,ueror and %ros%ered in his wars, the Carians were in his day the 'ost $a'ous by $ar o$ all the nations o$ the earth) They likewise were the in&entors o$ three things, the use o$ whi#h was borrowed $ro' the' by the Greeks( they were the $irst to $asten #rests on hel'ets and to %ut de&i#es on shields, and they also in&ented handles $or shields) n the earlier ti'es shields were without handles, and their wearers 'anaged the' by the aid o$ a leathern thong, by whi#h they were slung round the ne#k and le$t shoulder) Long a$ter the ti'e o$ -inos, the Carians were dri&en $ro' the islands by the onians and 5orians, and so settled u%on the 'ainland) The abo&e is the a##ount whi#h the Cretans gi&e o$ the Carians0 the Carians the'sel&es say &ery di$$erently) They 'aintain that they are the aboriginal inhabitants o$ the %art o$ the 'ainland where they now dwell, and ne&er had any other na'e than that whi#h they still bear( and in %roo$ o$ this they show an an#ient te'%le o$ Carian 8o&e in the #ountry o$ the -ylasians, in whi#h the -ysians and Lydians ha&e the right o$ worshi%%ing, as brother ra#es to the Carians0 $or Lydus and -ysus, they say, were brothers o$ Car) These nations, there$ore, ha&e the a$oresaid right( but su#h as are o$ a

di$$erent ra#e, e&en though they ha&e #o'e to use the Carian tongue, are e.#luded $ro' this te'%le) The Caunians, in 'y 2udg'ent, are aboriginals( but by their own a##ount they #a'e $ro' Crete) n their language, either they ha&e a%%ro.i'ated to the Carians, or the Carians to the'7 on this %oint #annot s%eak with #ertainty) n their #usto's, howe&er, they di$$er greatly $ro' the Carians, and not only so, but $ro' all other 'en) They think it a 'ost honourable %ra#ti#e $or $riends or %ersons o$ the sa'e age, whether they be 'en, wo'en, or #hildren, to 'eet together in large #o'%anies, $or the %ur%ose o$ drinking wine) *gain, on one o##asion they deter'ined that they would no longer 'ake use o$ the $oreign te'%les whi#h had been long established a'ong the', but would worshi% their own old an#estral gods alone) Then their whole youth took ar's, and striking the air with their s%ears, 'ar#hed to the Calyndi# $rontier, de#laring that they were dri&ing out the $oreign gods) The Ly#ians are in good truth an#iently $ro' Crete( whi#h island, in $or'er days, was wholly %eo%led with barbarians) * ,uarrel arising there between the two sons o$ Euro%a, "ar%edon and -inos, as to whi#h o$ the' should be king, -inos, whose %arty %re&ailed, dro&e "ar%edon and his $ollowers into banish'ent) The e.iles sailed to *sia, and landed on the -ilyan territory) -ilyas was the an#ient na'e o$ the #ountry now inhabited by the Ly#ians0 the -ilyae o$ the %resent day were, in those ti'es, #alled "oly'i) "o long as "ar%edon reigned, his $ollowers ke%t the na'e whi#h they brought with the' $ro' Crete, and were #alled Ter'ilae, as the Ly#ians still are by those who li&e in their neighbourhood) But a$ter Ly#us, the son o$ +andion, banished $ro' *thens by his brother *egeus had $ound a re$uge with "ar%edon in the #ountry o$ these Ter'ilae, they #a'e, in #ourse o$ ti'e, to be #alled $ro' hi' Ly#ians) Their #usto's are %artly Cretan, %artly Carian) They ha&e, howe&er, one singular #usto' in whi#h they di$$er $ro' e&ery other nation in the world) They take the 'other1s and not the $ather1s na'e) *sk a Ly#ian who he is, and he answers by gi&ing his own na'e, that o$ his 'other, and so on in the $e'ale line) -oreo&er, i$ a $ree wo'an 'arry a 'an who is a sla&e, their #hildren are $ull #iti/ens( but i$ a $ree 'an 'arry a $oreign wo'an, or li&e with a #on#ubine, e&en though he be the $irst %erson in the "tate, the #hildren $or$eit all the rights o$ #iti/enshi%) !$ these nations, the Carians sub'itted to Har%agus without %er$or'ing any brilliant e.%loits) 3or did the Greeks who dwelt in Caria beha&e with any greater gallantry) *'ong the' were the Cnidians, #olonists $ro' La#edae'on, who o##u%y a distri#t $a#ing the sea, whi#h is #alled Trio%iu') This region ad2oins u%on the Bybassian Chersonese( and, e.#e%t a &ery s'all s%a#e, is surrounded by the sea, being bounded on the north by the Cera'i# Gul$, and on the south by the

#hannel towards the islands o$ "y'e and Rhodes) 4hile Har%agus was engaged in the #on,uest o$ onia, the Cnidians, wishing to 'ake their #ountry an island, atte'%ted to #ut through this narrow ne#k o$ land, whi#h was no 'ore than $i&e $urlongs a#ross $ro' sea to sea) Their whole territory lay inside the isth'us( $or where Cnidia ends towards the 'ainland, the isth'us begins whi#h they were now seeking to #ut through) The work had been #o''en#ed, and 'any hands were e'%loyed u%on it, when it was obser&ed that there see'ed to be so'ething unusual and unnatural in the nu'ber o$ wounds that the work'en re#ei&ed, es%e#ially about their eyes, $ro' the s%lintering o$ the ro#k) The Cnidians, there$ore, sent to 5el%hi, to in,uire what it was that hindered their e$$orts( and re#ei&ed, a##ording to their own a##ount, the $ollowing answer $ro' the ora#le07 Fen#e not the isth'us o$$, nor dig it through7 8o&e would ha&e 'ade an island, had he wished) "o the Cnidians #eased digging, and when Har%agus ad&an#ed with his ar'y, they ga&e the'sel&es u% to hi' without striking a blow) *bo&e Hali#arnassus and $urther $ro' the #oast, were the +edasians) 4ith this %eo%le, when any e&il is about to be$all either the'sel&es or their neighbours, the %riestess o$ -iner&a grows an a'%le beard) Three ti'es has this 'ar&el ha%%ened) They alone, o$ all the dwellers in Caria, resisted Har%agus $or a while, and ga&e hi' 'u#h trouble, 'aintaining the'sel&es in a #ertain 'ountain #alled Lida, whi#h they had $orti$ied( but in #ourse o$ ti'e they also were $or#ed to sub'it) 4hen Har%agus, a$ter these su##esses, led his $or#es into the Banthian %lain, the Ly#ians o$ Banthus went out to 'eet hi' in the $ield0 though but a s'all band against a nu'erous host, they engaged in battle, and %er$or'ed 'any glorious e.%loits) !&er%owered at last, and $or#ed within their walls, they #olle#ted into the #itadel their wi&es and #hildren, all their treasures, and their sla&es( and ha&ing so done, $ired the building, and burnt it to the ground) *$ter this, they bound the'sel&es together by dread$ul oaths, and sallying $orth against the ene'y, died sword in hand, not one es#a%ing) Those Ly#ians who now #lai' to be Banthians, are $oreign i''igrants, e.#e%t eighty $a'ilies, who ha%%ened to be absent $ro' the #ountry, and so sur&i&ed the others) Thus was Banthus taken by Har%agus, and Caunus $ell in like 'anner into his hands( $or the Caunians in the 'ain $ollowed the e.a'%le o$ the Ly#ians) 4hile the lower %arts o$ *sia were in this way brought under by Har%agus, Cyrus in %erson sub2e#ted the u%%er regions, #on,uering e&ery nation, and not su$$ering one to es#a%e) !$ these #on,uests shall %ass by the greater %ortion, and gi&e an a##ount o$ those only whi#h ga&e hi' the 'ost trouble, and are the worthiest o$ 'ention)

4hen he had brought all the rest o$ the #ontinent under his sway, he 'ade war on the *ssyrians) *ssyria %ossesses a &ast nu'ber o$ great #ities, whereo$ the 'ost renowned and strongest at this ti'e was Babylon, whither, a$ter the $all o$ 3ine&eh, the seat o$ go&ern'ent had been re'o&ed) The $ollowing is a des#ri%tion o$ the %la#e07 The #ity stands on a broad %lain, and is an e.a#t s,uare, a hundred and twenty $urlongs in length ea#h way, so that the entire #ir#uit is $our hundred and eighty $urlongs) 4hile su#h is its si/e, in 'agni$i#en#e there is no other #ity that a%%roa#hes to it) t is surrounded, in the $irst %la#e, by a broad and dee% 'oat, $ull o$ water, behind whi#h rises a wall $i$ty royal #ubits in width, and two hundred in height) ;The royal #ubit is longer by three $ingers1 breadth than the #o''on #ubit)< *nd here 'ay not o'it to tell the use to whi#h the 'ould dug out o$ the great 'oat was turned, nor the 'anner wherein the wall was wrought) *s $ast as they dug the 'oat the soil whi#h they got $ro' the #utting was 'ade into bri#ks, and when a su$$i#ient nu'ber were #o'%leted they baked the bri#ks in kilns) Then they set to building, and began with bri#king the borders o$ the 'oat, a$ter whi#h they %ro#eeded to #onstru#t the wall itsel$, using throughout $or their #e'ent hot bitu'en, and inter%osing a layer o$ wattled reeds at e&ery thirtieth #ourse o$ the bri#ks) !n the to%, along the edges o$ the wall, they #onstru#ted buildings o$ a single #ha'ber $a#ing one another, lea&ing between the' roo' $or a $our7horse #hariot to turn) n the #ir#uit o$ the wall are a hundred gates, all o$ brass, with bra/en lintels and side7%osts) The bitu'en used in the work was brought to Babylon $ro' the s, a s'all strea' whi#h $lows into the Eu%hrates at the %oint where the #ity o$ the sa'e na'e stands, eight days1 2ourney $ro' Babylon) Lu'%s o$ bitu'en are $ound in great abundan#e in this ri&er) The #ity is di&ided into two %ortions by the ri&er whi#h runs through the 'idst o$ it) This ri&er is the Eu%hrates, a broad, dee%, swi$t strea', whi#h rises in *r'enia, and e'%ties itsel$ into the Erythraean sea) The #ity wall is brought down on both sides to the edge o$ the strea'0 then#e, $ro' the #orners o$ the wall, there is #arried along ea#h bank o$ the ri&er a $en#e o$ burnt bri#ks) The houses are 'ostly three and $our stories high( the streets all run in straight lines, not only those %arallel to the ri&er, but also the #ross streets whi#h lead down to the water7side) *t the ri&er end o$ these #ross streets are low gates in the $en#e that skirts the strea', whi#h are, like the great gates in the outer wall, o$ brass, and o%en on the water) The outer wall is the 'ain de$en#e o$ the #ity) There is, howe&er, a se#ond inner wall, o$ less thi#kness than the $irst, but &ery little in$erior to it in strength) The #entre o$ ea#h di&ision o$ the town was o##u%ied by a $ortress) n the one stood the %ala#e o$ the

kings, surrounded by a wall o$ great strength and si/e0 in the other was the sa#red %re#in#t o$ 8u%iter Belus, a s,uare en#losure two $urlongs ea#h way, with gates o$ solid brass( whi#h was also re'aining in 'y ti'e) n the 'iddle o$ the %re#in#t there was a tower o$ solid 'asonry, a $urlong in length and breadth, u%on whi#h was raised a se#ond tower, and on that a third, and so on u% to eight) The as#ent to the to% is on the outside, by a %ath whi#h winds round all the towers) 4hen one is about hal$7way u%, one $inds a resting7%la#e and seats, where %ersons are wont to sit so'e ti'e on their way to the su''it) !n the to%'ost tower there is a s%a#ious te'%le, and inside the te'%le stands a #ou#h o$ unusual si/e, ri#hly adorned, with a golden table by its side) There is no statue o$ any kind set u% in the %la#e, nor is the #ha'ber o##u%ied o$ nights by any one but a single nati&e wo'an, who, as the Chaldaeans, the %riests o$ this god, a$$ir', is #hosen $or hi'sel$ by the deity out o$ all the wo'en o$ the land) They also de#lare7 but $or 'y %art do not #redit it7 that the god #o'es down in %erson into this #ha'ber, and slee%s u%on the #ou#h) This is like the story told by the Egy%tians o$ what takes %la#e in their #ity o$ Thebes, where a wo'an always %asses the night in the te'%le o$ the Theban 8u%iter) n ea#h #ase the wo'an is said to be debarred all inter#ourse with 'en) t is also like the #usto' o$ +atara, in Ly#ia, where the %riestess who deli&ers the ora#les, during the ti'e that she is so e'%loyed7 $or at +atara there is not always an ora#le7 is shut u% in the te'%le e&ery night) Below, in the sa'e %re#in#t, there is a se#ond te'%le, in whi#h is a sitting $igure o$ 8u%iter, all o$ gold) Be$ore the $igure stands a large golden table, and the throne whereon it sits, and the base on whi#h the throne is %la#ed, are likewise o$ gold) The Chaldaeans told 'e that all the gold together was eight hundred talents1 weight) !utside the te'%le are two altars, one o$ solid gold, on whi#h it is only law$ul to o$$er su#klings( the other a #o''on altar, but o$ great si/e, on whi#h the $ull7grown ani'als are sa#ri$i#ed) t is also on the great altar that the Chaldaeans burn the $rankin#ense, whi#h is o$$ered to the a'ount o$ a thousand talents1 weight, e&ery year, at the $esti&al o$ the God) n the ti'e o$ Cyrus there was likewise in this te'%le a $igure o$ a 'an, twel&e #ubits high, entirely o$ solid gold) 'ysel$ did not see this $igure, but relate what the Chaldaeans re%ort #on#erning it) 5arius, the son o$ Hystas%es, %lotted to #arry the statue o$$, but had not the hardihood to lay his hands u%on it) Ber.es, howe&er, the son o$ 5arius, killed the %riest who $orbade hi' to 'o&e the statue, and took it away) Besides the orna'ents whi#h ha&e 'entioned, there are a large nu'ber o$ %ri&ate o$$erings in this holy %re#in#t) -any so&ereigns ha&e ruled o&er this #ity o$ Babylon, and lent their aid to the building o$ its walls and the adorn'ent o$ its te'%les, o$ who' shall 'ake 'ention in 'y *ssyrian history) *'ong

the' two were wo'en) !$ these, the earlier, #alled "e'ira'is, held the throne $i&e generations be$ore the later %rin#ess) "he raised #ertain e'bank'ents well worthy o$ ins%e#tion, in the %lain near Babylon, to #ontrol the ri&er, whi#h, till then, used to o&er$low, and $lood the whole #ountry round about) The later o$ the two ,ueens, whose na'e was 3ito#ris, a wiser %rin#ess than her %rede#essor, not only le$t behind her, as 'e'orials o$ her o##u%an#y o$ the throne, the works whi#h shall %resently des#ribe, but also, obser&ing the great %ower and restless enter%rise o$ the -edes, who had taken so large a nu'ber o$ #ities, and a'ong the' 3ine&eh, and e.%e#ting to be atta#ked in her turn, 'ade all %ossible e.ertions to in#rease the de$en#es o$ her e'%ire) *nd $irst, whereas the ri&er Eu%hrates, whi#h tra&erses the #ity, ran $or'erly with a straight #ourse to Babylon, she, by #ertain e.#a&ations whi#h she 'ade at so'e distan#e u% the strea', rendered it so winding that it #o'es three se&eral ti'es in sight o$ the sa'e &illage, a &illage in *ssyria, whi#h is #alled *rderi#ea( and to this day, they who would go $ro' our sea to Babylon, on des#ending to the ri&er tou#h three ti'es, and on three di$$erent days, at this &ery %la#e) "he also 'ade an e'bank'ent along ea#h side o$ the Eu%hrates, wonder$ul both $or breadth and height, and dug a basin $or a lake a great way abo&e Babylon, #lose alongside o$ the strea', whi#h was sunk e&erywhere to the %oint where they #a'e to water, and was o$ su#h breadth that the whole #ir#uit 'easured $our hundred and twenty $urlongs) The soil dug out o$ this basin was 'ade use o$ in the e'bank'ents along the waterside) 4hen the e.#a&ation was $inished, she had stones brought, and bordered with the' the entire 'argin o$ the reser&oir) These two things were done, the ri&er 'ade to wind, and the lake e.#a&ated, that the strea' 'ight be sla#ker by reason o$ the nu'ber o$ #ur&es, and the &oyage be rendered #ir#uitous, and that at the end o$ the &oyage it 'ight be ne#essary to skirt the lake and so 'ake a long round) *ll these works were on that side o$ Babylon where the %asses lay, and the roads into -edia were the straightest, and the ai' o$ the ,ueen in 'aking the' was to %re&ent the -edes $ro' holding inter#ourse with the Babylonians, and so to kee% the' in ignoran#e o$ her a$$airs) 4hile the soil $ro' the e.#a&ation was being thus used $or the de$en#e o$ the #ity, 3ito#ris engaged also in another undertaking, a 'ere by7work #o'%ared with those we ha&e already 'entioned) The #ity, as said, was di&ided by the ri&er into two distin#t %ortions) 6nder the $or'er kings, i$ a 'an wanted to %ass $ro' one o$ these di&isions to the other, he had to #ross in a boat( whi#h 'ust, it see's to 'e, ha&e been &ery troubleso'e) *##ordingly, while she was digging the lake, 3ito#ris be) thought hersel$ o$ turning it to a use whi#h should at on#e re'o&e this in#on&enien#e, and enable her to lea&e another 'onu'ent o$ her reign o&er Babylon) "he ga&e

orders $or the hewing o$ i''ense blo#ks o$ stone, and when they were ready and the basin was e.#a&ated, she turned the entire strea' o$ the Eu%hrates into the #utting, and thus $or a ti'e, while the basin was $illing, the natural #hannel o$ the ri&er was le$t dry) Forthwith she set to work, and in the $irst %la#e lined the banks o$ the strea' within the #ity with ,uays o$ burnt bri#k, and also bri#ked the landing7%la#es o%%osite the ri&er7gates, ado%ting throughout the sa'e $ashion o$ bri#kwork whi#h had been used in the town wall( a$ter whi#h, with the 'aterials whi#h had been %re%ared, she built, as near the 'iddle o$ the town as %ossible, a stone bridge, the blo#ks whereo$ were bound together with iron and lead) n the dayti'e s,uare wooden %lat$or's were laid along $ro' %ier to %ier, on whi#h the inhabitants #rossed the strea'( but at night they were withdrawn, to %re&ent %eo%le %assing $ro' side to side in the dark to #o''it robberies) 4hen the ri&er had $illed the #utting, and the bridge was $inished, the Eu%hrates was turned ba#k again into its an#ient bed( and thus the basin, trans$or'ed suddenly into a lake, was seen to answer the %ur%ose $or whi#h it was 'ade, and the inhabitants, by hel% o$ the basin, obtained the ad&antage o$ a bridge) t was this sa'e %rin#ess by who' a re'arkable de#e%tion was %lanned) "he had her to'b #onstru#ted in the u%%er %art o$ one o$ the %rin#i%al gateways o$ the #ity, high abo&e the heads o$ the %assers by, with this ins#ri%tion #ut u%on it07 9 $ there be one a'ong 'y su##essors on the throne o$ Babylon who is in want o$ treasure, let hi' o%en 'y to'b, and take as 'u#h as he #hooses7 not, howe&er, unless he be truly in want, $or it will not be $or his good)9 This to'b #ontinued untou#hed until 5arius #a'e to the kingdo') To hi' it see'ed a 'onstrous thing that he should be unable to use one o$ the gates o$ the town, and that a su' o$ 'oney should be lying idle, and 'oreo&er in&iting his gras%, and he not sei/e u%on it) 3ow he #ould not use the gate, be#ause, as he dro&e through, the dead body would ha&e been o&er his head) *##ordingly he o%ened the to'b( but instead o$ 'oney, $ound only the dead body, and a writing whi#h said7 9Hadst thou not been insatiate o$ %el$, and #areless how thou gottest it, thou wouldst not ha&e broken o%en the se%ul#hres o$ the dead)9 The e.%edition o$ Cyrus was undertaken against the son o$ this %rin#ess, who bore the sa'e na'e as his $ather Labynetus, and was king o$ the *ssyrians) The Great ?ing, when he goes to the wars, is always su%%lied with %ro&isions #are$ully %re%ared at ho'e, and with #attle o$ his own) 4ater too $ro' the ri&er Choas%es, whi#h $lows by "usa, is taken with hi' $or his drink, as that is the only water whi#h the kings o$ +ersia taste) 4here&er he tra&els, he is attended by a nu'ber o$ $our7wheeled #ars drawn by 'ules, in whi#h the Choas%es water, ready boiled $or use, and stored in $lagons o$ sil&er, is 'o&ed with hi' $ro' %la#e to %la#e) Cyrus on his way to Babylon #a'e to the banks o$ the Gyndes, a

strea' whi#h, rising in the -atienian 'ountains, runs through the #ountry o$ the 5ardanians, and e'%ties itsel$ into the ri&er Tigris) The Tigris, a$ter re#ei&ing the Gyndes, $lows on by the #ity o$ !%is, and dis#harges its waters into the Erythraean sea) 4hen Cyrus rea#hed this strea', whi#h #ould only be %assed in boats, one o$ the sa#red white horses a##o'%anying his 'ar#h, $ull o$ s%irit and high 'ettle, walked into the water, and tried to #ross by hi'sel$( but the #urrent sei/ed hi', swe%t hi' along with it, and drowned hi' in its de%ths) Cyrus, enraged at the insolen#e o$ the ri&er, threatened so to break its strength that in $uture e&en wo'en should #ross it easily without wetting their knees) *##ordingly he %ut o$$ $or a ti'e his atta#k on Babylon, and, di&iding his ar'y into two %arts, he 'arked out by ro%es one hundred and eighty tren#hes on ea#h side o$ the Gyndes, leading o$$ $ro' it in all dire#tions, and setting his ar'y to dig, so'e on one side o$ the ri&er, so'e on the other, he a##o'%lished his threat by the aid o$ so great a nu'ber o$ hands, but not without losing thereby the whole su''er season) Ha&ing, howe&er, thus wreaked his &engean#e on the Gyndes, by dis%ersing it through three hundred and si.ty #hannels, Cyrus, with the $irst a%%roa#h o$ the ensuing s%ring, 'ar#hed $orward against Babylon) The Babylonians, en#a'%ed without their walls, awaited his #o'ing) * battle was $ought at a short distan#e $ro' the #ity, in whi#h the Babylonians were de$eated by the +ersian king, whereu%on they withdrew within their de$en#es) Here they shut the'sel&es u%, and 'ade light o$ his siege, ha&ing laid in a store o$ %ro&isions $or 'any years in %re%aration against this atta#k( $or when they saw Cyrus #on,uering nation a$ter nation, they were #on&in#ed that he would ne&er sto%, and that their turn would #o'e at last) Cyrus was now redu#ed to great %er%le.ity, as ti'e went on and he 'ade no %rogress against the %la#e) n this distress either so'e one 'ade the suggestion to hi', or he bethought hi'sel$ o$ a %lan, whi#h he %ro#eeded to %ut in e.e#ution) He %la#ed a %ortion o$ his ar'y at the %oint where the ri&er enters the #ity, and another body at the ba#k o$ the %la#e where it issues $orth, with orders to 'ar#h into the town by the bed o$ the strea', as soon as the water be#a'e shallow enough0 he then hi'sel$ drew o$$ with the unwarlike %ortion o$ his host, and 'ade $or the %la#e where 3ito#ris dug the basin $or the ri&er, where he did e.a#tly what she had done $or'erly0 he turned the Eu%hrates by a #anal into the basin, whi#h was then a 'arsh, on whi#h the ri&er sank to su#h an e.tent that the natural bed o$ the strea' be#a'e $ordable) Hereu%on the +ersians who had been le$t $or the %ur%ose at Babylon by the, ri&er7side, entered the strea', whi#h had now sunk so as to rea#h about 'idway u% a 'an1s thigh, and thus got into the town) Had the Babylonians been a%%rised o$ what Cyrus was about, or had they noti#ed their danger, they would ne&er ha&e allowed the +ersians to enter the #ity, but would ha&e destroyed the' utterly(

$or they would ha&e 'ade $ast all the street7gates whi#h ga&e u%on the ri&er, and 'ounting u%on the walls along both sides o$ the strea', would so ha&e #aught the ene'y, as it were, in a tra%) But, as it was, the +ersians #a'e u%on the' by sur%rise and so took the #ity) !wing to the &ast si/e o$ the %la#e, the inhabitants o$ the #entral %arts ;as the residents at Babylon de#lare< long a$ter the outer %ortions o$ the town were taken, knew nothing o$ what had #han#ed, but as they were engaged in a $esti&al, #ontinued dan#ing and re&elling until they learnt the #a%ture but too #ertainly) "u#h, then, were the #ir#u'stan#es o$ the $irst taking o$ Babylon) *'ong 'any %roo$s whi#h shall bring $orward o$ the %ower and resour#es o$ the Babylonians, the $ollowing is o$ s%e#ial a##ount) The whole #ountry under the do'inion o$ the +ersians, besides %aying a $i.ed tribute, is %ar#elled out into di&isions, whi#h ha&e to su%%ly $ood to the Great ?ing and his ar'y during di$$erent %ortions o$ the year) 3ow out o$ the twel&e 'onths whi#h go to a year, the distri#t o$ Babylon $urnishes $ood during $our, the other o$ *sia during eight( by the whi#h it a%%ears that *ssyria, in res%e#t o$ resour#es, is one7third o$ the whole o$ *sia) !$ all the +ersian go&ern'ents, or satra%ies as they are #alled by the nati&es, this is by $ar the best) 4hen Tritantae#h'es, son o$ *rtaba/us, held it o$ the king, it brought hi' in an artaba o$ sil&er e&ery day) The artaba is a +ersian 'easure, and holds three #hoeni.es 'ore than the 'edi'nus o$ the *thenians) He also had, belonging to his own %ri&ate stud, besides war horses, eight hundred stallions and si.teen thousand 'ares, twenty to ea#h stallion) Besides whi#h he ke%t so great a nu'ber o$ ndian hounds, that $our large &illages o$ the %lain were e.e'%ted $ro' all other #harges on #ondition o$ $inding the' in $ood) But little rain $alls in *ssyria, enough, howe&er, to 'ake the #orn begin to s%rout, a$ter whi#h the %lant is nourished and the ears $or'ed by 'eans o$ irrigation $ro' the ri&er) For the ri&er does not, as in Egy%t, o&er$low the #orn7lands o$ its own a##ord, but is s%read o&er the' by the hand, or by the hel% o$ engines) The whole o$ Babylonia is, like Egy%t, interse#ted with #anals) The largest o$ the' all, whi#h runs towards the winter sun, and is i'%assable e.#e%t in boats, is #arried $ro' the Eu%hrates into another strea', #alled the Tigris, the ri&er u%on whi#h the town o$ 3ine&eh $or'erly stood) !$ all the #ountries that we know there is none whi#h is so $ruit$ul in grain) t 'akes no %retension indeed o$ growing the $ig, the oli&e, the &ine, or any other tree o$ the kind( but in grain it is so $ruit$ul as to yield #o''only two7hundred7$old, and when the %rodu#tion is the greatest, e&en three7hundred7$old) The blade o$ the wheat7%lant and barley7%lant is o$ten $our $ingers in breadth) *s $or the 'illet and the sesa'e, shall not say to what height they grow, though within 'y own knowledge( $or a' not ignorant that what ha&e already written

#on#erning the $ruit$ulness o$ Babylonia 'ust see' in#redible to those who ha&e ne&er &isited the #ountry) The only oil they use is 'ade $ro' the sesa'e7%lant) +al'7trees grow in great nu'bers o&er the whole o$ the $lat #ountry, 'ostly o$ the kind whi#h bears $ruit, and this $ruit su%%lies the' with bread, wine, and honey) They are #ulti&ated like the $ig7tree in all res%e#ts, a'ong others in this) The nati&es tie the $ruit o$ the 'ale7%al's, as they are #alled by the Greeks, to the bran#hes o$ the date7bearing %al', to let the gall7$ly enter the dates and ri%en the', and to %re&ent the $ruit $ro' $alling o$$) The 'ale7%al's, like the wild $ig7trees, ha&e usually the gall7$ly in their $ruit) But that whi#h sur%rises 'e 'ost in the land, a$ter the #ity itsel$, will now %ro#eed to 'ention) The boats whi#h #o'e down the ri&er to Babylon are #ir#ular, and 'ade o$ skins) The $ra'es, whi#h are o$ willow, are #ut in the #ountry o$ the *r'enians abo&e *ssyria, and on these, whi#h ser&e $or hulls, a #o&ering o$ skins is stret#hed outside, and thus the boats are 'ade, without either ste' or stern, ,uite round like a shield) They are then entirely $illed with straw, and their #argo is %ut on board, a$ter whi#h they are su$$ered to $loat down the strea') Their #hie$ $reight is wine, stored in #asks 'ade o$ the wood o$ the %al'7tree) They are 'anaged by two 'en who stand u%right in the', ea#h %lying an oar, one %ulling and the other %ushing) The boats are o$ &arious si/es, so'e larger, so'e s'aller( the biggest rea#h as high as $i&e thousand talents1 burthen) Ea#h &essel has a li&e ass on board( those o$ larger si/e ha&e 'ore than one) 4hen they rea#h Babylon, the #argo is landed and o$$ered $or sale( a$ter whi#h the 'en break u% their boats, sell the straw and the $ra'es, and loading their asses with the skins, set o$$ on their way ba#k to *r'enia) The #urrent is too strong to allow a boat to return u%strea', $or whi#h reason they 'ake their boats o$ skins rather than wood) !n their return to *r'enia they build $resh boats $or the ne.t &oyage) The dress o$ the Babylonians is a linen tuni# rea#hing to the $eet, and abo&e it another tuni# 'ade in wool, besides whi#h they ha&e a short white #loak thrown round the', and shoes o$ a %e#uliar $ashion, not unlike those worn by the Boeotians) They ha&e long hair, wear turbans on their heads, and anoint their whole body with %er$u'es) E&ery one #arries a seal, and a walking7sti#k, #ar&ed at the to% into the $or' o$ an a%%le, a rose, a lily, an eagle, or so'ething si'ilar( $or it is not their habit to use a sti#k without an orna'ent) !$ their #usto's, whereo$ shall now %ro#eed to gi&e an a##ount, the $ollowing ;whi#h understand belongs to the' in #o''on with the llyrian tribe o$ the Eneti< is the wisest in 'y 2udg'ent) !n#e a year in ea#h &illage the 'aidens o$ age to 'arry were #olle#ted all together into one %la#e( while the 'en stood round the' in a

#ir#le) Then a herald #alled u% the da'sels one by one, and o$$ered the' $or sale) He began with the 'ost beauti$ul) 4hen she was sold $or no s'all su' o$ 'oney, he o$$ered $or sale the one who #a'e ne.t to her in beauty) *ll o$ the' were sold to be wi&es) The ri#hest o$ the Babylonians who wished to wed bid against ea#h other $or the lo&eliest 'aidens, while the hu'bler wi$e7seekers, who were indi$$erent about beauty, took the 'ore ho'ely da'sels with 'arriage7%ortions) For the #usto' was that when the herald had gone through the whole nu'ber o$ the beauti$ul da'sels, he should then #all u% the ugliest7 a #ri%%le, i$ there #han#ed to be one7 and o$$er her to the 'en, asking who would agree to take her with the s'allest 'arriage7%ortion) *nd the 'an who o$$ered to take the s'allest su' had her assigned to hi') The 'arriage7%ortions were $urnished by the 'oney %aid $or the beauti$ul da'sels, and thus the $airer 'aidens %ortioned out the uglier) 3o one was allowed to gi&e his daughter in 'arriage to the 'an o$ his #hoi#e, nor 'ight any one #arry away the da'sel who' he had %ur#hased without $inding bail really and truly to 'ake her his wi$e( i$, howe&er, it turned out that they did not agree, the 'oney 'ight be %aid ba#k) *ll who liked 'ight #o'e e&en $ro' distant &illages and bid $or the wo'en) This was the best o$ all their #usto's, but it has now $allen into disuse) They ha&e lately hit u%on a &ery di$$erent %lan to sa&e their 'aidens $ro' &iolen#e, and %re&ent their being torn $ro' the' and #arried to distant #ities, whi#h is to bring u% their daughters to be #ourtesans) This is now done by all the %oorer o$ the #o''on %eo%le, who sin#e the #on,uest ha&e been 'altreated by their lords, and ha&e had ruin brought u%on their $a'ilies) The $ollowing #usto' see's to 'e the wisest o$ their institutions ne.t to the one lately %raised) They ha&e no %hysi#ians, but when a 'an is ill, they lay hi' in the %ubli# s,uare, and the %assers7by #o'e u% to hi', and i$ they ha&e e&er had his disease the'sel&es or ha&e known any one who has su$$ered $ro' it, they gi&e hi' ad&i#e, re#o''ending hi' to do whate&er they $ound good in their own #ase, or in the #ase known to the'( and no one is allowed to %ass the si#k 'an in silen#e without asking hi' what his ail'ent is) They bury their dead in honey, and ha&e $uneral la'entations like the Egy%tians) 4hen a Babylonian has #onsorted with his wi$e, he sits down be$ore a #enser o$ burning in#ense, and the wo'an sits o%%osite to hi') *t dawn o$ day they wash( $or till they are washed they will not tou#h any o$ their #o''on &essels) This %ra#ti#e is obser&ed also by the *rabians) The Babylonians ha&e one 'ost sha'e$ul #usto') E&ery wo'an born in the #ountry 'ust on#e in her li$e go and sit down in the %re#in#t o$ @enus, and there #onsort with a stranger) -any o$ the wealthier sort, who are too %roud to 'i. with the others, dri&e in #o&ered

#arriages to the %re#in#t, $ollowed by a goodly train o$ attendants, and there take their station) But the larger nu'ber seat the'sel&es within the holy en#losure with wreaths o$ string about their heads7 and here there is always a great #rowd, so'e #o'ing and others going( lines o$ #ord 'ark out %aths in all dire#tions the wo'en, and the strangers %ass along the' to 'ake their #hoi#e) * wo'an who has on#e taken her seat is not allowed to return ho'e till one o$ the strangers throws a sil&er #oin into her la%, and takes her with hi' beyond the holy ground) 4hen he throws the #oin he says these words7 9The goddess -ylitta %ros%er thee)9 ;@enus is #alled -ylitta by the *ssyrians)< The sil&er #oin 'ay be o$ any si/e( it #annot be re$used, $or that is $orbidden by the law, sin#e on#e thrown it is sa#red) The wo'an goes with the $irst 'an who throws her 'oney, and re2e#ts no one) 4hen she has gone with hi', and so satis$ied the goddess, she returns ho'e, and $ro' that ti'e $orth no gi$t howe&er great will %re&ail with her) "u#h o$ the wo'en as are tall and beauti$ul are soon released, but others who are ugly ha&e to stay a long ti'e be$ore they #an $ul$il the law) "o'e ha&e waited three or $our years in the %re#in#t) * #usto' &ery 'u#h like this is $ound also in #ertain %arts o$ the island o$ Cy%rus) "u#h are the #usto's o$ the Babylonians generally) There are likewise three tribes a'ong the' who eat nothing but $ish) These are #aught and dried in the sun, a$ter whi#h they are brayed in a 'ortar, and strained through a linen sie&e) "o'e %re$er to 'ake #akes o$ this 'aterial, while others bake it into a kind o$ bread) 4hen Cyrus had a#hie&ed the #on,uest o$ the Babylonians, he #on#ei&ed the desire o$ bringing the -assagetae under his do'inion) 3ow the -assagetae are said to be a great and warlike nation, dwelling eastward, toward the rising o$ the sun, beyond the ri&er *ra.es, and o%%osite the ssedonians) By 'any they are regarded as a "#ythian ra#e) *s $or the *ra.es, it is, a##ording to so'e a##ounts, larger, a##ording to others s'aller than the ster ;5anube<) t has islands in it, 'any o$ whi#h are said to be e,ual in si/e to Lesbos) The 'en who inhabit the' $eed during the su''er on roots o$ all kinds, whi#h they dig out o$ the ground, while they store u% the $ruits, whi#h they gather $ro' the trees at the $itting season, to ser&e the' as $ood in the winter7ti'e) Besides the trees whose $ruit they gather $or this %ur%ose, they ha&e also a tree whi#h bears the strangest %rodu#e) 4hen they are 'et together in #o'%anies they throw so'e o$ it u%on the $ire round whi#h they are sitting, and %resently, by the 'ere s'ell o$ the $u'es whi#h it gi&es out in burning, they grow drunk, as the Greeks do with wine) -ore o$ the $ruit is then thrown on the $ire, and, their drunkenness in#reasing, they o$ten 2u'% u% and begin to dan#e and sing) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h ha&e heard o$ this %eo%le) The ri&er *ra.es, like the Gyndes, whi#h Cyrus dis%ersed into

three hundred and si.ty #hannels, has its sour#e in the #ountry o$ the -atienians) t has $orty 'ouths, whereo$ all, e.#e%t one, end in bogs and swa'%s) These bogs and swa'%s are said to be inhabited by a ra#e o$ 'en who $eed on raw $ish, and #lothe the'sel&es with the skins o$ seals) The other 'outh o$ the ri&er $lows with a #lear #ourse into the Cas%ian "ea) The Cas%ian is a sea by itsel$, ha&ing no #onne#tion with any other) The sea $re,uented by the Greeks, that beyond the +illars o$ Her#ules, whi#h is #alled the *tlanti#, and also the Erythraean, are all one and the sa'e sea) But the Cas%ian is a distin#t sea, lying by itsel$, in length $i$teen days1 &oyage with a row7boat, in breadth, at the broadest %art, eight days1 &oyage) *long its western shore runs the #hain o$ the Cau#asus, the 'ost e.tensi&e and lo$tiest o$ all 'ountain7ranges) -any and &arious are the tribes by whi#h it is inhabited, 'ost o$ who' li&e entirely on the wild $ruits o$ the $orest) n these $orests #ertain trees are said to grow, $ro' the lea&es o$ whi#h, %ounded and 'i.ed with water, the inhabitants 'ake a dye, wherewith they %aint u%on their #lothes the $igures o$ ani'als( and the $igures so i'%ressed ne&er wash out, but last as though they had been inwo&en in the #loth $ro' the $irst, and wear as long as the gar'ent) !n the west then, as ha&e said, the Cas%ian "ea is bounded by the range o$ Cau#asus) !n the #ast it is $ollowed by a &ast %lain, stret#hing out inter'inably be$ore the eye, the greater %ortion o$ whi#h is %ossessed by those -assagetae, against who' Cyrus was now so an.ious to 'ake an e.%edition) -any strong 'oti&es weighed with hi' and urged hi' on7 his birth es%e#ially, whi#h see'ed so'ething 'ore than hu'an, and his good $ortune in all his $or'er wars, wherein he had always $ound that against what #ountry soe&er he turned his ar's, it was i'%ossible $or that %eo%le to es#a%e) *t this ti'e the -assagetae were ruled by a ,ueen, na'ed To'yris, who at the death o$ her husband, the late king, had 'ounted the throne) To her Cyrus sent a'bassadors, with instru#tions to #ourt her on his %art, %retending that he wished to take her to wi$e) To'yris, howe&er, aware that it was her kingdo', and not hersel$, that he #ourted, $orbade the 'en to a%%roa#h) Cyrus, there$ore, $inding that he did not ad&an#e his designs by this de#eit, 'ar#hed towards the *ra.es, and o%enly dis%laying his hostile intentions( set to work to #onstru#t a bridge on whi#h his ar'y 'ight #ross the ri&er, and began building towers u%on the boats whi#h were to be used in the %assage) 4hile the +ersian leader was o##u%ied in these labours, To'yris sent a herald to hi', who said, 9?ing o$ the -edes, #ease to %ress this enter%rise, $or thou #anst not know i$ what thou art doing will be o$ real ad&antage to thee) Be #ontent to rule in %ea#e thy own kingdo', and bear to see us reign o&er the #ountries that are ours

to go&ern) *s, howe&er, know thou wilt not #hoose to hearken to this #ounsel, sin#e there is nothing thou less desirest than %ea#e and ,uietness, #o'e now, i$ thou art so 'ightily desirous o$ 'eeting the -assagetae in ar's, lea&e thy useless toil o$ bridge7'aking( let us retire three days1 'ar#h $ro' the ri&er bank, and do thou #o'e a#ross with thy soldiers( or, i$ thou likest better to gi&e us battle on thy side the strea', retire thysel$ an e,ual distan#e)9 Cyrus, on this o$$er, #alled together the #hie$s o$ the +ersians, and laid the 'atter be$ore the', re,uesting the' to ad&ise hi' what he should do) *ll the &otes were in $a&our o$ his letting To'yris #ross the strea', and gi&ing battle on +ersian ground) But Croesus the Lydian, who was %resent at the 'eeting o$ the #hie$s, disa%%ro&ed o$ this ad&i#e( he there$ore rose, and thus deli&ered his senti'ents in o%%osition to it0 9!h> 'y king> %ro'ised thee long sin#e, that, as 8o&e had gi&en 'e into thy hands, would, to the best o$ 'y %ower, a&ert i'%ending danger $ro' thy house) *las> 'y own su$$erings, by their &ery bitterness, ha&e taught 'e to be keen7sighted o$ dangers) $ thou dee'est thysel$ an i''ortal, and thine ar'y an ar'y o$ i''ortals, 'y #ounsel will doubtless be thrown away u%on thee) But i$ thou $eelest thysel$ to be a 'an, and a ruler o$ 'en, lay this $irst to heart, that there is a wheel on whi#h the a$$airs o$ 'en re&ol&e, and that its 'o&e'ent $orbids the sa'e 'an to be always $ortunate) 3ow #on#erning the 'atter in hand, 'y 2udg'ent runs #ounter to the 2udg'ent o$ thy other #ounsellors) For i$ thou agreest to gi&e the ene'y entran#e into thy #ountry, #onsider what risk is run> Lose the battle, and therewith thy whole kingdo' is lost) For assuredly, the -assagetae, i$ they win the $ight, will not return to their ho'es, but will %ush $orward against the states o$ thy e'%ire) !r i$ thou gainest the battle, why, then thou gainest $ar less than i$ thou wert a#ross the strea', where thou 'ightest $ollow u% thy &i#tory) For against thy loss, i$ they de$eat thee on thine own ground, 'ust be set theirs in like #ase) Rout their ar'y on the other side o$ the ri&er, and thou 'ayest %ush at on#e into the heart o$ their #ountry) -oreo&er, were it not disgra#e intolerable $or Cyrus the son o$ Ca'byses to retire be$ore and yield ground to a wo'an: -y #ounsel, there$ore, is that we #ross the strea', and %ushing $orward as $ar as they shall $all ba#k, then seek to get the better o$ the' by stratage') a' told they are una#,uainted with the good things on whi#h the +ersians li&e, and ha&e ne&er tasted the great delights o$ li$e) Let us then %re%are a $east $or the' in our #a'%( let shee% be slaughtered without stint, and the wine#u%s be $illed $ull o$ noble li,uor, and let all 'anner o$ dishes be %re%ared0 then lea&ing behind us our worst troo%s, let us $all ba#k towards the ri&er) 6nless &ery 'u#h 'istake, when they see the good $are set out, they will $orget all else and $all to) Then it will re'ain $or us to do our %arts 'an$ully)9

Cyrus, when the two %lans were thus %la#ed in #ontrast be$ore hi', #hanged his 'ind, and %re$erring the ad&i#e whi#h Croesus had gi&en, returned $or answer to To'yris that she should retire, and that he would #ross the strea') "he there$ore retired, as she had engaged( and Cyrus, gi&ing Croesus into the #are o$ his son Ca'byses ;who' he had a%%ointed to su##eed hi' on the throne<, with stri#t #harge to %ay hi' all res%e#t and treat hi' well, i$ the e.%edition $ailed o$ su##ess( and sending the' both ba#k to +ersia, #rossed the ri&er with his ar'y) The $irst night a$ter the %assage, as he sle%t in the ene'y1s #ountry, a &ision a%%eared to hi') He see'ed to see in his slee% the eldest o$ the sons o$ Hystas%es, with wings u%on his shoulders, shadowing with the one wing *sia, and Euro%e with the other) 3ow Hystas%es, the son o$ *rsa'es, was o$ the ra#e o$ the *#hae'enidae, and his eldest son, 5arius, was at that ti'e s#ar#e twenty years old( where$ore, not being o$ age to go to the wars, he had re'ained behind in +ersia) 4hen Cyrus woke $ro' his slee%, and turned the &ision o&er in his 'ind, it see'ed to hi' no light 'atter) He there$ore sent $or Hystas%es, and taking hi' aside said, 9Hystas%es, thy son is dis#o&ered to be %lotting against 'e and 'y #rown) will tell thee how know it so #ertainly) The gods wat#h o&er 'y sa$ety, and warn 'e be$orehand o$ e&ery danger) 3ow last night, as lay in 'y bed, saw in a &ision the eldest o$ thy sons with wings u%on his shoulders, shadowing with the one wing *sia, and Euro%e with the other) Fro' this it is #ertain, beyond all %ossible doubt, that he is engaged in so'e %lot against 'e) Return thou then at on#e to +ersia, and be sure, when #o'e ba#k $ro' #on,uering the -assagetae, to ha&e thy son ready to %rodu#e be$ore 'e, that 'ay e.a'ine hi')9 Thus Cyrus s%oke, in the belie$ that he was %lotted against by 5arius( but he 'issed the true 'eaning o$ the drea', whi#h was sent by God to $orewarn hi', that he was to die then and there, and that his kingdo' was to $all at last to 5arius) Hystas%es 'ade answer to Cyrus in these words07 9Hea&en $orbid, sire, that there should be a +ersian li&ing who would %lot against thee> $ su#h an one there be, 'ay a s%eedy death o&ertake hi'> Thou $oundest the +ersians a ra#e o$ sla&es, thou hast 'ade the' $ree 'en0 thou $oundest the' sub2e#t to others, thou hast 'ade the' lords o$ all) $ a &ision has announ#ed that 'y son is %ra#tising against thee, lo, resign hi' into thy hands to deal with as thou wilt)9 Hystas%es, when he had thus answered, re#rossed the *ra.es and hastened ba#k to +ersia, to kee% a wat#h on his son 5arius) -eanwhile Cyrus, ha&ing ad&an#ed a day1s 'ar#h $ro' the ri&er, did as Croesus had ad&ised hi', and, lea&ing the worthless %ortion o$ his ar'y in the #a'%, drew o$$ with his good troo%s towards the ri&er) "oon a$terwards, a deta#h'ent o$ the -assagetae, one7third o$ their entire ar'y, led by "%arga%ises, son o$ the ,ueen To'yris, #o'ing

u%, $ell u%on the body whi#h had been le$t behind by Cyrus, and on their resistan#e %ut the' to the sword) Then, seeing the ban,uet %re%ared, they sat down and began to $east) 4hen they had eaten and drunk their $ill, and were now sunk in slee%, the +ersians under Cyrus arri&ed, slaughtered a great 'ultitude, and 'ade e&en a larger nu'ber %risoners) *'ong these last was "%arga%ises hi'sel$) 4hen To'yris heard what had be$allen her son and her ar'y, she sent a herald to Cyrus, who thus addressed the #on,ueror07 9Thou bloodthirsty Cyrus, %ride not thysel$ on this %oor su##ess0 it was the gra%e72ui#e7 whi#h, when ye drink it, 'akes you so 'ad, and as ye swallow it down brings u% to your li%s su#h bold and wi#ked words7 it was this %oison wherewith thou didst ensnare 'y #hild, and so o&er#a'est hi', not in $air o%en $ight) 3ow hearken what ad&ise, and be sure ad&ise thee $or thy good) Restore 'y son to 'e and get thee $ro' the land unhar'ed, triu'%hant o&er a third %art o$ the host o$ the -assagetae) Re$use, and swear by the sun, the so&ereign lord o$ the -assagetae, bloodthirsty as thou art, will gi&e thee thy $ill o$ blood)9 To the words o$ this 'essage Cyrus %aid no 'anner o$ regard) *s $or "%arga%ises, the son o$ the ,ueen, when the wine went o$$, 1and he saw the e.tent o$ his #ala'ity, he 'ade re,uest to Cyrus to release hi' $ro' his bonds( then, when his %rayer was granted, and the $etters were taken $ro' his li'bs, as soon as his hands were $ree, he destroyed hi'sel$) To'yris, when she $ound that Cyrus %aid no heed to her ad&i#e, #olle#ted all the $or#es o$ her kingdo', and ga&e hi' battle) !$ all the #o'bats in whi#h the barbarians ha&e engaged a'ong the'sel&es, re#kon this to ha&e been the $ier#est) The $ollowing, as understand, was the 'anner o$ it07 First, the two ar'ies stood a%art and shot their arrows at ea#h other( then, when their ,ui&ers were e'%ty, they #losed and $ought hand7to7hand with lan#es and daggers( and thus they #ontinued $ighting $or a length o$ ti'e, neither #hoosing to gi&e ground) *t length the -assagetae %re&ailed) The greater %art o$ the ar'y o$ the +ersians was destroyed and Cyrus hi'sel$ $ell, a$ter reigning nine and twenty years) "ear#h was 'ade a'ong the slain by order o$ the ,ueen $or the body o$ Cyrus, and when it was $ound she took a skin, and, $illing it $ull o$ hu'an blood, she di%%ed the head o$ Cyrus in the gore, saying, as she thus insulted the #orse, 9 li&e and ha&e #on,uered thee in $ight, and yet by thee a' ruined, $or thou tookest 'y son with guile( but thus 'ake good 'y threat, and gi&e thee thy $ill o$ blood)9 !$ the 'any di$$erent a##ounts whi#h are gi&en o$ the death o$ Cyrus, this whi#h ha&e $ollowed a%%ears to 'e 'ost worthy o$ #redit) n their dress and 'ode o$ li&ing the -assagetae rese'ble the "#ythians) They $ight both on horseba#k and on $oot, neither 'ethod is strange to the'0 they use bows and lan#es, but their $a&ourite

wea%on is the battle7a.e) Their ar's are all either o$ gold or brass) For their s%ear7%oints, and arrow7heads, and $or their battle7a.es, they 'ake use o$ brass( $or head7gear, belts, and girdles, o$ gold) "o too with the #a%arison o$ their horses, they gi&e the' breast%lates o$ brass, but e'%loy gold about the reins, the bit, and the #heek7%lates) They use neither iron nor sil&er, ha&ing none in their #ountry( but they ha&e brass and gold in abundan#e) The $ollowing are so'e o$ their #usto's(7 Ea#h 'an has but one wi$e, yet all the wi&es are held in #o''on( $or this is a #usto' o$ the -assagetae and not o$ the "#ythians, as the Greeks wrongly say) Hu'an li$e does not #o'e to its natural #lose with this %eo%le( but when a 'an grows &ery old, all his kins$olk #olle#t together and o$$er hi' u% in sa#ri$i#e( o$$ering at the sa'e ti'e so'e #attle also) *$ter the sa#ri$i#e they boil the $lesh and $east on it( and those who thus end their days are re#koned the ha%%iest) $ a 'an dies o$ disease they do not eat hi', but bury hi' in the ground, bewailing his ill7$ortune that he did not #o'e to be sa#ri$i#ed) They sow no grain, but li&e on their herds, and on $ish, o$ whi#h there is great %lenty in the *ra.es) -ilk is what they #hie$ly drink) The only god they worshi% is the sun, and to hi' they o$$er the horse in sa#ri$i#e( under the notion o$ gi&ing to the swi$test o$ the gods the swi$test o$ all 'ortal #reatures) The "e#ond Book, Entitled E6TER+E !n the death o$ Cyrus, Ca'byses his son by Cassandane daughter o$ +harnas%es took the kingdo') Cassandane had died in the li$eti'e o$ Cyrus, who had 'ade a great 'ourning $or her at her death, and had #o''anded all the sub2e#ts o$ his e'%ire to obser&e the like) Ca'byses, the son o$ this lady and o$ Cyrus, regarding the onian and *eolian Greeks as &assals o$ his $ather, took the' with hi' in his e.%edition against Egy%t a'ong the other nations whi#h owned his sway) 3ow the Egy%tians, be$ore the reign o$ their king +sa''eti#hus, belie&ed the'sel&es to be the 'ost an#ient o$ 'ankind) "in#e +sa''eti#hus, howe&er, 'ade an atte'%t to dis#o&er who were a#tually the %ri'iti&e ra#e, they ha&e been o$ o%inion that while they sur%ass all other nations, the +hrygians sur%ass the' in anti,uity) This king, $inding it i'%ossible to 'ake out by dint o$ in,uiry what 'en were the 'ost an#ient, #ontri&ed the $ollowing 'ethod o$ dis#o&ery07 He took two #hildren o$ the #o''on sort, and ga&e the' o&er to a herds'an to bring u% at his $olds, stri#tly #harging hi' to let no one utter a word in their %resen#e, but to kee% the' in a se,uestered #ottage, and $ro' ti'e to ti'e introdu#e goats to their a%art'ent, see that they got their $ill o$ 'ilk, and in all other res%e#ts look a$ter the') His ob2e#t herein was to know, a$ter the indistin#t babblings o$ in$an#y were o&er, what word they would

$irst arti#ulate) t ha%%ened as he had anti#i%ated) The herds'an obeyed his orders $or two years, and at the end o$ that ti'e, on his one day o%ening the door o$ their roo' and going in, the #hildren both ran u% to hi' with outstret#hed ar's, and distin#tly said 9Be#os)9 4hen this $irst ha%%ened the herds'an took no noti#e( but a$terwards when he obser&ed, on #o'ing o$ten to see a$ter the', that the word was #onstantly in their 'ouths, he in$or'ed his lord, and by his #o''and brought the #hildren into his %resen#e) +sa''eti#hus then hi'sel$ heard the' say the word, u%on whi#h he %ro#eeded to 'ake in,uiry what %eo%le there was who #alled anything 9be#os,9 and hereu%on he learnt that 9be#os9 was the +hrygian na'e $or bread) n #onsideration o$ this #ir#u'stan#e the Egy%tians yielded their #lai's, and ad'itted the greater anti,uity o$ the +hrygians) That these were the real $a#ts learnt at -e'%his $ro' the %riests o$ @ul#an) The Greeks, a'ong other $oolish tales, relate that +sa''eti#hus had the #hildren brought u% by wo'en whose tongues he had %re&iously #ut out( but the %riests said their bringing u% was su#h as ha&e stated abo&e) got 'u#h other in$or'ation also $ro' #on&ersation with these %riests while was at -e'%his, and e&en went to Helio%olis and to Thebes, e.%ressly to try whether the %riests o$ those %la#es would agree in their a##ounts with the %riests at -e'%his) The Helio%olitans ha&e the re%utation o$ being the best skilled in history o$ all the Egy%tians) 4hat they told 'e #on#erning their religion it is not 'y intention to re%eat, e.#e%t the na'es o$ their deities, whi#h belie&e all 'en know e,ually) $ relate anything else #on#erning these 'atters, it will only be when #o'%elled to do so by the #ourse o$ 'y narrati&e) 3ow with regard to 'ere hu'an 'atters, the a##ounts whi#h they ga&e, and in whi#h all agreed, were the $ollowing) The Egy%tians, they said, were the $irst to dis#o&er the solar year, and to %ortion out its #ourse into twel&e %arts) They obtained this knowledge $ro' the stars) ;To 'y 'ind they #ontri&e their year 'u#h 'ore #le&erly than the Greeks, $or these last e&ery other year inter#alate a whole 'onth, but the Egy%tians, di&iding the year into twel&e 'onths o$ thirty days ea#h, add e&ery year a s%a#e o$ $i&e days besides, whereby the #ir#uit o$ the seasons is 'ade to return with uni$or'ity)< The Egy%tians, they went on to a$$ir', $irst brought into use the na'es o$ the twel&e gods, whi#h the Greeks ado%ted $ro' the'( and $irst ere#ted altars, i'ages, and te'%les to the gods( and also $irst engra&ed u%on stone the $igures o$ ani'als) n 'ost o$ these #ases they %ro&ed to 'e that what they said was true) *nd they told 'e that the $irst 'an who ruled o&er Egy%t was -in, and that in his ti'e all Egy%t, e.#e%t the Thebai# #anton, was a 'arsh, none o$ the land below Lake -oeris then showing itsel$ abo&e the sur$a#e o$ the water) This is a distan#e o$ se&en days1 sail $ro' the sea u% the ri&er) 4hat they said o$ their #ountry see'ed to 'e &ery reasonable)

For any one who sees Egy%t, without ha&ing heard a word about it be$ore, 'ust %er#ei&e, i$ he has only #o''on %owers o$ obser&ation, that the Egy%t to whi#h the Greeks go in their shi%s is an a#,uired #ountry, the gi$t o$ the ri&er) The sa'e is true o$ the land abo&e the lake, to the distan#e o$ three days1 &oyage, #on#erning whi#h the Egy%tians say nothing, but whi#h e.a#tly the sa'e kind o$ #ountry) The $ollowing is the general #hara#ter o$ the region) n the $irst %la#e, on a%%roa#hing it by sea, when you are still a day1s sail $ro' the land, i$ you let down a sounding7line you will bring u% 'ud, and $ind yoursel$ in ele&en $atho's1 water, whi#h shows that the soil washed down by the strea' e.tends to that distan#e) The length o$ the #ountry along shore, a##ording to the bounds that we assign to Egy%t, na'ely $ro' the +linthineti# gul$ to Lake "erbonis, whi#h e.tends along the base o$ -ount Casius, is si.ty s#hoenes) The nations whose territories are s#anty 'easure the' by the $atho'( those whose bounds are less #on$ined, by the $urlong( those who ha&e an a'%le territory, by the %arasang( but i$ 'en ha&e a #ountry whi#h is &ery &ast, they 'easure it by the s#hoene) 3ow the length o$ the %arasang is thirty $urlongs, but the s#hoene, whi#h is an Egy%tian 'easure, is si.ty $urlongs) Thus the #oastline o$ Egy%t would e.tend a length o$ three thousand si. hundred $urlongs) Fro' the #oast inland as $ar as Helio%olis the breadth o$ Egy%t is #onsiderable, the #ountry is $lat, without s%rings, and $ull o$ swa'%s) The length o$ the route $ro' the sea u% to Helio%olis is al'ost e.a#tly the sa'e as that o$ the road whi#h runs $ro' the altar o$ the twel&e gods at *thens to the te'%le o$ !ly'%ian 8o&e at +isa) $ a %erson 'ade a #al#ulation he would $ind but a &ery little di$$eren#e between the two routes, not 'ore than about $i$teen $urlongs( $or the road $ro' *thens to +isa $alls short o$ $i$teen hundred $urlongs by e.a#tly $i$teen, whereas the distan#e o$ Helio%olis $ro' the sea is 2ust the round nu'ber) *s one %ro#eeds beyond Helio%olis u% the #ountry, Egy%t be#o'es narrow, the *rabian range o$ hills, whi#h has a dire#tion $ro' north to south, shutting it in u%on the one side, and the Libyan range u%on the other) The $or'er ridge runs on without a break, and stret#hes away to the sea #alled the Erythraean( it #ontains the ,uarries when#e the stone was #ut $or the %yra'ids o$ -e'%his0 and this is the %oint where it #eases its $irst dire#tion, and bends away in the 'anner abo&e indi#ated) n its greatest length $ro' east to west it is, as ha&e been in$or'ed, a distan#e o$ two 'onths1 2ourney towards the e.tre'e east its skirts %rodu#e $rankin#ense) "u#h are the #hie$ $eatures o$ this range) !n the Libyan side, the other ridge whereon the %yra'ids stand is ro#ky and #o&ered with sand( its dire#tion is the sa'e as that o$ the *rabian ridge in the $irst %art o$ its #ourse) *bo&e Helio%olis, then, there is no great breadth o$ territory $or su#h a #ountry as Egy%t, but during $our days1 sail

Egy%t is narrow( the &alley between the two ranges is a le&el %lain, and see'ed to 'e to be, at the narrowest %oint, not 'ore than two hundred $urlongs a#ross $ro' the *rabian to the Libyan hills) *bo&e this %oint Egy%t again widens) Fro' Helio%olis to Thebes is nine days1 sail u% the ri&er( the distan#e is eighty7one s#hoenes, or 4CD0 $urlongs) $ we now %ut together the se&eral 'easure'ents o$ the #ountry we shall $ind that the distan#e along shore is, as stated abo&e, ED00 $urlongs, and the distan#e $ro' the sea inland to Thebes DFG0 $urlongs) Further, it is a distan#e o$ eighteen hundred $urlongs $ro' Thebes to the %la#e #alled Ele%hantine) The greater %ortion o$ the #ountry abo&e des#ribed see'ed to 'e to be, as the %riests de#lared, a tra#t gained by the inhabitants) For the whole region abo&e -e'%his, lying between the two ranges o$ hills that ha&e been s%oken o$, a%%eared e&idently to ha&e $or'ed at one ti'e a gul$ o$ the sea) t rese'bles ;to #o'%are s'all things with great< the %arts about liu' and Teuthrania, E%hesus, and the %lain o$ the -aeander) n all these regions the land has been $or'ed by ri&ers, whereo$ the greatest is not to #o'%are $or si/e with any one o$ the $i&e 'ouths o$ the 3ile) #ould 'ention other ri&ers also, $ar in$erior to the 3ile in 'agnitude, that ha&e e$$e#ted &ery great #hanges) *'ong these not the least is the *#helous, whi#h, a$ter %assing through *#arnania, e'%ties itsel$ into the sea o%%osite the islands #alled E#hinades, and has already 2oined one7hal$ o$ the' to the #ontinent) n *rabia, not $ar $ro' Egy%t, there is a long and narrow gul$ running inland $ro' the sea #alled the Erythraean, o$ whi#h will here set down the di'ensions) "tarting $ro' its inner'ost re#ess, and using a row7boat, you take $orty days to rea#h the o%en 'ain, while you 'ay #ross the gul$ at its widest %art in the s%a#e o$ hal$ a day) n this sea there is an ebb and $low o$ the tide e&ery day) -y o%inion is that Egy%t was $or'erly &ery 'u#h su#h a gul$ as this7 one gul$ %enetrated $ro' the sea that washes Egy%t on the north, and e.tended itsel$ towards Ethio%ia( another entered $ro' the southern o#ean, and stret#hed towards "yria( the two gul$s ran into the land so as al'ost to 'eet ea#h other, and le$t between the' only a &ery narrow tra#t o$ #ountry) 3ow i$ the 3ile should #hoose to di&ert his waters $ro' their %resent bed into this *rabian gul$, what is there to hinder it $ro' being $illed u% by the strea' within, at the ut'ost, twenty thousand years: For 'y %art, think it would be $illed in hal$ the ti'e) How then should not a gul$, e&en o$ 'u#h greater si/e, ha&e been $illed u% in the ages that %assed be$ore was born, by a ri&er that is at on#e so large and so gi&en to working #hanges: Thus gi&e #redit to those $ro' who' re#ei&ed this a##ount o$ Egy%t, and a' 'ysel$, 'oreo&er, strongly o$ the sa'e o%inion, sin#e re'arked that the #ountry %ro2e#ts into the sea $urther than the

neighbouring shores, and obser&ed that there were shells u%on the hills, and that salt e.uded $ro' the soil to su#h an e.tent as e&en to in2ure the %yra'ids( and noti#ed also that there is but a single hill in all Egy%t where sand is $ound, na'ely, the hill abo&e -e'%his( and $urther, $ound the #ountry to bear no rese'blan#e either to its borderland *rabia, or to Libya7 nay, nor e&en to "yria, whi#h $or's the seaboard o$ *rabia( but whereas the soil o$ Libya is, we know, sandy and o$ a reddish hue, and that o$ *rabia and "yria in#lines to stone and #lay, Egy%t has a soil that is bla#k and #ru'bly, as being allu&ial and $or'ed o$ the de%osits brought down by the ri&er $ro' Ethio%ia) !ne $a#t whi#h learnt o$ the %riests is to 'e a strong e&iden#e o$ the origin o$ the #ountry) They said that when -oeris was king, the 3ile o&er$lowed all Egy%t below -e'%his, as soon as it rose so little as eight #ubits) 3ow -oeris had not been dead H00 years at the ti'e when heard this o$ the %riests( yet at the %resent day, unless the ri&er rise si.teen, or, at the &ery least, $i$teen #ubits, it does not o&er$low the lands) t see's to 'e, there$ore, that i$ the land goes on rising and growing at this rate, the Egy%tians who dwell below Lake -oeris, in the 5elta ;as it is #alled< and elsewhere, will one day, by the sto%%age o$ the inundations, su$$er %er'anently the $ate whi#h they told 'e they e.%e#ted would so'e ti'e or other be$all the Greeks) !n hearing that the whole land o$ Gree#e is watered by rain $ro' hea&en, and not, like their own, inundated by ri&ers, they obser&ed7 9"o'e day the Greeks will be disa%%ointed o$ their grand ho%e, and then they will be wret#hedly hungry9( whi#h was as 'u#h as to say, 9 $ God shall so'e day see $it not to grant the Greeks rain, but shall a$$li#t the' with a long drought, the Greeks will be swe%t away by a $a'ine, sin#e they ha&e nothing to rely on but rain $ro' 8o&e, and ha&e no other resour#e $or water)9 *nd #ertes, in thus s%eaking o$ the Greeks the Egy%tians say nothing but what is true) But now let 'e tell the Egy%tians how the #ase stands with the'sel&es) $, as said be$ore, the #ountry below -e'%his, whi#h is the land that is always rising, #ontinues to in#rease in height at the rate at whi#h it has risen in ti'es gone by, how will it be %ossible $or the inhabitants o$ that region to a&oid hunger, when they will #ertainly ha&e no rain, and the ri&er will not be able to o&er$low their #ornlands: *t %resent, it 'ust be #on$essed, they obtain the $ruits o$ the $ield with less trouble than any other %eo%le in the world, the rest o$ the Egy%tians in#luded, sin#e they ha&e no need to break u% the ground with the %lough, nor to use the hoe, nor to do any o$ the work whi#h the rest o$ 'ankind $ind ne#essary i$ they are to get a #ro%( but the husband'an waits till the ri&er has o$ its own a##ord s%read itsel$ o&er the $ields and withdrawn again to its bed, and then sows his %lot

o$ ground, and a$ter sowing turns his swine into it7 the swine tread in the #orn7 a$ter whi#h he has only to await the har&est) The swine ser&e hi' also to thrash the grain, whi#h is then #arried to the garner) $ then we #hoose to ado%t the &iews o$ the onians #on#erning Egy%t, we 'ust #o'e to the #on#lusion that the Egy%tians had $or'erly no #ountry at all) For the onians say that nothing is really Egy%t but the 5elta, whi#h e.tends along shore $ro' the 4at#h7tower o$ +erseus, as it is #alled, to the +elusia# "alt7+ans, a distan#e o$ $orty s#hoenes, and stret#hes inland as $ar as the #ity o$ Cer#asorus, where the 3ile di&ides into the two strea's whi#h rea#h the sea at +elusiu' and Canobus res%e#ti&ely) The rest o$ what is a##ounted Egy%t belongs, they say, either to *rabia or Libya) But the 5elta, as the Egy%tians a$$ir', and as 'ysel$ a' %ersuaded, is $or'ed o$ the de%osits o$ the ri&er, and has only re#ently, i$ 'ay use the e.%ression, #o'e to light) $, then, they had $or'erly no territory at all, how #a'e they to be so e.tra&agant as to $an#y the'sel&es the 'ost an#ient ra#e in the world: "urely there was no need o$ their 'aking the e.%eri'ent with the #hildren to see what language they would $irst s%eak) But in truth do not belie&e that the Egy%tians #a'e into being at the sa'e ti'e with the 5elta, as the onians #all it( think they ha&e always e.isted e&er sin#e the hu'an ra#e began( as the land went on in#reasing, %art o$ the %o%ulation #a'e down into the new #ountry, %art re'ained in their old settle'ents) n an#ient ti'es the Thebais bore the na'e o$ Egy%t, a distri#t o$ whi#h the entire #ir#u'$eren#e is but DFG0 $urlongs) $, then, 'y 2udg'ent on these 'atters be right, the onians are 'istaken in what they say o$ Egy%t) $, on the #ontrary, it is they who are right, then undertake to show that neither the onians nor any o$ the other Greeks know how to #ount) For they all say that the earth is di&ided into three %arts, Euro%e, *sia, and Libya, whereas they ought to add a $ourth %art, the 5elta o$ Egy%t, sin#e they do not in#lude it either in *sia or Libya) For is it not their theory that the 3ile se%arates *sia $ro' Libya: *s the 3ile, there$ore, s%lits in two at the a%e. o$ the 5elta, the 5elta itsel$ 'ust be a se%arate #ountry, not #ontained in either *sia or Libya) Here take 'y lea&e o$ the o%inions o$ the onians, and %ro#eed to deli&er 'y own senti'ents on these sub2e#ts) #onsider Egy%t to be the whole #ountry inhabited by the Egy%tians, 2ust as Cili#ia is the tra#t o##u%ied by the Cili#ians, and *ssyria that %ossessed by the *ssyrians) *nd regard the only %ro%er boundary7line between Libya and *sia to be that whi#h is 'arked out by the Egy%tian $rontier) For i$ we take the boundary7line #o''only re#ei&ed by the Greeks, we 'ust regard Egy%t as di&ided, along its whole length $ro' Ele%hantine and the Catara#ts to Cer#asorus, into two %arts, ea#h belonging to a di$$erent %ortion o$ the world, one to *sia, the

other to Libya( sin#e the 3ile di&ides Egy%t in two $ro' the Catara#ts to the sea, running as $ar as the #ity o$ Cer#asorus in a single strea', but at that %oint se%arating into three bran#hes, whereo$ the one whi#h bends eastward is #alled the +elusia# 'outh, and that whi#h slants to the west, the Canobi#) -eanwhile the straight #ourse o$ the strea', whi#h #o'es down $ro' the u%%er #ountry and 'eets the a%e. o$ the 5elta, #ontinues on, di&iding the 5elta down the 'iddle, and e'%ties itsel$ into the sea by a 'outh, whi#h is as #elebrated, and #arries as large a body o$ water, as 'ost o$ the others, the 'outh #alled the "ebennyti#) Besides these there are two other 'ouths whi#h run out o$ the "ebennyti# #alled res%e#ti&ely the "aiti# and the -endesian) The Bolbitine 'outh, and the Bu#oli#, are not natural bran#hes, but #hannels 'ade by e.#a&ation) -y 2udg'ent as to the e.tent o$ Egy%t is #on$ir'ed by an ora#le deli&ered at the shrine o$ *''on, o$ whi#h had no knowledge at all until a$ter had $or'ed 'y o%inion) t ha%%ened that the %eo%le o$ the #ities -area and *%is, who li&e in the %art o$ Egy%t that borders on Libya, took a dislike to the religious usages o$ the #ountry #on#erning sa#ri$i#ial ani'als, and wished no longer to be restri#ted $ro' eating the $lesh o$ #ows) "o, as they belie&ed the'sel&es to be Libyans and not Egy%tians, they sent to the shrine to say that, ha&ing nothing in #o''on with the Egy%tians, neither inhabiting the 5elta nor using the Egy%tian tongue, they #lai'ed to be allowed to eat whate&er they %leased) Their re,uest, howe&er, was re$used by the god, who de#lared in re%ly that Egy%t was the entire tra#t o$ #ountry whi#h the 3ile o&ers%reads and irrigates, and the Egy%tians were the %eo%le who li&ed below Ele%hantine, and drank the waters o$ that ri&er) "o said the ora#le) 3ow the 3ile, when it o&er$lows, $loods not only the 5elta, but also the tra#ts o$ #ountry on both sides the strea' whi#h are thought to belong to Libya and *rabia, in so'e %la#es rea#hing to the e.tent o$ two days1 2ourney $ro' its banks, in so'e e&en e.#eeding that distan#e, but in others $alling short o$ it) Con#erning the nature o$ the ri&er, was not able to gain any in$or'ation either $ro' the %riests or $ro' others) was %arti#ularly an.ious to learn $ro' the' why the 3ile, at the #o''en#e'ent o$ the su''er solsti#e, begins to rise, and #ontinues to in#rease $or a hundred days7 and why, as soon as that nu'ber is %ast, it $orthwith retires and #ontra#ts its strea', #ontinuing low during the whole o$ the winter until the su''er solsti#e #o'es round again) !n none o$ these %oints #ould obtain any e.%lanation $ro' the inhabitants, though 'ade e&ery in,uiry, wishing to know what was #o''only re%orted7 they #ould neither tell 'e what s%e#ial &irtue the 3ile has whi#h 'akes it so o%%osite in its nature to all other strea's, nor why, unlike e&ery other ri&er, it gi&es $orth no bree/es $ro' its sur$a#e)

"o'e o$ the Greeks, howe&er, wishing to get a re%utation $or #le&erness, ha&e o$$ered e.%lanations o$ the %heno'ena o$ the ri&er, $or whi#h they ha&e a##ounted in three di$$erent ways) Two o$ these do not think it worth while to s%eak o$, $urther than si'%ly to 'ention what they are) !ne %retends that the Etesian winds #ause the rise o$ the ri&er by %re&enting the 3ile7water $ro' running o$$ into the sea) But in the $irst %la#e it has o$ten ha%%ened, when the Etesian winds did not blow, that the 3ile has risen a##ording to its usual wont( and $urther, i$ the Etesian winds %rodu#ed the e$$e#t, the other ri&ers whi#h $low in a dire#tion o%%osite to those winds ought to %resent the sa'e %heno'ena as the 3ile, and the 'ore so as they are all s'aller strea's, and ha&e a weaker #urrent) But these ri&ers, o$ whi#h there are 'any both in "yria and Libya, are entirely unlike the 3ile in this res%e#t) The se#ond o%inion is e&en 'ore uns#ienti$i# than the one 2ust 'entioned, and also, i$ 'ay so say, 'ore 'ar&ellous) t is that the 3ile a#ts so strangely, be#ause it $lows $ro' the o#ean, and that the o#ean $lows all round the earth) The third e.%lanation, whi#h is &ery 'u#h 'ore %lausible than either o$ the others, is %ositi&ely the $urthest $ro' the truth( $or there is really nothing in what it says, any 'ore than in the other theories) t is, that the inundation o$ the 3ile is #aused by the 'elting o$ snows) 3ow, as the 3ile $lows out o$ Libya, through Ethio%ia, into Egy%t, how is it %ossible that it #an be $or'ed o$ 'elted snow, running, as it does, $ro' the hottest regions o$ the world into #ooler #ountries: -any are the %roo$s whereby any one #a%able o$ reasoning on the sub2e#t 'ay be #on&in#ed that it is 'ost unlikely this should be the #ase) The $irst and strongest argu'ent is $urnished by the winds, whi#h always blow hot $ro' these regions) The se#ond is that rain and $rost are unknown there) 3ow whene&er snow $alls, it 'ust o$ ne#essity rain within $i&e days()so that, i$ there were snow, there 'ust be rain also in those %arts) Thirdly, it is #ertain that the nati&es o$ the #ountry are bla#k with the heat, that the kites and the swallows re'ain there the whole year, and that the #ranes, when they $ly $ro' the rigours o$ a "#ythian winter, $lo#k thither to %ass the #old season) $ then, in the #ountry when#e the 3ile has its sour#e, or in that through whi#h it $lows, there $ell e&er so little snow, it is absolutely i'%ossible that any o$ these #ir#u'stan#es #ould take %la#e) *s $or the writer who attributes the %heno'enon to the o#ean, his a##ount is in&ol&ed in su#h obs#urity that it is i'%ossible to dis%ro&e it by argu'ent) For 'y %art know o$ no ri&er #alled !#ean, and think that Ho'er, or one o$ the earlier %oets, in&ented the na'e, and introdu#ed it into his %oetry) +erha%s, a$ter #ensuring all the o%inions that ha&e been %ut $orward on this obs#ure sub2e#t, one ought to %ro%ose so'e theory o$

one1s own) will there$ore %ro#eed to e.%lain what think to be the reason o$ the 3ile1s swelling in the su''er ti'e) 5uring the winter, the sun is dri&en out o$ his usual #ourse by the stor's, and re'o&es to the u%%er %arts o$ Libya) This is the whole se#ret in the $ewest %ossible words( $or it stands to reason that the #ountry to whi#h the "un7god a%%roa#hes the nearest, and whi#h he %asses 'ost dire#tly o&er, will be s#antest o$ water, and that there the strea's whi#h $eed the ri&ers will shrink the 'ost) To e.%lain, howe&er, 'ore at length, the #ase is this) The sun, in his %assage a#ross the u%%er %arts o$ Libya, a$$e#ts the' in the $ollowing way) *s the air in those regions is #onstantly #lear, and the #ountry war' through the absen#e o$ #old winds, the sun in his %assage a#ross the' a#ts u%on the' e.a#tly as he wont to a#t elsewhere in su''er, when his %ath is in the 'iddle o$ hea&en7 that is, he attra#ts the water) *$ter attra#ting it, he again re%els it into the u%%er regions, where the winds lay hold o$ it, s#atter it, and redu#e it to a &a%our, when#e it naturally enough #o'es to %ass that the winds whi#h blow $ro' this ,uarter7 the south and south7west7 are o$ all winds the 'ost rainy) *nd 'y own o%inion is that the sun does not get rid o$ all the water whi#h he draws year by year $ro' the 3ile, but retains so'e about hi') 4hen the winter begins to so$ten, the sun goes ba#k again to his old %la#e in the 'iddle o$ the hea&en, and %ro#eeds to attra#t water e,ually $ro' all #ountries) Till then the other ri&ers run big, $ro' the ,uantity o$ rain7water whi#h they bring down $ro' #ountries where so 'u#h 'oisture $alls that all the land is #ut into gullies( but in su''er, when the showers $ail, and the sun attra#ts their water, they be#o'e low) The 3ile, on the #ontrary, not deri&ing any o$ its bulk $ro' rains, and being in winter sub2e#t to the attra#tion o$ the sun, naturally runs at that season, unlike all other strea's, with a less burthen o$ water than in the su''er ti'e) For in su''er it is e.%osed to attra#tion e,ually with all other ri&ers, but in winter it su$$ers alone) The sun, there$ore, regard as the sole #ause o$ the %heno'enon) t is the sun also, in 'y o%inion, whi#h, by heating the s%a#e through whi#h it %asses, 'akes the air in Egy%t so dry) There is thus %er%etual su''er in the u%%er %arts o$ Libya) 4ere the %osition o$ the hea&enly regions re&ersed, so that the %la#e where now the north wind and the winter ha&e their dwelling be#a'e the station o$ the south wind and o$ the noon7day, while, on the other hand, the station o$ the south wind be#a'e that o$ the north, the #onse,uen#e would be that the sun, dri&en $ro' the 'id7hea&en by the winter and the northern gales, would betake hi'sel$ to the u%%er %arts o$ Euro%e, as he now does to those o$ Libya, and then belie&e his %assage a#ross Euro%e would a$$e#t the ster e.a#tly as the 3ile is a$$e#ted at the %resent day) *nd with res%e#t to the $a#t that no bree/e blows $ro' the 3ile,

a' o$ o%inion that no wind is likely to arise in &ery hot #ountries, $or bree/es lo&e to blow $ro' so'e #old ,uarter) Let us lea&e these things, howe&er, to their natural #ourse, to #ontinue as they are and ha&e been $ro' the beginning) 4ith regard to the sour#es o$ the 3ile, ha&e $ound no one a'ong all those with who' ha&e #on&ersed, whether Egy%tians, Libyans, or Greeks, who %ro$essed to ha&e any knowledge, e.#e%t a single %erson) He was the s#ribe who ke%t the register o$ the sa#red treasures o$ -iner&a in the #ity o$ "ais, and he did not see' to 'e to be in earnest when he said that he knew the' %er$e#tly well) His story was as $ollows07 9Between "yene, a #ity o$ the Thebais, and Ele%hantine, there are9 ;he said< 9two hills with shar% #oni#al to%s( the na'e o$ the one is Cro%hi, o$ the other, -o%hi) -idway between the' are the $ountains o$ the 3ile, $ountains whi#h it is i'%ossible to $atho') Hal$ the water runs northward into Egy%t, hal$ to the south towards Ethio%ia)9 The $ountains were known to be un$atho'able, he de#lared, be#ause +sa''eti#hus, an Egy%tian king, had 'ade trial o$ the') He had #aused a ro%e to be 'ade, 'any thousand $atho's in length, and had sounded the $ountain with it, but #ould $ind no botto') By this the s#ribe ga&e 'e to understand, i$ there was any truth at all in what he said, that in this $ountain there are #ertain strong eddies, and a regurgitation, owing to the $or#e wherewith the water dashes against the 'ountains, and hen#e a "ounding7line #annot be got to rea#h the botto' o$ the s%ring) 3o other in$or'ation on this head #ould obtain $ro' any ,uarter) *ll that su##eeded in learning $urther o$ the 'ore distant %ortions o$ the 3ile, by as#ending 'ysel$ as high as Ele%hantine and 'aking in,uiries #on#erning the %arts beyond, was the $ollowing07 *s one ad&an#es beyond Ele%hantine, the land rises) Hen#e it is ne#essary in this %art o$ the ri&er to atta#h a ro%e to the boat on ea#h side, as 'en harness an o., and so %ro#eed on the 2ourney) $ the ro%e sna%s, the &essel is borne away down strea' by the $or#e o$ the #urrent) The na&igation #ontinues the sa'e $or $our days, the ri&er winding greatly, like the -aeander, and the distan#e tra&ersed a'ounting to twel&e s#hoenes) Here you #o'e u%on a s'ooth and le&el %lain, where the 3ile $lows in two bran#hes, round an island #alled Ta#ho'%so) The #ountry abo&e Ele%hantine is inhabited by the Ethio%ians, who %ossess one7hal$ o$ this island, the Egy%tians o##u%ying the other) *bo&e the island there is a great lake, the shores o$ whi#h are inhabited by Ethio%ian no'ads( a$ter %assing it, you #o'e again to the strea' o$ the 3ile, whi#h runs into the lake) Here you land, and tra&el $or $orty days along the banks o$ the ri&er, sin#e it is i'%ossible to %ro#eed $urther in a boat on a##ount o$ the shar% %eaks whi#h 2ut out $ro' the water, and the sunken ro#ks whi#h abound in that %art o$ the strea') 4hen you ha&e %assed this %ortion o$ the ri&er in the s%a#e o$ $orty days, you go on board

another boat and %ro#eed by water $or twel&e days 'ore, at the end o$ whi#h ti'e you rea#h a great #ity #alled -eroe, whi#h is said to be the #a%ital o$ the other Ethio%ians) The only gods worshi%%ed by the inhabitants are 8u%iter and Ba##hus, to who' great honours are %aid) There is an ora#le o$ 8u%iter in the #ity, whi#h dire#ts the warlike e.%editions o$ the Ethio%ians( when it #o''ands they go to war, and in whate&er dire#tion it bids the' 'ar#h, thither straightway they #arry their ar's) !n lea&ing this #ity, and again 'ounting the strea', in the sa'e s%a#e o$ ti'e whi#h it took you to rea#h the #a%ital $ro' Ele%hantine, you #o'e to the 5eserters, who bear the na'e o$ *s'a#h) This word, translated into our language, 'eans 9the 'en who stand on the le$t hand o$ the king)9 These 5eserters are Egy%tians o$ the warrior #aste, who, to the nu'ber o$ two hundred and $orty thousand, went o&er to the Ethio%ians in the reign o$ king +sa''eti#hus) The #ause o$ their desertion was the $ollowing07 Three garrisons were 'aintained in Egy%t at that ti'e, one in the #ity o$ Ele%hantine against the Ethio%ians, another in the +elusia# 5a%hnae, against the "yrians and *rabians, and a third, against the Libyans, in -area) ;The &ery sa'e %osts are to this day o##u%ied by the +ersians, whose $or#es are in garrison both in 5a%hnae and in Ele%hantine)< 3ow it ha%%ened, that on one o##asion the garrisons were not relie&ed during the s%a#e o$ three years( the soldiers, there$ore, at the end o$ that ti'e, #onsulted together, and ha&ing deter'ined by #o''on #onsent to re&olt, 'ar#hed away towards Ethio%ia) +sa''eti#hus, in$or'ed o$ the 'o&e'ent, set out in %ursuit, and #o'ing u% with the', besought the' with 'any words not to desert the gods o$ their #ountry, nor abandon their wi&es and #hildren) 93ay, but,9 said one o$ the deserters with an unsee'ly gesture, 9where&er we go, we are sure enough o$ $inding wi&es and #hildren)9 *rri&ed in Ethio%ia, they %la#ed the'sel&es at the dis%osal o$ the king) n return, he 'ade the' a %resent o$ a tra#t o$ land whi#h belonged to #ertain Ethio%ians with who' he was at $eud, bidding the' e.%el the inhabitants and take %ossession o$ their territory) AFro' the ti'e that this settle'ent was $or'ed, their a#,uaintan#e with Egy%tian 'anners has tended to #i&ilise the Ethio%ians) Thus the #ourse o$ the 3ile is known, not only throughout Egy%t, but to the e.tent o$ $our 'onths1 2ourney either by land or water abo&e the Egy%tian boundary( $or on #al#ulation it will be $ound that it takes that length o$ ti'e to tra&el $ro' Ele%hantine to the #ountry o$ the 5eserters) There the dire#tion o$ the ri&er is $ro' west to east) Beyond, no one has any #ertain knowledge o$ its #ourse, sin#e the #ountry is uninhabited by reason o$ the e.#essi&e heat) did hear, indeed, what will now relate, $ro' #ertain nati&es o$ Cyrene) !n#e u%on a ti'e, they said, they were on a &isit to the ora#ular shrine o$ *''on, when it #han#ed that in the #ourse o$

#on&ersation with Etear#hus, the *''onian king, the talk $ell u%on the 3ile, how that its sour#es were unknown to all 'en) Etear#hus u%on this 'entioned that so'e 3asa'onians had on#e #o'e to his #ourt, and when asked i$ they #ould gi&e any in$or'ation #on#erning the uninhabited %arts o$ Libya, had told the $ollowing tale) ;The 3asa'onians are a Libyan ra#e who o##u%y the "yrtis, and a tra#t o$ no great si/e towards the east)< They said there had grown u% a'ong the' so'e wild young 'en, the sons o$ #ertain #hie$s, who, when they #a'e to 'an1s estate, indulged in all 'anner o$ e.tra&agan#ies, and a'ong other things drew lots $or $i&e o$ their nu'ber to go and e.%lore the desert %arts o$ Libya, and try i$ they #ould not %enetrate $urther than any had done %re&iously) The #oast o$ Libya along the sea whi#h washes it to the north, throughout its entire length $ro' Egy%t to Ca%e "oloeis, whi#h is its $urthest %oint, is inhabited by Libyans o$ 'any distin#t tribes who %ossess the whole tra#t e.#e%t #ertain %ortions whi#h belong to the +hoeni#ians and the Greeks) *bo&e the #oast7line and the #ountry inhabited by the 'ariti'e tribes, Libya is $ull o$ wild beasts( while beyond the wild beast region there is a tra#t whi#h is wholly sand, &ery s#ant o$ water, and utterly and entirely a desert) The young 'en there$ore, des%at#hed on this errand by their #o'rades with a %lenti$ul su%%ly o$ water and %ro&isions, tra&elled at $irst through the inhabited region, %assing whi#h they #a'e to the wild beast tra#t, when#e they $inally entered u%on the desert, whi#h they %ro#eeded to #ross in a dire#tion $ro' east to west) *$ter 2ourneying $or 'any days o&er a wide e.tent o$ sand, they #a'e at last to a %lain where they obser&ed trees growing( a%%roa#hing the', and seeing $ruit on the', they %ro#eeded to gather it) 4hile they were thus engaged, there #a'e u%on the' so'e dwar$ish 'en, under the 'iddle height, who sei/ed the' and #arried the' o$$) The 3asa'onians #ould not understand a word o$ their language, nor had they any a#,uaintan#e with the language o$ the 3asa'onians) They were led a#ross e.tensi&e 'arshes, and $inally #a'e to a town, where all the 'en were o$ the height o$ their #ondu#tors, and bla#k7#o'%le.ioned) * great ri&er $lowed by the town, running $ro' west to east, and #ontaining #ro#odiles) Here let 'e dis'iss Etear#hus the *''onian, and his story, only adding that ;a##ording to the Cyrenaeans< he de#lared that the 3asa'onians got sa$e ba#k to their #ountry, and that the 'en whose #ity they had rea#hed were a nation o$ sor#erers) 4ith res%e#t to the ri&er whi#h ran by their town, Etear#hus #on2e#tured it to be the 3ile( and reason $a&ours that &iew) For the 3ile #ertainly $lows out o$ Libya, di&iding it down the 'iddle, and as #on#ei&e, 2udging the unknown $ro' the known, rises at the sa'e distan#e $ro' its 'outh as the ster) This latter ri&er has its sour#e in the #ountry o$ the Celts near the #ity +yrene, and runs through the 'iddle o$ Euro%e, di&iding it into two %ortions) The Celts li&e beyond the

%illars o$ Her#ules, and border on the Cynesians, who dwell at the e.tre'e west o$ Euro%e) Thus the ster $lows through the whole o$ Euro%e be$ore it $inally e'%ties itsel$ into the Eu.ine at stria, one o$ the #olonies o$ the -ilesians) 3ow as this ri&er $lows through regions that are inhabited, its #ourse is %er$e#tly well known( but o$ the sour#es o$ the 3ile no one #an gi&e any a##ount, sin#e Libya, the #ountry through whi#h it %asses, is desert and without inhabitants) *s $ar as it was %ossible to get in$or'ation by in,uiry, ha&e gi&en a des#ri%tion o$ the strea') t enters Egy%t $ro' the %arts beyond) Egy%t lies al'ost e.a#tly o%%osite the 'ountainous %ortion o$ Cili#ia, when#e a lightly7e,ui%%ed tra&eller 'ay rea#h "ino%e on the Eu.ine in $i&e days by the dire#t route) "ino%e lies o%%osite the %la#e where the ster $alls into the sea) -y o%inion there$ore is that the 3ile, as it tra&erses the whole o$ Libya, is o$ e,ual length with the ster) *nd here take 'y lea&e o$ this sub2e#t) Con#erning Egy%t itsel$ shall e.tend 'y re'arks to a great length, be#ause there is no #ountry that %ossesses so 'any wonders, nor any that has su#h a nu'ber o$ works whi#h de$y des#ri%tion) 3ot only is the #li'ate di$$erent $ro' that o$ the rest o$ the world, and the ri&ers unlike any other ri&ers, but the %eo%le also, in 'ost o$ their 'anners and #usto's, e.a#tly re&erse the #o''on %ra#ti#e o$ 'ankind) The wo'en attend the 'arkets and trade, while the 'en sit at ho'e at the loo'( and here, while the rest o$ the world works the woo$ u% the war%, the Egy%tians work it down( the wo'en likewise #arry burthens u%on their shoulders, while the 'en #arry the' u%on their heads) They eat their $ood out o$ doors in the streets, but retire $or %ri&ate %ur%oses to their houses, gi&ing as a reason that what is unsee'ly, but ne#essary, ought to be done in se#ret, but what has nothing unsee'ly about it, should be done o%enly) * wo'an #annot ser&e the %riestly o$$i#e, either $or god or goddess, but 'en are %riests to both( sons need not su%%ort their %arents unless they #hoose, but daughters 'ust, whether they #hoose or no) n other #ountries the %riests ha&e long hair, in Egy%t their heads are sha&en( elsewhere it is #usto'ary, in 'ourning, $or near relations to #ut their hair #lose0 the Egy%tians, who wear no hair at any other ti'e, when they lose a relati&e, let their beards and the hair o$ their heads grow long) *ll other 'en %ass their li&es se%arate $ro' ani'als, the Egy%tians ha&e ani'als always li&ing with the'( others 'ake barley and wheat their $ood( it is a disgra#e to do so in Egy%t, where the grain they li&e on is s%elt, whi#h so'e #all /ea) 5ough they knead with their $eet( but they 'i. 'ud, and e&en take u% dirt, with their hands) They are the only %eo%le in the world7 they at least, and su#h as ha&e learnt the %ra#ti#e $ro' the'7 who use #ir#u'#ision) Their 'en wear two gar'ents a%ie#e, their wo'en but one) They %ut on the rings and $asten the ro%es to sails inside( others %ut

the' outside) 4hen they write or #al#ulate, instead o$ going, like the Greeks, $ro' le$t to right, they 'o&e their hand $ro' right to le$t( and they insist, notwithstanding, that it is they who go to the right, and the Greeks who go to the le$t) They ha&e two ,uite di$$erent kinds o$ writing, one o$ whi#h is #alled sa#red, the other #o''on) They are religious to e.#ess, $ar beyond any other ra#e o$ 'en, and use the $ollowing #ere'onies07 They drink out o$ bra/en #u%s, whi#h they s#our e&ery day0 there is no e.#e%tion to this %ra#ti#e) They wear linen gar'ents, whi#h they are s%e#ially #are$ul to ha&e always $resh washed) They %ra#tise #ir#u'#ision $or the sake o$ #leanliness, #onsidering it better to be #leanly than #o'ely) The %riests sha&e their whole body e&ery other day, that no li#e or other i'%ure thing 'ay adhere to the' when they are engaged in the ser&i#e o$ the gods) Their dress is entirely o$ linen, and their shoes o$ the %a%yrus %lant0 it is not law$ul $or the' to wear either dress or shoes o$ any other 'aterial) They bathe twi#e e&ery day in #old water, and twi#e ea#h night( besides whi#h they obser&e, so to s%eak, thousands o$ #ere'onies) They en2oy, howe&er, not a $ew ad&antages) They #onsu'e none o$ their own %ro%erty, and are at no e.%ense $or anything( but e&ery day bread is baked $or the' o$ the sa#red #orn, and a %lenti$ul su%%ly o$ bee$ and o$ goose1s $lesh is assigned to ea#h, and also a %ortion o$ wine 'ade $ro' the gra%e) Fish they are not allowed to eat( and beans7 whi#h none o$ the Egy%tians e&er sow, or eat, i$ they #o'e u% o$ their own a##ord, either raw or boiled7 the %riests will not e&en endure to look on, sin#e they #onsider it an un#lean kind o$ %ulse) nstead o$ a single %riest, ea#h god has the attendan#e o$ a #ollege, at the head o$ whi#h is a #hie$ %riest( when one o$ these dies, his son is a%%ointed in his roo') -ale kine are re#koned to belong to E%a%hus, and are there$ore tested in the $ollowing 'anner07 !ne o$ the %riests a%%ointed $or the %ur%ose sear#hes to see i$ there is a single bla#k hair on the whole body, sin#e in that #ase the beast is un#lean) He e.a'ines hi' all o&er, standing on his legs, and again laid u%on his ba#k( a$ter whi#h he takes the tongue out o$ his 'outh, to see i$ it be #lean in res%e#t o$ the %res#ribed 'arks ;what they are will 'ention elsewhere<( he also ins%e#ts the hairs o$ the tail, to obser&e i$ they grow naturally) $ the ani'al is %ronoun#ed #lean in all these &arious %oints, the %riest 'arks hi' by twisting a %ie#e o$ %a%yrus round his horns, and atta#hing thereto so'e sealing7#lay, whi#h he then sta'%s with his own signet7ring) *$ter this the beast is led away( and it is $orbidden, under the %enalty o$ death, to sa#ri$i#e an ani'al whi#h has not been 'arked in this way) The $ollowing is their 'anner o$ sa#ri$i#e07 They lead the &i#ti', 'arked with their signet, to the altar where they are about to o$$er it, and setting the wood alight, %our a libation o$ wine u%on the altar in $ront o$ the &i#ti', and at the sa'e ti'e in&oke the god)

Then they slay the ani'al, and #utting o$$ his head, %ro#eed to $lay the body) 3e.t they take the head, and hea%ing i'%re#ations on it, i$ there is a 'arket7%la#e and a body o$ Greek traders in the #ity, they #arry it there and sell it instantly( i$, howe&er, there are no Greeks a'ong the', they throw the head into the ri&er) The i'%re#ation is to this e$$e#t07 They %ray that i$ any e&il is i'%ending either o&er those who sa#ri$i#e, or o&er uni&ersal Egy%t, it 'ay be 'ade to $all u%on that head) These %ra#ti#es, the i'%re#ations u%on the heads, and the libations o$ wine, %re&ail all o&er Egy%t, and e.tend to &i#ti's o$ all sorts( and hen#e the Egy%tians will ne&er eat the head o$ any ani'al) The dise'bowelling and burning are, howe&er, di$$erent in di$$erent sa#ri$i#es) will 'ention the 'ode in use with res%e#t to the goddess who' they regard as the greatest, and honour with the #hie$est $esti&al) 4hen they ha&e $layed their steer they %ray, and when their %rayer is ended they take the %aun#h o$ the ani'al out entire, lea&ing the intestines and the $at inside the body( they then #ut o$$ the legs, the ends o$ the loins, the shoulders, and the ne#k( and ha&ing so done, they $ill the body o$ the steer with #lean bread, honey, raisins, $igs, $rankin#ense, 'yrrh, and other aro'ati#s) Thus $illed, they burn the body, %ouring o&er it great ,uantities o$ oil) Be$ore o$$ering the sa#ri$i#e they $ast, and while the bodies o$ the &i#ti's are being #onsu'ed they beat the'sel&es) *$terwards, when they ha&e #on#luded this %art o$ the #ere'ony, they ha&e the other %arts o$ the &i#ti' ser&ed u% to the' $or a re%ast) The 'ale kine, there$ore, i$ #lean, and the 'ale #al&es, are used $or sa#ri$i#e by the Egy%tians uni&ersally( but the $e'ales they are not allowed to sa#ri$i#e, sin#e they are sa#red to sis) The statue o$ this goddess has the $or' o$ a wo'an but with horns like a #ow, rese'bling thus the Greek re%resentations o$ o( and the Egy%tians, one and all, &enerate #ows 'u#h 'ore highly than any other ani'al) This is the reason why no nati&e o$ Egy%t, whether 'an or wo'an, will gi&e a Greek a kiss, or use the kni$e o$ a Greek, or his s%it, or his #auldron, or taste the $lesh o$ an o., known to be %ure, i$ it has been #ut with a Greek kni$e) 4hen kine die, the $ollowing is the 'anner o$ their se%ulture07 The $e'ales are thrown into the ri&er( the 'ales are buried in the suburbs o$ the towns, with one or both o$ their horns a%%earing abo&e the sur$a#e o$ the ground to 'ark the %la#e) 4hen the bodies are de#ayed, a boat #o'es, at an a%%ointed ti'e, $ro' the island #alled +roso%itis,7 whi#h is a %ortion o$ the 5elta, nine s#hoenes in #ir#u'$eren#e,7 and #alls at the se&eral #ities in turn to #olle#t the bones o$ the o.en) +roso%itis is a distri#t #ontaining se&eral #ities( the na'e o$ that $ro' whi#h the boats #o'e is *tarbe#his) @enus has a te'%le there o$ 'u#h san#tity) Great nu'bers o$ 'en go $orth $ro' this #ity and %ro#eed to the other towns, where they dig u% the bones, whi#h they take

away with the' and bury together in one %la#e) The sa'e %ra#ti#e %re&ails with res%e#t to the inter'ent o$ all other #attle7 the law so deter'ining( they do not slaughter any o$ the') "u#h Egy%tians as %ossess a te'%le o$ the Theban 8o&e, or li&e in the Thebai# #anton, o$$er no shee% in sa#ri$i#e, but only goats( $or the Egy%tians do not all worshi% the sa'e gods, e.#e%ting sis and !siris, the latter o$ who' they say is the Gre#ian Ba##hus) Those, on the #ontrary, who %ossess a te'%le dedi#ated to -endes, or belong to the -endesian #anton, abstain $ro' o$$ering goats, and sa#ri$i#e shee% instead) The Thebans, and su#h as i'itate the' in their %ra#ti#e, gi&e the $ollowing a##ount o$ the origin o$ the #usto'07 9Her#ules,9 they say, 9wished o$ all things to see 8o&e, but 8o&e did not #hoose to be seen o$ hi') *t length, when Her#ules %ersisted, 8o&e hit on a de&i#e7 to $lay a ra', and, #utting o$$ his head, hold the head be$ore hi', and #o&er hi'sel$ with the $lee#e) n this guise he showed hi'sel$ to Her#ules)9 There$ore the Egy%tians gi&e their statues o$ 8u%iter the $a#e o$ a ra'0 and $ro' the' the %ra#ti#e has %assed to the *''onians, who are a 2oint #olony o$ Egy%tians and Ethio%ians, s%eaking a language between the two( hen#e also, in 'y o%inion, the latter %eo%le took their na'e o$ *''onians, sin#e the Egy%tian na'e $or 8u%iter is *'un) "u#h, then, is the reason why the Thebans do not sa#ri$i#e ra's, but #onsider the' sa#red ani'als) 6%on one day in the year, howe&er, at the $esti&al o$ 8u%iter, they slay a single ra', and stri%%ing o$$ the $lee#e, #o&er with it the statue o$ that god, as he on#e #o&ered hi'sel$, and then bring u% to the statue o$ 8o&e an i'age o$ Her#ules) 4hen this has been done, the whole asse'bly beat their breasts in 'ourning $or the ra', and a$terwards bury hi' in a holy se%ul#hre) The a##ount whi#h re#ei&ed o$ this Her#ules 'akes hi' one o$ the twel&e gods) !$ the other Her#ules, with who' the Greeks are $a'iliar, #ould hear nothing in any %art o$ Egy%t) That the Greeks, howe&er ;those 'ean who ga&e the son o$ *'%hitryon that na'e<, took the na'e $ro' the Egy%tians, and not the Egy%tians $ro' the Greeks, is think #learly %ro&ed, a'ong other argu'ents, by the $a#t that both the %arents o$ Her#ules, *'%hitryon as well as *l#'ena, were o$ Egy%tian origin) *gain, the Egy%tians dis#lai' all knowledge o$ the na'es o$ 3e%tune and the 5ios#uri, and do not in#lude the' in the nu'ber o$ their gods( but had they ado%ted the na'e o$ any god $ro' the Greeks, these would ha&e been the likeliest to obtain noti#e, sin#e the Egy%tians, as a' well #on&in#ed, %ra#tised na&igation at that ti'e, and the Greeks also were so'e o$ the' 'ariners, so that they would ha&e been 'ore likely to know the na'es o$ these gods than that o$ Her#ules) But the Egy%tian Her#ules is one o$ their an#ient gods) "e&enteen thousand years be$ore the reign o$ *'asis, the twel&e gods were, they a$$ir', %rodu#ed $ro' the eight0 and o$ these twel&e, Her#ules is one)

n the wish to get the best in$or'ation that #ould on these 'atters, 'ade a &oyage to Tyre in +hoeni#ia, hearing there was a te'%le o$ Her#ules at that %la#e, &ery highly &enerated) &isited the te'%le, and $ound it ri#hly adorned with a nu'ber o$ o$$erings, a'ong whi#h were two %illars, one o$ %ure gold, the other o$ e'erald, shining with great brillian#y at night) n a #on&ersation whi#h held with the %riests, in,uired how long their te'%le had been built, and $ound by their answer that they, too, di$$ered $ro' the Greeks) They said that the te'%le was built at the sa'e ti'e that the #ity was $ounded, and that the $oundation o$ the #ity took %la#e two thousand three hundred years ago) n Tyre re'arked another te'%le where the sa'e god was worshi%%ed as the Thasian Her#ules) "o went on to Thasos, where $ound a te'%le o$ Her#ules whi#h had been built by the +hoeni#ians who #olonised that island when they sailed in sear#h o$ Euro%a) E&en this was $i&e generations earlier than the ti'e when Her#ules, son o$ *'%hitryon, was born in Gree#e) These resear#hes show %lainly that there is an an#ient god Her#ules( and 'y own o%inion is that those Greeks a#t 'ost wisely who build and 'aintain two te'%les o$ Her#ules, in the one o$ whi#h the Her#ules worshi%%ed is known by the na'e o$ !ly'%ian, and has sa#ri$i#e o$$ered to hi' as an i''ortal, while in the other the honours %aid are su#h as are due to a hero) The Greeks tell 'any tales without due in&estigation, and a'ong the' the $ollowing silly $able res%e#ting Her#ules07 9Her#ules,9 they say, 9went on#e to Egy%t, and there the inhabitants took hi', and %utting a #ha%let on his head, led hi' out in sole'n %ro#ession, intending to o$$er hi' a sa#ri$i#e to 8u%iter) For a while he sub'itted ,uietly( but when they led hi' u% to the altar and began the #ere'onies, he %ut $orth his strength and slew the' all)9 3ow to 'e it see's that su#h a story %ro&es the Greeks to be utterly ignorant o$ the #hara#ter and #usto's o$ the %eo%le) The Egy%tians do not think it allowable e&en to sa#ri$i#e #attle, e.#e%ting shee%, and the 'ale kine and #al&es, %ro&ided they be %ure, and also geese) How, then, #an it be belie&ed that they would sa#ri$i#e 'en: *nd again, how would it ha&e been %ossible $or Her#ules alone, and, as they #on$ess, a 'ere 'ortal, to destroy so 'any thousands: n saying thus 'u#h #on#erning these 'atters, 'ay in#ur no dis%leasure either o$ god or hero> 'entioned abo&e that so'e o$ the Egy%tians abstain $ro' sa#ri$i#ing goats, either 'ale or $e'ale) The reason is the $ollowing07 These Egy%tians, who are the -endesians, #onsider +an to be one o$ the eight gods who e.isted be$ore the twel&e, and +an is re%resented in Egy%t by the %ainters and the s#ul%tors, 2ust as he is in Gree#e, with the $a#e and legs o$ a goat) They do not, howe&er, belie&e this to be his sha%e, or #onsider hi' in any res%e#t unlike the other gods( but they re%resent hi' thus $or a reason whi#h %re$er not to relate) The -endesians hold all goats

in &eneration, but the 'ale 'ore than the $e'ale, gi&ing the goatherds o$ the 'ales es%e#ial honour) !ne is &enerated 'ore highly than all the rest, and when he dies there is a great 'ourning throughout all the -endesian #anton) n Egy%tian, the goat and +an are both #alled -endes) The %ig is regarded a'ong the' as an un#lean ani'al, so 'u#h so that i$ a 'an in %assing a##identally tou#h a %ig, he instantly hurries to the ri&er, and %lunges in with all his #lothes on) Hen#e, too, the swineherds, notwithstanding that they are o$ %ure Egy%tian blood, are $orbidden to enter into any o$ the te'%les, whi#h are o%en to all other Egy%tians( and $urther, no one will gi&e his daughter in 'arriage to a swineherd, or take a wi$e $ro' a'ong the', so that the swineherds are $or#ed to inter'arry a'ong the'sel&es) They do not o$$er swine in sa#ri$i#e to any o$ their gods, e.#e%ting Ba##hus and the -oon, who' they honour in this way at the sa'e ti'e, sa#ri$i#ing %igs to both o$ the' at the sa'e $ull 'oon, and a$terwards eating o$ the $lesh) There is a reason alleged by the' $or their detestation o$ swine at all other seasons, and their use o$ the' at this $esti&al, with whi#h a' well a#,uainted, but whi#h do not think it %ro%er to 'ention) The $ollowing is the 'ode in whi#h they sa#ri$i#e the swine to the -oon07 *s soon as the &i#ti' is slain, the ti% o$ the tail, the s%leen, and the #aul are %ut together, and ha&ing been #o&ered with all the $at that has been $ound in the ani'al1s belly, are straightway burnt) The re'ainder o$ the $lesh is eaten on the sa'e day that the sa#ri$i#e is o$$ered, whi#h is the day o$ the $ull 'oon0 at any other ti'e they would not so 'u#h as taste it) The %oorer sort, who #annot a$$ord li&e %igs, $or' %igs o$ dough, whi#h they bake and o$$er in sa#ri$i#e) To Ba##hus, on the e&e o$ his $east, e&ery Egy%tian sa#ri$i#es a hog be$ore the door o$ his house, whi#h is then gi&en ba#k to the swineherd by who' it was $urnished, and by hi' #arried away) n other res%e#ts the $esti&al is #elebrated al'ost e.a#tly as Ba##hi# $esti&als are in Gree#e, e.#e%ting that the Egy%tians ha&e no #horal dan#es) They also use instead o$ %halli another in&ention, #onsisting o$ i'ages a #ubit high, %ulled by strings, whi#h the wo'en #arry round to the &illages) * %i%er goes in $ront, and the wo'en $ollow, singing hy'ns in honour o$ Ba##hus) They gi&e a religious reason $or the %e#uliarities o$ the i'age) -ela'%us, the son o$ *'ytheon, #annot ; think< ha&e been ignorant o$ this #ere'ony7 nay, he 'ust, should #on#ei&e, ha&e been well a#,uainted with it) He it was who introdu#ed into Gree#e the na'e o$ Ba##hus, the #ere'onial o$ his worshi%, and the %ro#ession o$ the %hallus) He did not, howe&er, so #o'%letely a%%rehend the whole do#trine as to be able to #o''uni#ate it entirely, but &arious sages sin#e his ti'e ha&e #arried out his tea#hing to greater %er$e#tion) "till it is #ertain that -ela'%us introdu#ed the %hallus, and that the

Greeks learnt $ro' hi' the #ere'onies whi#h they now %ra#tise) there$ore 'aintain that -ela'%us, who was a wise 'an, and had a#,uired the art o$ di&ination, ha&ing be#o'e a#,uainted with the worshi% o$ Ba##hus through knowledge deri&ed $ro' Egy%t, introdu#ed it into Gree#e, with a $ew slight #hanges, at the sa'e ti'e that he brought in &arious other %ra#ti#es) For #an by no 'eans allow that it is by 'ere #oin#iden#e that the Ba##hi# #ere'onies in Gree#e are so nearly the sa'e as the Egy%tian7 they would then ha&e been 'ore Greek in their #hara#ter, and less re#ent in their origin) -u#h less #an ad'it that the Egy%tians borrowed these #usto's, or any other, $ro' the Greeks) -y belie$ is that -ela'%us got his knowledge o$ the' $ro' Cad'us the Tyrian, and the $ollowers who' he brought $ro' +hoeni#ia into the #ountry whi#h is now #alled Boeotia) *l'ost all the na'es o$ the gods #a'e into Gree#e $ro' Egy%t) -y in,uiries %ro&e that they were all deri&ed $ro' a $oreign sour#e, and 'y o%inion is that Egy%t $urnished the greater nu'ber) For with the e.#e%tion o$ 3e%tune and the 5ios#uri, who' 'entioned abo&e, and 8uno, @esta, The'is, the Gra#es, and the 3ereids, the other gods ha&e been known $ro' ti'e i''e'orial in Egy%t) This assert on the authority o$ the Egy%tians the'sel&es) The gods, with whose na'es they %ro$ess the'sel&es una#,uainted, the Greeks re#ei&ed, belie&e, $ro' the +elasgi, e.#e%t 3e%tune) !$ hi' they got their knowledge $ro' the Libyans, by who' he has been always honoured, and who were an#iently the only %eo%le that had a god o$ the na'e) The Egy%tians di$$er $ro' the Greeks also in %aying no di&ine honours to heroes) Besides these whi#h ha&e been here 'entioned, there are 'any other %ra#ti#es whereo$ shall s%eak herea$ter, whi#h the Greeks ha&e borrowed $ro' Egy%t) The %e#uliarity, howe&er, whi#h they obser&e in their statues o$ -er#ury they did not deri&e $ro' the Egy%tians, but $ro' the +elasgi( $ro' the' the *thenians $irst ado%ted it, and a$terwards it %assed $ro' the *thenians to the other Greeks) For 2ust at the ti'e when the *thenians were entering into the Helleni# body, the +elasgi #a'e to li&e with the' in their #ountry, when#e it was that the latter #a'e $irst to be regarded as Greeks) 4hoe&er has been initiated into the 'ysteries o$ the Cabiri will understand what 'ean) The "a'othra#ians re#ei&ed these 'ysteries $ro' the +elasgi, who, be$ore they went to li&e in *tti#a, were dwellers in "a'othra#e, and i'%arted their religious #ere'onies to the inhabitants) The *thenians, then, who were the $irst o$ all the Greeks to 'ake their statues o$ -er#ury in this way, learnt the %ra#ti#e $ro' the +elasgians( and by this %eo%le a religious a##ount o$ the 'atter is gi&en, whi#h is e.%lained in the "a'othra#ian 'ysteries) n early ti'es the +elasgi, as know by in$or'ation whi#h got at 5odona, o$$ered sa#ri$i#es o$ all kinds, and %rayed to the gods, but had no distin#t na'es or a%%ellations $or the', sin#e they had ne&er heard o$ any) They #alled the' gods ;Theoi, dis%osers<,

be#ause they dis%osed and arranged all things in su#h a beauti$ul order) *$ter a long la%se o$ ti'e the na'es o$ the gods #a'e to Gree#e $ro' Egy%t, and the +elasgi learnt the', only as yet they knew nothing o$ Ba##hus, o$ who' they $irst heard at a 'u#h later date) 3ot long a$ter the arri&al o$ the na'es they sent to #onsult the ora#le at 5odona about the') This is the 'ost an#ient ora#le in Gree#e, and at that ti'e there was no other) To their ,uestion, 94hether they should ado%t the na'es that had been i'%orted $ro' the $oreigners:9 the ora#le re%lied by re#o''ending their use) Then#e$orth in their sa#ri$i#es the +elasgi 'ade use o$ the na'es o$ the gods, and $ro' the' the na'es %assed a$terwards to the Greeks) 4hen#e the gods se&erally s%rang, whether or no they had all e.isted $ro' eternity, what $or's they bore7 these are ,uestions o$ whi#h the Greeks knew nothing until the other day, so to s%eak) For Ho'er and Hesiod were the $irst to #o'%ose Theogonies, and gi&e the gods their e%ithets, to allot the' their se&eral o$$i#es and o##u%ations, and des#ribe their $or's( and they li&ed but $our hundred years be$ore 'y ti'e, as belie&e) *s $or the %oets who are thought by so'e to be earlier than these, they are, in 'y 2udg'ent, de#idedly later writers) n these 'atters ha&e the authority o$ the %riestesses o$ 5odona $or the $or'er %ortion o$ 'y state'ents( what ha&e said o$ Ho'er and Hesiod is 'y own o%inion) The $ollowing tale is #o''only told in Egy%t #on#erning the ora#le o$ 5odona in Gree#e, and that o$ *''on in Libya) -y in$or'ants on the %oint were the %riests o$ 8u%iter at Thebes) They said 9that two o$ the sa#red wo'en were on#e #arried o$$ $ro' Thebes by the +hoeni#ians, and that the story went that one o$ the' was sold into Libya, and the other into Gree#e, and these wo'en were the $irst $ounders o$ the ora#les in the two #ountries)9 !n 'y in,uiring how they #a'e to know so e.a#tly what be#a'e o$ the wo'en, they answered, 9that diligent sear#h had been 'ade a$ter the' at the ti'e, but that it had not been $ound %ossible to dis#o&er where they were( a$terwards, howe&er, they re#ei&ed the in$or'ation whi#h they had gi&en 'e)9 This was what heard $ro' the %riests at Thebes( at 5odona, howe&er, the wo'en who deli&er the ora#les relate the 'atter as $ollows07 9Two bla#k do&es $lew away $ro' Egy%tian Thebes, and while one dire#ted its $light to Libya, the other #a'e to the') "he alighted on an oak, and sitting there began to s%eak with a hu'an &oi#e, and told the' that on the s%ot where she was, there should hen#e$orth be an ora#le o$ 8o&e) They understood the announ#e'ent to be $ro' hea&en, so they set to work at on#e and ere#ted the shrine) The do&e whi#h $lew to Libya bade the Libyans to establish there the ora#le o$ *''on)9 This likewise is an ora#le o$ 8u%iter) The %ersons $ro' who' re#ei&ed these %arti#ulars were three %riestesses o$ the 5odonaeans, the eldest +ro'eneia, the ne.t Ti'arete, and the youngest 3i#andra7

what they said was #on$ir'ed by the other 5odonaeans who dwell around the te'%le) -y own o%inion o$ these 'atters is as $ollows07 think that, i$ it be true that the +hoeni#ians #arried o$$ the holy wo'en, and sold the' $or sla&es, the one into Libya and the other into Gree#e, or +elasgia ;as it was then #alled<, this last 'ust ha&e been sold to the Thes%rotians) *$terwards, while undergoing ser&itude in those %arts, she built under a real oak a te'%le to 8u%iter, her thoughts in her new abode re&erting7 as it was likely they would do, i$ she had been an attendant in a te'%le o$ 8u%iter at Thebes7 to that %arti#ular god) Then, ha&ing a#,uired a knowledge o$ the Greek tongue, she set u% an ora#le) "he also 'entioned that her sister had been sold $or a sla&e into Libya by the sa'e %ersons as hersel$) The 5odonaeans #alled the wo'en do&es be#ause they were $oreigners, and see'ed to the' to 'ake a noise like birds) *$ter a while the do&e s%oke with a hu'an &oi#e, be#ause the wo'an, whose $oreign talk had %re&iously sounded to the' like the #hattering o$ a bird, a#,uired the %ower o$ s%eaking what they #ould understand) For how #an it be #on#ei&ed %ossible that a do&e should really s%eak with the &oi#e o$ a 'an: Lastly, by #alling the do&e bla#k the 5odonaeans indi#ated that the wo'an was an Egy%tian) *nd #ertainly the #hara#ter o$ the ora#les at Thebes and 5odona is &ery si'ilar) Besides this $or' o$ di&ination, the Greeks learnt also di&ination by 'eans o$ &i#ti's $ro' the Egy%tians) The Egy%tians were also the $irst to introdu#e sole'n asse'blies, %ro#essions, and litanies to the gods( o$ all whi#h the Greeks were taught the use by the') t see's to 'e a su$$i#ient %roo$ o$ this that in Egy%t these %ra#ti#es ha&e been established $ro' re'ote anti,uity, while in Gree#e they are only re#ently known) The Egy%tians do not hold a single sole'n asse'bly, but se&eral in the #ourse o$ the year) !$ these the #hie$, whi#h is better attended than any other, is held at the #ity o$ Bubastis in honour o$ 5iana) The ne.t in i'%ortan#e is that whi#h takes %la#e at Busiris, a #ity situated in the &ery 'iddle o$ the 5elta( it is in honour o$ sis, who is #alled in the Greek tongue 5e'iter ;Ceres<) There is a third great $esti&al in "ais to -iner&a, a $ourth in Helio%olis to the "un, a $i$th in Buto to Latona, and a si.th in +a%re'is to -ars) The $ollowing are the %ro#eedings on o##asion o$ the asse'bly at Bubastis07 -en and wo'en #o'e sailing all together, &ast nu'bers in ea#h boat, 'any o$ the wo'en with #astanets, whi#h they strike, while so'e o$ the 'en %i%e during the whole ti'e o$ the &oyage( the re'ainder o$ the &oyagers, 'ale and $e'ale, sing the while, and 'ake a #la%%ing with their hands) 4hen they arri&e o%%osite any o$ the towns u%on the banks o$ the strea', they a%%roa#h the shore, and, while so'e o$ the wo'en #ontinue to %lay and sing, others #all aloud to the $e'ales o$ the %la#e and load the' with abuse, while a

#ertain nu'ber dan#e, and so'e standing u% un#o&er the'sel&es) *$ter %ro#eeding in this way all along the ri&er7#ourse, they rea#h Bubastis, where they #elebrate the $east with abundant sa#ri$i#es) -ore gra%e7wine is #onsu'ed at this $esti&al than in all the rest o$ the year besides) The nu'ber o$ those who attend, #ounting only the 'en and wo'en and o'itting the #hildren, a'ounts, a##ording to the nati&e re%orts, to se&en hundred thousand) The #ere'onies at the $east o$ sis in the #ity o$ Busiris ha&e been already s%oken o$) t is there that the whole 'ultitude, both o$ 'en and wo'en, 'any thousands in nu'ber, beat the'sel&es at the #lose o$ the sa#ri$i#e, in honour o$ a god, whose na'e a religious s#ru%le $orbids 'e to 'ention) The Carian dwellers in Egy%t %ro#eed on this o##asion to still greater lengths, e&en #utting their $a#es with their kni&es, whereby they let it been seen that they are not Egy%tians but $oreigners) *t "ais, when the asse'bly takes %la#e $or the sa#ri$i#es, there is one night on whi#h the inhabitants all burn a 'ultitude o$ lights in the o%en air round their houses) They use la'%s in the sha%e o$ $lat sau#ers $illed with a 'i.ture o$ oil and salt, on the to% o$ whi#h the wi#k $loats) These burn the whole night, and gi&e to the $esti&al the na'e o$ the Feast o$ La'%s) The Egy%tians who are absent $ro' the $esti&al obser&e the night o$ the sa#ri$i#e, no less than the rest, by a general lighting o$ la'%s( so that the illu'ination is not #on$ined to the #ity o$ "ais, but e.tends o&er the whole o$ Egy%t) *nd there is a religious reason assigned $or the s%e#ial honour %aid to this night, as well as $or the illu'ination whi#h a##o'%anies it) *t Helio%olis and Buto the asse'blies are 'erely $or the %ur%ose o$ sa#ri$i#e( but at +a%re'is, besides the sa#ri$i#es and other rites whi#h are %er$or'ed there as elsewhere, the $ollowing #usto' is obser&ed07 4hen the sun is getting low, a $ew only o$ the %riests #ontinue o##u%ied about the i'age o$ the god, while the greater nu'ber, ar'ed with wooden #lubs, take their station at the %ortal o$ the te'%le) !%%osite to the' is drawn u% a body o$ 'en, in nu'ber abo&e a thousand, ar'ed, like the others, with #lubs, #onsisting o$ %ersons engaged in the %er$or'an#e o$ their &ows) The i'age o$ the god, whi#h is ke%t in a s'all wooden shrine #o&ered with %lates o$ gold, is #on&eyed $ro' the te'%le into a se#ond sa#red building the day be$ore the $esti&al begins) The $ew %riests still in attendan#e u%on the i'age %la#e it, together with the shrine #ontaining it, on a $our7wheeled #ar, and begin to drag it along( the others stationed at the gateway o$ the te'%le, o%%ose its ad'ission) Then the &otaries #o'e $orward to es%ouse the ,uarrel o$ the god, and set u%on the o%%onents, who are sure to o$$er resistan#e) * shar% $ight with #lubs ensues, in whi#h heads are #o''only broken on both sides) -any, a' #on&in#ed, die o$ the wounds that they re#ei&e, though

the Egy%tians insist that no one is e&er killed) The nati&es gi&e the sub2oined a##ount o$ this $esti&al) They say that the 'other o$ the god -ars on#e dwelt in the te'%le) Brought u% at a distan#e $ro' his %arent, when he grew to 'an1s estate he #on#ei&ed a wish to &isit her) *##ordingly he #a'e, but the attendants, who had ne&er seen hi' be$ore, re$used hi' entran#e, and su##eeded in kee%ing hi' out) "o he went to another #ity and #olle#ted a body o$ 'en, with whose aid he handled the attendants &ery roughly, and $or#ed his way in to his 'other) Hen#e they say arose the #usto' o$ a $ight with sti#ks in honour o$ -ars at this $esti&al) The Egy%tians $irst 'ade it a %oint o$ religion to ha&e no #on&erse with wo'en in the sa#red %la#es, and not to enter the' without washing, a$ter su#h #on&erse) *l'ost all other nations, e.#e%t the Greeks and the Egy%tians, a#t di$$erently, regarding 'an as in this 'atter under no other law than the brutes) -any ani'als, they say, and &arious kinds o$ birds, 'ay be seen to #ou%le in the te'%les and the sa#red %re#in#ts, whi#h would #ertainly not ha%%en i$ the gods were dis%leased at it) "u#h are the argu'ents by whi#h they de$end their %ra#ti#e, but ne&ertheless #an by no 'eans a%%ro&e o$ it) n these %oints the Egy%tians are s%e#ially #are$ul, as they are indeed in e&erything whi#h #on#erns their sa#red edi$i#es) Egy%t, though it borders u%on Libya, is not a region abounding in wild ani'als) The ani'als that do e.ist in the #ountry, whether do'esti#ated or otherwise, are all regarded as sa#red) $ were to e.%lain why they are #onse#rated to the se&eral gods, should be led to s%eak o$ religious 'atters, whi#h %arti#ularly shrink $ro' 'entioning( the %oints whereon ha&e tou#hed slightly hitherto ha&e all been introdu#ed $ro' sheer ne#essity) Their #usto' with res%e#t to ani'als is as $ollows07 For e&ery kind there are a%%ointed #ertain guardians, so'e 'ale, so'e $e'ale, whose business it is to look a$ter the'( and this honour is 'ade to des#end $ro' $ather to son) The inhabitants o$ the &arious #ities, when they ha&e 'ade a &ow to any god, %ay it to his ani'als in the way whi#h will now e.%lain) *t the ti'e o$ 'aking the &ow they sha&e the head o$ the #hild, #utting o$$ all the hair, or else hal$, or so'eti'es a third %art, whi#h they then weigh in a balan#e against a su' o$ sil&er( and whate&er su' the hair weighs is %resented to the guardian o$ the ani'als, who thereu%on #uts u% so'e $ish, and gi&es it to the' $or $ood7 su#h being the stu$$ whereon they are $ed) 4hen a 'an has killed one o$ the sa#red ani'als, i$ he did it with 'ali#e %re%ense, he is %unished with death( i$ unwittingly, he has to %ay su#h a $ine as the %riests #hoose to i'%ose) 4hen an ibis, howe&er, or a hawk is killed, whether it was done by a##ident or on %ur%ose, the 'an 'ust needs die) The nu'ber o$ do'esti# ani'als in Egy%t is &ery great, and would be still greater were it not $or what be$alls the #ats) *s the $e'ales, when they ha&e kittened, no longer seek the #o'%any o$ the

'ales, these last, to obtain on#e 'ore their #o'%anionshi%, %ra#tise a #urious arti$i#e) They sei/e the kittens, #arry the' o$$, and kill the', but do not #at the' a$terwards) 6%on this the $e'ales, being de%ri&ed o$ their young, and longing to su%%ly their %la#e, seek the 'ales on#e 'ore, sin#e they are %arti#ularly $ond o$ their o$$s%ring) !n e&ery o##asion o$ a $ire in Egy%t the strangest %rodigy o##urs with the #ats) The inhabitants allow the $ire to rage as it %leases, while they stand about at inter&als and wat#h these ani'als, whi#h, sli%%ing by the 'en or else lea%ing o&er the', rush headlong into the $la'es) 4hen this ha%%ens, the Egy%tians are in dee% a$$li#tion) $ a #at dies in a %ri&ate house by a natural death, all the in'ates o$ the house sha&e their eyebrows( on the death o$ a dog they sha&e the head and the whole o$ the body) The #ats on their de#ease are taken to the #ity o$ Bubastis, where they are e'bal'ed, a$ter whi#h they are buried in #ertain sa#red re%ositories) The dogs are interred in the #ities to whi#h they belong, also in sa#red burial7%la#es) The sa'e %ra#ti#e obtains with res%e#t to the i#hneu'ons( the hawks and shrew7'i#e, on the #ontrary, are #on&eyed to the #ity o$ Buto $or burial, and the ibises to Her'o%olis) The bears, whi#h are s#ar#e in Egy%t, and the wol&es, whi#h are not 'u#h bigger than $o.es, they bury where&er they ha%%en to $ind the' lying) The $ollowing are the %e#uliarities o$ the #ro#odile07 5uring the $our winter 'onths they eat nothing( they are $our7$ooted, and li&e indi$$erently on land or in the water) The $e'ale lays and hat#hes her eggs ashore, %assing the greater %ortion o$ the day on dry land, but at night retiring to the ri&er, the water o$ whi#h is war'er than the night7air and the dew) !$ all known ani'als this is the one whi#h $ro' the s'allest si/e grows to be the greatest0 $or the egg o$ the #ro#odile is but little bigger than that o$ the goose, and the young #ro#odile is in %ro%ortion to the egg( yet when it is $ull grown, the ani'al 'easures $re,uently se&enteen #ubits and e&en 'ore) t has the eyes o$ a %ig, teeth large and tusk7like, o$ a si/e %ro%ortioned to its $ra'e( unlike any other ani'al, it is without a tongue( it #annot 'o&e its under72aw, and in this res%e#t too it is singular, being the only ani'al in the world whi#h 'o&es the u%%er72aw but not the under) t has strong #laws and a s#aly skin, i'%enetrable u%on the ba#k) n the water it is blind, but on land it is &ery keen o$ sight) *s it li&es #hie$ly in the ri&er, it has the inside o$ its 'outh #onstantly #o&ered with lee#hes( hen#e it ha%%ens that, while all the other birds and beasts a&oid it, with the tro#hilus it li&es at %ea#e, sin#e it owes 'u#h to that bird0 $or the #ro#odile, when he lea&es the water and #o'es out u%on the land, is in the habit o$ lying with his 'outh wide o%en, $a#ing the western bree/e0 at su#h ti'es the tro#hilus goes into his 'outh and de&ours the lee#hes) This bene$its the #ro#odile, who is %leased,

and takes #are not to hurt the tro#hilus) The #ro#odile is estee'ed sa#red by so'e o$ the Egy%tians, by others he is treated as an ene'y) Those who li&e near Thebes, and those who dwell around Lake -oeris, regard the' with es%e#ial &eneration) n ea#h o$ these %la#es they kee% one #ro#odile in %arti#ular, who is taught to be ta'e and tra#table) They adorn his ears with ear7rings o$ 'olten stone or gold, and %ut bra#elets on his $ore7%aws, gi&ing hi' daily a set %ortion o$ bread, with a #ertain nu'ber o$ &i#ti's( and, a$ter ha&ing thus treated hi' with the greatest %ossible attention while ali&e, they e'bal' hi' when he dies and bury hi' in a sa#red re%ository) The %eo%le o$ Ele%hantine on the other hand, are so $ar $ro' #onsidering these ani'als as sa#red that they e&en eat their $lesh) n the Egy%tian language they are not #alled #ro#odiles, but Cha'%sae) The na'e o$ #ro#odiles was gi&en the' by the onians, who re'arked their rese'blan#e to the li/ards, whi#h in onia li&e in the walls and are #alled #ro#odiles) The 'odes o$ #at#hing the #ro#odile are 'any and &arious) shall only des#ribe the one whi#h see's to 'e 'ost worthy o$ 'ention) They bait a hook with a #hine o$ %ork and let the 'eat be #arried out into the 'iddle o$ the strea', while the hunter u%on the bank holds a li&ing %ig, whi#h he belabours) The #ro#odile hears its #ries, and 'aking $or the sound, en#ounters the %ork, whi#h he instantly swallows down) The 'en on the shore haul, and when they ha&e got hi' to land, the $irst thing the hunter does is to %laster his eyes with 'ud) This on#e a##o'%lished, the ani'al is des%at#hed with ease, otherwise he gi&es great trouble) The hi%%o%ota'us, in the #anton o$ +a%re'is, is a sa#red ani'al, but not in any other %art o$ Egy%t) t 'ay be thus des#ribed07 t is a ,uadru%ed, #lo&en7$ooted, with hoo$s like an o., and a $lat nose) t has the 'ane and tail o$ a horse, huge tusks whi#h are &ery #ons%i#uous, and a &oi#e like a horse1s neigh) n si/e it e,uals the biggest o.en, and its skin is so tough that when dried it is 'ade into 2a&elins) !tters also are $ound in the 3ile, and are #onsidered sa#red) !nly two sorts o$ $ish are &enerated, that #alled the le%idotus and the eel) These are regarded as sa#red to the 3ile, as likewise a'ong birds is the &ul%anser, or $o.7goose) They ha&e also another sa#red bird #alled the %hoeni. whi#h 'ysel$ ha&e ne&er seen, e.#e%t in %i#tures) ndeed it is a great rarity, e&en in Egy%t, only #o'ing there ;a##ording to the a##ounts o$ the %eo%le o$ Helio%olis< on#e in $i&e hundred years, when the old %hoeni. dies) ts si/e and a%%earan#e, i$ it is like the %i#tures, are as $ollow07 The %lu'age is %artly red, %artly golden, while the general 'ake and si/e are al'ost e.a#tly that o$ the eagle) They tell a story o$ what this bird does, whi#h does not see' to 'e to be #redible0 that he #o'es all the way $ro' *rabia, and brings the %arent

bird, all %lastered o&er with 'yrrh, to the te'%le o$ the "un, and there buries the body) n order to bring hi', they say, he $irst $or's a ball o$ 'yrrh as big as he $inds that he #an #arry( then he hollows out the ball, and %uts his %arent inside, a$ter whi#h he #o&ers o&er the o%ening with $resh 'yrrh, and the ball is then o$ e.a#tly the sa'e weight as at $irst( so he brings it to Egy%t, %lastered o&er as ha&e said, and de%osits it in the te'%le o$ the "un) "u#h is the story they tell o$ the doings o$ this bird) n the neighbourhood o$ Thebes there are so'e sa#red ser%ents whi#h are %er$e#tly har'less) They are o$ s'all si/e, and ha&e two horns growing out o$ the to% o$ the head) These snakes, when they die, are buried in the te'%le o$ 8u%iter, the god to who' they are sa#red) went on#e to a #ertain %la#e in *rabia, al'ost e.a#tly o%%osite the #ity o$ Buto, to 'ake in,uiries #on#erning the winged ser%ents) !n 'y arri&al saw the ba#k7bones and ribs o$ ser%ents in su#h nu'bers as it is i'%ossible to des#ribe0 o$ the ribs there were a 'ultitude o$ hea%s, so'e great, so'e s'all, so'e 'iddle7si/ed) The %la#e where the bones lie is at the entran#e o$ a narrow gorge between stee% 'ountains, whi#h there o%en u%on a s%a#ious %lain #o''uni#ating with the great %lain o$ Egy%t) The story goes that with the s%ring the winged snakes #o'e $lying $ro' *rabia towards Egy%t, but are 'et in this gorge by the birds #alled ibises, who $orbid their entran#e and destroy the' all) The *rabians assert, and the Egy%tians also ad'it, that it is on a##ount o$ the ser&i#e thus rendered that the Egy%tians hold the ibis in so 'u#h re&eren#e) The ibis is a bird o$ a dee%7bla#k #olour, with legs like a #rane( its beak is strongly hooked, and its si/e is about that o$ the land7rail) This is a des#ri%tion o$ the bla#k ibis whi#h #ontends with the ser%ents) The #o''oner sort, $or there are two ,uite distin#t s%e#ies, has the head and the whole throat bare o$ $eathers( its general %lu'age is white, but the head and ne#k are 2et bla#k, as also are the ti%s o$ the wings and the e.tre'ity o$ the tail( in its beak and legs it rese'bles the other s%e#ies) The winged ser%ent is sha%ed like the water7snake) ts wings are not $eathered, but rese'ble &ery #losely those o$ the bat) *nd thus #on#lude the sub2e#t o$ the sa#red ani'als) 4ith res%e#t to the Egy%tians the'sel&es, it is to be re'arked that those who li&e in the #orn #ountry, de&oting the'sel&es, as they do, $ar 'ore than any other %eo%le in the world, to the %reser&ation o$ the 'e'ory o$ %ast a#tions, are the best skilled in history o$ any 'en that ha&e e&er 'et) The $ollowing is the 'ode o$ li$e habitual to the'07 For three su##essi&e days in ea#h 'onth they %urge the body by 'eans o$ e'eti#s and #lysters, whi#h is done out o$ a regard $or their health, sin#e they ha&e a %ersuasion that e&ery disease to whi#h 'en are liable is o##asioned by the substan#es whereon they $eed) *%art $ro' any su#h %re#autions, they

are, belie&e, ne.t to the Libyans, the healthiest %eo%le in the world7 an e$$e#t o$ their #li'ate, in 'y o%inion, whi#h has no sudden #hanges) 5iseases al'ost always atta#k 'en when they are e.%osed to a #hange, and ne&er 'ore than during #hanges o$ the weather) They li&e on bread 'ade o$ s%elt, whi#h they $or' into loa&es #alled in their own tongue #yllestis) Their drink is a wine whi#h they obtain $ro' barley, as they ha&e no &ines in their #ountry) -any kinds o$ $ish they eat raw, either salted or dried in the sun) Iuails also, and du#ks and s'all birds, they eat un#ooked, 'erely $irst salting the') *ll other birds and $ishes, e.#e%ting those whi#h are set a%art as sa#red, are eaten either roasted or boiled) n so#ial 'eetings a'ong the ri#h, when the ban,uet is ended, a ser&ant #arries round to the se&eral guests a #o$$in, in whi#h there is a wooden i'age o$ a #or%se, #ar&ed and %ainted to rese'ble nature as nearly as %ossible, about a #ubit or two #ubits in length) *s he shows it to ea#h guest in turn, the ser&ant says, 9Ga/e here, and drink and be 'erry( $or when you die, su#h will you be)9 The Egy%tians adhere to their own national #usto's, and ado%t no $oreign usages) -any o$ these #usto's are worthy o$ note0 a'ong others their song, the Linus, whi#h is sung under &arious na'es not only in Egy%t but in +hoeni#ia, in Cy%rus, and in other %la#es( and whi#h see's to be e.a#tly the sa'e as that in use a'ong the Greeks, and by the' #alled Linus) There were &ery 'any things in Egy%t whi#h $illed 'e with astonish'ent, and this was one o$ the') 4hen#e #ould the Egy%tians ha&e got the Linus: t a%%ears to ha&e been sung by the' $ro' the &ery earliest ti'es) For the Linus in Egy%tian is #alled -aneros( and they told 'e that -aneros was the only son o$ their $irst king, and that on his unti'ely death he was honoured by the Egy%tians with these dirgelike strains, and in this way they got their $irst and only 'elody) There is another #usto' in whi#h the Egy%tians rese'ble a %arti#ular Greek %eo%le, na'ely the La#edae'onians) Their young 'en, when they 'eet their elders in the streets, gi&e way to the' and ste% aside( and i$ an elder #o'e in where young 'en are %resent, these latter rise $ro' their seats) n a third %oint they di$$er entirely $ro' all the nations o$ Gree#e) nstead o$ s%eaking to ea#h other when they 'eet in the streets, they 'ake an obeisan#e, sinking the hand to the knee) They wear a linen tuni# $ringed about the legs, and #alled #alasiris( o&er this they ha&e a white woollen gar'ent thrown on a$terwards) 3othing o$ woollen, howe&er, is taken into their te'%les or buried with the', as their religion $orbids it) Here their %ra#ti#e rese'bles the rites #alled !r%hi# and Ba##hi#, but whi#h are in reality Egy%tian and +ythagorean( $or no one initiated in these 'ysteries #an be buried in a woollen shroud, a religious reason being assigned $or the obser&an#e)

The Egy%tians likewise dis#o&ered to whi#h o$ the gods ea#h 'onth and day is sa#red( and $ound out $ro' the day o$ a 'an1s birth what he will 'eet with in the #ourse o$ his li$e, and how he will end his days, and what sort o$ 'an he will be7 dis#o&eries whereo$ the Greeks engaged in %oetry ha&e 'ade a use) The Egy%tians ha&e also dis#o&ered 'ore %rognosti#s than all the rest o$ 'ankind besides) 4hene&er a %rodigy takes %la#e, they wat#h and re#ord the result( then, i$ anything si'ilar e&er ha%%ens again, they e.%e#t the sa'e #onse,uen#es) 4ith res%e#t to di&ination, they hold that it is a gi$t whi#h no 'ortal %ossesses, but only #ertain o$ the gods0 thus they ha&e an ora#le o$ Her#ules, one o$ *%ollo, o$ -iner&a, o$ 5iana, o$ -ars, and o$ 8u%iter) Besides these, there is the ora#le o$ Latona at Buto, whi#h is held in 'u#h higher re%ute than any o$ the rest) The 'ode o$ deli&ering the ora#les is not uni$or', but &aries at the di$$erent shrines) -edi#ine is %ra#tised a'ong the' on a %lan o$ se%aration( ea#h %hysi#ian treats a single disorder, and no 'ore0 thus the #ountry swar's with 'edi#al %ra#titioners, so'e undertaking to #ure diseases o$ the eye, others o$ the head, others again o$ the teeth, others o$ the intestines, and so'e those whi#h are not lo#al) The $ollowing is the way in whi#h they #ondu#t their 'ournings and their $unerals07 !n the death in any house o$ a 'an o$ #onse,uen#e, $orthwith the wo'en o$ the $a'ily be%laster their heads, and so'eti'es e&en their $a#es, with 'ud( and then, lea&ing the body indoors, sally $orth and wander through the #ity, with their dress $astened by a band, and their boso's bare, beating the'sel&es as they walk) *ll the $e'ale relations 2oin the' and do the sa'e) The 'en too, si'ilarly begirt, beat their breasts se%arately) 4hen these #ere'onies are o&er, the body is #arried away to be e'bal'ed) There are a set o$ 'en in Egy%t who %ra#ti#e the art o$ e'bal'ing, and 'ake it their %ro%er business) These %ersons, when a body is brought to the', show the bearers &arious 'odels o$ #or%ses, 'ade in wood, and %ainted so as to rese'ble nature) The 'ost %er$e#t is said to be a$ter the 'anner o$ hi' who' do not think it religious to na'e in #onne#tion with su#h a 'atter( the se#ond sort is in$erior to the $irst, and less #ostly( the third is the #hea%est o$ all) *ll this the e'bal'ers e.%lain, and then ask in whi#h way it is wished that the #or%se should be %re%ared) The bearers tell the', and ha&ing #on#luded their bargain, take their de%arture, while the e'bal'ers, le$t to the'sel&es, %ro#eed to their task) The 'ode o$ e'bal'ing, a##ording to the 'ost %er$e#t %ro#ess, is the $ollowing07 They take $irst a #rooked %ie#e o$ iron, and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils, thus getting rid o$ a %ortion, while the skull is #leared o$ the rest by rinsing with drugs( ne.t they 'ake a #ut along the $lank with a shar% Ethio%ian stone, and take out the whole #ontents o$ the

abdo'en, whi#h they then #leanse, washing it thoroughly with %al' wine, and again $re,uently with an in$usion o$ %ounded aro'ati#s) *$ter this they $ill the #a&ity with the %urest bruised 'yrrh, with #assia, and e&ery other sort o$ s%i#ery e.#e%t $rankin#ense, and sew u% the o%ening) Then the body is %la#ed in natru' $or se&enty days, and #o&ered entirely o&er) *$ter the e.%iration o$ that s%a#e o$ ti'e, whi#h 'ust not be e.#eeded, the body is washed, and wra%%ed round, $ro' head to $oot, with bandages o$ $ine linen #loth, s'eared o&er with gu', whi#h is used generally by the Egy%tians in the %la#e o$ glue, and in this state it is gi&en ba#k to the relations, who en#lose it in a wooden #ase whi#h they ha&e had 'ade $or the %ur%ose, sha%ed into the $igure o$ a 'an) Then $astening the #ase, they %la#e it in a se%ul#hral #ha'ber, u%right against the wall) "u#h is the 'ost #ostly way o$ e'bal'ing the dead) $ %ersons wish to a&oid e.%ense, and #hoose the se#ond %ro#ess, the $ollowing is the 'ethod %ursued07 "yringes are $illed with oil 'ade $ro' the #edar7tree, whi#h is then, without any in#ision or dise'bowelling, in2e#ted into the abdo'en) The %assage by whi#h it 'ight be likely to return is sto%%ed, and the body laid in natru' the %res#ribed nu'ber o$ days) *t the end o$ the ti'e the #edar7oil is allowed to 'ake its es#a%e( and su#h is its %ower that it brings with it the whole sto'a#h and intestines in a li,uid state) The natru' 'eanwhile has dissol&ed the $lesh, and so nothing is le$t o$ the dead body but the skin and the bones) t is returned in this #ondition to the relati&es, without any $urther trouble being bestowed u%on it) The third 'ethod o$ e'bal'ing, whi#h is %ra#tised in the #ase o$ the %oorer #lasses, is to #lear out the intestines with a #lyster, and let the body lie in natru' the se&enty days, a$ter whi#h it is at on#e gi&en to those who #o'e to $et#h it away) The wi&es o$ 'en o$ rank are not gi&en to be e'bal'ed i''ediately a$ter death, nor indeed are any o$ the 'ore beauti$ul and &alued wo'en) t is not till they ha&e been dead three or $our days that they are #arried to the e'bal'ers) This is done to %re&ent indignities $ro' being o$$ered the') t is said that on#e a #ase o$ this kind o##urred0 the 'an was dete#ted by the in$or'ation o$ his $ellow7work'an) 4hensoe&er any one, Egy%tian or $oreigner, has lost his li$e by $alling a %rey to a #ro#odile, or by drowning in the ri&er, the law #o'%els the inhabitants o$ the #ity near whi#h the body is #ast u% to ha&e it e'bal'ed, and to bury it in one o$ the sa#red re%ositories with all %ossible 'agni$i#en#e) 3o one 'ay tou#h the #or%se, not e&en any o$ the $riends or relati&es, but only the %riests o$ the 3ile, who %re%are it $or burial with their own hands7 regarding it as so'ething 'ore than the 'ere body o$ a 'an7 and the'sel&es lay it in the to'b) The Egy%tians are a&erse to ado%t Greek #usto's, or, in a word,

those o$ any other nation) This $eeling is al'ost uni&ersal a'ong the') *t Che''is, howe&er, whi#h is a large #ity in the Thebai# #anton, near 3ea%olis, there is a s,uare en#losure sa#red to +erseus, son o$ 5anae) +al' trees grow all round the %la#e, whi#h has a stone gateway o$ an unusual si/e, sur'ounted by two #olossal statues, also in stone) nside this %re#in#t is a te'%le, and in the te'%le an i'age o$ +erseus) The %eo%le o$ Che''is say that +erseus o$ten a%%ears to the', so'eti'es within the sa#red en#losure, so'eti'es in the o%en #ountry0 one o$ the sandals whi#h he has worn is $re,uently $ound7 two #ubits in length, as they a$$ir'7 and then all Egy%t $lourishes greatly) n the worshi% o$ +erseus Greek #ere'onies are used( gy'nasti# ga'es are #elebrated in his honour, #o'%rising e&ery kind o$ #ontest, with %ri/es o$ #attle, #loaks, and skins) 'ade in,uiries o$ the Che''ites why it was that +erseus a%%eared to the' and not elsewhere in Egy%t, and how they #a'e to #elebrate gy'nasti# #ontests unlike the rest o$ the Egy%tians0 to whi#h they answered, 9that +erseus belonged to their #ity by des#ent) 5anans and Lyn#eus were Che''ites be$ore they set sail $or Gree#e, and $ro' the' +erseus was des#ended,9 they said, tra#ing the genealogy( 9and he, when he #a'e to Egy%t $or the %ur%ose9 ;whi#h the Greeks also assign< 9o$ bringing away $ro' Libya the Gorgon1s head, %aid the' a &isit, and a#knowledged the' $or his kins'en7 he had heard the na'e o$ their #ity $ro' his 'other be$ore he le$t Gree#e7 he bade the' institute a gy'nasti# #ontest in his honour, and that was the reason why they obser&ed the %ra#ti#e)9 The #usto's hitherto des#ribed are those o$ the Egy%tians who li&e abo&e the 'arsh7#ountry) The inhabitants o$ the 'arshes ha&e the sa'e #usto's as the rest, as well in those 'atters whi#h ha&e been 'entioned abo&e as in res%e#t o$ 'arriage, ea#h Egy%tian taking to hi'sel$, like the Greeks, a single wi$e( but $or greater #hea%ness o$ li&ing the 'arsh7'en %ra#tise #ertain %e#uliar #usto's, su#h as these $ollowing) They gather the blosso's o$ a #ertain water7lily, whi#h grows in great abundan#e all o&er the $lat #ountry at the ti'e when the 3ile rises and $loods the regions along its banks7 the Egy%tians #all it lotus7 they gather, say, the blosso's o$ this %lant and dry the' in the sun, a$ter whi#h they e.tra#t $ro' the #entre o$ ea#h blosso' a substan#e like the head o$ a %o%%y, whi#h they #rush and 'ake into bread) The root o$ the lotus is likewise eatable, and has a %leasant sweet taste0 it is round, and about the si/e o$ an a%%le) There is also another s%e#ies o$ the lily in Egy%t, whi#h grows, like the lotus, in the ri&er, and rese'bles the rose) The $ruit s%rings u% side by side with the blosso', on a se%arate stalk, and has al'ost e.a#tly the look o$ the #o'b 'ade by was%s) t #ontains a nu'ber o$ seeds, about the si/e o$ an oli&e7stone, whi#h are good to eat0 and these are eaten both green and dried) The byblus ;%a%yrus<, whi#h grows year a$ter year in the

'arshes, they %ull u%, and, #utting the %lant in two, reser&e the u%%er %ortion $or other %ur%oses, but take the lower, whi#h is about a #ubit long, and either eat it or else sell it) "u#h as wish to en2oy the byblus in $ull %er$e#tion bake it $irst in a #losed &essel, heated to a glow) "o'e o$ these $olk, howe&er, li&e entirely on $ish, whi#h are gutted as soon as #aught, and then hung u% in the sun0 when dry, they are used as $ood) Gregarious $ish are not $ound in any nu'bers in the ri&ers( they $re,uent the lagunes, when#e, at the season o$ breeding, they %ro#eed in shoals towards the sea) The 'ales lead the way, and dro% their 'ilt as they go, while the $e'ales, $ollowing #lose behind, eagerly swallow it down) Fro' this they #on#ei&e, and when, a$ter %assing so'e ti'e in the sea, they begin to be in s%awn, the whole shoal sets o$$ on its return to its an#ient haunts) 3ow, howe&er, it is no longer the 'ales, but the $e'ales, who take the lead0 they swi' in $ront in a body, and do e.a#tly as the 'ales did be$ore, dro%%ing, little by little, their grains o$ s%awn as they go, while the 'ales in the rear de&our the grains, ea#h one o$ whi#h is a $ish) * %ortion o$ the s%awn es#a%es and is not swallowed by the 'ales, and hen#e #o'e the $ishes whi#h grow a$terwards to 'aturity) 4han any o$ this sort o$ $ish are taken on their %assage to the sea, they are $ound to ha&e the le$t side o$ the head s#arred and bruised( while i$ taken on their return, the 'arks a%%ear on the right) The reason is that as they swi' down the 3ile seaward, they kee% #lose to the bank o$ the ri&er u%on their le$t, and returning again u% strea' they still #ling to the sa'e side, hugging it and brushing against it #onstantly, to be sure that they 'iss not their road through the great $or#e o$ the #urrent) 4hen the 3ile begins to rise, the hollows in the land and the 'arshy s%ots near the ri&er are $looded be$ore any other %la#es by the %er#olation o$ the water through the ri&erbanks( and these, al'ost as soon as they be#o'e %ools, are $ound to be $ull o$ nu'bers o$ little $ishes) think that understand how it is this #o'es to %ass) !n the subsiden#e o$ the 3ile the year be$ore, though the $ish retired with the retreating waters, they had $irst de%osited their s%awn in the 'ud u%on the banks( and so, when at the usual season the water returns, s'all $ry are ra%idly engendered out o$ the s%awn o$ the %re#eding year) "o 'u#h #on#erning the $ish) The Egy%tians who li&e in the 'arshes use $or the anointing o$ their bodies an oil 'ade $ro' the $ruit o$ the silli#y%riu', whi#h is known a'ong the' by the na'e o$ 9kiki)9 To obtain this they %lant the silli#y%riu' ;whi#h grows wild in Gree#e< along the banks o$ the ri&ers and by the sides o$ the lakes, where it %rodu#es $ruit in great abundan#e, but with a &ery disagreeable s'ell) This $ruit is gathered, and then bruised and %ressed, or else boiled down a$ter roasting0 the li,uid whi#h #o'es $ro' it is #olle#ted and is $ound to be

un#tuous, and as well suited as oli&e7oil $or la'%s, only that it gi&es out an un%leasant odour) The #ontri&an#es whi#h they use against gnats, wherewith the #ountry swar's, are the $ollowing) n the %arts o$ Egy%t abo&e the 'arshes the inhabitants %ass the night u%on lo$ty towers, whi#h are o$ great ser&i#e, as the gnats are unable to $ly to any height on a##ount o$ the winds) n the 'arsh7#ountry, where there are no towers, ea#h 'an %ossesses a net instead) By day it ser&es hi' to #at#h $ish, while at night he s%reads it o&er the bed in whi#h he is to rest, and #ree%ing in, goes to slee% underneath) The gnats, whi#h, i$ he rolls hi'sel$ u% in his dress or in a %ie#e o$ 'uslin, are sure to bite through the #o&ering, do not so 'u#h as atte'%t to %ass the net) The &essels used in Egy%t $or the trans%ort o$ 'er#handise are 'ade o$ the *#antha ;Thorn<, a tree whi#h in its growth is &ery like the Cyrenai# lotus, and $ro' whi#h there e.udes a gu') They #ut a ,uantity o$ %lanks about two #ubits in length $ro' this tree, and then %ro#eed to their shi%7building, arranging the %lanks like bri#ks, and atta#hing the' by ties to a nu'ber o$ long stakes or %oles till the hull is #o'%lete, when they lay the #ross7%lanks on the to% $ro' side to side) They gi&e the boats no ribs, but #aulk the sea's with %a%yrus on the inside) Ea#h has a single rudder, whi#h is dri&en straight through the keel) The 'ast is a %ie#e o$ a#antha7wood, and the sails are 'ade o$ %a%yrus) These boats #annot 'ake way against the #urrent unless there is a brisk bree/e( they are, there$ore, towed u%7strea' $ro' the shore0 down7strea' they are 'anaged as $ollows) There is a ra$t belonging to ea#h, 'ade o$ the wood o$ the ta'arisk, $astened together with a wattling o$ reeds( and also a stone bored through the 'iddle about two talents in weight) The ra$t is $astened to the &essel by a ro%e, and allowed to $loat down the strea' in $ront, while the stone is atta#hed by another ro%e astern) The result is that the ra$t, hurried $orward by the #urrent, goes ra%idly down the ri&er, and drags the 9baris9 ;$or so they #all this sort o$ boat< a$ter it( while the stone, whi#h is %ulled along in the wake o$ the &essel, and lies dee% in the water, kee%s the boat straight) There are a &ast nu'ber o$ these &essels in Egy%t, and so'e o$ the' are o$ 'any thousand talents1 burthen) 4hen the 3ile o&er$lows, the #ountry is #on&erted into a sea, and nothing a%%ears but the #ities, whi#h look like the islands in the Egean) *t this season boats no longer kee% the #ourse o$ the ri&er, but sail right a#ross the %lain) !n the &oyage $ro' 3au#ratis to -e'%his at this season, you %ass #lose to the %yra'ids, whereas the usual #ourse is by the a%e. o$ the 5elta, and the #ity o$ Cer#asorus) =ou #an sail also $ro' the 'ariti'e town o$ Canobus a#ross the $lat to 3au#ratis, %assing by the #ities o$ *nthylla and *r#handro%olis) The $or'er o$ these #ities, whi#h is a %la#e o$ note, is

assigned e.%ressly to the wi$e o$ the ruler o$ Egy%t $or the ti'e being, to kee% her in shoes) "u#h has been the #usto' e&er sin#e Egy%t $ell under the +ersian yoke) The other #ity see's to 'e to ha&e got its na'e o$ *r#handro%olis $ro' *r#hander the +hthian, son o$ *#haeus, and son7in7law o$ 5anaus) There 'ight #ertainly ha&e been another *r#hander( but, at any rate, the na'e is not Egy%tian) Thus $ar ha&e s%oken o$ Egy%t $ro' 'y own obser&ation, relating what 'ysel$ saw, the ideas that $or'ed, and the results o$ 'y own resear#hes) 4hat $ollows rests on the a##ounts gi&en 'e by the Egy%tians, whi#h shall now re%eat, adding thereto so'e %arti#ulars whi#h $ell under by own noti#e) The %riests said that -in was the $irst king o$ Egy%t, and that it was he who raised the dyke whi#h %rote#ts -e'%his $ro' the inundations o$ the 3ile) Be$ore his ti'e the ri&er $lowed entirely along the sandy range o$ hills whi#h skirts Egy%t on the side o$ Libya) He, howe&er, by banking u% the ri&er at the bend whi#h it $or's about a hundred $urlongs south o$ -e'%his, laid the an#ient #hannel dry, while he dug a new #ourse $or the strea' hal$way between the two lines o$ hills) To this day, the elbow whi#h the 3ile $or's at the %oint where it is $or#ed aside into the new #hannel is guarded with the greatest #are by the +ersians, and strengthened e&ery year( $or i$ the ri&er were to burst out at this %la#e, and %our o&er the 'ound, there would be danger o$ -e'%his being #o'%letely o&erwhel'ed by the $lood) -in, the $irst king, ha&ing thus, by turning the ri&er, 'ade the tra#t where it used to run, dry land, %ro#eeded in the $irst %la#e to build the #ity now #alled -e'%his, whi#h lies in the narrow %art o$ Egy%t( a$ter whi#h he $urther e.#a&ated a lake outside the town, to the north and west, #o''uni#ating with the ri&er, whi#h was itsel$ the eastern boundary) Besides these works, he also, the %riests said, built the te'%le o$ @ul#an whi#h stands within the #ity, a &ast edi$i#e, &ery worthy o$ 'ention) 3e.t, they read 'e $ro' a %a%yrus the na'es o$ three hundred and thirty 'onar#hs, who ;they said< were his su##essors u%on the throne) n this nu'ber o$ generations there were eighteen Ethio%ian kings, and one ,ueen who was a nati&e( all the rest were kings and Egy%tians) The ,ueen bore the sa'e na'e as the Babylonian %rin#ess, na'ely, 3ito#ris) They said that she su##eeded her brother( he had been king o$ Egy%t, and was %ut to death by his sub2e#ts, who then %la#ed her u%on the throne) Bent on a&enging his death, she de&ised a #unning s#he'e by whi#h she destroyed a &ast nu'ber o$ Egy%tians) "he #onstru#ted a s%a#ious underground #ha'ber, and, on %reten#e o$ inaugurating it, #ontri&ed the $ollowing07 n&iting to a ban,uet those o$ the Egy%tians who' she knew to ha&e had the #hie$ share in the 'urder o$ her brother, she suddenly, as they were $easting, let the ri&er in u%on the' by 'eans o$ a se#ret du#t o$ large si/e) This and this only did they tell 'e o$ her, e.#e%t that, when she had done as

ha&e said, she threw hersel$ into an a%art'ent $ull o$ ashes, that she 'ight es#a%e the &engean#e whereto she would otherwise ha&e been e.%osed) The other kings, they said, were %ersonages o$ no note or distin#tion, and le$t no 'onu'ents o$ any a##ount, with the e.#e%tion o$ the last, who was na'ed -oeris) He le$t se&eral 'e'orials o$ his reign7 the northern gateway o$ the te'%le o$ @ul#an, the lake e.#a&ated by his orders, whose di'ensions shall gi&e %resently, and the %yra'ids built by hi' in the lake, the si/e o$ whi#h will be stated when des#ribe the lake itsel$ wherein they stand) "u#h were his works0 the other kings le$t absolutely nothing) +assing o&er these 'onar#hs, there$ore, shall s%eak o$ the king who reigned ne.t, whose na'e was "esostris) He, the %riests said, $irst o$ all %ro#eeded in a $leet o$ shi%s o$ war $ro' the *rabian gul$ along the shores o$ the Erythraean sea, subduing the nations as he went, until he $inally rea#hed a sea whi#h #ould not be na&igated by reason o$ the shoals) Hen#e he returned to Egy%t, where, they told 'e, he #olle#ted a &ast ar'a'ent, and 'ade a %rogress by land a#ross the #ontinent, #on,uering e&ery %eo%le whi#h $ell in his way) n the #ountries where the nati&es withstood his atta#k, and $ought gallantly $or their liberties, he ere#ted %illars, on whi#h he ins#ribed his own na'e and #ountry, and how that he had here redu#ed the inhabitants to sub2e#tion by the 'ight o$ his ar's0 where, on the #ontrary, they sub'itted readily and without a struggle, he ins#ribed on the %illars, in addition to these %arti#ulars, an e'ble' to 'ark that they were a nation o$ wo'en, that is, unwarlike and e$$e'inate) n this way he tra&ersed the whole #ontinent o$ *sia, when#e he %assed on into Euro%e, and 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ "#ythia and o$ Thra#e, beyond whi#h #ountries do not think that his ar'y e.tended its 'ar#h) For thus $ar the %illars whi#h he ere#ted are still &isible, but in the re'oter regions they are no longer $ound) Returning to Egy%t $ro' Thra#e, he #a'e, on his way, to the banks o$ the ri&er +hasis) Here #annot say with any #ertainty what took %la#e) Either he o$ his own a##ord deta#hed a body o$ troo%s $ro' his 'ain ar'y and le$t the' to #olonise the #ountry, or else a #ertain nu'ber o$ his soldiers, wearied with their long wanderings, deserted, and established the'sel&es on the banks o$ this strea') There #an be no doubt that the Col#hians are an Egy%tian ra#e) Be$ore heard any 'ention o$ the $a#t $ro' others, had re'arked it 'ysel$) *$ter the thought had stru#k 'e, 'ade in,uiries on the sub2e#t both in Col#his and in Egy%t, and $ound that the Col#hians had a 'ore distin#t re#olle#tion o$ the Egy%tians, than the Egy%tians had o$ the') "till the Egy%tians said that they belie&ed the Col#hians to be des#ended $ro' the ar'y o$ "esostris) -y own #on2e#tures were $ounded, $irst, on the $a#t that they are

bla#k7skinned and ha&e woolly hair, whi#h #ertainly a'ounts to but little, sin#e se&eral other nations are so too( but $urther and 'ore es%e#ially, on the #ir#u'stan#e that the Col#hians, the Egy%tians, and the Ethio%ians, are the only nations who ha&e %ra#tised #ir#u'#ision $ro' the earliest ti'es) The +hoeni#ians and the "yrians o$ +alestine the'sel&es #on$ess that they learnt the #usto' o$ the Egy%tians( and the "yrians who dwell about the ri&ers Ther'odon and +arthenius, as well as their neighbours the -a#ronians, say that they ha&e re#ently ado%ted it $ro' the Col#hians) 3ow these are the only nations who use #ir#u'#ision, and it is %lain that they all i'itate herein the Egy%tians) 4ith res%e#t to the Ethio%ians, indeed, #annot de#ide whether they learnt the %ra#ti#e o$ the Egy%tians, or the Egy%tians o$ the'7 it is undoubtedly o$ &ery an#ient date in Ethio%ia7 but that the others deri&ed their knowledge o$ it $ro' Egy%t is #lear to 'e $ro' the $a#t that the +hoeni#ians, when they #o'e to ha&e #o''er#e with the Greeks, #ease to $ollow the Egy%tians in this #usto', and allow their #hildren to re'ain un#ir#u'#ised) will add a $urther %roo$ to the identity o$ the Egy%tians and the Col#hians) These two nations wea&e their linen in e.a#tly the sa'e way, and this is a way entirely unknown to the rest o$ the world( they also in their whole 'ode o$ li$e and in their language rese'ble one another) The Col#hian linen is #alled by the Greeks "ardinian, while that whi#h #o'es $ro' Egy%t is known as Egy%tian) The %illars whi#h "esostris ere#ted in the #on,uered #ountries ha&e $or the 'ost %art disa%%eared( but in the %art o$ "yria #alled +alestine, 'ysel$ saw the' still standing, with the writing abo&e7'entioned, and the e'ble' distin#tly &isible) n onia also, there are two re%resentations o$ this %rin#e engra&ed u%on ro#ks, one on the road $ro' E%hesus to +ho#aea, the other between "ardis and "'yrna) n ea#h #ase the $igure is that o$ a 'an, $our #ubits and a s%an high, with a s%ear in his right hand and a bow in his le$t, the rest o$ his #ostu'e being likewise hal$ Egy%tian, hal$ Ethio%ian) There is an ins#ri%tion a#ross the breast $ro' shoulder to shoulder, in the sa#red #hara#ter o$ Egy%t, whi#h says, 94ith 'y own shoulders #on,uered this land)9 The #on,ueror does not tell who he is, or when#e he #o'es, though elsewhere "esostris re#ords these $a#ts) Hen#e it has been i'agined by so'e o$ those who ha&e seen these $or's, that they are $igures o$ -e'non( but su#h as think so err &ery widely $ro' the truth) This "esostris, the %riests went on to say, u%on his return ho'e, a##o'%anied by &ast 'ultitudes o$ the %eo%le whose #ountries he had subdued, was re#ei&ed by his brother, who' he had 'ade &i#eroy o$ Egy%t on his de%arture, at 5a%hnae near +elusiu', and in&ited by hi' to a ban,uet, whi#h he attended, together with his sons) Then his brother %iled a ,uantity o$ wood all round the

building, and ha&ing so done set it alight) "esostris, dis#o&ering what had ha%%ened, took #ounsel instantly with his wi$e, who had a##o'%anied hi' to the $east, and was ad&ised by her to lay two o$ their si. sons u%on the $ire, and so 'ake a bridge a#ross the $la'es, whereby the rest 'ight e$$e#t their es#a%e) "esostris did as she re#o''ended, and thus while two o$ his sons were burnt to death, he hi'sel$ and his other #hildren were sa&ed) The king then returned to his own land and took &engean#e u%on his brother, a$ter whi#h he %ro#eeded to 'ake use o$ the 'ultitudes who' he had brought with hi' $ro' the #on,uered #ountries, %artly to drag the huge 'asses o$ stone whi#h were 'o&ed in the #ourse o$ his reign to the te'%le o$ @ul#an7 %artly to dig the nu'erous #anals with whi#h the whole o$ Egy%t is interse#ted) By these $or#ed labours the entire $a#e o$ the #ountry was #hanged( $or whereas Egy%t had $or'erly been a region suited both $or horses and #arriages, hen#e$orth it be#a'e entirely un$it $or either) Though a $lat #ountry throughout its whole e.tent, it is now un$it $or either horse or #arriage, being #ut u% by the #anals, whi#h are e.tre'ely nu'erous and run in all dire#tions) The king1s ob2e#t was to su%%ly 3ile water to the inhabitants o$ the towns situated in the 'id7#ountry, and not lying u%on the ri&er( $or %re&iously they had been obliged, a$ter the subsiden#e o$ the $loods, to drink a bra#kish water whi#h they obtained $ro' wells) "esostris also, they de#lared, 'ade a di&ision o$ the soil o$ Egy%t a'ong the inhabitants, assigning s,uare %lots o$ ground o$ e,ual si/e to all, and obtaining his #hie$ re&enue $ro' the rent whi#h the holders were re,uired to %ay hi' year by year) $ the ri&er #arried away any %ortion o$ a 'an1s lot, he a%%eared be$ore the king, and related what had ha%%ened( u%on whi#h the king sent %ersons to e.a'ine, and deter'ine by 'easure'ent the e.a#t e.tent o$ the loss( and then#e$orth only su#h a rent was de'anded o$ hi' as was %ro%ortionate to the redu#ed si/e o$ his land) Fro' this %ra#ti#e, think, geo'etry $irst #a'e to be known in Egy%t, when#e it %assed into Gree#e) The sun7dial, howe&er, and the gno'on with the di&ision o$ the day into twel&e %arts, were re#ei&ed by the Greeks $ro' the Babylonians) "esostris was king not only o$ Egy%t, but also o$ Ethio%ia) He was the only Egy%tian 'onar#h who e&er ruled o&er the latter #ountry) He le$t, as 'e'orials o$ his reign, the stone statues whi#h stand in $ront o$ the te'%le o$ @ul#an, two o$ whi#h, re%resenting hi'sel$ and his wi$e, are thirty #ubits in height, while the re'aining $our, whi#h re%resent his sons, are twenty #ubits) These are the statues, in $ront o$ whi#h the %riest o$ @ul#an, &ery 'any years a$terwards, would not allow 5arius the +ersian to %la#e a statue o$ hi'sel$( 9be#ause,9 he said, 95arius had not e,ualled the a#hie&e'ents o$ "esostris the Egy%tian0 $or while "esostris had subdued to the $ull as

'any nations as e&er 5arius had brought under, he had likewise #on,uered the "#ythians, who' 5arius had $ailed to 'aster) t was not $air, there$ore, that he should ere#t his statue in $ront o$ the o$$erings o$ a king, whose deeds he had been unable to sur%ass)9 5arius, they say, %ardoned the $reedo' o$ this s%ee#h) !n the death o$ "esostris, his son +heron, the %riests said, 'ounted the throne) He undertook no warlike e.%editions( being stru#k with blindness, owing to the $ollowing #ir#u'stan#e) The ri&er had swollen to the unusual height o$ eighteen #ubits, and had o&er$lowed all the $ields, when, a sudden wind arising, the water rose in great wa&es) Then the king, in a s%irit o$ i'%ious &iolen#e, sei/ed his s%ear, and hurled it into the strong eddies o$ the strea') nstantly he was s'itten with disease o$ the eyes, $ro' whi#h a$ter a little while he be#a'e blind, #ontinuing without the %ower o$ &ision $or ten years) *t last, in the ele&enth year, an ora#ular announ#e'ent rea#hed hi' $ro' the #ity o$ Buto, to the e$$e#t, that 9the ti'e o$ his %unish'ent had run out, and he should re#o&er his sight by washing his eyes with urine) He 'ust $ind a wo'an who had been $aith$ul to her husband, and had ne&er %re$erred to hi' another 'an)9 The king, there$ore, $irst o$ all 'ade trial o$ his wi$e, but to no %ur%ose he #ontinued as blind as be$ore) "o he 'ade the e.%eri'ent with other wo'en, until at length he su##eeded, and in this way re#o&ered his sight) Hereu%on he asse'bled all the wo'en, e.#e%t the last, and bringing the' to the #ity whi#h now bears the na'e o$ Erythrabolus ;Red7soil<, he there burnt the' all, together with the %la#e itsel$) The wo'an to who' he owed his #ure, he 'arried, and a$ter his re#o&ery was #o'%lete, he %resented o$$erings to all the te'%les o$ any note, a'ong whi#h the best worthy o$ 'ention are the two stone obelisks whi#h he ga&e to the te'%le o$ the "un) These are 'agni$i#ent works( ea#h is 'ade o$ a single stone, eight #ubits broad, and a hundred #ubits in height) +heron, they said, was su##eeded by a 'an o$ -e'%his, whose na'e, in the language o$ the Greeks, was +roteus) There is a sa#red %re#in#t o$ this king in -e'%his, whi#h is &ery beauti$ul, and ri#hly adorned, situated south o$ the great te'%le o$ @ul#an) +hoeni#ians $ro' the #ity o$ Tyre dwell all round this %re#in#t, and the whole %la#e is known by the na'e o$ 9the #a'% o$ the Tyrians)9 4ithin the en#losure stands a te'%le, whi#h is #alled that o$ @enus the "tranger) #on2e#ture the building to ha&e been ere#ted to Helen, the daughter o$ Tyndarus( $irst, be#ause she, as ha&e heard say, %assed so'e ti'e at the #ourt o$ +roteus( and se#ondly, be#ause the te'%le is dedi#ated to @enus the "tranger( $or a'ong all the 'any te'%les o$ @enus there is no other where the goddess bears this title) The %riests, in answer to 'y in,uiries on the sub2e#t o$ Helen, in$or'ed 'e o$ the $ollowing %arti#ulars) 4hen *le.ander had #arried o$$ Helen $ro' "%arta, he took shi% and sailed ho'ewards) !n his way

a#ross the Egean a gale arose, whi#h dro&e hi' $ro' his #ourse and took hi' down to the sea o$ Egy%t( hen#e, as the wind did not abate, he was #arried on to the #oast, when he went ashore, landing at the "alt7+ans, in that 'outh o$ the 3ile whi#h is now #alled the Canobi#) *t this %la#e there stood u%on the shore a te'%le, whi#h still e.ists, dedi#ated to Her#ules) $ a sla&e runs away $ro' his 'aster, and taking san#tuary at this shrine gi&es hi'sel$ u% to the god, and re#ei&es #ertain sa#red 'arks u%on his %erson, whosoe&er his 'aster 'ay be, he #annot lay hand on hi') This law still re'ained un#hanged to 'y ti'e) Hearing, there$ore, o$ the #usto' o$ the %la#e, the attendants o$ *le.ander deserted hi', and $led to the te'%le, where they sat as su%%liants) 4hile there, wishing to da'age their 'aster, they a##used hi' to the Egy%tians, narrating all the #ir#u'stan#es o$ the ra%e o$ Helen and the wrong done to -enelaus) These #harges they brought, not only be$ore the %riests, but also be$ore the warden o$ that 'outh o$ the ri&er, whose na'e was Thonis) *s soon as he re#ei&ed the intelligen#e, Thonis sent a 'essage to +roteus, who was at -e'%his, to this e$$e#t0 9* stranger is arri&ed $ro' Gree#e( he is by ra#e a Teu#rian, and has done a wi#ked deed in the #ountry $ro' whi#h he is #o'e) Ha&ing beguiled the wi$e o$ the 'an whose guest he was, he #arried her away with hi', and 'u#h treasure also) Co'%elled by stress o$ weather, he has now %ut in here) *re we to let hi' de%art as he #a'e, or shall we sei/e what he has brought:9 +roteus re%lied, 9"ei/e the 'an, be he who he 'ay, that has dealt thus wi#kedly with his $riend, and bring hi' be$ore 'e, that 'ay hear what he will say $or hi'sel$)9 Thonis, on re#ei&ing these orders, arrested *le.ander, and sto%%ed the de%arture o$ his shi%s( then, taking with hi' *le.ander, Helen, the treasures, and also the $ugiti&e sla&es, he went u% to -e'%his) 4hen all were arri&ed, +roteus asked *le.ander, 9who he was, and when#e he had #o'e:9 *le.ander re%lied by gi&ing his des#ent, the na'e o$ his #ountry, and a true a##ount o$ his late &oyage) Then +roteus ,uestioned hi' as to how he got %ossession o$ Helen) n his re%ly *le.ander be#a'e #on$used, and di&erged $ro' the truth, whereon the sla&es inter%osed, #on$uted his state'ents, and told the whole history o$ the #ri'e) Finally, +roteus deli&ered 2udg'ent as $ollows0 95id not regard it as a 'atter o$ the ut'ost #onse,uen#e that no stranger dri&en to 'y #ountry by ad&erse winds should e&er be %ut to death, would #ertainly ha&e a&enged the Greek by slaying thee) Thou basest o$ 'en,7 a$ter a##e%ting hos%itality, to do so wi#ked a deed> First, thou didst sedu#e the wi$e o$ thy own host7 then, not #ontent therewith, thou 'ust &iolently e.#ite her 'ind, and steal her away $ro' her husband) 3ay, e&en so thou wert not satis$ied, but on lea&ing, thou 'ust %lunder the house in whi#h thou hadst been a guest) 3ow then, as think it o$ the greatest i'%ortan#e to %ut no stranger to death, su$$er thee to de%art( but the wo'an and the treasures

shall not %er'it to be #arried away) Here they 'ust stay, till the Greek stranger #o'es in %erson and takes the' ba#k with hi') For thysel$ and thy #o'%anions, #o''and thee to begone $ro' 'y land within the s%a#e o$ three days7 and warn you, that otherwise at the end o$ that ti'e you will be treated as ene'ies)9 "u#h was the tale told 'e by the %riests #on#erning the arri&al o$ Helen at the #ourt o$ +roteus) t see's to 'e that Ho'er was a#,uainted with this story, and while dis#arding it, be#ause he thought it less ada%ted $or e%i# %oetry than the &ersion whi#h he $ollowed, showed that it was not unknown to hi') This is e&ident $ro' the tra&els whi#h he assigns to *le.ander in the liad7 and let it be borne in 'ind that he has nowhere else #ontradi#ted hi'sel$7 'aking hi' be #arried out o$ his #ourse on his return with Helen, and a$ter di&ers wanderings #o'e at last to "idon in +hoeni#ia) The %assage is in the Bra&ery o$ 5io'ed, and the words are as $ollows07 There were the robes, 'any7#oloured, the work o$ "idonian wo'en0 They $ro' "idon had #o'e, what ti'e god7sha%ed *le.ander !&er the broad sea brought, that way, the high7born Helen) n the !dyssey also the sa'e $a#t is alluded to, in these words07 "u#h, so wisely %re%ared, were the drugs that her stores a$$orded, E.#ellent( gi$t whi#h on#e +olyda'na, %artner o$ Thonis, Ga&e her in Egy%t, where 'any the si'%les that grow in the 'eadows, +otent to #ure in %art, in %art as %otent to in2ure) -enelaus too, in the sa'e %oe', thus addresses Tele'a#hus07 -u#h did long to return, but the Gods still ke%t 'e in Egy%t7 *ngry be#ause had $ailed to %ay the' their he#ato'bs duly) n these %la#es Ho'er shows hi'sel$ a#,uainted with the &oyage o$ *le.ander to Egy%t, $or "yria borders on Egy%t, and the +hoeni#ians, to who' "idon belongs, dwell in "yria) Fro' these &arious %assages, and $ro' that about "idon es%e#ially, it is #lear that Ho'er did not write the Cy%ria) For there it is said that *le.ander arri&ed at liu' with Helen on the third day a$ter he le$t "%arta, the wind ha&ing been $a&ourable, and the sea s'ooth( whereas in the liad, the %oet 'akes hi' wander be$ore he brings her ho'e) Enough, howe&er, $or the %resent o$ Ho'er and the Cy%ria) 'ade in,uiry o$ the %riests whether the story whi#h the Greeks tell about liu' is a $able, or no) n re%ly they related the $ollowing %arti#ulars, o$ whi#h they de#lared that -enelaus had

hi'sel$ in$or'ed the') *$ter the ra%e o$ Helen, a &ast ar'y o$ Greeks, wishing to render hel% to -enelaus, set sail $or the Teu#rian territory( on their arri&al they dise'barked, and $or'ed their #a'%, a$ter whi#h they sent a'bassadors to liu', o$ who' -enelaus was one) The e'bassy was re#ei&ed within the walls, and de'anded the restoration o$ Helen with the treasures whi#h *le.ander had #arried o$$, and likewise re,uired satis$a#tion $or the wrong done) The Teu#rians ga&e at on#e the answer in whi#h they %ersisted e&er a$terwards, ba#king their assertions so'eti'es e&en with oaths, to wit, that neither Helen, nor the treasures #lai'ed, were in their %ossession,7 both the one and the other had re'ained, they said, in Egy%t( and it was not 2ust to #o'e u%on the' $or what +roteus, king o$ Egy%t, was detaining) The Greeks, i'agining that the Teu#rians were 'erely laughing at the', laid siege to the town, and ne&er rested until they $inally took it) *s, howe&er, no Helen was $ound, and they were still told the sa'e story, they at length belie&ed in its truth, and des%at#hed -enelaus to the #ourt o$ +roteus) "o -enelaus tra&elled to Egy%t, and on his arri&al sailed u% the ri&er as $ar as -e'%his, and related all that had ha%%ened) He 'et with the ut'ost hos%itality, re#ei&ed Helen ba#k unhar'ed, and re#o&ered all his treasures) *$ter this $riendly treat'ent -enelaus, they said, beha&ed 'ost un2ustly towards the Egy%tians( $or as it ha%%ened that at the ti'e when he wanted to take his de%arture, he was detained by the wind being #ontrary, and as he $ound this obstru#tion #ontinue, he had re#ourse to a 'ost wi#ked e.%edient) He sei/ed, they said, two #hildren o$ the %eo%le o$ the #ountry, and o$$ered the' u% in sa#ri$i#e) 4hen this be#a'e known, the indignation o$ the %eo%le was stirred, and they went in %ursuit o$ -enelaus, who, howe&er, es#a%ed with his shi%s to Libya, a$ter whi#h the Egy%tians #ould not say whither he went) The rest they knew $ull well, %artly by the in,uiries whi#h they had 'ade, and %artly $ro' the #ir#u'stan#es ha&ing taken %la#e in their own land, and there$ore not ad'itting o$ doubt) "u#h is the a##ount gi&en by the Egy%tian %riests, and a' 'ysel$ in#lined to regard as true all that they say o$ Helen $ro' the $ollowing #onsiderations07 $ Helen had been at Troy, the inhabitants would, think, ha&e gi&en her u% to the Greeks, whether *le.ander #onsented to it or no) For surely neither +ria', nor his $a'ily, #ould ha&e been so in$atuated as to endanger their own %ersons, their #hildren, and their #ity, 'erely that *le.ander 'ight %ossess Helen) *t any rate, i$ they deter'ined to re$use at $irst, yet a$terwards when so 'any o$ the Tro2ans $ell on e&ery en#ounter with the Greeks, and +ria' too in ea#h battle lost a son, or so'eti'es two, or three, or e&en 'ore, i$ we 'ay #redit the e%i# %oets, do not belie&e that e&en i$ +ria' hi'sel$ had been 'arried to her he would ha&e de#lined to deli&er her u%, with the &iew o$ bringing the

series o$ #ala'ities to a #lose) 3or was it as i$ *le.ander had been heir to the #rown, in whi#h #ase he 'ight ha&e had the #hie$ 'anage'ent o$ a$$airs, sin#e +ria' was already old) He#tor, who was his elder brother, and a $ar bra&er 'an, stood be$ore hi', and was the heir to the kingdo' on the death o$ their $ather +ria') *nd it #ould not be He#tor1s interest to u%hold his brother in his wrong, when it brought su#h dire #ala'ities u%on hi'sel$ and the other Tro2ans) But the $a#t was that they had no Helen to deli&er, and so they told the Greeks, but the Greeks would not belie&e what they said7 5i&ine +ro&iden#e, as think, so willing, that by their utter destru#tion it 'ight be 'ade e&ident to all 'en that when great wrongs are done, the gods will surely &isit the' with great %unish'ents) "u#h, at least, is 'y &iew o$ the 'atter) ;F)< 4hen +roteus died, Rha'%sinitus, the %riests in$or'ed 'e, su##eeded to the throne) His 'onu'ents were the western gateway o$ the te'%le o$ @ul#an, and the two statues whi#h stand in $ront o$ this gateway, #alled by the Egy%tians, the one "u''er, the other 4inter, ea#h twenty7$i&e #ubits in height) The statue o$ "u''er, whi#h is the northern'ost o$ the two, is worshi%%ed by the nati&es, and has o$$erings 'ade to it( that o$ 4inter, whi#h stands towards the south, is treated in e.a#tly the #ontrary way) ?ing Rha'%sinitus was %ossessed, they said, o$ great ri#hes in sil&er7 indeed to su#h an a'ount, that none o$ the %rin#es, his su##essors, sur%assed or e&en e,ualled his wealth) For the better #ustody o$ this 'oney, he %ro%osed to build a &ast #ha'ber o$ hewn stone, one side o$ whi#h was to $or' a %art o$ the outer wall o$ his %ala#e) The builder, there$ore, ha&ing designs u%on the treasures, #ontri&ed, as he was 'aking the building, to insert in this wall a stone, whi#h #ould easily be re'o&ed $ro' its %la#e by two 'en, or e&en by one) "o the #ha'ber was $inished, and the king1s 'oney stored away in it) Ti'e %assed, and the builder $ell si#k, when $inding his end a%%roa#hing, he #alled $or his two sons, and related to the' the #ontri&an#e he had 'ade in the king1s treasure7#ha'ber, telling the' it was $or their sakes he had done it, that so they 'ight always li&e in a$$luen#e) Then he ga&e the' #lear dire#tions #on#erning the 'ode o$ re'o&ing the stone, and #o''uni#ated the 'easure'ents, bidding the' #are$ully kee% the se#ret, whereby they would be Co'%trollers o$ the Royal E.#he,uer so long as they li&ed) Then the $ather died, and the sons were not slow in setting to work0 they went by night to the %ala#e, $ound the stone in the wall o$ the building, and ha&ing re'o&ed it with ease, %lundered the treasury o$ a round su') ;G)< 4hen the king ne.t %aid a &isit to the a%art'ent, he was astonished to see that the 'oney was sunk in so'e o$ the &essels wherein it was stored away) 4ho' to a##use, howe&er, he knew not, as the seals were all %er$e#t, and the $astenings o$ the roo' se#ure) "till ea#h ti'e that he re%eated his &isits, he $ound that 'ore

'oney was gone) The thie&es in truth ne&er sto%%ed, but %lundered the treasury e&er 'ore and 'ore) *t last the king deter'ined to ha&e so'e tra%s 'ade, and set near the &essels whi#h #ontained his wealth) This was done, and when the thie&es #a'e, as usual, to the treasure7#ha'ber, and one o$ the' entering through the a%erture, 'ade straight $or the 2ars, suddenly he $ound hi'sel$ #aught in one o$ the tra%s) +er#ei&ing that he was lost, he instantly #alled his brother and telling hi' what had ha%%ened, entreated hi' to enter as ,ui#kly as %ossible and #ut o$$ his head, that when his body should be dis#o&ered it 'ight not be re#ognised, whi#h would ha&e the e$$e#t o$ bringing ruin u%on both) The other thie$ thought the ad&i#e good, and was %ersuaded to $ollow it then, $itting the stone into its %la#e, he went ho'e, taking with hi' his brother1s head) ;E)< 4hen day dawned, the king #a'e into the roo', and 'ar&elled greatly to see the body o$ the thie$ in the tra% without a head, while the building was still whole, and neither entran#e nor e.it was to be seen anywhere) n this %er%le.ity he #o''anded the body o$ the dead 'an to be hung u% outside the %ala#e wall, and set a guard to wat#h it, with orders that i$ any %ersons were seen wee%ing or la'enting near the %la#e, they should be sei/ed and brought be$ore hi') 4hen the 'other heard o$ this e.%osure o$ the #or%se o$ her son, she took it sorely to heart, and s%oke to her sur&i&ing #hild, bidding hi' de&ise so'e %lan or other to get ba#k the body, and threatening, that i$ he did not e.ert hi'sel$, she would go hersel$ to the king, and denoun#e hi' as the robber) ;4)< The son said all he #ould to %ersuade her to let the 'atter rest, but in &ain( she still #ontinued to trouble hi', until at last he yielded to her i'%ortunity, and #ontri&ed as $ollows07 Filling so'e skins with wine, he loaded the' on donkeys, whi#h he dro&e be$ore hi' till he #a'e to the %la#e where the guards were wat#hing the dead body, when %ulling two or three o$ the skins towards hi', he untied so'e o$ the ne#ks whi#h dangled by the asses1 sides) The wine %oured $reely out, whereu%on he began to beat his head, and shout with all his 'ight, see'ing not to know whi#h o$ the donkeys he should turn to $irst) 4hen the guards saw the wine running, delighted to %ro$it by the o##asion, they rushed one and all into the road, ea#h with so'e &essel or other, and #aught the li,uor as it was s%illing) The dri&er %retended anger, and loaded the' with abuse( whereon they did their best to %a#i$y hi', until at last he a%%eared to so$ten, and re#o&er his good hu'our, dro&e his asses aside out o$ the road, and set to work to rearrange their burthens( 'eanwhile, as he talked and #hatted with the guards, one o$ the' began to rally hi', and 'ake hi' laugh, whereu%on he ga&e the' one o$ the skins as a gi$t) They now 'ade u% their 'inds to sit down and ha&e a drinking7bout where they were, so they begged hi' to re'ain and drink with the') Then the 'an let hi'sel$ be %ersuaded, and stayed) *s the drinking went on, they

grew &ery $riendly together, so %resently he ga&e the' another skin, u%on whi#h they drank so #o%iously that they were all o&er#o'e with the li,uor, and growing drowsy lay down, and $ell aslee% on the s%ot) The thie$ waited till it was the dead o$ the night, and then took down the body o$ his brother( a$ter whi#h, in 'o#kery, he sha&ed o$$ the right side o$ all the soldiers1 beards, and so le$t the') Laying his brother1s body u%on the asses, he #arried it ho'e to his 'other, ha&ing thus a##o'%lished the thing that she had re,uired o$ hi') ;J)< 4hen it #a'e to the king1s ears that the thie$1s body was stolen away, he was sorely &e.ed) 4ishing, there$ore, whate&er it 'ight #ost, to #at#h the 'an who had #ontri&ed the tri#k, he had re#ourse ;the %riests said< to an e.%edient, whi#h #an s#ar#ely #redit) He sent his own daughter to the #o''on stews, with orders to ad'it all #o'ers, but to re,uire e&ery 'an to tell her what was the #le&erest and wi#kedest thing he had done in the whole #ourse o$ his li$e) $ any one in re%ly told her the story o$ the thie$, she was to lay hold o$ hi' and not allow hi' to get away) The daughter did as her $ather willed, whereon the thie$, who was well aware o$ the king1s 'oti&e, $elt a desire to outdo hi' in #ra$t and #unning) *##ordingly he #ontri&ed the $ollowing %lan07 He %ro#ured the #or%se o$ a 'an lately dead, and #utting o$ one o$ the ar's at the shoulder, %ut it under his dress, and so went to the king1s daughter) 4hen she %ut the ,uestion to hi' as she had done to all the rest, he re%lied that the wi#kedest thing he had e&er done was #utting o$$ the head o$ his brother when he was #aught in a tra% in the king1s treasury, and the #le&erest was 'aking the guards drunk and #arrying o$$ the body) *s he s%oke, the %rin#ess #aught at hi', but the thie$ took ad&antage o$ the darkness to hold out to her the hand o$ the #or%se) 'agining it to be his own hand, she sei/ed and held it $ast( while the thie$, lea&ing it in her gras%, 'ade his es#a%e by the door) ;D)< The king, when word was brought hi' o$ this $resh su##ess, a'a/ed at the saga#ity and boldness o$ the 'an, sent 'essengers to all the towns in his do'inions to %ro#lai' a $ree %ardon $or the thie$, and to %ro'ise hi' a ri#h reward, i$ he #a'e and 'ade hi'sel$ known) The thie$ took the king at his word, and #a'e boldly into his %resen#e( whereu%on Rha'%sinitus, greatly ad'iring hi', and looking on hi' as the 'ost knowing o$ 'en, ga&e hi' his daughter in 'arriage) 9The Egy%tians,9 he said, 9e.#elled all the rest o$ the world in wisdo', and this 'an e.#elled all other Egy%tians)9 The sa'e king, was also in$or'ed by the %riests, a$terwards des#ended ali&e into the region whi#h the Greeks #all Hades, and there %layed at di#e with Ceres, so'eti'es winning and so'eti'es su$$ering de$eat) *$ter a while he returned to earth, and brought with hi' a golden na%kin, a gi$t whi#h he had re#ei&ed $ro' the goddess) Fro'

this des#ent o$ Rha'%sinitus into Hades, and return to earth again, the Egy%tians, was told, instituted a $esti&al, whi#h they #ertainly #elebrated in 'y day) !n what o##asion it was that they instituted it, whether u%on this or u%on any other, #annot deter'ine) The $ollowing are the #ere'onies07 !n a #ertain day in the year the %riests wea&e a 'ande, and binding the eyes o$ one o$ their nu'ber with a $illet, they %ut the 'antle u%on hi', and take hi' with the' into the roadway #ondu#ting to the te'%le o$ Ceres, when they de%art and lea&e hi' to hi'sel$) Then the %riest, thus blind$olded, is led ;they say< by two wol&es to the te'%le o$ Ceres, distant twenty $urlongs $ro' the #ity, where he stays awhile, a$ter whi#h he is brought ba#k $ro' the te'%le by the wol&es, and le$t u%on the s%ot where they $irst 2oined hi') "u#h as think the tales told by the Egy%tians #redible are $ree to a##e%t the' $or history) For 'y own %art, %ro%ose to 'ysel$ throughout 'y whole work $aith$ully to re#ord the traditions o$ the se&eral nations) The Egy%tians 'aintain that Ceres and Ba##hus %reside in the real's below) They were also the $irst to broa#h the o%inion that the soul o$ 'an is i''ortal and that, when the body dies, it enters into the $or' o$ an ani'al whi#h is born at the 'o'ent, then#e %assing on $ro' one ani'al into another, until it has #ir#led through the $or's o$ all the #reatures whi#h tenant the earth, the water, and the air, a$ter whi#h it enters again into a hu'an $ra'e, and is born anew) The whole %eriod o$ the trans'igration is ;they say< three thousand years) There are Greek writers, so'e o$ an earlier, so'e o$ a later date, who ha&e borrowed this do#trine $ro' the Egy%tians, and %ut it $orward as their own) #ould 'ention their na'es, but abstain $ro' doing so) Till the death o$ Rha'%sinitus, the %riests said, Egy%t was e.#ellently go&erned, and $lourished greatly( but a$ter hi' Cheo%s su##eeded to the throne, and %lunged into all 'anner o$ wi#kedness) He #losed the te'%les, and $orbade the Egy%tians to o$$er sa#ri$i#e, #o'%elling the' instead to labour, one and all, in his ser&i#e) "o'e were re,uired to drag blo#ks o$ stone down to the 3ile $ro' the ,uarries in the *rabian range o$ hills( others re#ei&ed the blo#ks a$ter they had been #on&eyed in boats a#ross the ri&er, and drew the' to the range o$ hills #alled the Libyan) * hundred thousand 'en laboured #onstantly, and were relie&ed e&ery three 'onths by a $resh lot) t took ten years1 o%%ression o$ the %eo%le to 'ake the #auseway $or the #on&eyan#e o$ the stones, a work not 'u#h in$erior, in 'y 2udg'ent, to the %yra'id itsel$) This #auseway is $i&e $urlongs in length, ten $atho's wide, and in height, at the highest %art, eight $atho's) t is built o$ %olished stone, and is #o&ered with #ar&ings o$ ani'als) To 'ake it took ten years, as said7 or rather to 'ake the #auseway, the works on the 'ound where the %yra'id stands, and the underground #ha'bers, whi#h Cheo%s intended as

&aults $or his own use0 these last were built on a sort o$ island, surrounded by water introdu#ed $ro' the 3ile by a #anal) The %yra'id itsel$ was twenty years in building) t is a s,uare, eight hundred $eet ea#h way, and the height the sa'e, built entirely o$ %olished stone, $itted together with the ut'ost #are) The stones o$ whi#h it is #o'%osed are none o$ the' less than thirty $eet in length) The %yra'id was built in ste%s, battle'ent7wise, as it is #alled, or, a##ording to others, altar7wise) *$ter laying the stones $or the base, they raised the re'aining stones to their %la#es by 'eans o$ 'a#hines $or'ed o$ short wooden %lanks) The $irst 'a#hine raised the' $ro' the ground to the to% o$ the $irst ste%) !n this there was another 'a#hine, whi#h re#ei&ed the stone u%on its arri&al, and #on&eyed it to the se#ond ste%, when#e a third 'a#hine ad&an#ed it still higher) Either they had as 'any 'a#hines as there were ste%s in the %yra'id, or %ossibly they had but a single 'a#hine, whi#h, being easily 'o&ed, was trans$erred $ro' tier to tier as the stone rose7 both a##ounts are gi&en, and there$ore 'ention both) The u%%er %ortion o$ the %yra'id was $inished $irst, then the 'iddle, and $inally the %art whi#h was lowest and nearest the ground) There is an ins#ri%tion in Egy%tian #hara#ters on the %yra'id whi#h re#ords the ,uantity o$ radishes, onions, and garli# #onsu'ed by the labourers who #onstru#ted it( and %er$e#tly well re'e'ber that the inter%reter who read the writing to 'e said that the 'oney e.%ended in this way was FD00 talents o$ sil&er) $ this then is a true re#ord, what a &ast su' 'ust ha&e been s%ent on the iron tools used in the work, and on the $eeding and #lothing o$ the labourers, #onsidering the length o$ ti'e the work lasted, whi#h has already been stated, and the additional ti'e7 no s'all s%a#e, i'agine7 whi#h 'ust ha&e been o##u%ied by the ,uarrying o$ the stones, their #on&eyan#e, and the $or'ation o$ the underground a%art'ents) The wi#kedness o$ Cheo%s rea#hed to su#h a %it#h that, when he had s%ent all his treasures and wanted 'ore, he sent his daughter to the stews, with orders to %ro#ure hi' a #ertain su'7 how 'u#h #annot say, $or was not told( she %ro#ured it, howe&er, and at the sa'e ti'e, bent on lea&ing a 'onu'ent whi#h should %er%etuate her own 'e'ory, she re,uired ea#h 'an to 'ake her a %resent o$ a stone towards the works whi#h she #onte'%lated) 4ith these stones she built the %yra'id whi#h stands 'id'ost o$ the three that are in $ront o$ the great %yra'id, 'easuring along ea#h side a hundred and $i$ty $eet) Cheo%s reigned, the Egy%tians said, $i$ty years, and was su##eeded at his de'ise by Che%hren, his brother) Che%hren i'itated the #ondu#t o$ his %rede#essor, and, like hi', built a %yra'id, whi#h did not, howe&er, e,ual the di'ensions o$ his brother1s) !$ this a' #ertain, $or 'easured the' both 'ysel$) t has no subterraneous a%art'ents, nor any #anal $ro' the 3ile to su%%ly it with water, as the other %yra'id has) n that, the 3ile water,

introdu#ed through an arti$i#ial du#t, surrounds an island, where the body o$ Cheo%s is said to lie) Che%hren built his %yra'id #lose to the great %yra'id o$ Cheo%s, and o$ the sa'e di'ensions, e.#e%t that he lowered the height $orty $eet) For the base'ent he e'%loyed the 'any7#oloured stone o$ Ethio%ia) These two %yra'ids stand both on the sa'e hill, an ele&ation not $ar short o$ a hundred $eet in height) The reign o$ Che%hren lasted $i$ty7si. years) Thus the a$$li#tion o$ Egy%t endured $or the s%a#e o$ one hundred and si. years, during the whole o$ whi#h ti'e the te'%les were shut u% and ne&er o%ened) The Egy%tians so detest the 'e'ory o$ these kings that they do not 'u#h like e&en to 'ention their na'es) Hen#e they #o''only #all the %yra'ids a$ter +hilition, a she%herd who at that ti'e $ed his $lo#ks about the %la#e) *$ter Che%hren, -y#erinus ;they said<, son o$ Cheo%s, as#ended the throne) This %rin#e disa%%ro&ed the #ondu#t o$ his $ather, re7o%ened the te'%les, and allowed the %eo%le, who were ground down to the lowest %oint o$ 'isery, to return to their o##u%ations, and to resu'e the %ra#ti#e o$ sa#ri$i#e) His 2usti#e in the de#ision o$ #auses was beyond that o$ all the $or'er kings) The Egy%tians %raise hi' in this res%e#t 'ore highly than any o$ their other 'onar#hs, de#laring that he not only ga&e his 2udg'ents with $airness, but also, when any one was dissatis$ied with his senten#e, 'ade #o'%ensation to hi' out o$ his own %urse, and thus %a#i$ied his anger) -y#erinus had established his #hara#ter $or 'ildness, and was a#ting as ha&e des#ribed, when the stroke o$ #ala'ity $ell on hi') First o$ all his daughter died, the only #hild that he %ossessed) E.%erien#ing a bitter grie$ at this &isitation, in his sorrow he #on#ei&ed the wish to ento'b his #hild in so'e unusual way) He there$ore #aused a #ow to be 'ade o$ wood, and a$ter the interior had been hollowed out, he had the whole sur$a#e #oated with gold( and in this no&el to'b laid the dead body o$ his daughter) The #ow was not %la#ed under ground, but #ontinued &isible to 'y ti'es0 it was at "ais, in the royal %ala#e, where it o##u%ied a #ha'ber ri#hly adorned) E&ery day there are burnt be$ore it aro'ati#s o$ e&ery kind( and all night long a la'% is ke%t burning in the a%art'ent) n an ad2oining #ha'ber are statues whi#h the %riests at "ais, de#lared to re%resent the &arious #on#ubines o$ -y#erinus) They are #olossal $igures in wood, o$ the nu'ber o$ about twenty, and are re%resented naked) 4hose i'ages they really are, #annot say7 #an only re%eat the a##ount whi#h was gi&en to 'e) Con#erning these #olossal $igures and the sa#red #ow, there is also another tale narrated, whi#h runs thus0 9-y#erinus was ena'oured o$ his daughter, and o$$ered her &iolen#e7 the da'sel $or grie$ hanged hersel$, and -y#erinus ento'bed her in the #ow) Then her 'other #ut o$$ the hands o$ all her tiring7 'aids, be#ause they had sided with the $ather, and betrayed the #hild( and so the

statues o$ the 'aids ha&e no hands)9 *ll this is 'ere $able in 'y 2udg'ent, es%e#ially what is said about the hands o$ the #olossal statues) #ould %lainly see that the $igures had only lost their hands through the e$$e#t o$ ti'e) They had dro%%ed o$$, and were still lying on the ground about the $eet o$ the statues) *s $or the #ow, the greater %ortion o$ it is hidden by a s#arlet #o&erture( the head and ne#k, howe&er, whi#h are &isible, are #oated &ery thi#kly with gold, and between the horns there is a re%resentation in gold o$ the orb o$ the sun) The $igure is not ere#t, but lying down, with the li'bs under the body( the di'ensions being $ully those o$ a large ani'al o$ the kind) E&ery year it is taken $ro' the a%art'ent where it is ke%t, and e.%osed to the light o$ day7 this is done at the season when the Egy%tians beat the'sel&es in honour o$ one o$ their gods, whose na'e a' unwilling to 'ention in #onne#tion with su#h a 'atter) They say that the daughter o$ -y#erinus re,uested her $ather in her dying 'o'ents to allow her on#e a year to see the sun) *$ter the death o$ his daughter, -y#erinus was &isited with a se#ond #ala'ity, o$ whi#h shall now %ro#eed to gi&e an a##ount) *n ora#le rea#hed hi' $ro' the town o$ Buto, whi#h said, 9"i. years only shalt thou li&e u%on the earth, and in the se&enth thou shalt end thy days)9 -y#erinus, indignant, sent an angry 'essage to the ora#le, re%roa#hing the god with his in2usti#e7 9-y $ather and un#le,9 he said, 9though they shut u% the te'%les, took no thought o$ the gods, and destroyed 'ultitudes o$ 'en, ne&ertheless en2oyed a long li$e( , who a' %ious, a' to die so soon>9 There #a'e in re%ly a se#ond 'essage $ro' the ora#le7 9For this &ery reason is thy li$e brought so ,ui#kly to a #lose7 thou hast not done as it beho&ed thee) Egy%t was $ated to su$$er a$$li#tion one hundred and $i$ty years7 the two kings who %re#eded thee u%on the throne understood this7 thou hast not understood it)9 -y#erinus, when this answer rea#hed hi', %er#ei&ing that his doo' was $i.ed, had %re%ared, whi#h he lighted e&ery day at e&enti'e, and $easted and en2oyed hi'sel$ un#easingly both day and night, 'o&ing about in the 'arsh7#ountry and the woods, and &isiting all the %la#es that he heard were agreeable so2ourns) His wish was to %ro&e the ora#le $alse, by turning the nights into days, and so li&ing twel&e years in the s%a#e o$ si.) He too le$t a %yra'id, but 'u#h in$erior in si/e to his $ather1s) t is a s,uare, ea#h side o$ whi#h $alls short o$ three %lethra by twenty $eet, and is built $or hal$ its height o$ the stone o$ Ethio%ia) "o'e o$ the Greeks #all it the work o$ Rhodo%is the #ourtesan, but they re%ort $alsely) t see's to 'e that these %ersons #annot ha&e any real knowledge who Rhodo%is was( otherwise they would s#ar#ely ha&e as#ribed to her a work on whi#h un#ounted treasures, so to s%eak, 'ust ha&e been e.%ended) Rhodo%is also li&ed during the reign o$ *'asis, not o$ -y#erinus, and was thus &ery 'any

years later than the ti'e o$ the kings who built the %yra'ids) "he was a Thra#ian by birth, and was the sla&e o$ ad'on, son o$ He%haesto%olis, a "a'ian) *eso%, the $able7writer, was one o$ her $ellow7sla&es) That *eso% belonged to ad'on is %ro&ed by 'any $a#ts7 a'ong others, by this) 4hen the 5el%hians, in obedien#e to the #o''and o$ the ora#le, 'ade %ro#la'ation that i$ any one #lai'ed #o'%ensation $or the 'urder o$ *eso% he should re#ei&e it, the %erson who at last #a'e $orward was ad'on, grandson o$ the $or'er ad'on, and he re#ei&ed the #o'%ensation) *eso% there$ore 'ust #ertainly ha&e been the $or'er ad'on1s sla&e) Rhodo%is really arri&ed in Egy%t under the #ondu#t o$ Bantheus the "a'ian( she was brought there to e.er#ise her trade, but was redee'ed $or a &ast su' by Chara.us, a -ytilenaean, the son o$ "#a'androny'us, and brother o$ "a%%ho the %oetess) *$ter thus obtaining her $reedo', she re'ained in Egy%t, and, as she was &ery beauti$ul, a'assed great wealth, $or a %erson in her #ondition( not, howe&er, enough to enable her to ere#t su#h a work as this %yra'id) *ny one who likes 'ay go and see to what the tenth %art o$ her wealth a'ounted, and he will thereby learn that her ri#hes 'ust not be i'agined to ha&e been &ery wonder$ully great) 4ishing to lea&e a 'e'orial o$ hersel$ in Gree#e, she deter'ined to ha&e so'ething 'ade the like o$ whi#h was not to be $ound in any te'%le, and to o$$er it at the shrine at 5el%hi) "o she set a%art a tenth o$ her %ossessions, and %ur#hased with the 'oney a ,uantity o$ iron s%its, su#h as are $it $or roasting o.en whole, whereo$ she 'ade a %resent to the ora#le) They are still to be seen there, lying o$ a hea%, behind the altar whi#h the Chians dedi#ated, o%%osite the san#tuary) 3au#ratis see's so'ehow to be the %la#e where su#h wo'en are 'ost attra#ti&e) First there was this Rhodo%is o$ who' we ha&e been s%eaking, so #elebrated a %erson that her na'e #a'e to be $a'iliar to all the Greeks( and, a$terwards, there was another, #alled *r#hidi#e, notorious throughout Gree#e, though not so 'u#h talked o$ as her %rede#essor) Chara.us, a$ter ranso'ing Rhodo%is, returned to -ytilene, and was o$ten lashed by "a%%ho in her %oetry) But enough has been said on the sub2e#t o$ this #ourtesan) *$ter -y#erinus, the %riests said, *sy#his as#ended the throne) He built the eastern gateway o$ the te'%le o$ @ul#an, whi#h in si/e and beauty $ar sur%asses the other three) *ll the $our gateways ha&e $igures gra&en on the', and a &ast a'ount o$ ar#hite#tural orna'ent, but the gateway o$ *sy#his is by $ar the 'ost ri#hly adorned) n the reign o$ this king, 'oney being s#ar#e and #o''er#ial dealings straitened, a law was %assed that the borrower 'ight %ledge his $ather1s body to raise the su' whereo$ he had need) * %ro&iso was a%%ended to this law, gi&ing the lender authority o&er the entire se%ul#hre o$ the borrower, so that a 'an who took u% 'oney under this %ledge, i$ he died without %aying the debt, #ould not obtain

burial either in his own an#estral to'b, or in any other, nor #ould he during his li$eti'e bury in his own to'b any 'e'ber o$ his $a'ily) The sa'e king, desirous o$ e#li%sing all his %rede#essors u%on the throne, le$t as a 'onu'ent o$ his reign a %yra'id o$ bri#k) t bears an ins#ri%tion, #ut in stone, whi#h runs thus07 95es%ise 'e not in #o'%arison with the stone %yra'ids( $or sur%ass the' all, as 'u#h as 8o&e sur%asses the other gods) * %ole was %lunged into a lake, and the 'ud whi#h #la&e thereto was gathered( and bri#ks were 'ade o$ the 'ud, and so was $or'ed)9 "u#h were the #hie$ a#tions o$ this %rin#e) He was su##eeded on the throne, they said, by a blind 'an, a nati&e o$ *nysis, whose own na'e also was *nysis) 6nder hi' Egy%t was in&aded by a &ast ar'y o$ Ethio%ians, led by "aba#os, their king) The blind *nysis $led away to the 'arsh7#ountry, and the Ethio%ian was lord o$ the land $or $i$ty years, during whi#h his 'ode o$ rule was the $ollowing07 4hen an Egy%tian was guilty o$ an o$$en#e, his %lan was not to %unish hi' with death0 instead o$ so doing, he senten#ed hi', a##ording to the nature o$ his #ri'e, to raise the ground to a greater or a less e.tent in the neighbourhood o$ the #ity to whi#h he belonged) Thus the #ities #a'e to be e&en 'ore ele&ated than they were be$ore) *s early as the ti'e o$ "esostris, they had been raised by those who dug the #anals in his reign( this se#ond ele&ation o$ the soil under the Ethio%ian king ga&e the' a &ery lo$ty %osition) *'ong the 'any #ities whi#h thus attained to a great ele&ation, none ; think< was raised so 'u#h as the town #alled Bubastis, where there is a te'%le o$ the goddess Bubastis, whi#h well deser&es to be des#ribed) !ther te'%les 'ay be grander, and 'ay ha&e #ost 'ore in the building, but there is none so %leasant to the eye as this o$ Bubastis) The Bubastis o$ the Egy%tians is the sa'e as the *rte'is ;5iana< o$ the Greeks) The $ollowing is a des#ri%tion o$ this edi$i#e07 E.#e%ting the entran#e, the whole $or's an island) Two arti$i#ial #hannels $ro' the 3ile, one on either side o$ the te'%le, en#o'%ass the building, lea&ing only a narrow %assage by whi#h it is a%%roa#hed) These #hannels are ea#h a hundred $eet wide, and are thi#kly shaded with trees) The gateway is si.ty $eet in height, and is orna'ented with $igures #ut u%on the stone, si. #ubits high and well worthy o$ noti#e) The te'%le stands in the 'iddle o$ the #ity, and is &isible on all sides as one walks round it( $or as the #ity has been raised u% by e'bank'ent, while the te'%le has been le$t untou#hed in its original #ondition, you look down u%on it wheresoe&er you are) * low wall runs round the en#losure, ha&ing $igures engra&ed u%on it, and inside there is a gro&e o$ beauti$ul tall trees growing round the shrine, whi#h #ontains the i'age o$ the goddess) The en#losure is a $urlong in length, and the sa'e in breadth) The entran#e to it is by a road %a&ed with stone $or a distan#e o$ about three $urlongs, whi#h %asses straight through the 'arket7%la#e with an easterly dire#tion,

and is about $our hundred $eet in width) Trees o$ an e.traordinary height grow on ea#h side the road, whi#h #ondu#ts $ro' the te'%le o$ Bubastis to that o$ -er#ury) The Ethio%ian $inally ,uitted Egy%t, the %riests said, by a hasty $light under the $ollowing #ir#u'stan#es) He saw in his slee% a &ision07 a 'an stood by his side, and #ounselled hi' to gather together all the %riests o$ Egy%t and #ut e&ery one o$ the' asunder) !n this, a##ording to the a##ount whi#h he hi'sel$ ga&e, it #a'e into his 'ind that the gods intended hereby to lead hi' to #o''it an a#t o$ sa#rilege, whi#h would be sure to draw down u%on hi' so'e %unish'ent either at the hands o$ gods or 'en) "o he resol&ed not to do the deed suggested to hi', but rather to retire $ro' Egy%t, as the ti'e during whi#h it was $ated that he should hold the #ountry had now ;he thought< e.%ired) For be$ore he le$t Ethio%ia he had been told by the ora#les whi#h are &enerated there, that he was to reign $i$ty years o&er Egy%t) The years were now $led, and the drea' had #o'e to trouble hi'( he there$ore o$ his own a##ord withdrew $ro' the land) *s soon as "aba#os was gone, the blind king le$t the 'arshes, and resu'ed the go&ern'ent) He had li&ed in the 'arsh7region the whole ti'e, ha&ing $or'ed $or hi'sel$ an island there by a 'i.ture o$ earth and ashes) 4hile he re'ained, the nati&es had orders to bring hi' $ood unbeknown to the Ethio%ian, and latterly, at his re,uest, ea#h 'an had brought hi', with the $ood, a #ertain ,uantity o$ ashes) Be$ore *'yrtaeus, no one was able to dis#o&er the site o$ this island, whi#h #ontinued unknown to the kings o$ Egy%t who %re#eded hi' on the throne $or the s%a#e o$ se&en hundred years and 'ore) The na'e whi#h it bears is Elbo) t is about ten $urlongs a#ross in ea#h dire#tion) The ne.t king, was told, was a %riest o$ @ul#an, #alled "ethos) This 'onar#h des%ised and negle#ted the warrior #lass o$ the Egy%tians, as though he did not need their ser&i#es) *'ong other indignities whi#h he o$$ered the', he took $ro' the' the lands whi#h they had %ossessed under all the %re&ious kings, #onsisting o$ twel&e a#res o$ #hoi#e land $or ea#h warrior) *$terwards, there$ore, when "ana#harib, king o$ the *rabians and *ssyrians, 'ar#hed his &ast ar'y into Egy%t, the warriors one and all re$used to #o'e to his aid) !n this the 'onar#h, greatly distressed, entered into the inner san#tuary, and, be$ore the i'age o$ the god, bewailed the $ate whi#h i'%ended o&er hi') *s he we%t he $ell aslee%, and drea'ed that the god #a'e and stood at his side, bidding hi' be o$ good #heer, and go boldly $orth to 'eet the *rabian host, whi#h would do hi' no hurt, as he hi'sel$ would send those who should hel% hi') "ethos, then, relying on the drea', #olle#ted su#h o$ the Egy%tians as were willing to $ollow hi', who were none o$ the' warriors, but traders, artisans, and 'arket %eo%le( and with these 'ar#hed to +elusiu', whi#h #o''ands the entran#e into Egy%t, and there %it#hed his #a'%) *s the

two ar'ies lay here o%%osite one another, there #a'e in the night, a 'ultitude o$ $ield7'i#e, whi#h de&oured all the ,ui&ers and bowstrings o$ the ene'y, and ate the thongs by whi#h they 'anaged their shields) 3e.t 'orning they #o''en#ed their $ight, and great 'ultitudes $ell, as they had no ar's with whi#h to de$end the'sel&es) There stands to this day in the te'%le o$ @ul#an, a stone statue o$ "ethos, with a 'ouse in his hand, and an ins#ri%tion to this e$$e#t7 9Look on 'e, and learn to re&eren#e the gods)9 Thus $ar ha&e s%oken on the authority o$ the Egy%tians and their %riests) They de#lare that $ro' their $irst king to this last7'entioned 'onar#h, the %riest o$ @ul#an, was a %eriod o$ three hundred and $orty7one generations( su#h, at least, they say, was the nu'ber both o$ their kings, and o$ their high7%riests, during this inter&al) 3ow three hundred generations o$ 'en 'ake ten thousand years, three generations $illing u% the #entury( and the re'aining $orty7one generations 'ake thirteen hundred and $orty years) Thus the whole nu'ber o$ years is ele&en thousand, three hundred and $orty( in whi#h entire s%a#e, they said, no god had e&er a%%eared in a hu'an $or'( nothing o$ this kind had ha%%ened either under the $or'er or under the later Egy%tian kings) The sun, howe&er, had within this %eriod o$ ti'e, on $our se&eral o##asions, 'o&ed $ro' his wonted #ourse, twi#e rising where he now sets, and twi#e setting where he now rises) Egy%t was in no degree a$$e#ted by these #hanges( the %rodu#tions o$ the land, and o$ the ri&er, re'ained the sa'e( nor was there anything unusual either in the diseases or the deaths) 4hen He#ataeus the historian was at Thebes, and, dis#oursing o$ his genealogy, tra#ed his des#ent to a god in the %erson o$ his si.teenth an#estor, the %riests o$ 8u%iter did to hi' e.a#tly as they a$terwards did to 'e, though 'ade no boast o$ 'y $a'ily) They led 'e into the inner san#tuary, whi#h is a s%a#ious #ha'ber, and showed 'e a 'ultitude o$ #olossal statues, in wood, whi#h they #ounted u%, and $ound to a'ount to the e.a#t nu'ber they had said( the #usto' being $or e&ery high %riest during his li$eti'e to set u% his statue in the te'%le) *s they showed 'e the $igures and re#koned the' u%, they assured 'e that ea#h was the son o$ the one %re#eding hi'( and this they re%eated throughout the whole line, beginning with the re%resentation o$ the %riest last de#eased, and #ontinuing till they had #o'%leted the series) 4hen He#ataeus, in gi&ing his genealogy, 'entioned a god as his si.teenth an#estor, the %riests o%%osed their genealogy to his, going through this list, and re$using to allow that any 'an was e&er born o$ a god) Their #olossal $igures were ea#h, they said, a +iro'is, born o$ a +iro'is, and the nu'ber o$ the' was three hundred and $orty7$i&e( through the whole series +iro'is $ollowed +iro'is, and the line did not run u% either to a god or a hero) The word +iro'is 'ay be rendered 9gentle'an)9

!$ su#h a nature were, they said, the beings re%resented by these i'ages7 they were &ery $ar indeed $ro' being gods) Howe&er, in the ti'es anterior to the' it was otherwise( then Egy%t had gods $or its rulers, who dwelt u%on the earth with 'en, one being always su%re'e abo&e the rest) The last o$ these was Horus, the son o$ !siris, #alled by the Greeks *%ollo) He de%osed Ty%hon, and ruled o&er Egy%t as its last god7king) !siris is na'ed 5ionysus ;Ba##hus< by the Greeks) The Greeks regard Her#ules, Ba##hus, and +an as the youngest o$ the gods) 4ith the Egy%tians, #ontrariwise, +an is e.#eedingly an#ient, and belongs to those who' they #all 9the eight gods,9 who e.isted be$ore the rest) Her#ules is one o$ the gods o$ the se#ond order, who are known as 9the twel&e9( and Ba##hus belongs to the gods o$ the third order, who' the twel&e %rodu#ed) ha&e already 'entioned how 'any years inter&ened a##ording to the Egy%tians between the birth o$ Her#ules and the reign o$ *'asis) Fro' +an to this %eriod they #ount a still longer ti'e( and e&en $ro' Ba##hus, who is the youngest o$ the three, they re#kon $i$teen thousand years to the reign o$ that king) n these 'atters they say they #annot be 'istaken, as they ha&e always ke%t #ount o$ the years, and noted the' in their registers) But $ro' the %resent day to the ti'e o$ Ba##hus, the re%uted son o$ "e'ele, daughter o$ Cad'us, is a %eriod o$ not 'ore than si.teen hundred years( to that o$ Her#ules, son o$ *l#'ena, is about nine hundred( while to the ti'e o$ +an, son o$ +enelo%e ;+an, a##ording to the Greeks, was her #hild by -er#ury<, is a shorter s%a#e than to the Tro2an war, eight hundred years or thereabouts) t is o%en to all to re#ei&e whi#he&er he 'ay %re$er o$ these two traditions( 'y own o%inion about the' has been already de#lared) $ indeed these gods had been %ubli#ly known, and had grown old in Gree#e, as was the #ase with Her#ules, son o$ *'%hitryon, Ba##hus, son o$ "e'ele, and +an, son o$ +enelo%e, it 'ight ha&e been said that the last7'entioned %ersonages were 'en who bore the na'es o$ #ertain %re&iously e.isting deities) But Ba##hus, a##ording to the Greek tradition, was no sooner born than he was sewn u% in 8u%iter1s thigh, and #arried o$$ to 3ysa, abo&e Egy%t, in Ethio%ia( and as to +an, they do not e&en %ro$ess to know what ha%%ened to hi' a$ter his birth) To 'e, there$ore, it is ,uite 'ani$est that the na'es o$ these gods be#a'e known to the Greeks a$ter those o$ their other deities, and that they #ount their birth $ro' the ti'e when they $irst a#,uired a knowledge o$ the') Thus $ar 'y narrati&e rests on the a##ounts gi&en by the Egy%tians) n what $ollows ha&e the authority, not o$ the Egy%tians only, but o$ others also who agree with the') shall s%eak likewise in %art $ro' 'y own obser&ation) 4hen the Egy%tians regained their liberty a$ter the reign o$ the %riest o$ @ul#an, unable to #ontinue any while without a king, they di&ided Egy%t into twel&e distri#ts, and

set twel&e kings o&er the') These twel&e kings, united together by inter'arriages, ruled Egy%t in %ea#e, ha&ing entered into engage'ents with one another not to de%ose any o$ their nu'ber, nor to ai' at any aggrandise'ent o$ one abo&e the rest, but to dwell together in %er$e#t a'ity) 3ow the reason why they 'ade these sti%ulations, and guarded with #are against their in$ra#tion, was be#ause at the &ery $irst establish'ent o$ the twel&e kingdo's an ora#le had de#lared7 9That he a'ong the' who should %our in @ul#an1s te'%le a libation $ro' a #u% o$ bron/e would be#o'e 'onar#h o$ the whole land o$ Egy%t)9 3ow the twel&e held their 'eetings at all the te'%les) To bind the'sel&es yet 'ore #losely together, it see'ed good to the' to lea&e a #o''on 'onu'ent) n %ursuan#e o$ this resolution they 'ade the Labyrinth whi#h lies a little abo&e Lake -oeris, in the neighbourhood o$ the %la#e #alled the #ity o$ Cro#odiles) &isited this %la#e, and $ound it to sur%ass des#ri%tion( $or i$ all the walls and other great works o$ the Greeks #ould be %ut together in one, they would not e,ual, either $or labour or e.%ense, this Labyrinth( and yet the te'%le o$ E%hesus is a building worthy o$ note, and so is the te'%le o$ "a'os) The %yra'ids likewise sur%ass des#ri%tion, and are se&erally e,ual to a nu'ber o$ the greatest works o$ the Greeks, but the Labyrinth sur%asses the %yra'ids) t has twel&e #ourts, all o$ the' roo$ed, with gates e.a#tly o%%osite one another, si. looking to the north, and si. to the south) * single wall surrounds the entire building) There are two di$$erent sorts o$ #ha'bers throughout7 hal$ under ground, hal$ abo&e ground, the latter built u%on the $or'er( the whole nu'ber o$ these #ha'bers is three thousand, $i$teen hundred o$ ea#h kind) The u%%er #ha'bers 'ysel$ %assed through and saw, and what say #on#erning the' is $ro' 'y own obser&ation( o$ the underground #ha'bers #an only s%eak $ro' re%ort0 $or the kee%ers o$ the building #ould not be got to show the', sin#e they #ontained ;as they said< the se%ul#hres o$ the kings who built the Labyrinth, and also those o$ the sa#red #ro#odiles) Thus it is $ro' hearsay only that #an s%eak o$ the lower #ha'bers) The u%%er #ha'bers, howe&er, saw with 'y own eyes, and $ound the' to e.#el all other hu'an %rodu#tions( $or the %assages through the houses, and the &aried windings o$ the %aths a#ross the #ourts e.#ited in 'e in$inite ad'iration as %assed $ro' the #ourts into #ha'bers, and $ro' the #ha'bers into #olonnades, and $ro' the #olonnades into $resh houses, and again $ro' these into #ourts unseen be$ore) The roo$ was throughout o$ stone, like the walls( and the walls were #ar&ed all o&er with $igures( e&ery #ourt was surrounded with a #olonnade whi#h was built o$ white stones e.,uisitely $itted together) *t the #orner o$ the Labyrinth stands a %yra'id, $orty $atho's high, with large $igures engra&ed on it, whi#h is entered by a subterranean %assage) 4onder$ul as is the Labyrinth, the work #alled the Lake o$ -oeris,

whi#h is #lose by the Labyrinth, is yet 'ore astonishing) The 'easure o$ its #ir#u'$eren#e is si.ty s#hoenes, or three thousand si. hundred $urlongs, whi#h is e,ual to the entire length o$ Egy%t along the sea7#oast) The lake stret#hes in its longest dire#tion $ro' north to south, and in its dee%est %arts is o$ the de%th o$ $i$ty $atho's) t is 'ani$estly an arti$i#ial e.#a&ation, $or nearly in the #entre there stand two %yra'ids, rising to the height o$ $i$ty $atho's abo&e the sur$a#e o$ the water, and e.tending as $ar beneath, #rowned ea#h o$ the' with a #olossal statue sitting u%on a throne) Thus these %yra'ids are one hundred $atho's high, whi#h is e.a#tly a $urlong ;stadiu'< o$ si. hundred $eet0 the $atho' being si. $eet in length, or $our #ubits, whi#h is the sa'e thing, sin#e a #ubit 'easures si., and a $oot $our, %al's) The water o$ the lake does not #o'e out o$ the ground, whi#h is here e.#essi&ely dry, but is introdu#ed by a #anal $ro' the 3ile) The #urrent sets $or si. 'onths into the lake $ro' the ri&er, and $or the ne.t si. 'onths into the ri&er $ro' the lake) it runs outward it returns a talent o$ sil&er daily to the royal treasury $ro' the $ish that are taken, but when the #urrent is the other way the return sinks to one7third o$ that su') The nati&es told 'e that there was a subterranean %assage $ro' this lake to the Libyan "yrtis, running westward into the interior by the hills abo&e -e'%his) *s #ould not anywhere see the earth whi#h had been taken out when the e.#a&ation was 'ade, and was #urious to know what had be#o'e o$ it, asked the Egy%tians who li&e #losest to the lake where the earth had been %ut) The answer that they ga&e 'e readily a##e%ted as true, sin#e had heard o$ the sa'e thing being done at 3ine&eh o$ the *ssyrians) There, on#e u%on a ti'e, #ertain thie&es, ha&ing $or'ed a %lan to get into their %ossession the &ast treasures o$ "ardana%alus, the 3ine&ite king, whi#h were laid u% in subterranean treasuries, %ro#eeded to tunnel a %assage $ro' the house where they li&ed into the royal %ala#e, #al#ulating the distan#e and the dire#tion) *t night$all they took the earth $ro' the e.#a&ation and #arried it to the ri&er Tigris, whi#h ran by 3ine&eh, #ontinuing to get rid o$ it in this 'anner until they had a##o'%lished their %ur%ose) t was e.a#tly in the sa'e way that the Egy%tians dis%osed o$ the 'ould $ro' their e.#a&ation, e.#e%t that they did it by day and not by night( $or as $ast as the earth was dug, they #arried it to the 3ile, whi#h they knew would dis%erse it $ar and wide) "u#h was the a##ount whi#h re#ei&ed o$ the $or'ation o$ this lake) The twel&e kings $or so'e ti'e dealt honourably by one another, but at length it ha%%ened that on a #ertain o##asion, when they had 'et to worshi% in the te'%le o$ @ul#an, the high7%riest on the last day o$ the $esti&al, in bringing $orth the golden goblets $ro' whi#h they were wont to %our the libations, 'istook the nu'ber and brought ele&en goblets only $or the twel&e %rin#es) +sa''eti#hus was

standing last, and, being le$t without a #u%, he took his hel'et, whi#h was o$ bron/e, $ro' o$$ his head, stret#hed it out to re#ei&e the li,uor, and so 'ade his libation) *ll the kings were a##usto'ed to wear hel'ets, and all indeed wore the' at this &ery ti'e) 3or was there any #ra$ty design in the a#tion o$ +sa''eti#hus) The ele&en, howe&er, when they #a'e to #onsider what had been done, and bethought the' o$ the ora#le whi#h had de#lared 9that he who, o$ the twel&e, should %our a libation $ro' a #u% o$ bron/e, the sa'e would be king o$ the whole land o$ Egy%t,9 doubted at $irst i$ they should not %ut +sa''eti#hus to death) Finding, howe&er, u%on e.a'ination, that he had a#ted in the 'atter without any guilty intent, they did not think it would be 2ust to kill hi'( but deter'ined, instead, to stri% hi' o$ the #hie$ %art o$ his %ower and to banish hi' to the 'arshes, $orbidding hi' to lea&e the' or to hold any #o''uni#ation with the rest o$ Egy%t) This was the se#ond ti'e that +sa''eti#hus had been dri&en into banish'ent) !n a $or'er o##asion he had $led $ro' "aba#os the Ethio%ian, who had %ut his $ather 3e#os to death( and had taken re$uge in "yria $ro' when#e, a$ter the retire'ent o$ the Ethio% in #onse,uen#e o$ his drea', he was brought ba#k by the Egy%tians o$ the "aiti# #anton) 3ow it was his ill7$ortune to be banished a se#ond ti'e by the ele&en kings, on a##ount o$ the libation whi#h he had %oured $ro' his hel'et( on this o##asion he $led to the 'arshes) Feeling that he was an in2ured 'an, and designing to a&enge hi'sel$ u%on his %erse#utors, +sa''eti#hus sent to the #ity o$ Buto, where there is an ora#le o$ Latona, the 'ost &era#ious o$ all the ora#les o$ the Egy%tians, and ha&ing in,uired #on#erning 'eans o$ &engean#e, re#ei&ed $or answer that 9@engean#e would #o'e $ro' the sea, when bra/en 'en should a%%ear)9 Great was his in#redulity when this answer arri&ed, $or ne&er, he thought, would bra/en 'en arri&e to be his hel%ers) Howe&er, not long a$terwards #ertain Carians and onians who had le$t their #ountry on a &oyage o$ %lunder, were #arried by stress o$ weather to Egy%t where they dise'barked, all e,ui%%ed in their bra/en ar'our, and were seen by the nati&es, one o$ who' #arried the tidings to +sa''eti#hus, and, as he had ne&er be$ore seen 'en #lad in brass, he re%orted that bra/en 'en had #o'e $ro' the sea and were %lundering the %lain) +sa''eti#hus, %er#ei&ing at on#e that the ora#le was a##o'%lished, 'ade $riendly ad&an#es to the strangers, and engaged the', by s%lendid %ro'ises, to enter into his ser&i#e) He then, with their aid and that o$ the Egy%tians who es%oused his #ause, atta#ked the ele&en and &an,uished the') 4hen +sa''eti#hus had thus be#o'e sole 'onar#h o$ Egy%t, he built the southern gateway o$ the te'%le o$ @ul#an in -e'%his, and also a #ourt $or *%is, in whi#h *%is is ke%t whene&er he 'akes his a%%earan#e in Egy%t) This #ourt is o%%osite the gateway o$ +sa''eti#hus, and is surrounded with a #olonnade and adorned with a

'ultitude o$ $igures) nstead o$ %illars, the #olonnade rests u%on #olossal statues, twel&e #ubits in height) The Greek na'e $or *%is is E%a%hus) To the onians and Carians who had lent hi' their assistan#e +sa''eti#hus assigned as abodes two %la#es o%%osite to ea#h other, one on either side o$ the 3ile, whi#h re#ei&ed the na'e o$ 9the Ca'%s)9 He also 'ade good all the s%lendid %ro'ises by whi#h he had gained their su%%ort( and $urther, he intrusted to their #are #ertain Egy%tian #hildren who' they were to tea#h the language o$ the Greeks) These #hildren, thus instru#ted, be#a'e the %arents o$ the entire #lass o$ inter%reters in Egy%t) The onians and Carians o##u%ied $or 'any years the %la#es assigned the' by +sa''eti#hus, whi#h lay near the sea, a little below the #ity o$ Bubastis, on the +elusia# 'outh o$ the 3ile) ?ing *'asis long a$terwards re'o&ed the Greeks hen#e, and settled the' at -e'%his to guard hi' against the nati&e Egy%tians) Fro' the date o$ the original settle'ent o$ these %ersons in Egy%t, we Greeks, through our inter#ourse with the', ha&e a#,uired an a##urate knowledge o$ the se&eral e&ents in Egy%tian history, $ro' the reign o$ +sa''eti#hus downwards( but be$ore his ti'e no $oreigners had e&er taken u% their residen#e in that land) The do#ks where their &essels were laid u% and the ruins o$ their habitations were still to be seen in 'y day at the %la#e where they dwelt originally, be$ore they were re'o&ed by *'asis) "u#h was the 'ode by whi#h +sa''eti#hus be#a'e 'aster o$ Egy%t) ha&e already 'ade 'ention 'ore than on#e o$ the Egy%tian ora#le, and, as it well deser&es noti#e, shall now %ro#eed to gi&e an a##ount o$ it 'ore at length) t is a te'%le o$ Latona, situated in the 'idst o$ a great #ity on the "ebennyti# 'outh o$ the 3ile, at so'e distan#e u% the ri&er $ro' the sea) The na'e o$ the #ity, as ha&e be$ore obser&ed, is Buto( and in it are two other te'%les also, one o$ *%ollo and one o$ 5iana) Latona1s te'%le, whi#h #ontains the ora#le, is a s%a#ious building with a gateway ten $atho's in height) The 'ost wonder$ul thing that was a#tually to be seen about this te'%le was a #ha%el in the en#losure 'ade o$ a single stone, the length and height o$ whi#h were the sa'e, ea#h wall being $orty #ubits s,uare, and the whole a single blo#k> *nother blo#k o$ stone $or'ed the roo$ and %ro2e#ted at the ea&es to the e.tent o$ $our #ubits) This, as ha&e said, was what astonished 'e the 'ost, o$ all the things that were a#tually to be seen about the te'%le) The ne.t greatest 'ar&el was the island #alled Che''is) This island lies in the 'iddle o$ a broad and dee% lake #lose by the te'%le, and the nati&es de#lare that it $loats) For 'y own %art did not see it $loat, or e&en 'o&e( and wondered greatly, when they told 'e #on#erning it, whether there be really su#h a thing as a $loating island) t has a grand te'%le o$ *%ollo built u%on it, in whi#h are three distin#t altars) +al' trees grow on it in great abundan#e, and 'any other

trees, so'e o$ whi#h bear $ruit, while others are barren) The Egy%tians tell the $ollowing story in #onne#tion with this island, to e.%lain the way in whi#h it $irst #a'e to $loat07 9 n $or'er ti'es, when the isle was still $i.ed and 'otionless, Latona, one o$ the eight gods o$ the $irst order, who dwelt in the #ity o$ Buto, where now she has her ora#le, re#ei&ed *%ollo as a sa#red #harge $ro' sis, and sa&ed hi' by hiding hi' in what is now #alled the $loating island) Ty%hon 'eanwhile was sear#hing e&erywhere in ho%es o$ $inding the #hild o$ !siris)9 ;*##ording to the Egy%tians, *%ollo and 5iana are the #hildren o$ Ba##hus and sis, while Latona is their nurse and their %reser&er) They #all *%ollo, in their language, Horus( Ceres they #all sis( 5iana, Bubastis) Fro' this Egy%tian tradition, and $ro' no other, it 'ust ha&e been that *es#hylus, the son o$ Eu%horion, took the idea, whi#h is $ound in none o$ the earlier %oets, o$ 'aking 5iana the daughter o$ Ceres)< The island, there$ore, in #onse,uen#e o$ this e&ent, was $irst 'ade to $loat) "u#h at least is the a##ount whi#h the Egy%tians gi&e) +sa''eti#hus ruled Egy%t $or $i$ty7$our years, during twenty7nine o$ whi#h he %ressed the siege o$ */otus without inter'ission, till $inally he took the %la#e) */otus is a great town in "yria) !$ all the #ities that we know, none e&er stood so long a siege) +sa''eti#hus le$t a son #alled 3e#os, who su##eeded hi' u%on the throne) This %rin#e was the $irst to atte'%t the #onstru#tion o$ the #anal to the Red "ea7 a work #o'%leted a$terwards by 5arius the +ersian7 the length o$ whi#h is $our days1 2ourney, and the width su#h as to ad'it o$ two trire'es being rowed along it abreast) The water is deri&ed $ro' the 3ile, whi#h the #anal lea&es a little abo&e the #ity o$ Bubastis, near +atu'us, the *rabian town, being #ontinued then#e until it 2oins the Red "ea) *t $irst it is #arried along the *rabian side o$ the Egy%tian %lain, as $ar as the #hain o$ hills o%%osite -e'%his, whereby the %lain is bounded, and in whi#h lie the great stone ,uarries( here it skirts the base o$ the hills running in a dire#tion $ro' west to east, a$ter whi#h it turns and enters a narrow %ass, trending southwards $ro' this %oint until it enters the *rabian Gul$) Fro' the northern sea to that whi#h is #alled the southern or Erythraean, the shortest and ,ui#kest %assage, whi#h is $ro' -ount Casius, the boundary between Egy%t and "yria, to the Gul$ o$ *rabia, is a distan#e o$ e.a#tly one thousand $urlongs) But the way by the #anal is &ery 'u#h longer on a##ount o$ the #rookedness o$ its #ourse) * hundred and twenty thousand o$ the Egy%tians, e'%loyed u%on the work in the reign o$ 3e#os, lost their li&es in 'aking the e.#a&ation) He at length desisted $ro' his undertaking, in #onse,uen#e o$ an ora#le whi#h warned hi' 9that he was labouring $or the barbarian)9 The Egy%tians #all by the na'e o$ barbarians all su#h as s%eak a language di$$erent $ro' their own)

3e#os, when he ga&e u% the #onstru#tion o$ the #anal, turned all his thoughts to war, and set to work to build a $leet o$ trire'es, so'e intended $or ser&i#e in the northern sea, and so'e $or the na&igation o$ the Erythraean) These last were built in the *rabian Gul$ where the dry do#ks in whi#h they lay are still &isible) These $leets he e'%loyed where&er he had o##asion, while he also 'ade war by land u%on the "yrians and de$eated the' in a %it#hed battle at -agdolus, a$ter whi#h he 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ Cadytis, a large #ity o$ "yria) The dress whi#h he wore on these o##asions he sent to Bran#hidae in -ilesia, as an o$$ering to *%ollo) *$ter ha&ing reigned in all si.teen years, 3e#os died, and at his death be,ueathed the throne to his son +sa''is) n the reign o$ +sa''is, a'bassadors $ro' Elis arri&ed in Egy%t, boasting that their arrange'ents $or the #ondu#t o$ the !ly'%i# Ga'es were the best and $airest that #ould be de&ised, and $an#ying that not e&en the Egy%tians, who sur%assed all other nations in wisdo', #ould add anything to their %er$e#tion) 4hen these %ersons rea#hed Egy%t, and e.%lained the reason o$ their &isit, the king su''oned an asse'bly o$ all the wisest o$ the Egy%tians) They 'et, and the Eleans ha&ing gi&en the' a $ull a##ount o$ all their rules and regulations with res%e#t to the #ontests said that they had #o'e to Egy%t $or the e.%ress %ur%ose o$ learning whether the Egy%tians #ould i'%ro&e the $airness o$ their regulations in any %arti#ular) The Egy%tians #onsidered awhile and then 'ade in,uiry, 9 $ they allowed their own #iti/ens to enter the lists:9 The Eleans answered, 9That the lists were o%en to all Greeks, whether they belonged to Elis or to any other state)9 Hereu%on the Egy%tians obser&ed, 9That i$ this were so, they de%arted $ro' 2usti#e &ery widely, sin#e it was i'%ossible but that they would $a&our their own #ountry'en and deal un$airly by $oreigners) $ there$ore they really wished to 'anage the ga'es with $airness, and i$ this was the ob2e#t o$ their #o'ing to Egy%t, they ad&ised the' to #on$ine the #ontests to strangers, and allow no nati&e o$ Elis to be a #andidate)9 "u#h was the ad&i#e whi#h the Egy%tians ga&e to the Eleans) +sa''is reigned only si. years) He atta#ked Ethio%ia, and died al'ost dire#tly a$terwards) *%ries, his son, su##eeded hi' u%on the throne, who, e.#e%ting +sa''eti#hus, his great7grand$ather, was the 'ost %ros%erous o$ all the kings that e&er ruled o&er Egy%t) The length o$ his reign was twenty7$i&e years, and in the #ourse o$ it he 'ar#hed an ar'y to atta#k "idon, and $ought a battle with the king o$ Tyre by sea) 4hen at length the ti'e #a'e that was $ated to bring hi' woe, an o##asion arose whi#h shall des#ribe 'ore $ully in 'y Libyan history, only tou#hing it &ery brie$ly here) *n ar'y des%at#hed by *%ries to atta#k Cyrene, ha&ing 'et with a terrible re&erse, the Egy%tians laid the bla'e on hi', i'agining that he had, o$ 'ali#e %re%ense, sent the troo%s into the 2aws o$ destru#tion) They

belie&ed he had wished a &ast nu'ber o$ the' to be slain in order that he hi'sel$ 'ight reign with 'ore se#urity o&er the rest o$ the Egy%tians) ndignant there$ore at this usage, the soldiers who returned and the $riends o$ the slain broke instantly into re&olt) *%ries, on learning these #ir#u'stan#es, sent *'asis to the rebels to a%%ease the tu'ult by %ersuasion) 6%on his arri&al, as he was seek) ing to restrain the 'al#ontents by his e.hortations, one o$ the', #o'ing behind hi', %ut a hel'et on his head, saying, as he %ut it on, that he thereby #rowned hi' king) *'asis was not altogether dis%leased at the a#tion, as his #ondu#t soon 'ade 'ani$est( $or no sooner had the insurgents agreed to 'ake hi' a#tually their king than he %re%ared to 'ar#h with the' against *%ries) That 'onar#h, on tidings o$ these e&ents rea#hing hi', sent +atarbe'is, one o$ his #ourtiers, a 'an o$ high rank, to *'asis with orders to bring hi' ali&e into his %resen#e) +atarbe'is, on arri&ing at the %la#e where *'asis was, #alled on hi' to #o'e ba#k with hi' to the king, whereu%on *'asis broke a #oarse 2est, and said, 9+rythee take that ba#k to thy 'aster)9 4hen the en&oy, notwithstanding this re%ly, %ersisted in his re,uest, e.horting *'asis to obey the su''ons o$ the king, he 'ade answer 9that this was e.a#tly what he had long been intending to do( *%ries would ha&e no reason to #o'%lain o$ hi' on the s#ore o$ delay( he would shortly #o'e hi'sel$ to the king, and bring others with hi')9 +atarbe'is, u%on this, #o'%rehending the intention o$ *'asis, %artly $ro' his re%lies and %artly $ro' the %re%arations whi#h he saw in %rogress, de%arted hastily, wishing to in$or' the king with all s%eed o$ what was going on) *%ries, howe&er, when he saw hi' a%%roa#hing without *'asis, $ell into a %aro.ys' o$ rage, and not gi&ing hi'sel$ ti'e $or re$le#tion, #o''anded the nose and ears o$ +atarbe'is to be #ut o$$) Then the rest o$ the Egy%tians, who had hitherto es%oused the #ause o$ *%ries, when they saw a 'an o$ su#h note a'ong the' so sha'e$ully outraged, without a 'o'ent1s hesitation went o&er to the rebels, and %ut the'sel&es at the dis%osal o$ *'asis) *%ries, in$or'ed o$ this new #ala'ity, ar'ed his 'er#enaries, and led the' against the Egy%tians0 this was a body o$ Carians and onians, nu'bering thirty thousand 'en, whi#h was now with hi' at "ays, where his %ala#e stood7 a &ast building, well worthy o$ noti#e) The ar'y o$ *%ries 'ar#hed out to atta#k the host o$ the Egy%tians, while that o$ *'asis went $orth to $ight the strangers( and now both ar'ies drew near the #ity o$ -o'e'%his and %re%ared $or the #o'ing $ight) The Egy%tians are di&ided into se&en distin#t #lasses7 these are, the %riests, the warriors, the #owherds, the swineherds, the trades'en, the inter%reters, and the boat'en) Their titles indi#ate their o##u%ations) The warriors #onsist o$ Her'otybians and Calas#irians, who #o'e $ro' di$$erent #antons, the whole o$ Egy%t

being %ar#elled out into distri#ts bearing this na'e) The $ollowing #antons $urnish the Her'otybians07 The #antons o$ Busiris, "ais, Che''is, +a%re'is, that o$ the island #alled +roso%itis, and hal$ o$ 3atho) They nu'ber, when 'ost nu'erous, a hundred and si.ty thousand) 3one o$ the' e&er %ra#ti#es a trade, but all are gi&en wholly to war) The #antons o$ the Calas#irians are di$$erent7 they in#lude the $ollowing07 The #antons o$ Thebes, Bubastis, *%hthis, Tanis, -endes, "ebennytus, *thribis, +harbaethus, Th'uis, !nu%his, *nysis, and -ye#%horis7 this last #anton #onsists o$ an island whi#h lies o&er against the town o$ Bubastis) The Calas#irians, when at their greatest nu'ber, ha&e a'ounted to two hundred and $i$ty thousand) Like the Her'otybians, they are $orbidden to %ursue any trade, and de&ote the'sel&es entirely to warlike e.er#ises, the son $ollowing the $ather1s #alling) 4hether the Greeks borrowed $ro' the Egy%tians their notions about trade, like so 'any others, #annot say $or #ertain) ha&e re'arked that the Thra#ians, the "#yths, the +ersians, the Lydians, and al'ost all other barbarians, hold the #iti/ens who %ra#ti#e trades, and their #hildren, in less re%ute than the rest, while they estee' as noble those who kee% aloo$ $ro' handi#ra$ts, and es%e#ially honour su#h as are gi&en wholly to war) These ideas %re&ail throughout the whole o$ Gree#e, %arti#ularly a'ong the La#edae'onians) Corinth is the %la#e where 'e#hani#s are least des%ised) The warrior #lass in Egy%t had #ertain s%e#ial %ri&ileges in whi#h none o$ the rest o$ the Egy%tians %arti#i%ated, e.#e%t the %riests) n the $irst %la#e ea#h 'an had twel&e arurae o$ land assigned hi' $ree $ro' ta.) ;The arura is a s,uare o$ a hundred Egy%tian #ubits, the Egy%tian #ubit being o$ the sa'e length as the "a'ian)< *ll the warriors en2oyed this %ri&ilege together, but there were other ad&antages whi#h #a'e to ea#h in rotation, the sa'e 'an ne&er obtaining the' twi#e) * thousand Calas#irians, and the sa'e nu'ber o$ Her'otybians, $or'ed in alternate years the body7guard o$ the king( and during their year o$ ser&i#e these %ersons, besides their arurae, re#ei&ed a daily %ortion o$ 'eat and drink, #onsisting o$ $i&e %ounds o$ baked bread, two %ounds o$ bee$, and $our #u%s o$ wine) 4hen *%ries, at the head o$ his 'er#enaries, and *'asis, in #o''and o$ the whole nati&e $or#e o$ the Egy%tians, en#ountered one another near the #ity o$ -o'e'%his, an engage'ent %resently took %la#e) The $oreign troo%s $ought bra&ely, but were o&er%owered by nu'bers, in whi#h they $ell &ery $ar short o$ their ad&ersaries) t is said that *%ries belie&ed that there was not a god who #ould #ast hi' down $ro' his e'inen#e, so $ir'ly did he think that he had established hi'sel$ in his kingdo') But at this ti'e the battle went against hi', and his ar'y being worsted, he $ell into the ene'y1s hands and was brought ba#k a %risoner to "ais, where he was lodged

in what had been his own house, but was now the %ala#e o$ *'asis) *'asis treated hi' with kindness, and ke%t hi' in the %ala#e $or a while( but $inding his #ondu#t bla'ed by the Egy%tians, who #harged hi' with a#ting un2ustly in %reser&ing a 'an who had shown hi'sel$ so bitter an ene'y both to the' and hi', he ga&e *%ries o&er into the hands o$ his $or'er sub2e#ts, to deal with as they #hose) Then the Egy%tians took hi' and strangled hi', but ha&ing so done they buried hi' in the se%ul#hre o$ his $athers) This to'b is in the te'%le o$ -iner&a, &ery near the san#tuary, on the le$t hand as one enters) The "aites buried all the kings who belonged to their #anton inside this te'%le( and thus it e&en #ontains the to'b o$ *'asis, as well as that o$ *%ries and his $a'ily) The latter is not so #lose to the san#tuary as the $or'er, but still it is within the te'%le) t stands in the #ourt, and is a s%a#ious #loister built o$ stone and adorned with %illars #ar&ed so as to rese'ble %al' trees, and with other su'%tuous orna'ents) 4ithin the #loister is a #ha'ber with $olding doors, behind whi#h lies the se%ul#hre o$ the king) Here too, in this sa'e %re#in#t o$ -iner&a at "ais, is the burial7%la#e o$ one who' think it not right to 'ention in su#h a #onne#tion) t stands behind the te'%le, against the ba#kwall, whi#h it entirely #o&ers) There are also so'e large stone obelisks in the en#losure, and there is a lake near the', adorned with an edging o$ stone) n $or' it is #ir#ular, and in si/e, as it see'ed to 'e, about e,ual to the lake in 5elos #alled 9the Hoo%)9 !n this lake it is that the Egy%tians re%resent by night his su$$erings whose na'e re$rain $ro' 'entioning, and this re%resentation they #all their -ysteries) know well the whole #ourse o$ the %ro#eedings in these #ere'onies, but they shall not %ass 'y li%s) "o too, with regard to the 'ysteries o$ Ceres, whi#h the Greeks ter' 9the Thes'o%horia,9 know the', but shall not 'ention the', e.#e%t so $ar as 'ay be done without i'%iety) The daughters o$ 5anaus brought these rites $ro' Egy%t, and taught the' to the +elasgi# wo'en o$ the +elo%onnese) *$terwards, when the inhabitants o$ the %eninsula were dri&en $ro' their ho'es by the 5orians, the rites %erished) !nly in *r#adia, where the nati&es re'ained and were not #o'%elled to 'igrate, their obser&an#e #ontinued) *$ter *%ries had been %ut to death in the way that ha&e des#ribed abo&e, *'asis reigned o&er Egy%t) He belonged to the #anton o$ "ais, being a nati&e o$ the town #alled "iou%h) *t $irst his sub2e#ts looked down on hi' and held hi' in s'all estee', be#ause he had been a 'ere %ri&ate %erson, and o$ a house o$ no great distin#tion( but a$ter a ti'e *'asis su##eeded in re#on#iling the' to his rule, not by se&erity, but by #le&erness) *'ong his other s%lendour he had a golden $oot7%an, in whi#h his guests and hi'sel$ were wont u%on o##asion to wash their $eet) This &essel he #aused to be broken in %ie#es, and 'ade o$ the gold an i'age o$ one o$ the gods,

whi#h he set u% in the 'ost %ubli# %la#e in the whole #ity( u%on whi#h the Egy%tians $lo#ked to the i'age, and worshi%%ed it with the ut'ost re&eren#e) *'asis, $inding this was so, #alled an asse'bly, and o%ened the 'atter to the', e.%laining how the i'age had been 'ade o$ the $oot7%an, wherein they had been wont $or'erly to wash their $eet and to %ut all 'anner o$ $ilth, yet now it was greatly re&eren#ed) 9*nd truly,9 he went on to say, 9it had gone with hi' as with the $oot7%an) $ he was a %ri&ate %erson $or'erly, yet now he had #o'e to be their king) *nd so he bade the' honour and re&eren#e hi')9 "u#h was the 'ode in whi#h he won o&er the Egy%tians, and brought the' to be #ontent to do hi' ser&i#e) The $ollowing was the general habit o$ his li$e07 $ro' early dawn to the ti'e when the $oru' is wont to $ill, he sedulously transa#ted all the business that was brought be$ore hi'( during the re'ainder o$ the day he drank and 2oked with his guests, %assing the ti'e in witty and, so'eti'es, s#ar#e see'ly #on&ersation) t grie&ed his $riends that he should thus de'ean hi'sel$, and a##ordingly so'e o$ the' #hid hi' on the sub2e#t, saying to hi'7 9!h> king, thou dost but ill guard thy royal dignity whilst thou allowest thysel$ in su#h le&ities) Thou shouldest sit in state u%on a stately throne, and busy thysel$ with a$$airs the whole day long) "o would the Egy%tians $eel that a great 'an rules the', and thou wouldst be better s%oken o$) But now thou #ondu#test thysel$ in no kingly $ashion)9 *'asis answered the' thus07 9Bow'en bend their bows when they wish to shoot( unbra#e the' when the shooting is o&er) 4ere they ke%t always strung they would break, and $ail the ar#her in ti'e o$ need) "o it is with 'en) $ they gi&e the'sel&es #onstantly to serious work, and ne&er indulge awhile in %asti'e or s%ort, they lose their senses, and be#o'e 'ad or 'oody) ?nowing this, di&ide 'y li$e between %asti'e and business)9 Thus he answered his $riends) t is said that *'asis, e&en while he was a %ri&ate 'an, had the sa'e tastes $or drinking and 2esting, and was a&erse to engaging in any serious e'%loy'ent) He li&ed in #onstant $easts and re&elries, and whene&er his 'eans $ailed hi', he roa'ed about and robbed %eo%le) !n su#h o##asions the %ersons $ro' who' he had stolen would bring hi', i$ he denied the #harge, be$ore the nearest ora#le( so'eti'es the ora#le would %ronoun#e hi' guilty o$ the the$t, at other ti'es it would a#,uit hi') 4hen a$terwards he #a'e to be king, he negle#ted the te'%les o$ su#h gods as had de#lared that he was not a thie$, and neither #ontributed to their adorn'ent nor $re,uented the' $or sa#ri$i#e, sin#e he regarded the' as utterly worthless and their ora#les as wholly $alse0 but the gods who had dete#ted his guilt he #onsidered to be true gods whose ora#les did not de#ei&e, and these he honoured e.#eedingly) First o$ all, there$ore, he built the gateway o$ the te'%le o$ -iner&a at "ais, whi#h is an astonishing work, $ar sur%assing all

other buildings o$ the sa'e kind both in e.tent and height, and built with stones o$ rare si/e and e.#ellen#y) n the ne.t %la#e, he %resented to the te'%le a nu'ber o$ large #olossal statues and se&eral %rodigious andro7s%hin.es, besides #ertain stones $or the re%airs, o$ a 'ost e.traordinary si/e) "o'e o$ these he got $ro' the ,uarries o&er against -e'%his, but the largest were brought $ro' Ele%hantine, whi#h is twenty days1 &oyage $ro' "ais) !$ all these wonder$ul 'asses that whi#h 'ost ad'ire is a #ha'ber 'ade o$ a single stone, whi#h was ,uarried at Ele%hantine) t took three years to #on&ey this blo#k $ro' the ,uarry to "ais( and in the #on&eyan#e were e'%loyed no $ewer than two thousand labourers, who were all $ro' the #lass o$ boat'en) The length o$ this #ha'ber on the outside is twenty7one #ubits, its breadth $ourteen #ubits, and its height, eight) The 'easure'ents inside are the $ollowing07 the length, eighteen #ubits and $i&e7si.ths( the breadth, twel&e #ubits( and the height, $i&e) t lies near the entran#e o$ the te'%le, where it was le$t in #onse,uen#e o$ the $ollowing #ir#u'stan#e07 it ha%%ened that the ar#hite#t, 2ust as the stone had rea#hed the s%ot where it now stands, hea&ed a sigh, #onsidering the length o$ ti'e that the re'o&al had taken, and $eeling wearied with the hea&y toil) The sigh was heard by *'asis who, regarding it as an o'en, would not allow the #ha'ber to be 'o&ed $orward any $arther) "o'e, howe&er, say that one o$ the work'en engaged at the le&ers was #rushed and killed by the 'ass, and that this was the reason o$ its being le$t where it now stands) To the other te'%les o$ 'u#h note *'asis also 'ade 'agni$i#ent o$$erings7 at -e'%his, $or instan#e, he ga&e the re#u'bent #olossus in $ront o$ the te'%le o$ @ul#an, whi#h is se&enty7$i&e $eet long) Two other #olossal statues stand on the sa'e base, ea#h twenty $eet high, #ar&ed in the stone o$ Ethio%ia, one on either side o$ the te'%le) There is also a stone #olossus o$ the sa'e si/e at "ays, re#u'bent like that at -e'%his) *'asis $inally built the te'%le o$ sis at -e'%his, a &ast stru#ture, well worth seeing) t is said that the reign o$ *'asis was the 'ost %ros%erous ti'e that Egy%t e&er saw,7 the ri&er was 'ore liberal to the land, and the land brought $orth 'ore abundantly $or the ser&i#e o$ 'an than had e&er been known be$ore( while the nu'ber o$ inhabited #ities was not less than twenty thousand) t was this king *'asis who established the law that e&ery Egy%tian should a%%ear on#e a year be$ore the go&ernor o$ his #anton, and show his 'eans o$ li&ing( or, $ailing to do so, and to %ro&e that he got an honest li&elihood, should be %ut to death) "olon the *thenian borrowed this law $ro' the Egy%tians, and i'%osed it on his #ountry'en, who ha&e obser&ed it e&er sin#e) t is indeed an e.#ellent #usto') *'asis was %artial to the Greeks, and a'ong other $a&ours whi#h he granted the', ga&e to su#h as liked to settle in Egy%t the #ity o$ 3au#ratis $or their residen#e) To those who only wished to trade

u%on the #oast, and did not want to $i. their abode in the #ountry, he granted #ertain lands where they 'ight set u% altars and ere#t te'%les to the gods) !$ these te'%les the grandest and 'ost $a'ous, whi#h is also the 'ost $re,uented, is that #alled 9the Helleniu')9 t was built #on2ointly by the onians, 5orians, and *eolians, the $ollowing #ities taking %art in the work07 the onian states o$ Chios, Teos, +ho#aea, and Cla/o'enae( Rhodes, Cnidus, Hali#arnassus, and +haselis o$ the 5orians( and -ytilene o$ the *eolians) These are the states to who' the te'%le belongs, and they ha&e the right o$ a%%ointing the go&ernors o$ the $a#tory( the other #ities whi#h #lai' a share in the building, #lai' what in no sense belongs to the') Three nations, howe&er, #onse#rated $or the'sel&es se%arate te'%les7 the Eginetans one to 8u%iter, the "a'ians to 8uno, and the -ilesians to *%ollo) n an#ient ti'es there was no $a#tory but 3au#ratis in the whole o$ Egy%t( and i$ a %erson entered one o$ the other 'ouths o$ the 3ile, he was obliged to swear that he had not #o'e there o$ his own $ree will) Ha&ing so done, he was bound to sail in his shi% to the Canobi# 'outh, or were that i'%ossible owing to #ontrary winds, he 'ust take his wares by boat all round the 5elta, and so bring the' to 3au#ratis, whi#h had an e.#lusi&e %ri&ilege) t ha%%ened in the reign o$ *'asis that the te'%le o$ 5el%hi had been a##identally burnt, and the *'%hi#tyons had #ontra#ted to ha&e it rebuilt $or three hundred talents, o$ whi#h su' one7$ourth was to be $urnished by the 5el%hians) 6nder these #ir#u'stan#es the 5el%hians went $ro' #ity to #ity begging #ontributions, and a'ong their other wanderings #a'e to Egy%t and asked $or hel%) Fro' $ew other %la#es did they obtain so 'u#h7 *'asis ga&e the' a thousand talents o$ alu', and the Greek settlers twenty 'inae) * league was #on#luded by *'asis with the Cyrenaeans, by whi#h Cyrene and Egy%t be#a'e #lose $riends and allies) He likewise took a wi$e $ro' that #ity, either as a sign o$ his $riendly $eeling, or be#ause he had a $an#y to 'arry a Greek wo'an) Howe&er this 'ay be, #ertain it is that he es%oused a lady o$ Cyrene, by na'e Ladi#e, daughter, so'e say, o$ Battus or *r#esilaus, the king7 others, o$ Critobulus, one o$ the #hie$ #iti/ens) 4hen the ti'e #a'e to #o'%lete the #ontra#t, *'asis was stru#k with weakness) *stonished hereat7 $or he was not wont to be so a$$li#ted7 the king thus addressed his bride0 94o'an, thou hast #ertainly bewit#hed 'e7 now there$ore be sure thou shalt %erish 'ore 'iserably than e&er wo'an %erished yet)9 Ladi#e %rotested her inno#en#e, but in &ain( *'asis was not so$tened) Hereu%on she 'ade a &ow internally, that i$ he re#o&ered within the day ;$or no longer ti'e was allowed her<, she would %resent a statue to the te'%le o$ @enus at Cyrene) ''ediately she obtained her wish, and the king1s weakness disa%%eared) *'asis lo&ed her greatly e&er a$ter, and Ladi#e %er$or'ed her &ow) The statue whi#h she #aused to be 'ade, and sent to Cyrene #ontinued there to 'y day,

standing with its $a#e looking outwards $ro' the #ity) Ladi#e hersel$, when Ca'byses #on,uered Egy%t, su$$ered no wrong( $or Ca'byses, on learning o$ her who she was, sent her ba#k unhar'ed to her #ountry) Besides the 'arks o$ $a&our already 'entioned, *'asis also enri#hed with o$$erings 'any o$ the Greek te'%les) He sent to Cyrene a statue o$ -iner&a #o&ered with %lates o$ gold, and a %ainted likeness o$ hi'sel$) To the -iner&a o$ Lindus he ga&e two statues in stone, and a linen #orslet well worth ins%e#tion) To the "a'ian 8uno he %resented two statues o$ hi'sel$, 'ade in wood, whi#h stood in the great te'%le to 'y day, behind the doors) "a'os was honoured with these gi$ts on a##ount o$ the bond o$ $riendshi% subsisting between *'asis and +oly#rates, the son o$ *ea#es0 Lindus, $or no su#h reason, but be#ause o$ the tradition that the daughters o$ 5anaus tou#hed there in their $light $ro' the sons o$ *egy%tus, and built the te'%le o$ -iner&a) "u#h were the o$$erings o$ *'asis) He likewise took Cy%rus, whi#h no 'an had e&er done be$ore, and #o'%elled it to %ay hi' a tribute) The Third Book, Entitled TH*L * The abo&e7'entioned *'asis was the Egy%tian king against who' Ca'byses, son o$ Cyrus, 'ade his e.%edition( and with hi' went an ar'y #o'%osed o$ the 'any nations under his rule, a'ong the' being in#luded both oni# and *eoli# Greeks) The reason o$ the in&asion was the $ollowing) Ca'byses, by the ad&i#e o$ a #ertain Egy%tian, who was angry with *'asis $or ha&ing torn hi' $ro' his wi$e and #hildren and gi&en hi' o&er to the +ersians, had sent a herald to *'asis to ask his daughter in 'arriage) His ad&iser was a %hysi#ian, who' *'asis, when Cyrus had re,uested that he would send hi' the 'ost skil$ul o$ all the Egy%tian eye7do#tors, singled out as the best $ro' the whole nu'ber) There$ore the Egy%tian bore *'asis a grudge, and his reason $or urging Ca'byses to ask the hand o$ the king1s daughter was, that i$ he #o'%lied, it 'ight #ause hi' annoyan#e( i$ he re$used, it 'ight 'ake Ca'byses his ene'y) 4hen the 'essage #a'e, *'asis, who 'u#h dreaded the %ower o$ the +ersians, was greatly %er%le.ed whether to gi&e his daughter or no( $or that Ca'byses did not intend to 'ake her his wi$e, but would only re#ei&e her as his #on#ubine, he knew $or #ertain) He there$ore #ast the 'atter in his 'ind, and $inally resol&ed what he would do) There was a daughter o$ the late king *%ries, na'ed 3itetis, a tall and beauti$ul wo'an, the last sur&i&or o$ that royal house) *'asis took this wo'an, and de#king her out with gold and #ostly gar'ents, sent her to +ersia as i$ she had been his own #hild) "o'e ti'e a$terwards, Ca'byses, as he ga&e her an e'bra#e, ha%%ened to #all her by her $ather1s na'e, whereu%on she said to hi', 9 see, ! king, thou knowest not how thou has been #heated by *'asis( who took 'e, and, tri#king 'e out with gauds, sent 'e to thee as his own

daughter) But a' in truth the #hild o$ *%ries, who was his lord and 'aster, until he rebelled against hi', together with the rest o$ the Egy%tians, and %ut hi' to death)9 t was this s%ee#h, and the #ause o$ ,uarrel it dis#losed, whi#h roused the anger o$ Ca'byses, son o$ Cyrus, and brought his ar's u%on Egy%t) "u#h is the +ersian story) The Egy%tians, howe&er, #lai' Ca'byses as belonging to the', de#laring that he was the son o$ this 3itetis) t was Cyrus, they say, and not Ca'byses, who sent to *'asis $or his daughter) But here they 'is7state the truth) *#,uainted as they are beyond all other 'en with the laws and #usto's o$ the +ersians, they #annot but be well aware, $irst, that it is not the +ersian wont to allow a bastard to reign when there is a legiti'ate heir( and ne.t, that Ca'byses was the son o$ Cassandane, the daughter o$ +harnas%es, an *#hae'enian, and not o$ this Egy%tian) But the $a#t is that they %er&ert history in order to #lai' relationshi% with the house o$ Cyrus) "u#h is the truth o$ this 'atter) ha&e also heard another a##ount, whi#h do not at all belie&e0 that a +ersian lady #a'e to &isit the wi&es o$ Cyrus, and seeing how tall and beauti$ul were the #hildren o$ Cassandane, then standing by, broke out into loud %raise o$ the', and ad'ired the' e.#eedingly) But Cassandane, wi$e o$ Cyrus, answered, 9Though su#h the #hildren ha&e borne hi', yet Cyrus slights 'e and gi&es all his regard to the new7#o'er $ro' Egy%t)9 Thus did she e.%ress her &e.ation on a##ount o$ 3itetis0 whereu%on Ca'byses, the eldest o$ her boys, e.#lai'ed, 9-other, when a' a 'an, will turn Egy%t u%side down $or you)9 He was but ten years old, as the tale runs, when he said this, and astonished all the wo'en, yet he ne&er $orgot it a$terwards( and on this a##ount, they say, when he #a'e to be a 'an, and 'ounted the throne, he 'ade his e.%edition against Egy%t) There was another 'atter, ,uite distin#t, whi#h hel%ed to bring about the e.%edition) !ne o$ the 'er#enaries o$ *'asis, a Hali#arnassian, +hanes by na'e, a 'an o$ good 2udg'ent, and a bra&e warrior, dissatis$ied $or so'e reason or other with his 'aster, deserted the ser&i#e, and taking shi%, $led to Ca'byses, wishing to get s%ee#h with hi') *s he was a %erson o$ no s'all a##ount a'ong the 'er#enaries, and one who #ould gi&e &ery e.a#t intelligen#e about Egy%t, *'asis, an.ious to re#o&er hi', ordered that he should be %ursued) He ga&e the 'atter in #harge to one o$ the 'ost trusty o$ the eunu#hs, who went in ,uest o$ the Hali#arnassian in a &essel o$ war) The eunu#h #aught hi' in Ly#ia, but did not #ontri&e to bring hi' ba#k to Egy%t, $or +hanes outwitted hi' by 'aking his guards drunk, and then es#a%ing into +ersia) 3ow it ha%%ened that Ca'byses was 'editating his atta#k on Egy%t, and doubting how he 'ight best %ass the desert, when +hanes arri&ed, and not only told hi' all the se#rets o$ *'asis, but ad&ised hi' also how the desert 'ight be #rossed) He #ounselled hi' to send an a'bassador to the king o$ the *rabs, and ask

hi' $or sa$e7#ondu#t through the region) 3ow the only entran#e into Egy%t is by this desert0 the #ountry $ro' +hoeni#ia to the borders o$ the #ity Cadytis belongs to the %eo%le #alled the +alaestine "yrians( $ro' Cadytis, whi#h it a%%ears to 'e is a #ity al'ost as large as "ardis, the 'arts u%on the #oast till you rea#h 8enysus are the *rabian king1s( a$ter 8enysus the "yrians again #o'e in, and e.tend to Lake "erbonis, near the %la#e where -ount Casius 2uts out into the sea) *t Lake "erbonis, where the tale goes that Ty%hon hid hi'sel$, Egy%t begins) 3ow the whole tra#t between 8enysus on the one side, and Lake "erbonis and -ount Casius on the other, and this is no s'all s%a#e, being as 'u#h as three days1 2ourney, is a dry desert without a dro% o$ water) shall now 'ention a thing o$ whi#h $ew o$ those who sail to Egy%t are aware) Twi#e a year wine is brought into Egy%t $ro' e&ery %art o$ Gree#e, as well as $ro' +hoeni#ia, in earthen 2ars( and yet in the whole #ountry you will nowhere see, as 'ay say, a single 2ar) 4hat then, e&ery one will ask, be#o'es o$ the 2ars: This, too, will #lear u%) The burgo'aster o$ ea#h town has to #olle#t the wine72ars within his distri#t, and to #arry the' to -e'%his, where they are all $illed with water by the -e'%hians, who then #on&ey the' to this desert tra#t o$ "yria) *nd so it #o'es to %ass that all the 2ars whi#h enter Egy%t year by year, and are there %ut u% to sale, $ind their way into "yria, whither all the old 2ars ha&e gone be$ore the') This way o$ kee%ing the %assage into Egy%t $it $or use by storing water there, was begun by the +ersians so soon as they be#a'e 'asters o$ that #ountry) *s, howe&er, at the ti'e o$ whi#h we s%eak the tra#t had not yet been so su%%lied, Ca'byses took the ad&i#e o$ his Hali#arnassian guest, and sent 'essengers to the *rabian to beg a sa$e7#ondu#t through the region) The *rabian granted his %rayer, and ea#h %ledged $aith to the other) The *rabs kee% su#h %ledges 'ore religiously than al'ost any other %eo%le) They %light $aith with the $or's $ollowing) 4hen two 'en would swear a $riendshi%, they stand on ea#h side o$ a third0 he with a shar% stone 'akes a #ut on the inside o$ the hand o$ ea#h near the 'iddle $inger, and, taking a %ie#e $ro' their dress, di%s it in the blood o$ ea#h, and 'oistens therewith se&en stones lying in the 'idst, #alling the while on Ba##hus and 6rania) *$ter this, the 'an who 'akes the %ledge #o''ends the stranger ;or the #iti/en, i$ #iti/en he be< to all his $riends, and they dee' the'sel&es bound to stand to the engage'ent) They ha&e but these two gods, to wit, Ba##hus and 6rania( and they say that in their 'ode o$ #utting the hair, they $ollow Ba##hus) 3ow their %ra#ti#e is to #ut it in a ring, away $ro' the te'%les) Ba##hus they #all in their language !rotal, and 6rania, *lilat) 4hen there$ore the *rabian had %ledged his $aith to the 'essengers

o$ Ca'byses, he straightway #ontri&ed as $ollows07 he $illed a nu'ber o$ #a'els1 skins with water, and loading therewith all the li&e #a'els that he %ossessed, dro&e the' into the desert, and awaited the #o'ing o$ the ar'y) This is the 'ore likely o$ the two tales that are told) The other is an i'%robable story, but, as it is related, think that ought not to %ass it by) There is a great ri&er in *rabia, #alled the Corys, whi#h e'%ties itsel$ into the Erythraean sea) The *rabian king, they say, 'ade a %i%e o$ the skins o$ o.en and other beasts, rea#hing $ro' this ri&er all the way to the desert, and so brought the water to #ertain #isterns whi#h he had dug in the desert to re#ei&e it) t is a twel&e days1 2ourney $ro' the ri&er to this desert tra#t) *nd the water, they say, was brought through three di$$erent %i%es to three se%arate %la#es) +sa''enitus, son o$ *'asis, lay en#a'%ed at the 'outh o$ the) 3ile, #alled the +elusia#, awaiting Ca'byses) For Ca'byses, when he went u% against Egy%t, $ound *'asis no longer in li$e0 he had died a$ter ruling Egy%t $orty and $our years, during all whi#h ti'e no great 'is$ortune had be$allen hi') 4hen he died, his body was e'bal'ed, and buried in the to'b whi#h he had hi'sel$ #aused to be 'ade in the te'%le) *$ter his son +sa''enitus had 'ounted the throne, a strange %rodigy o##urred in Egy%t7 rain $ell at Egy%tian Thebes, a thing whi#h ne&er ha%%ened be$ore, and whi#h, to the %resent ti'e, has ne&er ha%%ened again, as the Thebans the'sel&es testi$y) n 6%%er Egy%t it does not usually rain at all( but on this o##asion, rain $ell at Thebes in s'all dro%s) The +ersians #rossed the desert, and, %it#hing their #a'% #lose to the Egy%tians, 'ade ready $or battle) Hereu%on the 'er#enaries in the %ay o$ +sa''enitus, who were Greeks and Carians, $ull o$ anger against +hanes $or ha&ing brought a $oreign ar'y u%on Egy%t, bethought the'sel&es o$ a 'ode whereby they 'ight be re&enged on hi') +hanes had le$t sons in Egy%t) The 'er#enaries took these, and leading the' to the #a'%, dis%layed the' be$ore the eyes o$ their $ather( a$ter whi#h they brought out a bowl, and, %la#ing it in the s%a#e between the two hosts, they led the sons o$ +hanes, one by one, to the &essel, and slew the' o&er it) 4hen the last was dead, water and wine were %oured into the bowl, and all the soldiers tasted o$ the blood, and so they went to the battle) "tubborn was the $ight whi#h $ollowed, and it was not till &ast nu'bers had been slain u%on both sides, that the Egy%tians turned and $led) !n the $ield where this battle was $ought saw a &ery wonder$ul thing whi#h the nati&es %ointed out to 'e) The bones o$ the slain lie s#attered u%on the $ield in two lots, those o$ the +ersians in one %la#e by the'sel&es, as the bodies lay at the $irst7 those o$ the Egy%tians in another %la#e a%art $ro' the') $, then, you strike the +ersian skulls, e&en with a %ebble, they are so weak, that you break a hole in the'( but the Egy%tian skulls are so strong, that you 'ay

s'ite the' with a stone and you will s#ar#ely break the' in) They ga&e 'e the $ollowing reason $or this di$$eren#e, whi#h see'ed to 'e likely enough07 The Egy%tians ;they said< $ro' early #hildhood ha&e the head sha&ed, and so by the a#tion o$ the sun the skull be#o'es thi#k and hard) The sa'e #ause %re&ents baldness in Egy%t, where you see $ewer bald 'en than in any other land) "u#h, then, is the reason why the skulls o$ the Egy%tians are so strong) The +ersians, on the other hand, ha&e $eeble skulls, be#ause they kee% the'sel&es shaded $ro' the $irst, wearing turbans u%on their heads) 4hat ha&e here 'entioned saw with 'y own eyes, and obser&ed also the like at +a%re'is, in the #ase o$ the +ersians who were killed with *#haea'enes, the son o$ 5arius, by narus the Libyan) The Egy%tians who $ought in the battle, no sooner turned their ba#ks u%on the ene'y, than they $led away in #o'%lete disorder to -e'%his, where they shut the'sel&es u% within the walls) Hereu%on Ca'byses sent a -ytilenaean &essel, with a +ersian herald on board, who was to sail u% the 3ile to -e'%his, and in&ite the Egy%tians to a surrender) They, howe&er, when they saw the &essel entering the town, %oured $orth in #rowds $ro' the #astle, destroyed the shi%, and, tearing the #rew li'b $ro' li'b, so bore the' into the $ortress) *$ter this -e'%his was besieged, and in due ti'e surrendered) Hereon the Libyans who bordered u%on Egy%t, $earing the $ate o$ that #ountry, ga&e the'sel&es u% to Ca'byses without a battle, 'ade an agree'ent to %ay tribute to hi', and $orthwith sent hi' gi$ts) The Cyrenaeans too, and the Bar#aeans, ha&ing the sa'e $ear as the Libyans, i''ediately did the like) Ca'byses re#ei&ed the Libyan %resents &ery gra#iously, but not so the gi$ts o$ the Cyrenaeans) They had sent no 'ore than $i&e hundred 'in. o$ sil&er, whi#h Ca'byses, i'agine, thought too little) He there$ore snat#hed the 'oney $ro' the', and with his own hands s#attered it a'ong his soldiers) Ten days a$ter the $ort had $allen, Ca'byses resol&ed to try the s%irit o$ +sa''enitus, the Egy%tian king, whose whole reign had been but si. 'onths) He there$ore had hi' set in one o$ the suburbs, and 'any other Egy%tians with hi', and there sub2e#ted hi' to insult) First o$ all he sent his daughter out $ro' the #ity, #lothed in the garb o$ a sla&e, with a %it#her to draw water) -any &irgins, the daughters o$ the #hie$ nobles, a##o'%anied her, wearing the sa'e dress) 4hen the da'sels #a'e o%%osite the %la#e where their $athers sate, shedding tears and uttering #ries o$ woe, the $athers, all but +sa''enitus, we%t and wailed in return, grie&ing to see their #hildren in so sad a %light( but he, when he had looked and seen, bent his head towards the ground) n this way %assed by the water7#arriers) 3e.t to the' #a'e +sa''enitus1 son, and two thousand Egy%tians o$ the sa'e age with hi'7 all o$ the' ha&ing ro%es round their ne#ks and bridles in their 'ouths7 and they too %assed by on their way to su$$er death $or the 'urder o$ the -ytilenaeans who were destroyed, with

their &essel, in -e'%his) For so had the royal 2udges gi&en their senten#e $or ea#h -ytilenaean ten o$ the noblest Egy%tians 'ust $or$eit li$e)9 ?ing +sa''enitus saw the train %ass on, and knew his son was being led to death, but while the other Egy%tians who sate around hi' we%t and were sorely troubled, he showed no $urther sign than when he saw his daughter) *nd now, when they too were gone, it #han#ed that one o$ his $or'er boon7#o'%anions, a 'an ad&an#ed in years, who had been stri%%ed o$ all that he had and was a beggar, #a'e where +sa''enitus, son o$ *'asis, and the rest o$ the Egy%tians were, asking al's $ro' the soldiers) *t this sight the king burst into tears, and wee%ing out aloud, #alled his $riend by his na'e, and s'ote hi'sel$ on the head) 3ow there were so'e who had been set to wat#h +sa''enitus and see what he would do as ea#h train went by( so these %ersons went and told Ca'byses o$ his beha&iour) Then he, astonished at what was done, sent a 'essenger to +sa''enitus, and ,uestioned hi', saying, 9+sa''enitus, thy lord Ca'byses asketh thee why, when thou sawest thy daughter brought to sha'e, and thy son on his way to death, thou didst neither utter #ry nor shed tear, while to a beggar, who is, he hears, a stranger to thy ra#e, thou ga&est those 'arks o$ honour)9 To this ,uestion +sa''enitus 'ade answer, 9! son o$ Cyrus, 'y own 'is$ortunes were too great $or tears( but the woe o$ 'y $riend deser&ed the') 4hen a 'an $alls $ro' s%lendour and %lenty into beggary at the threshold o$ old age, one 'ay well wee% $or hi')9 4hen the 'essenger brought ba#k this answer, Ca'byses owned it was 2ust( Croesus, likewise, the Egy%tians say, burst into tears7 $or he too had #o'e into Egy%t with Ca'byses7 and the +ersians who were %resent we%t) E&en Ca'byses hi'sel$ was tou#hed with %ity, and he $orthwith ga&e an order that the son o$ +sa''enitus should be s%ared $ro' the nu'ber o$ those a%%ointed to die, and +sa''enitus hi'sel$ brought $ro' the suburb into his %resen#e) The 'essengers were too late to sa&e the li$e o$ +sa''enitus1 son, who had been #ut in %ie#es the $irst o$ all( but they took +sa''enitus hi'sel$ and brought hi' be$ore the king) Ca'byses allowed hi' to li&e with hi', and ga&e hi' no 'ore harsh treat'ent( nay, #ould he ha&e ke%t $ro' inter'eddling with a$$airs, he 'ight ha&e re#o&ered Egy%t, and ruled it as go&ernor) For the +ersian wont is to treat the sons o$ kings with honour, and e&en to gi&e their $athers1 kingdo's to the #hildren o$ su#h as re&olt $ro' the') There are 'any #ases $ro' whi#h one 'ay #olle#t that this is the +ersian rule, and es%e#ially those o$ +ausiris and Thannyras) Thannyras was son o$ narus the Libyan, and was allowed to su##eed his $ather, as was also +ausiris, son o$ *'yrtaeus( yet #ertainly no two %ersons e&er did the +ersians 'ore da'age than *'yrtaeus and narus) n this #ase +sa''enitus %lotted e&il, and re#ei&ed his reward a##ordingly) He was dis#o&ered to be stirring u% re&olt in Egy%t, where$ore Ca'byses, when his guilt #learly a%%eared, #o'%elled hi' to drink

bull1s blood, whi#h %resently #aused his death) "u#h was the end o$ +sa''enitus) *$ter this Ca'byses le$t -e'%his, and went to "ais, wishing to do that whi#h he a#tually did on his arri&al there) He entered the %ala#e o$ *'asis, and straightway #o''anded that the body o$ the king should be brought $orth $ro' the se%ul#hre) 4hen the attendants did a##ording to his #o''and'ent, he $urther bade the' s#ourge the body, and %ri#k it with goads, and %lu#k the hair $ro' it, and hea% u%on it all 'anner o$ insults) The body, howe&er, ha&ing been e'bal'ed, resisted, and re$used to #o'e a%art, do what they would to it( so the attendants grew weary o$ their work( whereu%on Ca'byses bade the' take the #or%se and burn it) This was truly an i'%ious #o''and to gi&e, $or the +ersians hold $ire to be a god, and ne&er by any #han#e burn their dead) ndeed this %ra#ti#e is unlaw$ul, both with the' and with the Egy%tians7 with the' $or the reason abo&e 'entioned, sin#e they dee' it wrong to gi&e the #or%se o$ a 'an to a god( and with the Egy%tians, be#ause they belie&e $ire to be a li&e ani'al, whi#h eats whate&er it #an sei/e, and then, glutted with the $ood, dies with the 'atter whi#h it $eeds u%on) 3ow to gi&e a 'an1s body to be de&oured by beasts is in no wise agreeable to their #usto's, and indeed this is the &ery reason why they e'bal' their dead( na'ely, to %re&ent the' $ro' being eaten in the gra&e by wor's) Thus Ca'byses #o''anded what both nations a##ounted unlaw$ul) *##ording to the Egy%tians, it was not *'asis who was thus treated, but another o$ their nation who was o$ about the sa'e height) The +ersians, belie&ing this 'an1s body to be the king1s, abused it in the $ashion des#ribed abo&e) *'asis, they say, was warned by an ora#le o$ what would ha%%en to hi' a$ter his death0 in order, there$ore, to %re&ent the i'%ending $ate, he buried the body, whi#h a$terwards re#ei&ed the blows, inside his own to'b near the entran#e, #o''anding his son to bury hi', when he died, in the $urthest re#ess o$ the sa'e se%ul#hre) For 'y own %art do not belie&e that these orders were e&er gi&en by *'asis( the Egy%tians, as it see's to 'e, $alsely assert it, to sa&e their own dignity) *$ter this Ca'byses took #ounsel with hi'sel$, and %lanned three e.%editions) !ne was against the Carthaginians, another against the *''onians, and a third against the long7li&ed Ethio%ians, who dwelt in that %art o$ Libya whi#h borders u%on the southern sea) He 2udged it best to des%at#h his $leet against Carthage and to send so'e %ortion o$ his land ar'y to a#t against the *''onians, while his s%ies went into Ethio%ia, under the %reten#e o$ #arrying %resents to the king, but in reality to take note o$ all they saw, and es%e#ially to obser&e whether there was really what is #alled 9the table o$ the "un9 in Ethio%ia) 3ow the table o$ the "un a##ording to the a##ounts gi&en o$ it 'ay be thus des#ribed07 t is a 'eadow in the skirts o$ their #ity $ull o$

the boiled $lesh o$ all 'anner o$ beasts, whi#h the 'agistrates are #are$ul to store with 'eat e&ery night, and where whoe&er likes 'ay #o'e and eat during the day) The %eo%le o$ the land say that the earth itsel$ brings $orth the $ood) "u#h is the des#ri%tion whi#h is gi&en o$ this table) 4hen Ca'byses had 'ade u% his 'ind that the s%ies should go, he $orthwith sent to Ele%hantine $or #ertain o$ the #thyo%hagi who were a#,uainted with the Ethio%ian tongue( and, while they were being $et#hed, issued orders to his $leet to sail against Carthage) But the +hoeni#ians said they would not go, sin#e they were bound to the Carthaginians by sole'n oaths, and sin#e besides it would be wi#ked in the' to 'ake war on their own #hildren) 3ow when the +hoeni#ians re$used, the rest o$ the $leet was une,ual to the undertaking( and so it was that the Carthaginians es#a%ed, and were not ensla&ed by the +ersians) Ca'byses thought it not right to $or#e the war u%on the +hoeni#ians, be#ause they had yielded the'sel&es to the +ersians, and be#ause u%on the +hoeni#ians all his sea7ser&i#e de%ended) The Cy%rians had also 2oined the +ersians o$ their own a##ord, and took %art with the' in the e.%edition against Egy%t) *s soon as the #thyo%hagi arri&ed $ro' Ele%hantine, Ca'byses, ha&ing told the' what they were to say, $orthwith des%at#hed the' into Ethio%ia with these $ollowing gi$ts0 to wit, a %ur%le robe, a gold #hain $or the ne#k, ar'lets, an alabaster bo. o$ 'yrrh, and a #ask o$ %al' wine) The Ethio%ians to who' this e'bassy was sent are said to be the tallest and handso'est 'en in the whole world) n their #usto's they di$$er greatly $ro' the rest o$ 'ankind, and %arti#ularly in the way they #hoose their kings( $or they $ind out the 'an who is the tallest o$ all the #iti/ens, and o$ strength e,ual to his height, and a%%oint hi' to rule o&er the') The #thyo%hagi on rea#hing this %eo%le, deli&ered the gi$ts to the king o$ the #ountry, and s%oke as $ollows07 9Ca'byses, king o$ the +ersians, an.ious to be#o'e thy ally and sworn $riend, has sent us to hold #on&erse with thee, and to bear thee the gi$ts thou seest, whi#h are the things wherein he hi'sel$ delights the 'ost)9 Hereon the Ethio%ian, who knew they #a'e as s%ies, 'ade answer07 9The king o$ the +ersians sent you not with these gi$ts be#ause he 'u#h desired to be#o'e 'y sworn $riend7 nor is the a##ount whi#h ye gi&e o$ yoursel&es true, $or ye are #o'e to sear#h out 'y kingdo') *lso your king is not a 2ust 'an7 $or were he so, he had not #o&eted a land whi#h is not his own, nor brought sla&ery on a %eo%le who ne&er did hi' any wrong) Bear hi' this bow, and say7 1The king o$ the Ethio%s thus ad&ises the king o$ the +ersians when the +ersians #an %ull a bow o$ this strength thus easily, then let hi' #o'e with an ar'y o$ su%erior strength against the long7li&ed Ethio%ians7 till then, let hi' thank the gods that they ha&e not %ut it into the heart o$ the sons o$ the Ethio%s to #o&et #ountries whi#h do not belong to the')1

"o s%eaking, he unstrung the bow, and ga&e it into the hands o$ the 'essengers) Then, taking the %ur%le robe, he asked the' what it was, and how it had been 'ade) They answered truly, telling hi' #on#erning the %ur%le, and the art o$ the dyer7 whereat he obser&ed 9that the 'en were de#eit$ul, and their gar'ents also)9 3e.t he took the ne#k7#hain and the ar'lets, and asked about the') "o the #thyo%hagi e.%lained their use as orna'ents) Then the king laughed, and $an#ying they were $etters, said, 9the Ethio%ians had 'u#h stronger ones)9 Thirdly, he in,uired about the 'yrrh, and when they told hi' how it was 'ade and rubbed u%on the li'bs, he said the sa'e as he had said about the robe) Last o$ all he #a'e to the wine, and ha&ing learnt their way o$ 'aking it, he drank a draught, whi#h greatly delighted hi'( whereu%on he asked what the +ersian king was wont to eat, and to what age the longest7li&ed o$ the +ersians had been known to attain) They told hi' that the king ate bread, and des#ribed the nature o$ wheat7 adding that eighty years was the longest ter' o$ 'an1s li$e a'ong the +ersians) Hereat he re'arked, 9 t did not sur%rise hi', i$ they $ed on dirt, that they died so soon( indeed he was sure they ne&er would ha&e li&ed so long as eighty years, e.#e%t $or the re$resh'ent they got $ro' that drink ;'eaning the wine<, wherein he #on$essed the +ersians sur%assed the Ethio%ians)9 The #thyo%hagi then in their turn ,uestioned the king #on#erning the ter' o$ li$e, and diet o$ his %eo%le, and were told that 'ost o$ the' li&ed to be a hundred and twenty years old, while so'e e&en went beyond that age7 they ate boiled $lesh, and had $or their drink nothing but 'ilk) 4hen the #thyo%hagi showed wonder at the nu'ber o$ the years, he led the' to a $ountain, wherein when they had washed, they $ound their $lesh all glossy and sleek, as i$ they had bathed in oil7 and a s#ent #a'e $ro' the s%ring like that o$ &iolets) The water was so weak, they said, that nothing would $loat in it, neither wood, nor any lighter substan#e, but all went to the botto') $ the a##ount o$ this $ountain be true, it would be their #onstant use o$ the water $ro' it whi#h 'akes the' so long7li&ed) 4hen they ,uitted the $ountain the king led the' to a %rison, where the %risoners were all o$ the' bound with $etters o$ gold) *'ong these Ethio%ians #o%%er is o$ all 'etals the 'ost s#ar#e and &aluable) *$ter they had seen the %rison, they were likewise shown what is #alled 9the table o$ the "un)9 *lso, last o$ all, they were allowed to behold the #o$$ins o$ the Ethio%ians, whi#h are 'ade ;a##ording to re%ort< o$ #rystal, a$ter the $ollowing $ashion07 4hen the dead body has been dried, either in the Egy%tian, or in so'e other 'anner, they #o&er the whole with gy%su', and adorn it with %ainting until it is as like the li&ing 'an as %ossible) Then they %la#e the body in a #rystal %illar whi#h has been hollowed out to re#ei&e it, #rystal being dug u% in great

abundan#e in their #ountry, and o$ a kind &ery easy to work) =ou 'ay see the #or%se through the %illar within whi#h it lies( and it neither gi&es out any un%leasant odour, nor is it in any res%e#t unsee'ly( yet there is no %art that is not as %lainly &isible as i$ the body were bare) The ne.t o$ kin kee% the #rystal %illar in their houses $or a $ull year $ro' the ti'e o$ the death, and gi&e it the $irst $ruits #ontinually, and honour it with sa#ri$i#e) *$ter the year is out they bear the %illar $orth, and set it u% near the town) 4hen the s%ies had now seen e&erything, they returned ba#k to Egy%t, and 'ade re%ort to Ca'byses, who was stirred to anger by their words) Forthwith he set out on his 'ar#h against the Ethio%ians without ha&ing 'ade any %ro&ision $or the sustenan#e o$ his ar'y, or re$le#ted that he was about to wage war in the utter'ost %arts o$ the earth) Like a senseless 'ad'an as he was, no sooner did he re#ei&e the re%ort o$ the #thyo%hagi than he began his 'ar#h, bidding the Greeks who were with his ar'y re'ain where they were, and taking only his land $or#e with hi') *t Thebes, whi#h he %assed through on his way, he deta#hed $ro' his 'ain body so'e $i$ty thousand 'en, and sent the' against the *''onians with orders to #arry the %eo%le into #a%ti&ity, and burn the ora#le o$ 8u%iter) -eanwhile he hi'sel$ went on with the rest o$ his $or#es against the Ethio%ians) Be$ore, howe&er, he had a##o'%lished one7$i$th %art o$ the distan#e, all that the ar'y had in the way o$ %ro&isions $ailed( whereu%on the 'en began to eat the su'%ter beasts, whi#h shortly $ailed also) $ then, at this ti'e, Ca'byses, seeing what was ha%%ening, had #on$essed hi'sel$ in the wrong, and led his ar'y ba#k, he would ha&e done the wisest thing that he #ould a$ter the 'istake 'ade at the outset( but as it was, he took no 'anner o$ heed, but #ontinued to 'ar#h $orwards) "o long as the earth ga&e the' anything, the soldiers sustained li$e by eating the grass and herbs( but when they #a'e to the bare sand, a %ortion o$ the' were guilty o$ a horrid deed0 by tens they #ast lots $or a 'an, who was slain to be the $ood o$ the others) 4hen Ca'byses heard o$ these doings, alar'ed at su#h #annibalis', he ga&e u% his atta#k on Ethio%ia, and retreating by the way he had #o'e, rea#hed Thebes, a$ter he had lost &ast nu'bers o$ his soldiers) Fro' Thebes he 'ar#hed down to -e'%his, where he dis'issed the Greeks, allowing the' to sail ho'e) *nd so ended the e.%edition against Ethio%ia) The 'en sent to atta#k the *''onians, started $ro' Thebes, ha&ing guides with the', and 'ay be #learly tra#ed as $ar as the #ity !asis, whi#h is inhabited by "a'ians, said to be o$ the tribe *es#hrionia) The %la#e is distant $ro' Thebes se&en days1 2ourney a#ross the sand, and is #alled in our tongue 9the sland o$ the Blessed)9 Thus $ar the ar'y is known to ha&e 'ade its way( but then#e$orth nothing is to be heard o$ the', e.#e%t what the *''onians, and those who get their knowledge $ro' the', re%ort) t is #ertain they neither rea#hed the *''onians, nor e&en #a'e ba#k to Egy%t)

Further than this, the *''onians relate as $ollows07 That the +ersians set $orth $ro' !asis a#ross the sand, and had rea#hed about hal$ way between that %la#e and the'sel&es when, as they were at their 'idday 'eal, a wind arose $ro' the south, strong and deadly, bringing with it &ast #olu'ns o$ whirling sand, whi#h entirely #o&ered u% the troo%s and #aused the' wholly to disa%%ear) Thus, a##ording to the *''onians, did it $are with this ar'y) *bout the ti'e when Ca'byses arri&ed at -e'%his, *%is a%%eared to the Egy%tians) 3ow *%is is the god who' the Greeks #all E%a%hus) *s soon as he a%%eared, straightway all the Egy%tians arrayed the'sel&es in their gayest gar'ents, and $ell to $easting and 2ollity0 whi#h when Ca'byses saw, 'aking sure that these re2oi#ings were on a##ount o$ his own ill su##ess, he #alled be$ore hi' the o$$i#ers who had #harge o$ -e'%his, and de'anded o$ the'7 94hy, when he was in -e'%his be$ore, the Egy%tians had done nothing o$ this kind, but waited until now, when he had returned with the loss o$ so 'any o$ his troo%s:9 The o$$i#ers 'ade answer, 9That one o$ their gods had a%%eared to the', a god who at long inter&als o$ ti'e had been a##usto'ed to show hi'sel$ in Egy%t7 and that always on his a%%earan#e the whole o$ Egy%t $easted and ke%t 2ubilee)9 4hen Ca'byses heard this, he told the' that they lied, and as liars he #onde'ned the' all to su$$er death) 4hen they were dead, he #alled the %riests to his %resen#e, and ,uestioning the' re#ei&ed the sa'e answer( whereu%on he obser&ed, 9That he would soon know whether a ta'e god had really #o'e to dwell in Egy%t97 and straightway, without another word, he bade the' bring *%is to hi') "o they went out $ro' his %resen#e to $et#h the god) 3ow this *%is, or E%a%hus, is the #al$ o$ a #ow whi#h is ne&er a$terwards able to bear young) The Egy%tians say that $ire #o'es down $ro' hea&en u%on the #ow, whi#h thereu%on #on#ei&es *%is) The #al$ whi#h is so #alled has the $ollowing 'arks07 He is bla#k, with a s,uare s%ot o$ white u%on his $orehead, and on his ba#k the $igure o$ an eagle( the hairs in his tail are double, and there is a beetle u%on his tongue) 4hen the %riests returned bringing *%is with the', Ca'byses, like the harebrained %erson that he was, drew his dagger, and ai'ed at the belly o$ the ani'al, but 'issed his 'ark, and stabbed hi' in the thigh) Then he laughed, and said thus to the %riests07 9!h> blo#kheads, and think ye that gods be#o'e like this, o$ $lesh and blood, and sensible to steel: * $it god indeed $or Egy%tians, su#h an one> But it shall #ost you dear that you ha&e 'ade 'e your laughing7sto#k)9 4hen he had so s%oken, he ordered those whose business it was to s#ourge the %riests, and i$ they $ound any o$ the Egy%tians kee%ing $esti&al to %ut the' to death) Thus was the $east sto%%ed throughout the land o$ Egy%t, and the %riests su$$ered %unish'ent) *%is, wounded in the thigh, lay so'e ti'e %ining in the

te'%le( at last he died o$ his wound, and the %riests buried hi' se#retly without the knowledge o$ Ca'byses) *nd now Ca'byses, who e&en be$ore had not been ,uite in his right 'ind, was $orthwith, as the Egy%tians say, s'itten with 'adness $or this #ri'e) The $irst o$ his outrages was the slaying o$ "'erdis, his $ull brother, who' he had sent ba#k to +ersia $ro' Egy%t out o$ en&y, be#ause he drew the bow brought $ro' the Ethio%ians by the #thyo%hagi ;whi#h none o$ the other +ersians were able to bend< the distan#e o$ two $ingers1 breadth) 4hen "'erdis was de%arted into +ersia, Ca'byses had a &ision in his slee%7 he thought a 'essenger $ro' +ersia #a'e to hi' with tidings that "'erdis sat u%on the royal throne and with his head tou#hed the hea&ens) Fearing there$ore $or hi'sel$, and thinking it likely that his brother would kill hi' and rule in his stead, Ca'byses sent into +ersia +re.as%es, who' he trusted beyond all the other +ersians, bidding hi' %ut "'erdis to death) "o this +re.as%es went u% to "usa and slew "'erdis) "o'e say he killed hi' as they hunted together, others, that he took hi' down to the Erythraean "ea, and there drowned hi') This, it is said, was the $irst outrage whi#h Ca'byses #o''itted) The se#ond was the slaying o$ his sister, who had a##o'%anied hi' into Egy%t, and li&ed with hi' as his wi$e, though she was his $ull sister, the daughter both o$ his $ather and his 'other) The way wherein he had 'ade her his wi$e was the $ollowing07 t was not the #usto' o$ the +ersians, be$ore his ti'e, to 'arry their sisters, but Ca'byses, ha%%ening to $all in lo&e with one o$ his and wishing to take her to wi$e, as he knew that it was an un#o''on thing, #alled together the royal 2udges, and %ut it to the', 9whether there was any law whi#h allowed a brother, i$ he wished, to 'arry his sister:9 3ow the royal 2udges are #ertain %i#ked 'en a'ong the +ersians, who hold their o$$i#e $or li$e, or until they are $ound guilty o$ so'e 'is#ondu#t) By the' 2usti#e is ad'inistered in +ersia, and they are the inter%reters o$ the old laws, all dis%utes being re$erred to their de#ision) 4hen Ca'byses, there$ore, %ut his ,uestion to these 2udges, they ga&e hi' an answer whi#h was at on#e true and sa$e7 9they did not $ind any law,9 they said, 9allowing a brother to take his sister to wi$e, but they $ound a law, that the king o$ the +ersians 'ight do whate&er he %leased)9 *nd so they neither war%ed the law through $ear o$ Ca'byses, nor ruined the'sel&es by o&er sti$$ly 'aintaining the law( but they brought another ,uite distin#t law to the king1s hel%, whi#h allowed hi' to ha&e his wish) Ca'byses, there$ore, 'arried the ob2e#t o$ his lo&e, and no long ti'e a$terwards he took to wi$e another sister) t was the younger o$ these who went with hi' into Egy%t, and there su$$ered death at his hands) Con#erning the 'anner o$ her death, as #on#erning that o$ "'erdis, two di$$erent a##ounts are gi&en) The story whi#h the Greeks tell is that Ca'byses had set a young dog to $ight the #ub o$ a lioness7 his

wi$e looking on at the ti'e) 3ow the dog was getting the worse, when a %u% o$ the sa'e litter broke his #hain, and #a'e to his brother1s aid7 then the two dogs together $ought the lion, and #on,uered hi') The thing greatly %leased Ca'byses, but his sister who was sitting by shed tears) 4hen Ca'byses saw this, he asked her why she we%t0 whereon she told hi', that seeing the young dog #o'e to his brother1s aid 'ade her think o$ "'erdis, who' there was none to hel%) For this s%ee#h, the Greeks say, Ca'byses %ut her to death) But the Egy%tians tell the story thus07 The two were sitting at table, when the sister took a lettu#e, and stri%%ing the lea&es o$$, asked her brother 9when he thought the lettu#e looked the %rettiest7 when it had all its lea&es on, or now that it was stri%%ed:9 He answered, 94hen the lea&es were on)9 9But thou,9 she re2oined, 9hast done as did to the lettu#e, and 'ade bare the house o$ Cyrus)9 Then Ca'byses was wroth, and s%rang $ier#ely u%on her, though she was with #hild at the ti'e) *nd so it #a'e to %ass that she 'is#arried and died) Thus 'ad was Ca'byses u%on his own kindred, and this either $ro' his usage o$ *%is, or $ro' so'e other a'ong the 'any #auses $ro' whi#h #ala'ities are wont to arise) They say that $ro' his birth he was a$$li#ted with a dread$ul disease, the disorder whi#h so'e #all 9the sa#red si#kness)9 t would be by no 'eans strange, there$ore, i$ his 'ind were a$$e#ted in so'e degree, seeing that his body laboured under so sore a 'alady) He was 'ad also u%on others besides his kindred( a'ong the rest, u%on +re.as%es, the 'an who' he estee'ed beyond all the rest o$ the +ersians, who #arried his 'essages, and whose son held the o$$i#e7 an honour o$ no s'all a##ount in +ersia7 o$ his #u%bearer) Hi' Ca'byses is said to ha&e on#e addressed as $ollows07 94hat sort o$ 'an, +re.as%es, do the +ersians think 'e: 4hat do they say o$ 'e:9 +re.as%es answered, 9!h> sire, they %raise thee greatly in all things but one7 they say thou art too 'u#h gi&en to lo&e o$ wine)9 "u#h +re.as%es told hi' was the 2udg'ent o$ the +ersians( whereu%on Ca'byses, $ull o$ rage, 'ade answer, 94hat: they say now that drink too 'u#h wine, and so ha&e lost 'y senses, and a' gone out o$ 'y 'ind> Then their $or'er s%ee#hes about 'e were untrue)9 For on#e, when the +ersians were sitting with hi', and Croesus was by, he had asked the', 94hat sort o$ 'an they thought hi' #o'%ared to his $ather Cyrus:9 Hereon they had answered, 9That he sur%assed his $ather, $or he was lord o$ all that his $ather e&er ruled, and $urther had 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ Egy%t, and the sea)9 Then Croesus, who was standing near, and 'isliked the #o'%arison, s%oke thus to Ca'byses0 9 n 'y 2udg'ent, ! son o$ Cyrus, thou art not e,ual to thy $ather, $or thou hast not yet le$t behind thee su#h a son as he)9 Ca'byses was delighted when he heard this re%ly, and %raised the 2udg'ent o$ Croesus) Re#olle#ting these answers, Ca'byses s%oke $ier#ely to

+re.as%es, saying, 98udge now thysel$, +re.as%es, whether the +ersians tell the truth, or whether it is not they who are 'ad $or s%eaking as they do) Look there now at thy son standing in the &estibule7 i$ shoot and hit hi' right in the 'iddle o$ the heart, it will be %lain the +ersians ha&e no grounds $or what they say0 i$ 'iss hi', then allow that the +ersians are right, and that a' out o$ 'y 'ind)9 "o s%eaking he drew his bow to the $ull, and stru#k the boy, who straightway $ell down dead) Then Ca'byses ordered the body to be o%ened, and the wound e.a'ined( and when the arrow was $ound to ha&e entered the heart, the king was ,uite o&er2oyed, and said to the $ather with a laugh, 93ow thou seest %lainly, +re.as%es, that it is not who a' 'ad, but the +ersians who ha&e lost their senses) %ray thee tell 'e, sawest thou e&er 'ortal 'an send an arrow with a better ai':9 +re.as%es, seeing that the king was not in his right 'ind, and $earing $or hi'sel$, re%lied, 9!h> 'y lord, do not think that God hi'sel$ #ould shoot so de.terously)9 "u#h was the outrage whi#h Ca'byses #o''itted at this ti'e0 at another, he took twel&e o$ the noblest +ersians, and, without bringing any #harge worthy o$ death against the', buried the' all u% to the ne#k) Hereu%on Croesus the Lydian thought it right to ad'onish Ca'byses, whi#h he did in these words $ollowing07 9!h> king, allow not thysel$ to gi&e way entirely to thy youth, and the heat o$ thy te'%er, but #he#k and #ontrol thysel$) t is well to look to #onse,uen#es, and in $orethought is true wisdo') Thou layest hold o$ 'en, who are thy $ellow7#iti/ens, and, without #ause o$ #o'%laint, slayest the'7 thou e&en %uttest #hildren to death7 bethink thee now, i$ thou shalt o$ten do things like these, will not the +ersians rise in re&olt against thee: t is by thy $ather1s wish that o$$er thee ad&i#e( he #harged 'e stri#tly to gi&e thee su#h #ounsel as 'ight see to be 'ost $or thy good)9 n thus ad&ising Ca'byses, Croesus 'eant nothing but what was $riendly) But Ca'byses answered hi', 95ost thou %resu'e to o$$er 'e ad&i#e: Right well thou ruledst thy own #ountry when thou wert a king, and right sage ad&i#e thou ga&est 'y $ather Cyrus, bidding hi' #ross the *ra.es and $ight the -assagetae in their own land, when they were willing to ha&e %assed o&er into ours) By thy 'isdire#tion o$ thine own a$$airs thou broughtest ruin u%on thysel$, and by thy bad #ounsel, whi#h he $ollowed, thou broughtest ruin u%on Cyrus, 'y $ather) But thou shalt not es#a%e %unish'ent now, $or ha&e long been seeking to $ind so'e o##asion against thee)9 *s he thus s%oke, Ca'byses took u% his bow to shoot at Croesus( but Croesus ran hastily out, and es#a%ed) "o when Ca'byses $ound that he #ould not kill hi' with his bow, he bade his ser&ants sei/e hi', and %ut hi' to death) The ser&ants, howe&er, who knew their 'aster1s hu'our, thought it best to hide Croesus( that so, i$ Ca'byses relented, and asked $or hi', they 'ight bring hi' out, and get a reward $or ha&ing sa&ed his li$e7 i$, on the other hand, he did not

relent, or regret the loss, they 'ight then des%at#h hi') 3ot long a$terwards, Ca'byses did in $a#t regret the loss o$ Croesus, and the ser&ants, %er#ei&ing it, let hi' know that he was still ali&e) 9 a' glad,9 said he, 9that Croesus li&es, but as $or you who sa&ed hi', ye shall not es#a%e 'y &engean#e, but shall all o$ you be %ut to death)9 *nd he did e&en as he had said) -any other wild outrages o$ this sort did Ca'byses #o''it, both u%on the +ersians and the allies, while he still stayed at -e'%his( a'ong the rest he o%ened the an#ient se%ul#hres, and e.a'ined the bodies that were buried in the') He likewise went into the te'%le o$ @ul#an, and 'ade great s%ort o$ the i'age) For the i'age o$ @ul#an is &ery like the +atae#i o$ the +hoeni#ians, wherewith they orna'ent the %rows o$ their shi%s o$ war) $ %ersons ha&e not seen these, will e.%lain in a di$$erent way7 it is a $igure rese'bling that o$ a %ig'y) He went also into the te'%le o$ the Cabiri, whi#h it is unlaw$ul $or any one to enter e.#e%t the %riests, and not only 'ade s%ort o$ the i'ages, but e&en burnt the') They are 'ade like the statue o$ @ul#an, who is said to ha&e been their $ather) Thus it a%%ears #ertain to 'e, by a great &ariety o$ %roo$s, that Ca'byses was ra&ing 'ad( he would not else ha&e set hi'sel$ to 'ake a 'o#k o$ holy rites and long7established usages) For i$ one were to o$$er 'en to #hoose out o$ all the #usto's in the world su#h as see'ed to the' the best, they would e.a'ine the whole nu'ber, and end by %re$erring their own( so #on&in#ed are they that their own usages $ar sur%ass those o$ all others) 6nless, there$ore, a 'an was 'ad, it is not likely that he would 'ake s%ort o$ su#h 'atters) That %eo%le ha&e this $eeling about their laws 'ay be seen by &ery 'any %roo$s0 a'ong others, by the $ollowing) 5arius, a$ter he had got the kingdo', #alled into his %resen#e #ertain Greeks who were at hand, and asked7 94hat he should %ay the' to eat the bodies o$ their $athers when they died:9 To whi#h they answered, that there was no su' that would te'%t the' to do su#h a thing) He then sent $or #ertain ndians, o$ the ra#e #alled Callatians, 'en who eat their $athers, and asked the', while the Greeks stood by, and knew by the hel% o$ an inter%reter all that was said 7 94hat he should gi&e the' to burn the bodies o$ their $athers at their de#ease:9 The ndians e.#lai'ed aloud, and bade hi' $orbear su#h language) "u#h is 'en1s wont herein( and +indar was right, in 'y 2udg'ent, when he said, 9Law is the king o1er all)9 4hile Ca'byses was #arrying on this war in Egy%t, the La#edae'onians likewise sent a $or#e to "a'os against +oly#rates, the son o$ *ea#es, who had by insurre#tion 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ that island) *t the outset he di&ided the state into three %arts, and shared the kingdo' with his brothers, +antagnotus and "yloson( but later, ha&ing killed the $or'er and banished the latter, who was the younger o$ the two, he held the whole island) Hereu%on he 'ade a

#ontra#t o$ $riendshi% with *'asis the Egy%tian king, sending hi' gi$ts, and re#ei&ing $ro' hi' others in return) n a little while his %ower so greatly in#reased, that the $a'e o$ it went abroad throughout onia and the rest o$ Gree#e) 4here&er he turned his ar's, su##ess waited on hi') He had a $leet o$ a hundred %ente#onters, and bow'en to the nu'ber o$ a thousand) Herewith he %lundered all, without distin#tion o$ $riend or $oe( $or he argued that a $riend was better %leased i$ you ga&e hi' ba#k what you had taken $ro' hi', than i$ you s%ared hi' at the $irst) He #a%tured 'any o$ the islands, and se&eral towns u%on the 'ainland) *'ong his other doings he o&er#a'e the Lesbians in a sea7$ight, when they #a'e with all their $or#es to the hel% o$ -iletus, and 'ade a nu'ber o$ the' %risoners) These %ersons, laden with $etters, dug the 'oat whi#h surrounds the #astle at "a'os) The e.#eeding good $ortune o$ +oly#rates did not es#a%e the noti#e o$ *'asis, who was 'u#h disturbed thereat) 4hen there$ore his su##esses #ontinued in#reasing, *'asis wrote hi' the $ollowing letter, and sent it to "a'os) 9*'asis to +oly#rates thus sayeth0 t is a %leasure to hear o$ a $riend and ally %ros%ering, but thy e.#eeding %ros%erity does not #ause 'e 2oy, $oras'u#h as know that the gods are en&ious) -y wish $or 'ysel$ and $or those who' lo&e is to be now su##ess$ul, and now to 'eet with a #he#k( thus %assing through li$e a'id alternate good and ill, rather than with %er%etual good $ortune) For ne&er yet did hear tell o$ any one su##eeding in all his undertakings, who did not 'eet with #ala'ity at last, and #o'e to utter ruin) 3ow, there$ore, gi&e ear to 'y words, and 'eet thy good lu#k in this way0 bethink thee whi#h o$ all thy treasures thou &aluest 'ost and #anst least bear to %art with( take it, whatsoe&er it be, and throw it away, so that it 'ay be sure ne&er to #o'e any 'ore into the sight o$ 'an) Then, i$ thy good $ortune be not then#e$orth #he,uered with ill, sa&e thysel$ $ro' har' by again doing as ha&e #ounselled)9 4hen +oly#rates read this letter, and %er#ei&ed that the ad&i#e o$ *'asis was good, he #onsidered #are$ully with hi'sel$ whi#h o$ the treasures that he had in store it would grie&e hi' 'ost to lose) *$ter 'u#h thought he 'ade u% his 'ind that it was a signet7ring whi#h he was wont to wear, an e'erald set in gold, the work'anshi% o$ Theodore, son o$ Tele#les, a "a'ian) "o he deter'ined to throw this away( and, 'anning a %ente#onter, he went on board, and bade the sailors %ut out into the o%en sea) 4hen he was now a long way $ro' the island, he took the ring $ro' his $inger, and, in the sight o$ all those who were on board, $lung it into the dee%) This done, he returned ho'e, and ga&e &ent to his sorrow) 3ow it ha%%ened $i&e or si. days a$terwards that a $isher'an #aught a $ish so large and beauti$ul that he thought it well deser&ed to be 'ade a %resent o$ to the king) "o he took it with hi'

to the gate o$ the %ala#e, and said that he wanted to see +oly#rates) Then +oly#rates allowed hi' to #o'e in, and the $isher'an ga&e hi' the $ish with these words $ollowing7 9"ir king, when took this %ri/e, thought would not #arry it to 'arket, though a' a %oor 'an who li&e by 'y trade) said to 'ysel$, it is worthy o$ +oly#rates and his greatness( and so brought it here to gi&e it to you)9 The s%ee#h %leased the king, who thus s%oke in re%ly07 9Thou didst right well, $riend, and a' doubly indebted, both $or the gi$t, and $or the s%ee#h) Co'e now, and su% with 'e)9 "o the $isher'an went ho'e, estee'ing it a high honour that he had been asked to su% with the king) -eanwhile the ser&ants, on #utting o%en the $ish, $ound the signet o$ their 'aster in its belly) 3o sooner did they see it than they sei/ed u%on it, and hastening to +oly#rates with great 2oy, restored it to hi', and told hi' in what way it had been $ound) The king, who saw so'ething %ro&idential in the 'atter, $orthwith wrote a letter to *'asis, telling hi' all that had ha%%ened, what he had hi'sel$ done, and what had been the u%shot7 and des%at#hed the letter to Egy%t) 4hen *'asis had read the letter o$ +oly#rates, he %er#ei&ed that it does not belong to 'an to sa&e his $ellow7'an $ro' the $ate whi#h is in store $or hi'( likewise he $elt #ertain that +oly#rates would end ill, as he %ros%ered in e&erything, e&en $inding what he had thrown away) "o he sent a herald to "a'os, and dissol&ed the #ontra#t o$ $riendshi%) This he did, that when the great and hea&y 'is$ortune #a'e, he 'ight es#a%e the grie$ whi#h he would ha&e $elt i$ the su$$erer had been his bond7$riend) t was with this +oly#rates, so $ortunate in e&ery undertaking, that the La#edae'onians now went to war) Certain "a'ians, the sa'e who a$terwards $ounded the #ity o$ Cydonia in Crete, had earnestly intreated their hel%) For +oly#rates, at the ti'e when Ca'byses, son o$ Cyrus, was gathering together an ar'a'ent against Egy%t, had sent to beg hi' not to o'it to ask aid $ro' "a'os( whereu%on Ca'byses with 'u#h readiness des%at#hed a 'essenger to the island, and 'ade re,uest that +oly#rates would gi&e so'e shi%s to the na&al $or#e whi#h he was #olle#ting against Egy%t) +oly#rates straightway %i#ked out $ro' a'ong the #iti/ens su#h as he thought 'ost likely to stir re&olt against hi', and 'anned with the' $orty trire'es, whi#h he sent to Ca'byses, bidding hi' kee% the 'en sa$e, and ne&er allow the' to return ho'e) 3ow so'e a##ounts say that these "a'ians did not rea#h Egy%t( $or that when they were o$$ Car%athus, they took #ounsel together and resol&ed to sail no $urther) But others 'aintain that they did go to Egy%t, and, $inding the'sel&es wat#hed, deserted, and sailed ba#k to "a'os) There +oly#rates went out against the' with his $leet, and a battle was $ought and gained by the e.iles( a$ter whi#h they dise'barked u%on the island and engaged the land $or#es o$

+oly#rates, but were de$eated, and so sailed o$$ to La#edae'on) "o'e relate that the "a'ians $ro' Egy%t o&er#a'e +oly#rates, but it see's to 'e untruly( $or had the "a'ians been strong enough to #on,uer +oly#rates by the'sel&es, they would not ha&e needed to #all in the aid o$ the La#edae'onians) *nd 'oreo&er, it is not likely that a king who had in his %ay so large a body o$ $oreign 'er#enaries, and 'aintained likewise su#h a $or#e o$ nati&e bow'en, would ha&e been worsted by an ar'y so s'all as that o$ the returned "a'ians) *s $or his own sub2e#ts, to hinder the' $ro' betraying hi' and 2oining the e.iles, +oly#rates shut u% their wi&es and #hildren in the sheds built to shelter his shi%s, and was ready to burn sheds and all in #ase o$ need) 4hen the banished "a'ians rea#hed "%arta, they had audien#e o$ the 'agistrates, be$ore who' they 'ade a long s%ee#h, as was natural with %ersons greatly in want o$ aid) *##ordingly at this $irst sitting the "%artans answered the' that they had $orgotten the $irst hal$ o$ their s%ee#h, and #ould 'ake nothing o$ the re'ainder) *$terwards the "a'ians had another audien#e, whereat they si'%ly said, showing a bag whi#h they had brought with the', 9The bag wants $lour)9 The "%artans answered that they did not need to ha&e said 9the bag9( howe&er, they resol&ed to gi&e the' aid) Then the La#edae'onians 'ade ready and set $orth to the atta#k o$ "a'os, $ro' a 'oti&e o$ gratitude, i$ we 'ay belie&e the "a'ians, be#ause the "a'ians had on#e sent shi%s to their aid against the -essenians( but as the "%artans the'sel&es say, not so 'u#h $ro' any wish to assist the "a'ians who begged their hel%, as $ro' a desire to %unish the %eo%le who had sei/ed the bowl whi#h they sent to Croesus, and the #orselet whi#h *'asis, king o$ Egy%t, sent as a %resent to the') The "a'ians 'ade %ri/e o$ this #orselet the year be$ore they took the bowl7 it was o$ linen, and had a &ast nu'ber o$ $igures o$ ani'als inwo&en into its $abri#, and was likewise e'broidered with gold and tree7wool) 4hat is 'ost worthy o$ ad'iration in it is that ea#h o$ the twists, although o$ $ine te.ture, #ontains within it three hundred and si.ty threads, all o$ the' #learly &isible) The #orselet whi#h *'asis ga&e to the te'%le o$ -iner&a in Lindus is 2ust su#h another) The Corinthians likewise right willingly lent a hel%ing hand towards the e.%edition against "a'os( $or a generation earlier, about the ti'e o$ the sei/ure o$ the wine7bowl, they too had su$$ered insult at the hands o$ the "a'ians) t ha%%ened that +eriander, son o$ Cy%selus, had taken three hundred boys, #hildren o$ the #hie$ nobles a'ong the Cor#yraeans, and sent the' to *lyattes $or eunu#hs( the 'en who had the' in #harge tou#hed at "a'os on their way to "ardis( whereu%on the "a'ians, ha&ing $ound out what was to be#o'e o$ the boys when they rea#hed that #ity, $irst %ro'%ted the' to take san#tuary at the te'%le o$ 5iana( and a$ter

this, when the Corinthians, as they were $orbidden to tear the su%%liants $ro' the holy %la#e, sought to #ut o$$ $ro' the' all su%%lies o$ $ood, in&ented a $esti&al in their behal$, whi#h they #elebrate to this day with the sel$sa'e rites) Ea#h e&ening, as night #losed in, during the whole ti'e that the boys #ontinued there, #hoirs o$ youths and &irgins were %la#ed about the te'%le, #arrying in their hands #akes 'ade o$ sesa'e and honey, in order that the Cor#yraean boys 'ight snat#h the #akes, and so get enough to li&e u%on) *nd this went on $or so long, that at last the Corinthians who had #harge o$ the boys ga&e the' u%, and took their de%arture, u%on whi#h the "a'ians #on&eyed the' ba#k to Cor#yra) $ now, a$ter the death o$ +eriander, the Corinthians and Cor#yraeans had been good $riends, it is not to be i'agined that the $or'er would e&er ha&e taken %art in the e.%edition against "a'os $or su#h a reason as this( but as, in $a#t, the two %eo%le ha&e always, e&er sin#e the $irst settle'ent o$ the island, been ene'ies to one another, this outrage was re'e'bered, and the Corinthians bore the "a'ians a grudge $or it) +eriander had #hosen the youths $ro' a'ong the $irst $a'ilies in Cor#yra, and sent the' a %resent to *lyattes, to a&enge a wrong whi#h he had re#ei&ed) For it was the Cor#yraeans who began the ,uarrel and in2ured +eriander by an outrage o$ a horrid nature) *$ter +eriander had %ut to death his wi$e -elissa, it #han#ed that on this $irst a$$li#tion a se#ond $ollowed o$ a di$$erent kind) His wi$e had borne hi' two sons, and one o$ the' had now rea#hed the age o$ se&enteen, the other o$ eighteen years, when their 'other1s $ather, +ro#les, tyrant o$ E%idaurus, asked the' to his #ourt) They went, and +ro#les treated the' with 'u#h kindness, as was natural, #onsidering they were his own daughter1s #hildren) *t length, when the ti'e $or %arting #a'e, +ro#les, as he was sending the' on their way, said, 9?now you now, 'y #hildren, who it was that #aused your 'other1s death:9 The elder son took no a##ount o$ this s%ee#h, but the younger, whose na'e was Ly#o%hron, was sorely troubled at it7 so 'u#h so, that when he got ba#k to Corinth, looking u%on his $ather as his 'other1s 'urderer, he would neither s%eak to hi', nor answer when s%oken to, nor utter a word in re%ly to all his ,uestionings) "o +eriander at last, growing $urious at su#h beha&iour, banished hi' $ro' his house) The younger son gone, he turned to the elder and asked hi', 9what it was that their grand$ather had said to the':9 Then he related in how kind and $riendly a $ashion he had re#ei&ed the'( but, not ha&ing taken any noti#e o$ the s%ee#h whi#h +ro#les had uttered at %arting, he ,uite $orgot to 'ention it) +eriander insisted that it was not %ossible this should be all7 their grand$ather 'ust ha&e gi&en the' so'e hint or other7 and he went on %ressing hi', till at last the lad re'e'bered the %arting s%ee#h and told it) +eriander, a$ter he had

turned the whole 'atter o&er in his thoughts, and $elt unwilling to gi&e way at all, sent a 'essenger to the %ersons who had o%ened their houses to his out#ast son, and $orbade the' to harbour hi') Then the boy, when he was #hased $ro' one $riend, sought re$uge with another, but was dri&en $ro' shelter to shelter by the threats o$ his $ather, who 'ena#ed all those that took hi' in, and #o''anded the' to shut their doors against hi') "till, as $ast as he was $or#ed to lea&e one house he went to another, and was re#ei&ed by the in'ates( $or his a#,uaintan#e, although in no s'all alar', yet ga&e hi' shelter, as he was +eriander1s son) *t last +eriander 'ade %ro#la'ation that whoe&er harboured his son or e&en s%oke to hi', should $or$eit a #ertain su' o$ 'oney to *%ollo) !n hearing this no one any longer liked to take hi' in, or e&en to hold #on&erse with hi', and he hi'sel$ did not think it right to seek to do what was $orbidden( so, abiding by his resol&e, he 'ade his lodging in the %ubli# %orti#os) 4hen $our days had %assed in this way, +eriander, se#ing how wret#hed his son was, that he neither washed nor took any $ood, $elt 'o&ed with #o'%assion towards hi'( where$ore, $oregoing his anger, he a%%roa#hed hi', and said, 94hi#h is better, oh> 'y son, to $are as now thou $arest, or to re#ei&e 'y #rown and all the good things that %ossess, on the one #ondition o$ sub'itting thysel$ to thy $ather: "ee, now, though 'y own #hild, and lord o$ this wealthy Corinth, thou hast brought thysel$ to a beggar1s li$e, be#ause thou 'ust resist and treat with anger hi' who' it least beho&es thee to o%%ose) $ there has been a #ala'ity, and thou bearest 'e ill will on that a##ount, bethink thee that too $eel it, and a' the greatest su$$erer, in as 'u#h as it was by 'e that the deed was done) For thysel$, now that thou knowest how 'u#h better a thing it is to be en&ied than %itied, and how dangerous it is to indulge anger against %arents and su%eriors, #o'e ba#k with 'e to thy ho'e)9 4ith su#h words as these did +eriander #hide his son( but the son 'ade no re%ly, e.#e%t to re'ind his $ather that he was indebted to the god in the %enalty $or #o'ing and holding #on&erse with hi') Then +eriander knew that there was no #ure $or the youth1s 'alady, nor 'eans o$ o&er#o'ing it( so he %re%ared a shi% and sent hi' away out o$ his sight to Cor#yra, whi#h island at that ti'e belonged to hi') *s $or +ro#les, +eriander, regarding hi' as the true author o$ all his %resent troubles, went to war with hi' as soon as his son was gone, and not only 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ his kingdo' E%idaurus, but also took +ro#les hi'sel$, and #arried hi' into #a%ti&ity) *s ti'e went on, and +eriander #a'e to be old, he $ound hi'sel$ no longer e,ual to the o&ersight and 'anage'ent o$ a$$airs) "eeing, there$ore, in his eldest son no 'anner o$ ability, but knowing hi' to be dull and blo#kish, he sent to Cor#yra and re#alled Ly#o%hron to take the kingdo') Ly#o%hron, howe&er, did not e&en deign to ask the bearer o$ this 'essage a ,uestion) But +eriander1s heart was set

u%on the youth, so he sent again to hi', this ti'e by his own daughter, the sister o$ Ly#o%hron, who would, he thought, ha&e 'ore %ower to %ersuade hi' than any other %erson) Then she, when she rea#hed Cor#yra, s%oke thus with her brother07 95ost thou wish the kingdo', brother, to %ass into strange hands, and our $ather1s wealth to be 'ade a %rey, rather than thysel$ return to en2oy it: Co'e ba#k ho'e with 'e, and #ease to %unish thysel$) t is s#ant gain, this obstina#y) 4hy seek to #ure e&il by e&il: -er#y, re'e'ber, is by 'any set abo&e 2usti#e) -any, also, while %ushing their 'other1s #lai's ha&e $or$eited their $ather1s $ortune) +ower is a sli%%ery thing7 it has 'any suitors( and he is old and stri#ken in years7 let not thy own inheritan#e go to another)9 Thus did the sister, who had been tutored by +eriander what to say, urge all the argu'ents 'ost likely to ha&e weight with her brother) He howe&er 'ade answer, 9That so long as he knew his $ather to be still ali&e, he would ne&er go ba#k to Corinth)9 4hen the sister brought +eriander this re%ly, he sent his son a third ti'e by a herald, and said he would #o'e hi'sel$ to Cor#yra, and let his son take his %la#e at Corinth as heir to his kingdo') To these ter's Ly#o%hron agreed( and +eriander was 'aking ready to %ass into Cor#yra and his son to return to Corinth, when the Cor#yraeans, being in$or'ed o$ what was taking %la#e, to kee% +eriander away, %ut the young 'an to death) For this reason it was that +eriander took &engean#e on the Cor#yraeans) The La#edae'onians arri&ed be$ore "a'os with a 'ighty ar'a'ent, and $orthwith laid siege to the %la#e) n one o$ the assaults u%on the walls, they $or#ed their way to the to% o$ the tower whi#h stands by the sea on the side where the suburb is, but +oly#rates #a'e in %erson to the res#ue with a strong $or#e, and beat the' ba#k) -eanwhile at the u%%er tower, whi#h stood on the ridge o$ the hill, the besieged, both 'er#enaries and "a'ians, 'ade a sally( but a$ter they had withstood the La#edae'onians a short ti'e, they $led ba#kwards, and the La#edae'onians, %ressing u%on the', slew nu'bers) $ now all who were %resent had beha&ed that day like *r#hias and Ly#o%as, two o$ the La#edae'onians, "a'os 'ight ha&e been taken) For these two heroes, $ollowing hard u%on the $lying "a'ians, entered the #ity along with the', and, being all alone, and their retreat #ut o$$, were slain within the walls o$ the %la#e) 'ysel$ on#e $ell in with the grandson o$ this *r#hias, a 'an na'ed *r#hias like his grandsire, and the son o$ "a'ius, who' 'et at +itana, to whi#h #anton he belonged) He res%e#ted the "a'ians beyond all other $oreigners, and he told 'e that his $ather was #alled "a'ius, be#ause his grand$ather *r#hias died in "a'os so gloriously, and that the reason why he res%e#ted the "a'ians so greatly was that his grandsire was buried with %ubli# honours by the "a'ian %eo%le) The La#edae'onians besieged "a'os during $orty days, but not 'aking any %rogress be$ore the %la#e, they raised the siege at the end

o$ that ti'e, and returned ho'e to the +elo%onnese) There is a silly tale told that +oly#rates stru#k a ,uantity o$ the #oin o$ his #ountry in lead, and, #oating it with gold, ga&e it to the La#edae'onians, who on re#ei&ing it took their de%arture) This was the $irst e.%edition into *sia o$ the La#edae'onian 5orians) The "a'ians who had $ought against +oly#rates, when they knew that the La#edae'onians were about to $orsake the', le$t "a'os the'sel&es, and sailed to "i%hnos) They ha%%ened to be in want o$ 'oney( and the "i%hnians at that ti'e were at the height o$ their greatness, no islanders ha&ing so 'u#h wealth as they) There were 'ines o$ gold and sil&er in their #ountry, and o$ so ri#h a yield, that $ro' a tithe o$ the ores the "i%hnians $urnished out a treasury at 5el%hi whi#h was on a %ar with the grandest there) 4hat the 'ines yielded was di&ided year by year a'ong the #iti/ens) *t the ti'e when they $or'ed the treasury, the "i%hnians #onsulted the ora#le, and asked whether their good things would re'ain to the' 'any years) The +ythoness 'ade answer as $ollows07 4hen the +rytanies1seat shines white in the island o$ "i%hnos, 4hite7browed all the $oru'7need then o$ a true seer1s wisdo'7 5anger will threat $ro' a wooden host, and a herald in s#arlet) 3ow about this ti'e the $oru' o$ the "i%hnians and their townhall or %rytaneu' had been adorned with +arian 'arble) The "i%hnians, howe&er, were unable to understand the ora#le, either at the ti'e when it was gi&en, or a$terwards on the arri&al o$ the "a'ians) For these last no sooner #a'e to an#hor o$$ the island than they sent one o$ their &essels, with an a'bassage on board, to the #ity) *ll shi%s in these early ti'es were %ainted with &er'ilion( and this was what the +ythoness had 'eant when she told the' to beware o$ danger 9$ro' a wooden host, and a herald in s#arlet)9 "o the a'bassadors #a'e ashore and besought the "i%hnians to lend the' ten talents( but the "i%hnians re$used, whereu%on the "a'ians began to %lunder their lands) Tidings o$ this rea#hed the "i%hnians, who straightway sallied $orth to sa&e their #ro%s( then a battle was $ought, in whi#h the "i%hnians su$$ered de$eat, and 'any o$ their nu'ber were #ut o$$ $ro' the #ity by the "a'ians, a$ter whi#h these latter $or#ed the "i%hnians to gi&e the' a hundred talents) 4ith this 'oney they bought o$ the Her'ionians the island o$ Hydrea, o$$ the #oast o$ the +elo%onnese, and this they ga&e in trust to the Troe/enians, to kee% $or the', while they the'sel&es went on to Crete, and $ounded the #ity o$ Cydonia) They had not 'eant, when they set sail, to settle there, but only to dri&e out the Ka#ynthians $ro' the island) Howe&er they rested at Cydonia, where they $lourished greatly $or $i&e years) t was they who built the

&arious te'%les that 'ay still be seen at that %la#e, and a'ong the' the $ane o$ 5i#tyna) But in the si.th year they were atta#ked by the Eginetans, who beat the' in a sea7$ight, and, with the hel% o$ the Cretans, redu#ed the' all to sla&ery) The beaks o$ their shi%s, whi#h #arried the $igure o$ a wild boar, they sawed o$$, and laid the' u% in the te'%le o$ -iner&a in Egina) The Eginetans took %art against the "a'ians on a##ount o$ an an#ient grudge, sin#e the "a'ians had $irst, when *'%hi#rates was king o$ "a'os, 'ade war on the' and done great har' to their island, su$$ering, howe&er, 'u#h da'age also the'sel&es) "u#h was the reason whi#h 'o&ed the Eginetans to 'ake this atta#k) ha&e dwelt the longer on the a$$airs o$ the "a'ians, be#ause three o$ the greatest works in all Gree#e were 'ade by the') !ne is a tunnel, under a hill one hundred and $i$ty $atho's high, #arried entirely through the base o$ the hill, with a 'outh at either end) The length o$ the #utting is se&en $urlongs7 the height and width are ea#h eight $eet) *long the whole #ourse there is a se#ond #utting, twenty #ubits dee% and three $eet broad, whereby water is brought, through %i%es, $ro' an abundant sour#e into the #ity) The ar#hite#t o$ this tunnel was Eu%alinus, son o$ 3austro%hus, a -egarian) "u#h is the $irst o$ their great works( the se#ond is a 'ole in the sea, whi#h goes all round the harbour, near twenty $atho's dee%, and in length abo&e two $urlongs) The third is a te'%le( the largest o$ all the te'%les known to us, whereo$ Rhoe#us, son o$ +hileus, a "a'ian, was $irst ar#hite#t) Be#ause o$ these works ha&e dwelt the longer on the a$$airs o$ "a'os) 4hile Ca'byses, son o$ Cyrus, a$ter losing his senses, still lingered in Egy%t, two -agi, brothers, re&olted against hi') !ne o$ the' had been le$t in +ersia by Ca'byses as #o'%troller o$ his household( and it was he who began the re&olt) *ware that "'erdis was dead, and that his death was hid and known to $ew o$ the +ersians, while 'ost belie&ed that he was still ali&e, he laid his %lan, and 'ade a bold stroke $or the #rown) He had a brother7 the sa'e o$ who' s%oke be$ore as his %artner in the re&olt7 who ha%%ened greatly to rese'ble "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus, who' Ca'byses his brother had %ut to death) *nd not only was this brother o$ his like "'erdis in %erson, but he also bore the sel$sa'e na'e, to wit "'erdis) +ati/eithes, the other -agus, ha&ing %ersuaded hi' that he would #arry the whole business through, took hi' and 'ade hi' sit u%on the royal throne) Ha&ing so done, he sent heralds through all the land, to Egy%t and elsewhere, to 'ake %ro#la'ation to the troo%s that hen#e$orth they were to obey "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus, and not Ca'byses) The other heralds there$ore 'ade %ro#la'ation as they were ordered, and likewise the herald whose %la#e it was to %ro#eed into Egy%t) He, when he rea#hed *gbatana in "yria, $inding Ca'byses and his ar'y there, went straight into the 'iddle o$ the host, and standing

$orth be$ore the' all, 'ade the %ro#la'ation whi#h +ati/eithes the -agus had #o''anded) Ca'byses no sooner heard hi', than belie&ing that what the herald said was true, and i'agining that he had been betrayed by +re.as%es ;who, he su%%osed, had not %ut "'erdis to death when sent into +ersia $or that %ur%ose<, he turned his eyes $ull u%on +re.as%es, and said, 9 s this the way, +re.as%es, that thou didst 'y errand:9 9!h> 'y liege,9 answered the other, 9there is no truth in the tidings that "'erdis thy brother has re&olted against thee, nor hast thou to $ear in ti'e to #o'e any ,uarrel, great or s'all, with that 'an) 4ith 'y own hands wrought thy will on hi', and with 'y own hands buried hi') $ o$ a truth the dead #an lea&e their gra&es, e.%e#t *styages the -ede to rise and $ight against thee( but i$ the #ourse o$ nature be the sa'e as $or'erly, then be sure no ill will e&er #o'e u%on thee $ro' this ,uarter) 3ow, there$ore, 'y #ounsel is that we send in %ursuit o$ the herald, and stri#tly ,uestion hi' who it was that #harged hi' to bid us obey king "'erdis)9 4hen +re.as%es had so s%oken, and Ca'byses had a%%ro&ed his words, the herald was $orthwith %ursued, and brought ba#k to the king) Then +re.as%es said to hi', 9"irrah, thou bear1st us a 'essage, sayst thou, $ro' "'erdis, son o$ Cyrus) 3ow answer truly, and go thy way s#athless) 5id "'erdis ha&e thee to his %resen#e and gi&e thee thy orders, or hadst thou the' $ro' one o$ his o$$i#ers:9 The herald answered, 9Truly ha&e not set eyes on "'erdis son o$ Cyrus, sin#e the day when king Ca'byses led the +ersians into Egy%t) The 'an who ga&e 'e 'y orders was the -agus that Ca'byses le$t in #harge o$ the household( but he said that "'erdis son o$ Cyrus sent you the 'essage)9 n all this the herald s%oke nothing but the stri#t truth) Then Ca'byses said thus to +re.as%es07 9Thou art $ree $ro' all bla'e, +re.as%es, sin#e, as a right good 'an, thou hast not $ailed to do the thing whi#h #o''anded) But tell 'e now, whi#h o$ the +ersians #an ha&e taken the na'e o$ "'erdis, and re&olted $ro' 'e:9 9 think, 'y liege,9 he answered, 9that a%%rehend the whole business) The 'en who ha&e risen in re&olt against thee are the two -agi, +ati/eithes, who was le$t #o'%troller o$ thy household, and his brother, who is na'ed "'erdis)9 Ca'byses no sooner heard the na'e o$ "'erdis than he was stru#k with the truth o$ +re.as%es1 words, and the $ul$il'ent o$ his own drea'7 the drea', 'ean, whi#h he had in $or'er days, when one a%%eared to hi' in his slee% and told hi' that "'erdis sate u%on the royal throne, and with his head tou#hed the hea&ens) "o when he saw that he had needlessly slain his brother "'erdis, he we%t and bewailed his loss0 a$ter whi#h, s'arting with &e.ation as he thought o$ all his ill lu#k, he s%rang hastily u%on his steed, 'eaning to 'ar#h his ar'y with all haste to "usa against the -agus) *s he 'ade his s%ring, the button o$ his sword7sheath $ell o$$, and the bared %oint entered his thigh, wounding hi' e.a#tly where he had hi'sel$ on#e

wounded the Egy%tian god *%is) Then Ca'byses, $eeling that he had got his death7wound, in,uired the na'e o$ the %la#e where he was, and was answered, 9*gbatana)9 3ow be$ore this it had been told hi' by the ora#le at Buto that he should end his days at *gbatana) He, howe&er, had understood the -edian *gbatana, where all his treasures were, and had thought that he should die there in a good old age( but the ora#le 'eant *gbatana in "yria) "o when Ca'byses heard the na'e o$ the %la#e, the double sho#k that he had re#ei&ed, $ro' the re&olt o$ the -agus and $ro' his wound, brought hi' ba#k to his senses) *nd he understood now the true 'eaning o$ the ora#le, and said, 9Here then Ca'byses, son o$ Cyrus, is doo'ed to die)9 *t this ti'e he said no 'ore( but twenty days a$terwards he #alled to his %resen#e all the #hie$ +ersians who were with the ar'y, and addressed the' as $ollows07 9+ersians, needs 'ust tell you now what hitherto ha&e stri&en with the greatest #are to kee% #on#ealed) 4hen was in Egy%t saw in 'y slee% a &ision, whi#h would that had ne&er beheld> thought a 'essenger #a'e to 'e $ro' 'y ho'e, and told 'e that "'erdis sate u%on the royal throne, and with his head tou#hed the hea&ens) Then $eared to be #ast $ro' 'y throne by "'erdis 'y brother, and did what was 'ore hasty than wise) *h> truly, do what they 'ay, it is i'%ossible $or 'en to turn aside the #o'ing $ate) , in 'y $olly, sent +re.as%es to "usa to %ut 'y brother to death) "o this great woe was a##o'%lished, and then li&ed without $ear, ne&er i'agining that, a$ter "'erdis was dead, need dread re&olt $ro' any other) But herein had ,uite 'istaken what was about to ha%%en, and so slew 'y brother without any need, and ne&ertheless ha&e lost 'y #rown) For it was "'erdis the -agus, and not "'erdis 'y brother, o$ whose rebellion God $orewarned 'e by the &ision) The deed is done, howe&er, and "'erdis, son o$ Cyrus, be sure is lost to you) The -agi ha&e the royal %ower7 +ati/eithes, who' le$t at "usa to o&erlook 'y household, and "'erdis his brother) There was one who would ha&e been bound beyond all others to a&enge the wrongs ha&e su$$ered $ro' these -agians, but he, alas> has %erished by a horrid $ate, de%ri&ed o$ li$e by those nearest and dearest to hi') n his de$ault, nothing now re'ains $or 'e but to tell you, ! +ersians, what would wish to ha&e done a$ter ha&e breathed 'y last) There$ore, in the na'e o$ the gods that wat#h o&er our royal house, #harge you all, and s%e#ially su#h o$ you as are *#hae'enids, that ye do not ta'ely allow the kingdo' to go ba#k to the -edes) Re#o&er it one way or another, by $or#e or $raud( by $raud, i$ it is by $raud that they ha&e sei/ed on it( by $or#e, i$ $or#e has hel%ed the' in their enter%rise) 5o this, and then 'ay your land bring you $orth $ruit abundantly, and your wi&es bear #hildren, and your herds in#rease, and $reedo' be your %ortion $or e&er0 but do it not7 'ake no bra&e struggle to regain the kingdo'7 and then 'y #urse be on you, and 'ay the o%%osite o$ all these things ha%%en to you7 and

not only so, but 'ay you, one and all, %erish at the last by su#h a $ate as 'ine>9 Then Ca'byses, when he le$t s%eaking, bewailed his whole 'is$ortune $ro' beginning to end) 4hereu%on the +ersians, seeing their king wee%, rent the gar'ents that they had on, and uttered la'entable #ries( a$ter whi#h, as the bone %resently grew #arious, and the li'b gangrened, Ca'byses, son o$ Cyrus, died) He had reigned in all se&en years and $i&e 'onths, and le$t no issue behind hi', 'ale or $e'ale) The +ersians who had heard his words, %ut no $aith in anything that he said #on#erning the -agi ha&ing the royal %ower( but belie&ed that he s%oke out o$ hatred towards "'erdis, and had in&ented the tale o$ his death to #ause the whole +ersian ra#e to rise u% in ar's against hi') Thus they were #on&in#ed that it was "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus who had rebelled and now sate on the throne) For +re.as%es stoutly denied that he had slain "'erdis, sin#e it was not sa$e $or hi', a$ter Ca'byses was dead, to allow that a son o$ Cyrus had 'et with death at his hands) Thus then Ca'byses died, and the -agus now reigned in se#urity, and %assed hi'sel$ o$$ $or "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus) *nd so went by the se&en 'onths whi#h were wanting to #o'%lete the eighth year o$ Ca'byses) His sub2e#ts, while his reign lasted, re#ei&ed great bene$its $ro' hi', inso'u#h that, when he died, all the dwellers in *sia 'ourned his loss e.#eedingly, e.#e%t only the +ersians) For no sooner did he #o'e to the throne than $orthwith he sent round to e&ery nation under his rule, and granted the' $reedo' $ro' war7ser&i#e and $ro' ta.es $or the s%a#e o$ three years) n the eighth 'onth, howe&er, it was dis#o&ered who he was in the 'ode $ollowing) There was a 'an #alled !tanes, the son o$ +harnas%es, who $or rank and wealth was e,ual to the greatest o$ the +ersians) This !tanes was the $irst to sus%e#t that the -agus was not "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus, and to sur'ise 'oreo&er who he really was) He was led to guess the truth by the king ne&er ,uitting the #itadel, and ne&er #alling be$ore hi' any o$ the +ersian noble'en) *s soon, there$ore, as his sus%i#ions were aroused he ado%ted the $ollowing 'easures07 !ne o$ his daughters, who was #alled +haedi'a, had been 'arried to Ca'byses, and was taken to wi$e, together with the rest o$ Ca'byses1 wi&es, by the -agus) To this daughter !tanes sent a 'essage, and in,uired o$ her 9who it was whose bed she shared,7 was it "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus, or was it so'e other 'an:9 +haedi'a in re%ly de#lared she did not know7 "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus she had ne&er seen, and so she #ould not tell whose bed she shared) 6%on this !tanes sent a se#ond ti'e, and said, 9 $ thou dost not know "'erdis son o$ Cyrus thysel$, ask ,ueen *tossa who it is with who' ye both li&e7 she #annot $ail to know her own brother)9 To this the daughter 'ade answer, 9 #an neither get s%ee#h with *tossa, nor with any o$ the wo'en who lodge in the %ala#e) For no sooner did

this 'an, be he who he 'ay, obtain the kingdo', than he %arted us $ro' one another, and ga&e us all se%arate #ha'bers)9 This 'ade the 'atter see' still 'ore %lain to !tanes) 3e&ertheless he sent a third 'essage to his daughter in these words $ollowing07 95aughter, thou art o$ noble blood7 thou wilt not shrink $ro' a risk whi#h thy $ather bids thee en#ounter) $ this $ellow be not "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus, but the 'an who' think hi' to be, his boldness in taking thee to be his wi$e, and lording it o&er the +ersians, 'ust not be allowed to %ass un%unished) 3ow there$ore do as #o''and7 when ne.t he %asses the night with thee, wait till thou art sure he is $ast aslee%, and then $eel $or his ears) $ thou $indest hi' to ha&e ears, then belie&e hi' to be "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus, but i$ he has none, know hi' $or "'erdis the -agian)9 +haedi'a returned $or answer, 9 t would be a great risk) $ he was without ears, and #aught her $eeling $or the', she well knew he would 'ake away with her7 ne&ertheless she would &enture)9 "o !tanes got his daughter1s %ro'ise that she would do as he desired) 3ow "'erdis the -agian had had his ears #ut o$$ in the li$eti'e o$ Cyrus son o$ Ca'byses, as a %unish'ent $or a #ri'e o$ no slight heinousness) +haedi'a there$ore, !tanes1 daughter, bent on a##o'%lishing what she had %ro'ised her $ather, when her turn #a'e, and she was taken to the bed o$ the -agus ;in +ersia a 'an1s wi&es slee% with hi' in their turns<, waited till he was sound aslee%, and then $elt $or his ears) "he ,ui#kly %er#ei&ed that he had no ears( and o$ this, as soon as day dawned, she sent word to her $ather) Then !tanes took to hi' two o$ the #hie$ +ersians, *s%athines and Gobryas, 'en who' it was 'ost ad&isable to trust in su#h a 'atter, and told the' e&erything) 3ow they had already o$ the'sel&es sus%e#ted how the 'atter stood) 4hen !tanes there$ore laid his reasons be$ore the' they at on#e #a'e into his &iews( and it was agreed that ea#h o$ the three should take as #o'%anion in the work the +ersian in who' he %la#ed the greatest #on$iden#e) Then !tanes #hose nta%hernes, Gobryas -egaby/us, and *s%athines Hydarnes) *$ter the nu'ber had thus be#o'e si., 5arius, the son o$ Hystas%es, arri&ed at "usa $ro' +ersia, whereo$ his $ather was go&ernor) !n his #o'ing it see'ed good to the si. to take hi' likewise into their #ounsels) *$ter this, the 'en, being now se&en in all, 'et together to e.#hange oaths, and hold dis#ourse with one another) *nd when it #a'e to the turn o$ 5arius to s%eak his 'ind, he said as $ollows07 9-ethought no one but knew that "'erdis, the son o$ Cyrus, was not now ali&e, and that "'erdis the -agian ruled o&er us( on this a##ount #a'e hither with s%eed, to #o'%ass the death o$ the -agian) But as it see's the 'atter is known to you all, and not to 'e only, 'y 2udg'ent is that we should a#t at on#e, and not any longer delay) For to do so were not well)9 !tanes s%oke u%on this07 9"on o$ Hystas%es,9 said he, 9thou art the #hild o$ a bra&e $ather, and

see'est likely to show thysel$ as bold a gallant as he) Beware, howe&er, o$ rash haste in this 'atter( do not hurry so, but %ro#eed with soberness) 4e 'ust add to our nu'ber ere we ad&enture to strike the blow)9 93ot so,9 5arius re2oined( 9$or let all %resent be well assured that i$ the ad&i#e o$ !tanes guide our a#ts, we shall %erish 'ost 'iserably) "o'e one will betray our %lot to the -agians $or lu#re1s sake) =e ought to ha&e ke%t the 'atter to yoursel&es, and so 'ade the &enture( but as ye ha&e #hosen to take others into your se#ret, and ha&e o%ened the 'atter to 'e, take 'y ad&i#e and 'ake the atte'%t today7 or i$ not, i$ a single day be su$$ered to %ass by, be sure that will let no one betray 'e to the -agian) 'ysel$ will go to hi', and %lainly denoun#e you all)9 !tanes, when he saw 5arius so hot, re%lied, 9But i$ thou wilt $or#e us to a#tion, and not allow a day1s delay, tell us, %ray thee, how we shall get entran#e into the %ala#e, so as to set u%on the') Guards are %la#ed e&erywhere, as thou thysel$ well knowest7 $or i$ thou hast not seen, at least thou hast heard tell o$ the') How are we to %ass these guards, ask thee:9 answered 5arius, 9there are 'any things easy enough in a#t, whi#h by s%ee#h it is hard to e.%lain) There are also things #on#erning whi#h s%ee#h is easy, but no noble a#tion $ollows when the s%ee#h is done) *s $or these guards, ye know well that we shall not $ind it hard to 'ake our way through the') !ur rank alone would #ause the' to allow us to enter7 sha'e and $ear alike $orbidding the' to say us nay) But besides, ha&e the $airest %lea that #an be #on#ei&ed $or gaining ad'ission) #an say that ha&e 2ust #o'e $ro' +ersia, and ha&e a 'essage to deli&er to the king $ro' 'y $ather) *n untruth 'ust be s%oken, where need re,uires) For whether 'en lie, or say true, it is with one and the sa'e ob2e#t) -en lie, be#ause they think to gain by de#ei&ing others( and s%eak the truth, be#ause they e.%e#t to get so'ething by their true s%eaking, and to be trusted a$terwards in 'ore i'%ortant 'atters) Thus, though their #ondu#t is so o%%osite, the end o$ both is alike) $ there were no gain to be got, your true7s%eaking 'an would tell untruths as 'u#h as your liar, and your liar would tell the truth as 'u#h as your true7s%eaking 'an) The doorkee%er, who lets us in readily, shall ha&e his guerdon so'e day or other( but woe to the 'an who resists us, he 'ust $orthwith be de#lared an ene'y) For#ing our way %ast hi', we will %ress in and go straight to our work)9 *$ter 5arius had thus said, Gobryas s%oke as $ollows07 95ear $riends, when will a $itter o##asion o$$er $or us to re#o&er the kingdo', or, i$ we are not strong enough, at least die in the atte'%t: Consider that we +ersians are go&erned by a -edian -agus, and one, too, who has had his ears #ut o$$> "o'e o$ you were %resent when Ca'byses lay u%on his deathbed7 su#h, doubtless, re'e'ber what #urses he #alled down u%on the +ersians i$ they 'ade no e$$ort to re#o&er the kingdo') Then, indeed, we %aid but little heed to what

he said, be#ause we thought he s%oke out o$ hatred to set us against his brother) 3ow, howe&er, 'y &ote is that we do as 5arius has #ounselled7 'ar#h straight in a body to the %ala#e $ro' the %la#e where we now are, and $orthwith set u%on the -agian)9 "o Gobryas s%ake, and the others all a%%ro&ed) 4hile the se&en were thus taking #ounsel together, it so #han#ed that the $ollowing e&ents were ha%%ening07 The -agi had been thinking what they had best do, and had resol&ed $or 'any reasons to 'ake a $riend o$ +re.as%es) They knew how #ruelly he had been outraged by Ca'byses, who slew his son with an arrow( they were also aware that it was by his hand that "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus $ell, and that he was the only %erson %ri&y to that %rin#e1s death( and they $urther $ound hi' to be held in the highest estee' by all the +ersians) "o they #alled hi' to the', 'ade hi' their $riend, and bound hi' by a %ro'ise and by oaths to kee% silen#e about the $raud whi#h they were %ra#tising u%on the +ersians, and not dis#o&er it to any one( and they %ledged the'sel&es that in this #ase they would gi&e hi' thousands o$ gi$ts o$ e&ery sort and kind) "o +re.as%es agreed, and the -agi, when they $ound that they had %ersuaded hi' so $ar, went on to another %ro%osal, and said they would asse'ble the +ersians at the $oot o$ the %ala#e wall, and he should 'ount one o$ the towers and harangue the' $ro' it, assuring the' that "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus, and none but he, ruled the land) This they bade hi' do, be#ause +re.as%es was a 'an o$ great weight with his #ountry'en, and had o$ten de#lared in %ubli# that "'erdis the son o$ Cyrus was still ali&e, and denied being his 'urderer) +re.as%es said he was ,uite ready to do their will in the 'atter( so the -agi asse'bled the %eo%le, and %la#ed +re.as%es u%on the to% o$ the tower, and told hi' to 'ake his s%ee#h) Then this 'an, $orgetting o$ set %ur%ose all that the -agi had intreated hi' to say, began with *#haea'enes, and tra#ed down the des#ent o$ Cyrus( a$ter whi#h, when he #a'e to that king, he re#ounted all the ser&i#es that had been rendered by hi' to the +ersians, $ro' when#e he went on to de#lare the truth, whi#h hitherto he had #on#ealed, he said, be#ause it would not ha&e been sa$e $or hi' to 'ake it known, but now ne#essity was laid on hi' to dis#lose the whole) Then he told how, $or#ed to it by Ca'byses, he had hi'sel$ taken the li$e o$ "'erdis, son o$ Cyrus, and how that +ersia was now ruled by the -agi) Last o$ all, with 'any #urses u%on the +ersians i$ they did not re#o&er the kingdo', and wreak &engean#e on the -agi, he threw hi'sel$ headlong $ro' the tower into the abyss below) "u#h was the end o$ +re.as%es, a 'an all his li$e o$ high re%ute a'ong the +ersians) *nd now the se&en +ersians, ha&ing resol&ed that they would atta#k the -agi without 'ore delay, $irst o$$ered %rayers to the gods and then set o$$ $or the %ala#e, ,uite una#,uainted with what had been done by +re.as%es) The news o$ his doings rea#hed the' u%on their way,

when they had a##o'%lished about hal$ the distan#e) Hereu%on they turned aside out o$ the road, and #onsulted together) !tanes and his %arty said they 'ust #ertainly %ut o$$ the business, and not 'ake the atta#k when a$$airs were in su#h a $er'ent) 5arius, on the other hand, and his $riends, were against any #hange o$ %lan, and wished to go straight on, and not lose a 'o'ent) 3ow, as they stro&e together, suddenly there #a'e in sight two %airs o$ &ultures, and se&en %airs o$ hawks, %ursuing the', and the hawks tore the &ultures both with their #laws and bills) *t this sight the se&en with one a##ord #a'e in to the o%inion o$ 5arius, and en#ouraged by the o'en hastened on towards the %ala#e) *t the gate they were re#ei&ed as 5arius had $oretold) The guards, who had no sus%i#ion that they #a'e $or any ill %ur%ose, and held the #hie$ +ersians in 'u#h re&eren#e, let the' %ass without di$$i#ulty7 it see'ed as i$ they were under the s%e#ial %rote#tion o$ the gods7 none e&en asked the' any ,uestion) 4hen they were now in the great #ourt they $ell in with #ertain o$ the eunu#hs, whose business it was to #arry the king1s 'essages, who sto%%ed the' and asked what they wanted, while at the sa'e ti'e they threatened the doorkee%ers $or ha&ing let the' enter) The se&en sought to %ress on, but the eunu#hs would not su$$er the') Then these 'en, with #heers en#ouraging one another, drew their daggers, and stabbing those who stro&e to withstand the', rushed $orward to the a%art'ent o$ the 'ales) 3ow both the -agi were at this ti'e within, holding #ounsel u%on the 'atter o$ +re.as%es) "o when they heard the stir a'ong the eunu#hs, and their loud #ries, they ran out the'sel&es, to see what was ha%%ening) nstantly %er#ei&ing their danger, they both $lew to ar's( one had 2ust ti'e to sei/e his bow, the other got hold o$ his lan#e( when straightway the $ight began) The one whose wea%on was the bow $ound it o$ no ser&i#e at all( the $oe was too near, and the #o'bat too #lose to allow o$ his using it) But the other 'ade a stout de$en#e with his lan#e, wounding two o$ the se&en, *s%athines in the leg, and nta%hernes in the eye) This wound did not kill nta%hernes, but it #ost hi' the sight o$ that eye) The other -agus, when he $ound his bow o$ no a&ail, $led into a #ha'ber whi#h o%ened out into the a%art'ent o$ the 'ales, intending to shut to the doors) But two o$ the se&en entered the roo' with hi', 5arius and Gobryas) Gobryas sei/ed the -agus and gra%%led with hi', while 5arius stood o&er the', not knowing what to do( $or it was dark, and he was a$raid that i$ he stru#k a blow he 'ight kill Gobryas) Then Gobyras, when he %er#ei&ed that 5arius stood doing nothing, asked hi', 9why his hand was idle:9 9 $ear to hurt thee,9 he answered) 9Fear not,9 said Gobryas( 9strike, though it be through both)9 5arius did as he desired, dro&e his dagger ho'e, and by good ha% killed the -agus) Thus were the -agi slain( and the se&en, #utting o$$ both the

heads, and lea&ing their own wounded in the %ala#e, %artly be#ause they were disabled, and %artly to guard the #itadel, went $orth $ro' the gates with the heads in their hands, shouting and 'aking an u%roar) They #alled out to all the +ersians who' they 'et, and told the' what had ha%%ened, showing the' the heads o$ the -agi, while at the sa'e ti'e they slew e&ery -agus who $ell in their way) Then the +ersians, when they knew what the se&en had done, and understood the $raud o$ the -agi, thought it but 2ust to $ollow the e.a'%le set the', and, drawing their daggers, they killed the -agi where&er they #ould $ind any) "u#h was their $ury, that, unless night had #losed in, not a single -agus would ha&e been le$t ali&e) The +ersians obser&e this day with one a##ord, and kee% it 'ore stri#tly than any other in the whole year) t is then that they hold the great $esti&al, whi#h they #all the -ago%honia) 3o -agus 'ay show hi'sel$ abroad during the whole ti'e that the $east lasts( but all 'ust re'ain at ho'e the entire day) *nd now when $i&e days were gone, and the hubbub had settled down, the #ons%irators 'et together to #onsult about the situation o$ a$$airs) *t this 'eeting s%ee#hes were 'ade, to whi#h 'any o$ the Greeks gi&e no #reden#e, but they were 'ade ne&ertheless) !tanes re#o''ended that the 'anage'ent o$ %ubli# a$$airs should be entrusted to the whole nation) 9To 'e,9 he said, 9it see's ad&isable, that we should no longer ha&e a single 'an to rule o&er us7 the rule o$ one is neither good nor %leasant) =e #annot ha&e $orgotten to what lengths Ca'byses went in his haughty tyranny, and the haughtiness o$ the -agi ye ha&e yoursel&es e.%erien#ed) How indeed is it %ossible that 'onar#hy should be a well7ad2usted thing, when it allows a 'an to do as he likes without being answerable: "u#h li#en#e is enough to stir strange and unwonted thoughts in the heart o$ the worthiest o$ 'en) Gi&e a %erson this %ower, and straightway his 'ani$old good things %u$$ hi' u% with %ride, while en&y is so natural to hu'an kind that it #annot but arise in hi') But %ride and en&y together in#lude all wi#kedness7 both o$ the' leading on to deeds o$ sa&age &iolen#e) True it is that kings, %ossessing as they do all that heart #an desire, ought to be &oid o$ en&y( but the #ontrary is seen in their #ondu#t towards the #iti/ens) They are 2ealous o$ the 'ost &irtuous a'ong their sub2e#ts, and wish their death( while they take delight in the 'eanest and basest, being e&er ready to listen to the tales o$ slanderers) * king, besides, is beyond all other 'en in#onsistent with hi'sel$) +ay hi' #ourt in 'oderation, and he is angry be#ause you do not show hi' 'ore %ro$ound res%e#t7 show hi' %ro$ound res%e#t, and he is o$$ended again, be#ause ;as he says< you $awn on hi') But the worst o$ all is, that he sets aside the laws o$ the land, %uts 'en to death without trial, and sub2e#ts wo'en to &iolen#e) The rule o$ the 'any, on the other hand, has, in the $irst %la#e, the $airest o$ na'es, to wit, isono'y( and $urther it is $ree $ro' all those outrages whi#h a king is wont to #o''it) There,

%la#es are gi&en by lot, the 'agistrate is answerable $or what he does, and 'easures rest with the #o''onalty) &ote, there$ore, that we do away with 'onar#hy, and raise the %eo%le to %ower) For the %eo%le are all in all)9 "u#h were the senti'ents o$ !tanes) -egaby/us s%oke ne.t, and ad&ised the setting u% o$ an oligar#hy07 9 n all that !tanes has said to %ersuade you to %ut down 'onar#hy,9 he obser&ed, 9 $ully #on#ur( but his re#o''endation that we should #all the %eo%le to %ower see's to 'e not the best ad&i#e) For there is nothing so &oid o$ understanding, nothing so $ull o$ wantonness, as the unwieldy rabble) t were $olly not to be borne, $or 'en, while seeking to es#a%e the wantonness o$ a tyrant, to gi&e the'sel&es u% to the wantonness o$ a rude unbridled 'ob) The tyrant, in all his doings, at least knows what is he about, but a 'ob is altogether de&oid o$ knowledge( $or how should there be any knowledge in a rabble, untaught, and with no natural sense o$ what is right and $it: t rushes wildly into state a$$airs with all the $ury o$ a strea' swollen in the winter, and #on$uses e&erything) Let the ene'ies o$ the +ersians be ruled by de'o#ra#ies( but let us #hoose out $ro' the #iti/ens a #ertain nu'ber o$ the worthiest, and %ut the go&ern'ent into their hands) For thus both we oursel&es shall be a'ong the go&ernors, and %ower being entrusted to the best 'en, it is likely that the best #ounsels will %re&ail in the state)9 This was the ad&i#e whi#h -egaby/us ga&e, and a$ter hi' 5arius #a'e $orward, and s%oke as $ollows07 9*ll that -egaby/us said against de'o#ra#y was well said, think( but about oligar#hy he did not s%eak ad&isedly( $or take these three $or's o$ go&ern'ent7 de'o#ra#y, oligar#hy, and 'onar#hy7 and let the' ea#h be at their best, 'aintain that 'onar#hy $ar sur%asses the other two) 4hat go&ern'ent #an %ossibly be better than that o$ the &ery best 'an in the whole state: The #ounsels o$ su#h a 'an are like hi'sel$, and so he go&erns the 'ass o$ the %eo%le to their heart1s #ontent( while at the sa'e ti'e his 'easures against e&il7doers are ke%t 'ore se#ret than in other states) Contrariwise, in oligar#hies, where 'en &ie with ea#h other in the ser&i#e o$ the #o''onwealth, $ier#e en'ities are a%t to arise between 'an and 'an, ea#h wishing to be leader, and to #arry his own 'easures( when#e &iolent ,uarrels #o'e, whi#h lead to o%en stri$e, o$ten ending in bloodshed) Then 'onar#hy is sure to $ollow( and this too shows how $ar that rule sur%asses all others) *gain, in a de'o#ra#y, it is i'%ossible but that there will be 'al%ra#ti#es0 these 'al%ra#ti#es, howe&er, do not lead to en'ities, but to #lose $riendshi%s, whi#h are $or'ed a'ong those engaged in the', who 'ust hold well together to #arry on their &illainies) *nd so things go on until a 'an stands $orth as #ha'%ion o$ the #o''onalty, and %uts down the e&il7doers) "traightway the author o$ so great a ser&i#e is ad'ired by all, and $ro' being ad'ired soon #o'es to be

a%%ointed king( so that here too it is %lain that 'onar#hy is the best go&ern'ent) Lastly, to su' u% all in a word, when#e, ask, was it that we got the $reedo' whi#h we en2oy:7 did de'o#ra#y gi&e it us, or oligar#hy, or a 'onar#h: *s a single 'an re#o&ered our $reedo' $or us, 'y senten#e is that we kee% to the rule o$ one) E&en a%art $ro' this, we ought not to #hange the laws o$ our $ore$athers when they work $airly( $or to do so is not well)9 "u#h were the three o%inions brought $orward at this 'eeting( the $our other +ersians &oted in $a&our o$ the last) !tanes, who wished to gi&e his #ountry'en a de'o#ra#y, when he $ound the de#ision against hi', arose a se#ond ti'e, and s%oke thus be$ore the asse'bly07 9Brother #ons%irators, it is %lain that the king who is to be #hosen will be one o$ oursel&es, whether we 'ake the #hoi#e by #asting lots $or the %ri/e, or by letting the %eo%le de#ide whi#h o$ us they will ha&e to rule o&er the', in or any other way) 3ow, as ha&e neither a 'ind to rule nor to be ruled, shall not enter the lists with you in this 'atter) withdraw, howe&er, on one #ondition7 none o$ you shall #lai' to e.er#ise rule o&er 'e or 'y seed $or e&er)9 The si. agreed to these ter's, and !tanes withdraw and stood aloo$ $ro' the #ontest) *nd still to this day the $a'ily o$ !tanes #ontinues to be the only $ree $a'ily in +ersia( those who belong to it sub'it to the rule o$ the king only so $ar as they the'sel&es #hoose( they are bound, howe&er, to obser&e the laws o$ the land like the other +ersians) *$ter this the si. took #ounsel together, as to the $airest way o$ setting u% a king0 and $irst, with res%e#t to !tanes, they resol&ed, that i$ any o$ their own nu'ber got the kingdo', !tanes and his seed a$ter hi' should re#ei&e year by year, as a 'ark o$ s%e#ial honour, a -edian robe, and all su#h other gi$ts as are a##ounted the 'ost honourable in +ersia) *nd these they resol&ed to gi&e hi', be#ause he was the 'an who $irst %lanned the outbreak, and who brought the se&en together) These %ri&ileges, there$ore, were assigned s%e#ially to !tanes) The $ollowing were 'ade #o''on to the' all07 t was to be $ree to ea#h, whene&er he %leased, to enter the %ala#e unannoun#ed, unless the king were in the #o'%any o$ one o$ his wi&es( and the king was to be bound to 'arry into no $a'ily e.#e%ting those o$ the #ons%irators) Con#erning the a%%oint'ent o$ a king, the resol&e to whi#h they #a'e was the $ollowing07 They would ride out together ne.t 'orning into the skirts o$ the #ity, and he whose steed $irst neighed a$ter the sun was u% should ha&e the kingdo') 3ow 5arius had a groo', a shar%7witted kna&e, #alled !ebares) *$ter the 'eeting had broken u%, 5arius sent $or hi', and said, 9!ebares, this is the way in whi#h the king is to be #hosen7 we are to 'ount our horses, and the 'an whose horse $irst neighs a$ter the sun is u% is to ha&e the kingdo') $ then you ha&e any #le&erness, #ontri&e a %lan whereby the %ri/e 'ay $all to us, and not go to

another)9 9Truly, 'aster,9 !ebares answered, 9i$ it de%ends on this whether thou shalt be king or no, set thine heart at ease, and $ear nothing0 ha&e a #har' whi#h is sure not to $ail)9 9 $ thou hast really aught o$ the kind,9 said 5arius, 9hasten to get it ready) The 'atter does not brook delay, $or the trial is to be to7'orrow)9 "o !ebares when he heard that, did as $ollows07 4hen night #a'e, he took one o$ the 'ares, the #hie$ $a&ourite o$ the horse whi#h 5arius rode, and tethering it in the suburb, brought his 'aster1s horse to the %la#e( then, a$ter leading hi' round and round the 'are se&eral ti'es, nearer and nearer at ea#h #ir#uit, he ended by letting the' #o'e together) *nd now, when the 'orning broke, the si. +ersians, a##ording to agree'ent, 'et together on horseba#k, and rode out to the suburb) *s they went along they neared the s%ot where the 'are was tethered the night be$ore, whereu%on the horse o$ 5arius s%rang $orward and neighed) 2ust at the sa'e ti'e, though the sky was #lear and bright, there was a $lash o$ lightning, $ollowed by a thunder#la%) t see'ed as i$ the hea&ens #ons%ired with 5arius, and hereby inaugurated hi' king0 so the $i&e other nobles lea%ed with one a##ord $ro' their steeds, and bowed down be$ore hi' and owned hi' $or their king) This is the a##ount whi#h so'e o$ the +ersians ga&e o$ the #ontri&an#e o$ !ebares( but there are others who relate the 'atter di$$erently) They say that in the 'orning he stroked the 'are with his hand, whi#h he then hid in his trousers until the sun rose and the horses were about to start, when he suddenly drew his hand $orth and %ut it to the nostrils o$ his 'aster1s horse, whi#h i''ediately snorted and neighed) Thus was 5arius, son o$ Hystas%es, a%%ointed king( and, e.#e%t the *rabians, all they o$ *sia were sub2e#t to hi'( $or Cyrus, and a$ter hi' Ca'byses, had brought the' all under) The *rabians were ne&er sub2e#t as sla&es to the +ersians, but had a league o$ $riendshi% with the' $ro' the ti'e when they brought Ca'byses on his way as he went into Egy%t( $or had they been un$riendly the +ersians #ould ne&er ha&e 'ade their in&asion) *nd now 5arius #ontra#ted 'arriages o$ the $irst rank, a##ording to the notions o$ the +ersians0 to wit, with two daughters o$ Cyrus, *tossa and *rtystone( o$ who', *tossa had been twi#e 'arried be$ore, on#e to Ca'byses, her brother, and on#e to the -agus, while the other, *rtystone, was a &irgin) He 'arried also +ar'ys, daughter o$ "'erdis, son o$ Cyrus( and he likewise took to wi$e the daughter o$ !tanes, who had 'ade the dis#o&ery about the -agus) *nd now when his %ower was established $ir'ly throughout all the kingdo's, the $irst thing that he did was to set u% a #ar&ing in stone, whi#h showed a 'an 'ounted u%on a horse, with an ins#ri%tion in these words $ollowing07 95arius, son o$ Hystas%es, by aid o$ his good horse9 ;here $ollowed the horse1s na'e<, 9and o$ his good groo' !ebares, got hi'sel$ the

kingdo' o$ the +ersians)9 This he set u% in +ersia( and a$terwards he %ro#eeded to establish twenty go&ern'ents o$ the kind whi#h the +ersians #all satra%ies, assigning to ea#h its go&ernor, and $i.ing the tribute whi#h was to be %aid hi' by the se&eral nations) *nd generally he 2oined together in one satra%y the nations that were neighbours, but so'eti'es he %assed o&er the nearer tribes, and %ut in their stead those whi#h were 'ore re'ote) The $ollowing is an a##ount o$ these go&ern'ents, and o$ the yearly tribute whi#h they %aid to the king07 "u#h as brought their tribute in sil&er were ordered to %ay a##ording to the Babylonian talent( while the Euboi# was the standard 'easure $or su#h as brought gold) 3ow the Babylonian talent #ontains se&enty Euboi# 'inae) 5uring all the reign o$ Cyrus, and a$terwards when Ca'byses ruled, there were no $i.ed tributes, but the nations se&erally brought gi$ts to the king) !n a##ount o$ this and other like doings, the +ersians say that 5arius was a hu#kster, Ca'byses a 'aster, and Cyrus a $ather( $or 5arius looked to 'aking a gain in e&erything( Ca'byses was harsh and re#kless( while Cyrus was gentle, and %ro#ured the' all 'anner o$ goods) The onians, the -agnesians o$ *sia, the *eolians, the Carians, the Ly#ians, the -ilyans, and the +a'%hylians, %aid their tribute in a single su', whi#h was $i.ed at $our hundred talents o$ sil&er) These $or'ed together the $irst satra%y) The -ysians, Lydians, Lasonians, Cabalians, and Hygennians %aid the su' o$ $i&e hundred talents) This was the se#ond satra%y) The Helles%ontians, o$ the right #oast as one enters the straits, the +hrygians, the *siati# Thra#ians, the +a%hlagonians, the -ariandynians1 and the "yrians %aid a tribute o$ three hundred and si.ty talents) This was the third satra%y) The Cili#ians ga&e three hundred and si.ty white horses, one $or ea#h day in the year, and $i&e hundred talents o$ sil&er) !$ this su' one hundred and $orty talents went to %ay the #a&alry whi#h guarded the #ountry, while the re'aining three hundred and si.ty were re#ei&ed by 5arius) This was the $ourth satra%y) The #ountry rea#hing $ro' the #ity o$ +osideiu' ;built by *'%hilo#hus, son o$ *'%hiaraus, on the #on$ines o$ "yria and Cili#ia< to the borders o$ Egy%t, e.#luding there$ro' a distri#t whi#h belonged to *rabia and was $ree $ro' ta., %aid a tribute o$ three hundred and $i$ty talents) *ll +hoeni#ia, +alestine "yria, and Cy%rus, were herein #ontained) This was the $i$th satra%y) Fro' Egy%t, and the neighbouring %arts o$ Libya, together with the towns o$ Cyrene and Bar#a, whi#h belonged to the Egy%tian satra%y, the tribute whi#h #a'e in was se&en hundred talents) These se&en hundred talents did not in#lude the %ro$its o$ the $isheries o$ Lake -oeris, nor the #orn $urnished to the troo%s at -e'%his) Corn was su%%lied to FG0,000 +ersians, who dwelt at -e'%his in the ,uarter #alled the

4hite Castle, and to a nu'ber o$ au.iliaries) This was the si.th satra%y) The "attagydians, the Gandarians, the 5adi#ae, and the *%arytae, who were all re#koned together, %aid a tribute o$ a hundred and se&enty talents) This was the se&enth satra%y) "usa, and the other %arts o$ Cissia, %aid three hundred talents) This was the eighth satra%y) Fro' Babylonia, and the rest o$ *ssyria, were drawn a thousand talents o$ sil&er, and $i&e hundred boy7eunu#hs) This was the ninth satra%y) *gbatana, and the other %arts o$ -edia, together with the +ari#anians and !rtho#orybantes, %aid in all $our hundred and $i$ty talents) This was the tenth satra%y) The Cas%ians, +ausi#ae, +anti'athi, and 5aritae, were 2oined in one go&ern'ent, and %aid the su' o$ two hundred talents) This was the ele&enth satra%y) Fro' the Ba#trian tribes as $ar as the *egli the tribute re#ei&ed was three hundred and si.ty talents) This was the twel$th satra%y) Fro' +a#tyi#a, *r'enia, and the #ountries rea#hing then#e to the Eu.ine, the su' drawn was $our hundred talents) This was the thirteenth satra%y) The "agartians, "arangians, Tha'anaeans, 6tians, and -y#ians, together with the inhabitants o$ the islands in the Erythraean sea, where the king sends those who' he banishes, $urnished altogether a tribute o$ si. hundred talents) This was the $ourteenth satra%y) The "a#ans and Cas%ians ga&e two hundred and $i$ty talents) This was the $i$teenth satra%y) The +arthians, Choras'ians, "ogdians, and *rians, ga&e three hundred) This was the si.teenth satra%y) The +ari#anians and Ethio%ians o$ *sia $urnished a tribute o$ $our hundred talents) This was the se&enteenth satra%y) The -atienians, "as%eires, and *larodians were rated to %ay two hundred talents) This was the eighteenth satra%y) The -os#hi, Tibareni, -a#rones, -osynoe#i, and -ares had to %ay three hundred talents) This was the nineteenth satra%y) The ndians, who are 'ore nu'erous than any other nation with whi#h we are a#,uainted, %aid a tribute e.#eeding that o$ e&ery other %eo%le, to wit, three hundred and si.ty talents o$ gold7dust) This was the twentieth satra%y) $ the Babylonian 'oney here s%oken o$ be redu#ed to the Euboi# s#ale, it will 'ake nine thousand $i&e hundred and $orty su#h talents( and i$ the gold be re#koned at thirteen ti'es the worth o$ sil&er, the ndian gold7dust will #o'e to $our thousand si. hundred and eighty talents) *dd these two a'ounts together and the whole re&enue whi#h #a'e in to 5arius year by year will be $ound to be in Euboi# 'oney

$ourteen thousand $i&e hundred and si.ty talents, not to 'ention %arts o$ a talent) "u#h was the re&enue whi#h 5arius deri&ed $ro' *sia and a s'all %art o$ Libya) Later in his reign the su' was in#reased by the tribute o$ the islands, and o$ the nations o$ Euro%e as $ar as Thessaly) The Great ?ing stores away the tribute whi#h he re#ei&es a$ter this $ashion7 he 'elts it down, and, while it is in a li,uid state, runs it into earthen &essels, whi#h are a$terwards re'o&ed, lea&ing the 'etal in a solid 'ass) 4hen 'oney is wanted, he #oins as 'u#h o$ this bullion as the o##asion re,uires) "u#h then were the go&ern'ents, and su#h the a'ounts o$ tribute at whi#h they were assessed res%e#ti&ely) +ersia alone has not been re#koned a'ong the tributaries7 and $or this reason, be#ause the #ountry o$ the +ersians is altogether e.e'%t $ro' ta.) The $ollowing %eo%les %aid no settled tribute, but brought gi$ts to the king0 $irst, the Ethio%ians bordering u%on Egy%t, who were redu#ed by Ca'byses when he 'ade war on the long7li&ed Ethio%ians, and who dwell about the sa#red #ity o$ 3ysa, and ha&e $esti&als in honour o$ Ba##hus) The grain on whi#h they and their ne.t neighbours $eed is the sa'e as that used by the Calantian ndians) Their dwelling7houses are under ground) E&ery third year these two nations brought7 and they still bring to 'y day7 two #hoeni#es o$ &irgin gold, two hundred logs o$ ebony, $i&e Ethio%ian boys, and twenty ele%hant tusks) The Col#hians, and the neighbouring tribes who dwell between the' and the Cau#asus7 $or so $ar the +ersian rule rea#hes, while north o$ the Cau#asus no one $ears the' any longer7 undertook to $urnish a gi$t, whi#h in 'y day was still brought e&ery $i$th year, #onsisting o$ a hundred boys, and the sa'e nu'ber o$ 'aidens) The *rabs brought e&ery year a thousand talents o$ $rankin#ense) "u#h were the gi$ts whi#h the king re#ei&ed o&er and abo&e the tribute7'oney) The way in whi#h the ndians get the %lenti$ul su%%ly o$ gold whi#h enables the' to $urnish year by year so &ast an a'ount o$ gold7dust to the kind is the $ollowing07 eastward o$ ndia lies a tra#t whi#h is entirely sand) ndeed o$ all the inhabitants o$ *sia, #on#erning who' anything #ertain is known, the ndians dwell the nearest to the east, and the rising o$ the sun) Beyond the' the whole #ountry is desert on a##ount o$ the sand) The tribes o$ ndians are nu'erous, and do not all s%eak the sa'e language7 so'e are wandering tribes, others not) They who dwell in the 'arshes along the ri&er li&e on raw $ish, whi#h they take in boats 'ade o$ reeds, ea#h $or'ed out o$ a single 2oint) These ndians wear a dress o$ sedge, whi#h they #ut in the ri&er and bruise( a$terwards they wea&e it into 'ats, and wear it as we wear a breast7%late) Eastward o$ these ndians are another tribe, #alled +adaeans, who are wanderers, and li&e on raw $lesh) This tribe is said to ha&e the $ollowing #usto's07 $ one o$ their nu'ber be ill, 'an or wo'an,

they take the si#k %erson, and i$ he be a 'an, the 'en o$ his a#,uaintan#e %ro#eed to %ut hi' to death, be#ause, they say, his $lesh would be s%oilt $or the' i$ he %ined and wasted away with si#kness) The 'an %rotests he is not ill in the least( but his $riends will not a##e%t his denial7 in s%ite o$ all he #an say, they kill hi', and $east the'sel&es on his body) "o also i$ a wo'an be si#k, the wo'en, who are her $riends, take her and do with her e.a#tly the sa'e as the 'en) $ one o$ the' rea#hes to old age, about whi#h there is seldo' any ,uestion, as #o''only be$ore that ti'e they ha&e had so'e disease or other, and so ha&e been %ut to death7 but i$ a 'an, notwithstanding, #o'es to be old, then they o$$er hi' in sa#ri$i#e to their gods, and a$terwards eat his $lesh) There is another set o$ ndians whose #usto's are &ery di$$erent) They re$use to %ut any li&e ani'al to death, they sow no #orn, and ha&e no dwelling7houses) @egetables are their only $ood) There is a %lant whi#h grows wild in their #ountry, bearing seed, about the si/e o$ 'illet7seed, in a #aly.0 their wont is to gather this seed and ha&ing boiled it, #aly. and all, to use it $or $ood) $ one o$ the' is atta#ked with si#kness, he goes $orth into the wilderness, and lies down to die( no one has the least #on#ern either $or the si#k or $or the dead) *ll the tribes whi#h ha&e 'entioned li&e together like the brute beasts0 they ha&e also all the sa'e tint o$ skin, whi#h a%%roa#hes that o$ the Ethio%ians) Their #ountry is a long way $ro' +ersia towards the south0 nor had king 5arius e&er any authority o&er the') Besides these, there are ndians o$ another tribe, who border on the #ity o$ Cas%atyrus, and the #ountry o$ +a#tyi#a( these %eo%le dwell northward o$ all the rest o$ the ndians, and $ollow nearly the sa'e 'ode o$ li$e as the Ba#trians) They are 'ore warlike than any o$ the other tribes, and $ro' the' the 'en are sent $orth who go to %ro#ure the gold) For it is in this %art o$ ndia that the sandy desert lies) Here, in this desert, there li&e a'id the sand great ants, in si/e so'ewhat less than dogs, but bigger than $o.es) The +ersian king has a nu'ber o$ the', whi#h ha&e been #aught by the hunters in the land whereo$ we are s%eaking) Those ants 'ake their dwellings under ground, and like the Greek ants, whi#h they &ery 'u#h rese'ble in sha%e, throw u% sand7hea%s as they burrow) 3ow the sand whi#h they throw u% is $ull o$ gold) The ndians, when they go into the desert to #olle#t this sand, take three #a'els and harness the' together, a $e'ale in the 'iddle and a 'ale on either side, in a leading7rein) The rider sits on the $e'ale, and they are %arti#ular to #hoose $or the %ur%ose one that has but 2ust dro%%ed her young( $or their $e'ale #a'els #an run as $ast as horses, while they bear burthens &ery 'u#h better) *s the Greeks are well a#,uainted with the sha%e o$ the #a'el, shall not trouble to des#ribe it( but shall 'ention what see's to

ha&e es#a%ed their noti#e) The #a'el has in its hind legs $our thigh7bones and $our knee72oints) 4hen the ndians there$ore ha&e thus e,ui%%ed the'sel&es they set o$$ in ,uest o$ the gold, #al#ulating the ti'e so that they 'ay be engaged in sei/ing it during the 'ost sultry %art o$ the day, when the ants hide the'sel&es to es#a%e the heat) The sun in those %arts shines $ier#est in the 'orning, not, as elsewhere, at noonday( the greatest heat is $ro' the ti'e when he has rea#hed a #ertain height, until the hour at whi#h the 'arket #loses) 5uring this s%a#e he burns 'u#h 'ore $uriously than at 'idday in Gree#e, so that the 'en there are said at that ti'e to dren#h the'sel&es with water) *t noon his heat is 'u#h the sa'e in ndia as in other #ountries, a$ter whi#h, as the day de#lines, the war'th is only e,ual to that o$ the 'orning sun elsewhere) Towards e&ening the #oolness in#reases, till about sunset it be#o'es &ery #old) 4hen the ndians rea#h the %la#e where the gold is, they $ill their bags with the sand, and ride away at their best s%eed0 the ants, howe&er, s#enting the', as the +ersians say, rush $orth in %ursuit) 3ow these ani'als are, they de#lare, so swi$t, that there is nothing in the world like the'0 i$ it were not, there$ore, that the ndians get a start while the ants are 'ustering, not a single gold7gatherer #ould es#a%e) 5uring the $light the 'ale #a'els, whi#h are not so $leet as the $e'ales, grow tired, and begin to drag, $irst one, and then the other( but the $e'ales re#olle#t the young whi#h they ha&e le$t behind, and ne&er gi&e way or $lag) "u#h, a##ording to the +ersians, is the 'anner in whi#h the ndians get the greater %art o$ their gold( so'e is dug out o$ the earth, but o$ this the su%%ly is 'ore s#anty) t see's as i$ the e.tre'e regions o$ the earth were blessed by nature with the 'ost e.#ellent %rodu#tions, 2ust in the sa'e way that Gree#e en2oys a #li'ate 'ore e.#ellently te'%ered than any other #ountry) n ndia, whi#h, as obser&ed lately, is the $urthest region o$ the inhabited world towards the east, all the $our7$ooted beasts and the birds are &ery 'u#h bigger than those $ound elsewhere, e.#e%t only the horses, whi#h are sur%assed by the -edian breed #alled the 3isaean) Gold too is %rodu#ed there in &ast abundan#e, so'e dug $ro' the earth, so'e washed down by the ri&ers, so'e #arried o$$ in the 'ode whi#h ha&e but now des#ribed) *nd $urther, there are trees whi#h grow wild there, the $ruit whereo$ is a wool e.#eeding in beauty and goodness that o$ shee%) The nati&es 'ake their #lothes o$ this tree7wool) *rabia is the last o$ inhabited lands towards the south, and it is the only #ountry whi#h %rodu#es $rankin#ense, 'yrrh, #assia, #inna'on, and ledanu') The *rabians do not get any o$ these, e.#e%t the 'yrrh, without trouble) The $rankin#ense they %ro#ure by 'eans o$ the gu' styra., whi#h the Greeks obtain $ro' the +hoeni#ians( this they

burn, and thereby obtain the s%i#e) For the trees whi#h bear the $rankin#ense are guarded by winged ser%ents, s'all in si/e, and o$ &aried #olours, whereo$ &ast nu'bers hang about e&ery tree) They are o$ the sa'e kind as the ser%ents that in&ade Egy%t( and there is nothing but the s'oke o$ the styra. whi#h will dri&e the' $ro' the trees) The *rabians say that the whole world would swar' with these ser%ents, i$ they were not ke%t in #he#k in the way in whi#h know that &i%ers are) !$ a truth 5i&ine +ro&iden#e does a%%ear to be, as indeed one 'ight e.%e#t be$orehand, a wise #ontri&er) For ti'id ani'als whi#h are a %rey to others are all 'ade to %rodu#e young abundantly, that so the s%e#ies 'ay not be entirely eaten u% and lost( while sa&age and no.ious #reatures are 'ade &ery un$ruit$ul) The hare, $or instan#e, whi#h is hunted alike by beasts, birds, and 'en, breeds so abundantly as e&en to su%er$etate, a thing whi#h is true o$ no other ani'al) =ou $ind in a hare1s belly, at one and the sa'e ti'e, so'e o$ the young all #o&ered with $ur, others ,uite naked, others again 2ust $ully $or'ed in the wo'b, while the hare %erha%s has lately #on#ei&ed a$resh) The lioness, on the other hand, whi#h is one o$ the strongest and boldest o$ brutes, brings $orth young but on#e in her li$eti'e, and then a single #ub( she #annot %ossibly #on#ei&e again, sin#e she loses her wo'b at the sa'e ti'e that she dro%s her young) The reason o$ this is that as soon as the #ub begins to stir inside the da', his #laws, whi#h are shar%er than those o$ any other ani'al, s#rat#h the wo'b( as the ti'e goes on, and he grows bigger, he tears it e&er 'ore and 'ore( so that at last, when the birth #o'es, there is not a 'orsel in the whole wo'b that is sound) 3ow with res%e#t to the &i%ers and the winged snakes o$ *rabia, i$ they in#reased as $ast as their nature would allow, i'%ossible were it $or 'an to 'aintain hi'sel$ u%on the earth) *##ordingly it is $ound that when the 'ale and $e'ale #o'e together, at the &ery 'o'ent o$ i'%regnation, the $e'ale sei/es the 'ale by the ne#k, and ha&ing on#e $astened, #annot be brought to lea&e go till she has bit the ne#k entirely through) *nd so the 'ale %erishes( but a$ter a while he is re&enged u%on the $e'ale by 'eans o$ the young, whi#h, while still unborn, gnaw a %assage through the wo'b, and then through the belly o$ their 'other, and so 'ake their entran#e into the world) Contrariwise, other snakes, whi#h are har'less, lay eggs, and hat#h a &ast nu'ber o$ young) @i%ers are $ound in all %arts o$ the world, but the winged ser%ents are nowhere seen e.#e%t in *rabia, where they are all #ongregated together) This 'akes the' a%%ear so nu'erous) "u#h, then, is the way in whi#h the *rabians obtain their $rankin#ense( their 'anner o$ #olle#ting the #assia is the $ollowing07 They #o&er all their body and their $a#e with the hides o$ o.en and other skins, lea&ing only holes $or the eyes, and thus %rote#ted go in

sear#h o$ the #assia, whi#h grows in a lake o$ no great de%th) *ll round the shores and in the lake itsel$ there dwell a nu'ber o$ winged ani'als, 'u#h rese'bling bats, whi#h s#ree#h horribly, and are &ery &aliant) These #reatures they 'ust kee% $ro' their eyes all the while that they gather the #assia) "till 'ore wonder$ul is the 'ode in whi#h they #olle#t the #inna'on) 4here the wood grows, and what #ountry %rodu#es it, they #annot tell7 only so'e, $ollowing %robability, relate that it #o'es $ro' the #ountry in whi#h Ba##hus was brought u%) Great birds, they say, bring the sti#ks whi#h we Greeks, taking the word $ro' the +hoeni#ians, #all #inna'on, and #arry the' u% into the air to 'ake their nests) These are $astened with a sort o$ 'ud to a sheer $a#e o$ ro#k, where no $oot o$ 'an is able to #li'b) "o the *rabians, to get the #inna'on, use the $ollowing arti$i#e) They #ut all the o.en and asses and beasts o$ burthen that die in their land into large %ie#es, whi#h they #arry with the' into those regions, and +la#e near the nests0 then they withdraw to a distan#e, and the old birds, swoo%ing down, sei/e the %ie#es o$ 'eat and $ly with the' u% to their nests( whi#h, not being able to su%%ort the weight, break o$$ and $all to the ground) Hereu%on the *rabians return and #olle#t the #inna'on, whi#h is a$terwards #arried $ro' *rabia into other #ountries) Ledanu', whi#h the *rabs #all ladanu', is %ro#ured in a yet stranger $ashion) Found in a 'ost inodorous %la#e, it is the sweetest7s#ented o$ all substan#es) t is gathered $ro' the beards o$ he7goats, where it is $ound sti#king like gu', ha&ing #o'e $ro' the bushes on whi#h they browse) t is used in 'any sorts o$ unguents, and is what the *rabs burn #hie$ly as in#ense) Con#erning the s%i#es o$ *rabia let no 'ore be said) The whole #ountry is s#ented with the', and e.hales an odour 'ar&ellously sweet) There are also in *rabia two kinds o$ shee% worthy o$ ad'iration, the like o$ whi#h is nowhere else to be seen( the one kind has long tails, not less than three #ubits in length, whi#h, i$ they were allowed to trail on the ground, would be bruised and $all into sores) *s it is, all the she%herds know enough o$ #ar%entering to 'ake little tru#ks $or their shee%1s tails) The tru#ks are %la#ed under the tails, ea#h shee% ha&ing one to hi'sel$, and the tails are then tied down u%on the') The other kind has a broad tail, whi#h is a #ubit a#ross so'eti'es) 4here the south de#lines towards the setting sun lies the #ountry #alled Ethio%ia, the last inhabited land in that dire#tion) There gold is obtained in great %lenty, huge ele%hants abound, with wild trees o$ all sorts, and ebony( and the 'en are taller, handso'er, and longer li&ed than anywhere else) 3ow these are the $arthest regions o$ the world in *sia and Libya) !$ the e.tre'e tra#ts o$ Euro%e towards the west #annot s%eak with

any #ertainty( $or do not allow that there is any ri&er, to whi#h the barbarians gi&e the na'e o$ Eridanus, e'%tying itsel$ into the northern sea, when#e ;as the tale goes< a'ber is %ro#ured( nor do know o$ any islands #alled the Cassiterides ;Tin slands<, when#e the tin #o'es whi#h we use) For in the $irst %la#e the na'e Eridanus is 'ani$estly not a barbarian word at all, but a Greek na'e, in&ented by so'e %oet or other( and se#ondly, though ha&e taken &ast %ains, ha&e ne&er been able to get an assuran#e $ro' an eye7witness that there is any sea on the $urther side o$ Euro%e) 3e&ertheless, tin and a'ber do #ertainly #o'e to us $ro' the ends o$ the earth) The northern %arts o$ Euro%e are &ery 'u#h ri#her in gold than any other region0 but how it is %ro#ured ha&e no #ertain knowledge) The story runs that the one7eyed *ri'as%i %urloin it $ro' the gri$$ins( but here too a' in#redulous, and #annot %ersuade 'ysel$ that there is a ra#e o$ 'en born with one eye, who in all else rese'ble the rest o$ 'ankind) 3e&ertheless it see's to be true that the e.tre'e regions o$ the earth, whi#h surround and shut u% within the'sel&es all other #ountries, %rodu#e the things whi#h are the rarest, and whi#h 'en re#kon the 'ost beauti$ul) There is a %lain in *sia whi#h is shut in on all sides by a 'ountain7range, and in this 'ountain7range are $i&e o%enings) The %lain lies on the #on$ines o$ the Choras'ians, Hyr#anians, +arthians, "arangians, and Tha'anaeans, and belonged $or'erly to the $irst7'entioned o$ those %eo%les) E&er sin#e the +ersians, howe&er, obtained the 'astery o$ *sia, it has been the %ro%erty o$ the Great ?ing) * 'ighty ri&er, #alled the *#es, $lows $ro' the hills in#losing the %lain( and this strea', $or'erly s%litting into $i&e #hannels, ran through the $i&e o%enings in the hills, and watered the lands o$ the $i&e nations whi#h dwell around) The +ersian #a'e, howe&er, and #on,uered the region, and then it went ill with the %eo%le o$ these lands) The Great ?ing blo#ked u% all the %assages between the hills with dykes and $lood gates, and so %re&ented the water $ro' $lowing out) Then the %lain within the hills be#a'e a sea, $or the ri&er ke%t rising, and the water #ould $ind no outlet) AFro' that ti'e the $i&e nations whi#h were wont $or'erly to ha&e the use o$ the strea', losing their a##usto'ed su%%ly o$ water, ha&e been in great distress) n winter, indeed, they ha&e rain $ro' hea&en like the rest o$ the world, but in su''er, a$ter sowing their 'illet and their sesa'e, they always stand in need o$ water $ro' the ri&er) 4hen, there$ore, they su$$er $ro' this want, hastening to +ersia, 'en and wo'en alike, they take their station at the gate o$ the king1s %ala#e, and wail aloud) Then the king orders the $lood7gates to be o%ened towards the #ountry whose need is greatest, and lets the soil drink until it has had enough( a$ter whi#h the gates on this side are shut, and others are un#losed $or the nation whi#h,

o$ the re'ainder, needs it 'ost) t has been told 'e that the king ne&er gi&es the order to o%en the gates till the su%%liants ha&e %aid hi' a large su' o$ 'oney o&er and abo&e the tribute) !$ the se&en +ersians who rose u% against the -agus, one, nta%hernes, lost his li$e &ery shortly a$ter the outbreak, $or an a#t o$ insolen#e) He wished to enter the %ala#e and transa#t a #ertain business with the king) 3ow the law was that all those who had taken %art in the rising against the -agus 'ight enter unannoun#ed into the king1s %resen#e, unless he ha%%ened to be in %ri&ate with his wi$e) "o nta%hernes would not ha&e any one announ#e hi', but, as he belonged to the se&en, #lai'ed it as his right to go in) The doorkee%er, howe&er, and the #hie$ usher $orbade his entran#e, sin#e the king, they said, was with his wi$e) But nta%hernes thought they told lies( so, drawing his s#y'itar, he #ut o$$ their noses and their ears, and, hanging the' on the bridle o$ his horse, %ut the bridle round their ne#ks, and so let the' go) Then these two 'en went and showed the'sel&es to the king, and told hi' how it had #o'e to %ass that they were thus treated) 5arius tre'bled lest it was by the #o''on #onsent o$ the si. that the deed had been done( he there$ore sent $or the' all in turn, and sounded the' to know i$ they a%%ro&ed the #ondu#t o$ nta%hernes) 4hen he $ound by their answers that there had been no #on#ert between hi' and the', he laid hands on nta%hernes, his #hildren, and all his near kindred( strongly sus%e#ting that he and his $riends were about to raise a re&olt) 4hen all had been sei/ed and %ut in #hains, as 'ale$a#tors #onde'ned to death, the wi$e o$ nta%hernes #a'e and stood #ontinually at the %ala#e7gates, wee%ing and wailing sore) "o 5arius a$ter a while, seeing that she ne&er #eased to stand and wee%, was tou#hed with %ity $or her, and bade a 'essenger go to her and say, 9Lady, king 5arius gi&es thee as a boon the li$e o$ one o$ thy kins'en7 #hoose whi#h thou wilt o$ the %risoners)9 Then she %ondered awhile be$ore she answered, 9 $ the king grants 'e the li$e o$ one alone, 'ake #hoi#e o$ 'y brother)9 5arius, when he heard the re%ly, was astonished, and sent again, saying, 9Lady, the king bids thee tell hi' why it is that thou %assest by thy husband and thy #hildren, and %re$errest to ha&e the li$e o$ thy brother s%ared) He is not so near to thee as thy #hildren, nor so dear as thy husband)9 "he answered, 9! king, i$ the gods will, 'ay ha&e another husband and other #hildren when these are gone) But as 'y $ather and 'y 'other are no 'ore, it is i'%ossible that should ha&e another brother) This was 'y thought when asked to ha&e 'y brother s%ared)9 Then it see'ed to 5arius that the lady s%oke well, and he ga&e her, besides the li$e that she had asked, the li$e also o$ her eldest son, be#ause he was greatly %leased with her) But he slew all the rest) Thus one o$ the se&en died, in the way ha&e des#ribed, &ery shortly a$ter the insurre#tion)

*bout the ti'e o$ Ca'byses1 last si#kness, the $ollowing e&ents ha%%ened) There was a #ertain !roetes, a +ersian, who' Cyrus had 'ade go&ernor o$ "ardis) This 'an #on#ei&ed a 'ost unholy wish) He had ne&er su$$ered wrong or had an ill word $ro' +oly#rates the "a'ian7 nay, he had not so 'u#h as seen hi' in all his li$e( yet, notwithstanding, he #on#ei&ed the wish to sei/e hi' and %ut hi' to death) This wish, a##ording to the a##ount whi#h the 'ost %art gi&e, arose $ro' what ha%%ened one day as he was sitting with another +ersian in the gate o$ the king1s %ala#e) The 'an1s na'e was -itrobates, and he was ruler o$ the satra%y o$ 5as#yleiu') He and !roetes had been talking together, and $ro' talking they $ell to ,uarrelling and #o'%aring their 'erits( whereu%on -itrobates said to !roetes re%roa#h$ully, 9*rt thou worthy to be #alled a 'an, when, near as "a'os lies to thy go&ern'ent, and easy as it is to #on,uer, thou hast o'itted to bring it under the do'inion o$ the king: Easy to #on,uer, said : 4hy, a 'ere #o''on #iti/en, with the hel% o$ $i$teen 'en7at7ar's, 'astered the island, and is still king o$ it)9 !roetes, they say, took this re%roa#h greatly to heart( but, instead o$ seeking to re&enge hi'sel$ on the 'an by who' it was uttered, he #on#ei&ed the desire o$ destroying +oly#rates, sin#e it was on +oly#rates1 a##ount that the re%roa#h had $allen on hi') *nother less #o''on &ersion o$ the story is that !roetes sent a herald to "a'os to 'ake a re,uest, the nature o$ whi#h is not stated( +oly#rates was at the ti'e re#lining in the a%art'ent o$ the 'ales, and *na#reon the Teian was with hi'( when there$ore the herald #a'e $orward to #on&erse, +oly#rates, either out o$ studied #onte'%t $or the %ower o$ !roetes, or it 'ay be 'erely by #han#e, was lying with his $a#e turned away towards the wall( and so he lay all the ti'e that the herald s%ake, and when he ended, did not e&en &ou#hsa$e hi' a word) "u#h are the two reasons alleged $or the death o$ +oly#rates( it is o%en to all to belie&e whi#h they %lease) 4hat is #ertain is that !roetes, while residing at -agnesia on the -aeander, sent a Lydian, by na'e -yrsus, the son o$ Gyges, with a 'essage to +oly#rates at "a'os, well knowing what that 'onar#h designed) For +oly#rates entertained a design whi#h no other Greek, so $ar as we know, e&er $or'ed be$ore hi', unless it were -inos the Cnossian, and those ;i$ there were any su#h< who had the 'astery o$ the Egaean at an earlier ti'e7 +oly#rates, say, was the $irst o$ 'ere hu'an birth who #on#ei&ed the design o$ gaining the e'%ire o$ the sea, and as%ired to rule o&er onia and the islands) ?nowing then that +oly#rates was thus 'inded, !roetes sent his 'essage, whi#h ran as $ollows07 9!roetes to +oly#rates thus sayeth0 hear thou raisest thy thoughts high, but thy 'eans are not e,ual to thy a'bition) Listen then to 'y words, and learn how thou 'ayest at on#e ser&e thysel$ and %reser&e 'e) ?ing Ca'byses is bent on 'y destru#tion7 o$ this

ha&e warning $ro' a sure hand) Co'e thou, there$ore, and $et#h 'e away, 'e and all 'y wealth7 share 'y wealth with 'e, and then, so $ar as 'oney #an aid, thou 'ayest 'ake thysel$ 'aster o$ the whole o$ Gree#e) But i$ thou doubtest o$ 'y wealth, send the trustiest o$ thy $ollowers, and will show 'y treasures to hi')9 +oly#rates, when he heard this 'essage, was $ull o$ 2oy, and straightway a%%ro&ed the ter's( but, as 'oney was what he #hie$ly desired, be$ore stirring in the business he sent his se#retary, -aeandrius, son o$ -aeandrius, a "a'ian, to look into the 'atter) This was the 'an who, not &ery long a$terwards, 'ade an o$$ering at the te'%le o$ 8uno o$ all the $urniture whi#h had adorned the 'ale a%art'ents in the %ala#e o$ +oly#rates, an o$$ering well worth seeing) !roetes learning that one was #o'ing to &iew his treasures, #ontri&ed as $ollows07 he $illed eight great #hests al'ost bri'$ul o$ stones, and then #o&ering o&er the stones with gold, #orded the #hests, and so held the' in readiness) 4hen -aeandrius arri&ed, he was shown this as !roetes1 treasure, and ha&ing seen it returned to "a'os) !n hearing his a##ount, +oly#rates, notwithstanding 'any warnings gi&en hi' by the soothsayers, and 'u#h dissuasion o$ his $riends, 'ade ready to go in %erson) E&en the drea' whi#h &isited his daughter $ailed to #he#k hi') "he had drea'ed that she saw her $ather hanging high in air, washed by lo&e, and anointed by the sun) Ha&ing there$ore thus drea'ed, she used e&ery e$$ort to %re&ent her $ather $ro' going( e&en as he went on board his %ente#onter #rying a$ter hi' with words o$ e&il o'en) Then +oly#rates threatened her that, i$ he returned in sa$ety, he would kee% her un'arried 'any years) "he answered, 9!h> that he 'ight %er$or' his threat( $ar better $or her to re'ain long un'arried than to be bere$t o$ her $ather>9 +oly#rates, howe&er, 'aking light o$ all the #ounsel o$$ered hi', set sail and went to !roetes) -any $riends a##o'%anied hi'( a'ong the rest, 5e'o#edes, the son o$ Calli%hon, a nati&e o$ Crotona, who was a %hysi#ian, and the best skilled in his art o$ all 'en then li&ing) +oly#rates, on his arri&al at -agnesia, %erished 'iserably, in a way unworthy o$ his rank and o$ his lo$ty s#he'es) For, i$ we e.#e%t the "yra#usans, there has ne&er been one o$ the Greek tyrants who was to be #o'%ared with +oly#rates $or 'agni$i#en#e) !roetes, howe&er, slew hi' in a 'ode whi#h is not $it to be des#ribed, and then hung his dead body u%on a #ross) His "a'ian $ollowers !roetes let go $ree, bidding the' thank hi' that they were allowed their liberty( the rest, who were in %art sla&es, in %art $ree $oreigners, he alike treated as his sla&es by #on,uest) Then was the drea' o$ the daughter o$ +oly#rates $ul$illed( $or +oly#rates, as he hung u%on the #ross, and rain $ell on hi', was washed by 8u%iter( and he was anointed by the sun, when his own 'oisture o&ers%read his body) *nd so the &ast good $ortune o$ +oly#rates #a'e at last to the end whi#h *'asis the Egy%tian king had %ro%hesied in days gone by)

t was not long be$ore retribution $or the 'urder o$ +oly#rates o&ertook !roetes) *$ter the death o$ Ca'byses, and during all the ti'e that the -agus sat u%on the throne, !roetes re'ained in "ardis, and brought no hel% to the +ersians, who' the -edes had robbed o$ the so&ereignty) !n the #ontrary, a'id the troubles o$ this season, he slew -itrobates, the satra% o$ 5as#yleiu', who had #ast the re%roa#h u%on hi' in the 'atter o$ +oly#rates( and he slew also -itrobates1s son, Cranas%es7 both 'en o$ high re%ute a'ong the +ersians) He was likewise guilty o$ 'any other a#ts o$ insolen#e( a'ong the rest, o$ the $ollowing07 there was a #ourier sent to hi' by 5arius whose 'essage was not to his 'ind7 !roetes had hi' waylaid and 'urdered on his road ba#k to the king( the 'an and his horse both disa%%eared, and no tra#es were le$t o$ either) 5arius there$ore was no sooner settled u%on the throne than he longed to take &engean#e u%on !roetes $or all his 'isdoings, and es%e#ially $or the 'urder o$ -itrobates and his son) To send an ar'ed $or#e o%enly against hi', howe&er, he did not think ad&isable, as the whole kingdo' was still unsettled, and he too was but lately #o'e to the throne, while !roetes, as he understood, had a great %ower) n truth a thousand +ersians attended on hi' as a bodyguard, and he held the satra%ies o$ +hrygia, Lydia, and onia) 5arius there$ore %ro#eeded by arti$i#e) He #alled together a 'eeting o$ all the #hie$ o$ the +ersians, and thus addressed the'07 94ho a'ong you, ! +ersians, will undertake to a##o'%lish 'e a 'atter by skill without $or#e or tu'ult: For#e is 'is%la#ed where the work wants skil$ul 'anage'ent) 4ho, then, will undertake to bring 'e !roetes ali&e, or else to kill hi': He ne&er did the +ersians any good in his li$e, and he has wrought us abundant in2ury) Two o$ our nu'ber, -itrobates and his son, he has slain( and when 'essengers go to re#all hi', e&en though they ha&e their 'andate $ro' 'e, with an insolen#e whi#h is not to be endured, he %uts the' to death) 4e 'ust kill this 'an, there$ore, be$ore he does the +ersians any greater hurt)9 Thus s%oke 5arius( and straightway thirty o$ those %resent #a'e $orward and o$$ered the'sel&es $or the work) *s they stro&e together, 5arius inter$ered, and bade the' ha&e re#ourse to the lot) *##ordingly lots were #ast, and the task $ell to Bagaeus, son o$ *rtontes) Then Bagaeus #aused 'any letters to be written on di&ers 'atters, and sealed the' all with the king1s signet( a$ter whi#h he took the letters with hi', and de%arted $or "ardis) !n his arri&al he was shown into the %resen#e o$ !roetes, when he un#o&ered the letters one by one, and gi&ing the' to the king1s se#retary7 e&ery satra% has with hi' a king1s se#retary7 #o''anded hi' to read their #ontents) Herein his design was to try the $idelity o$ the bodyguard, and to see i$ they would be likely to $all away $ro' !roetes) 4hen there$ore he saw that they showed the letters all due res%e#t, and e&en 'ore highly re&eren#ed their #ontents, he ga&e the

se#retary a %a%er in whi#h was written, 9+ersians, king 5arius $orbids you to guard !roetes)9 The soldiers at these words laid aside their s%ears) "o Bagaeus, $inding that they obeyed this 'andate, took #ourage, and ga&e into the se#retary1s hands the last letter, wherein it was written, 9?ing 5arius #o''ands the +ersians who are in "ardis to kill !roetes)9 Then the guards drew their swords and slew hi' u%on the s%ot) Thus did retribution $or the 'urder o$ +oly#rates the "a'ian o&ertake !roetes the +ersian) "oon a$ter the treasures o$ !roetes had been #on&eyed to "ardis it ha%%ened that king 5arius, as he lea%ed $ro' his horse during the #hase, s%rained his $oot) The s%rain was one o$ no #o''on se&erity, $or the ankle7bone was $or#ed ,uite out o$ the so#ket) 3ow 5arius already had at his #ourt #ertain Egy%tians who' he re#koned the best7skilled %hysi#ians in all the world( to their aid, there$ore, he had re#ourse( but they twisted the $oot so #lu'sily, and used su#h &iolen#e, that they only 'ade the 'is#hie$ greater) For se&en days and se&en nights the king lay without slee%, so grie&ous was the %ain he su$$ered) !n the eighth day o$ his indis%osition, one who had heard be$ore lea&ing "ardis o$ the skill o$ 5e'o#edes the Crotoniat, told 5arius, who #o''anded that he should be brought with all s%eed into his %resen#e) 4hen, there$ore, they had $ound hi' a'ong the sla&es o$ !roetes, ,uite un#ared $or by any one, they brought hi' 2ust as he was, #lanking his $etters, and all #lothed in rags, be$ore the king) *s soon as he was entered into the %resen#e, 5arius asked hi' i$ he knew 'edi#ine7 to whi#h he answered 93o,9 $or he $eared that i$ he 'ade hi'sel$ known he would lose all #han#e o$ e&er again beholding Gree#e) 5arius, howe&er, %er#ei&ing that he dealt de#eit$ully, and really understood the art, bade those who had brought hi' to the %resen#e go $et#h the s#ourges and the %ri#king7irons) 6%on this 5e'o#edes 'ade #on$ession, but at the sa'e ti'e said, that he had no thorough knowledge o$ 'edi#ine7 he had but li&ed so'e ti'e with a %hysi#ian, and in this way had gained a slight s'attering o$ the art) Howe&er, 5arius %ut hi'sel$ under his #are, and 5e'o#edes, by using the re'edies #usto'ary a'ong the Greeks, and e.#hanging the &iolent treat'ent o$ the Egy%tians $or 'ilder 'eans, $irst enabled hi' to get so'e slee%, and then in a &ery little ti'e restored hi' altogether, a$ter he had ,uite lost the ho%e o$ e&er ha&ing the use o$ his $oot) Hereu%on the king %resented 5e'o#edes with two sets o$ $etters wrought in gold( so 5e'o#edes asked i$ he 'eant to double his su$$erings be#ause he had brought hi' ba#k to health: 5arius was %leased at the s%ee#h, and bade the eunu#hs take 5e'o#edes to see his wi&es, whi#h they did a##ordingly, telling the' all that this was the 'an who had sa&ed the king1s li$e) Then ea#h o$ the wi&es di%%ed with a sau#er into a #hest o$ gold, and ga&e so bounti$ully to 5e'o#edes, that a sla&e na'ed "#iton, who $ollowed hi', and

%i#ked u% the staters whi#h $ell $ro' the sau#ers, gathered together a great hea% o$ gold) This 5e'o#edes le$t his #ountry and be#a'e atta#hed to +oly#rates in the $ollowing way07 His $ather, who dwelt at Crotona, was a 'an o$ a sa&age te'%er, and treated hi' #ruelly) 4hen, there$ore, he #ould no longer bear su#h #onstant ill7usage, 5e'o#edes le$t his ho'e, and sailed away to Egina) There he set u% in business, and su##eeded the $irst year in sur%assing all the best7skilled %hysi#ians o$ the %la#e, notwithstanding that he was without instru'ents, and had with hi' none o$ the a%%lian#es need$ul $or the %ra#ti#e o$ his art) n the se#ond year the state o$ Egina hired his ser&i#es at the %ri#e o$ a talent( in the third the *thenians engaged hi' at a hundred 'inae( and in the $ourth +oly#rates at two talents) "o he went to "a'os, and there took u% his abode) t was in no s'all 'easure $ro' his su##ess that the Crotoniats #a'e to be re#koned su#h good %hysi#ians( $or about this %eriod the %hysi#ians o$ Crotona had the na'e o$ being the best, and those o$ Cyrene the se#ond best, in all Gree#e) The *rgi&es, about the sa'e ti'e, were thought to be the $irst 'usi#ians in Gree#e) *$ter 5e'o#edes had #ured 5arius at "usa, he dwelt there in a large house, and $easted daily at the king1s table, nor did he la#k anything that his heart desired, e.#e%ting liberty to return to his #ountry) By inter#eding $or the' with 5arius, he sa&ed the li&es o$ the Egy%tian %hysi#ians who had had the #are o$ the king be$ore he #a'e, when they were about to be i'%aled be#ause they had been sur%assed by a Greek( and $urther, he su##eeded in res#uing an Elean soothsayer, who had $ollowed the $ortunes o$ +oly#rates, and was lying in utter negle#t a'ong his sla&es) n short there was no one who stood so high as 5e'o#edes in the $a&our o$ the king) -oreo&er, within a little while it ha%%ened that *tossa, the daughter o$ Cyrus, who was 'arried to 5arius, had a boil $or' u%on her breast, whi#h, a$ter it burst, began to s%read and in#rease) 3ow so long as the sore was o$ no great si/e, she hid it through sha'e and 'ade no 'ention o$ it to any one( but when it be#a'e worse, she sent at last $or 5e'o#edes, and showed it to hi') 5e'o#edes said that he would 'ake her well, but she 'ust $irst %ro'ise hi' with an oath that i$ he #ured her she would grant hi' whate&er re,uest he 'ight %re$er( assuring her at the sa'e ti'e that it should be nothing whi#h she #ould blush to hear) !n these ter's 5e'o#edes a%%lied his art, and soon #ured the abs#ess( and *tossa, when she had heard his re,uest, s%ake thus one night to 5arius07 9 t see'eth to 'e strange, 'y lord, that, with the 'ighty %ower whi#h is thine, thou sittest idle, and neither 'akest any #on,uest, nor ad&an#est the %ower o$ the +ersians) -ethinks that one who is so young, and so ri#hly endowed with wealth, should %er$or' so'e noble

a#hie&e'ent to %ro&e to the +ersians that it is a 'an who go&erns the') *nother reason, too, should urge thee to atte'%t so'e enter%rise) 3ot only does it be$it thee to show the +ersians that a 'an rules the', but $or thy own %ea#e thou shouldest waste their strength in wars lest idleness breed re&olt against thy authority) 3ow, too, whilst thou art still young, thou 'ayest well a##o'%lish so'e e.%loit( $or as the body grows in strength the 'ind too ri%ens, and as the body ages, the 'ind1s %owers de#ay, till at last it be#o'es dulled to e&erything)9 "o s%ake *tossa, as 5e'o#edes had instru#ted her) 5arius answered07 95ear lady, thou hast uttered the &ery thoughts that o##u%y 'y brain) a' 'inded to #onstru#t a bridge whi#h shall 2oin our #ontinent with the other, and so #arry war into "#ythia) =et a brie$ s%a#e and all will be a##o'%lished as thou desirest)9 But *tossa re2oined07 9Look now, this war with "#ythia were best reser&ed awhile7 $or the "#ythians 'ay be #on,uered at any ti'e) +rithee, lead 'e thy host $irst into Gree#e) long to be ser&ed by so'e o$ those La#edae'onian 'aids o$ who' ha&e heard so 'u#h) want also *rgi&e, and *thenian, and Corinthian wo'en) There is now at the #ourt a 'an who #an tell thee better than any one else in the whole world whate&er thou wouldst know #on#erning Gree#e, and who 'ight ser&e thee right well as guide( 'ean hi' who %er$or'ed the #ure on thy $oot)9 95ear lady,9 5arius answered, 9sin#e it is thy wish that we try $irst the &alour o$ the Greeks, it were best, 'ethinks, be$ore 'ar#hing against the', to send so'e +ersians to s%y out the land( they 'ay go in #o'%any with the 'an thou 'entionest, and when they ha&e seen and learnt all, they #an bring us ba#k a $ull re%ort) Then, ha&ing a 'ore %er$e#t knowledge o$ the', will begin the war)9 5arius, ha&ing so s%oke, %ut no long distan#e between the word and the deed, but as soon as day broke he su''oned to his %resen#e $i$teen +ersians o$ note, and bade the' take 5e'o#edes $or their guide, and e.%lore the sea7#oasts o$ Gree#e) *bo&e all, they were to be sure to bring 5e'o#edes ba#k with the', and not su$$er hi' to run away and es#a%e) *$ter he had gi&en these orders, 5arius sent $or 5e'o#edes, and besought hi' to ser&e as guide to the +ersians, and when he had shown the' the whole o$ Gree#e to #o'e ba#k to +ersia) He should take, he said, all the &aluables he %ossessed as %resents to his $ather and his brothers, and he should re#ei&e on his return a $ar 'ore abundant store) -oreo&er, the king added, he would gi&e hi', as his #ontribution towards the %resents, a 'er#hantshi% laden with all 'anner o$ %re#ious things, whi#h should a##o'%any hi' on his &oyage) 3ow do not belie&e that 5arius, when he 'ade these %ro'ises, had any guile in his heart0 5e'o#edes, howe&er, who sus%e#ted that the king s%oke to try hi', took #are not to snat#h at the o$$ers with any haste( but said, 9he would lea&e his own goods behind to en2oy u%on

his return7 the 'er#hant7shi% whi#h the king %ro%osed to grant hi' to #arry gi$ts to his brothers, that he would a##e%t at the king1s hands)9 "o when 5arius had laid his orders u%on 5e'o#edes, he sent hi' and the +ersians away to the #oast) The 'en went down to +hoeni#ia, to "idon, the +hoeni#ian town, where straightway they $itted out two trire'es and a trading7&essel, whi#h they loaded with all 'anner o$ %re#ious 'er#handise( and, e&erything being now ready, they set sail $or Gree#e) 4hen they had 'ade the land, they ke%t along the shore and e.a'ined it, taking notes o$ all that they saw( and in this way they e.%lored the greater %ortion o$ the #ountry, and all the 'ost $a'ous regions, until at last they rea#hed Tarentu' in taly) There *risto%hilides, king o$ the Tarentines, out o$ kindness to 5e'o#edes, took the rudders o$$ the -edian shi%s, and detained their #rews as s%ies) -eanwhile 5e'o#edes es#a%ed to Crotona, his nati&e #ity, whereu%on *risto%hilides released the +ersians $ro' %rison, and ga&e their rudders ba#k to the') The +ersians now ,uitted Tarentu', and sailed to Crotona in %ursuit o$ 5e'o#edes( they $ound hi' in the 'arket7%la#e, where they straightway laid &iolent hands on hi') "o'e o$ the Crotoniats, who greatly $eared the %ower o$ the +ersians, were willing to gi&e hi' u%( but others resisted, held 5e'o#edes $ast, and e&en stru#k the +ersians with their walking7sti#ks) They, on their %art, ke%t #rying out, 9-en o$ Crotona, beware what you do) t is the king1s runaway sla&e that you are res#uing) Think you 5arius will ta'ely sub'it to su#h an insult: Think you, that i$ you #arry o$$ the 'an $ro' us, it will herea$ter go well with you: 4ill you not rather be the $irst %ersons on who' we shall 'ake war: 4ill not your #ity be the $irst we shall seek to lead away #a%ti&e:9 Thus they s%ake, but the Crotoniats did not heed the'( they res#ued 5e'o#edes, and sei/ed also the trading7shi% whi#h the +ersians had brought with the' $ro' +hoeni#ia) Thus robbed, and bere$t o$ their guide, the +ersians ga&e u% all ho%e o$ e.%loring the rest o$ Gree#e, and set sail $or *sia) *s they were de%arting, 5e'o#edes sent to the' and begged they would in$or' 5arius that the daughter o$ -ilo was allian#ed to hi' as his bride) For the na'e o$ -ilo the wrestler was in high re%ute with the king) -y belie$ is, that 5e'o#edes hastened his 'arriage by the %ay'ent o$ a large su' o$ 'oney $or the %ur%ose o$ showing 5arius that he was a 'an o$ 'ark in his own #ountry) The +ersians weighed an#hor and le$t Crotona, but, being wre#ked on the #oast o$ a%ygia, were 'ade sla&es by the inhabitants) Fro' this #ondition they were res#ued by Gillus, a banished Tarentine, who ranso'ed the' at his own #ost, and took the' ba#k to 5arius) 5arius o$$ered to re%ay this ser&i#e by granting Gillus whate&er boon he #hose to ask( whereu%on Gillus told the king o$ his 'is$ortune, and begged to be restored to his #ountry) Fearing, howe&er, that he 'ight bring trouble on Gree#e i$ a &ast ar'a'ent were

sent to taly on his a##ount, he added that it would #ontent hi' i$ the Cnidians undertook to obtain his re#all) 3ow the Cnidians were dose $riends o$ the Tarentines, whi#h 'ade hi' think there was no likelier 'eans o$ %ro#uring his return) 5arius %ro'ised and %er$or'ed his %art( $or he sent 'essenger to Cnidus, and #o''anded the Cnidians to restore Gillus) The Cnidians did as he wished, but $ound the'sel&es unable to %ersuade the Tarentines, and were too weak to atte'%t $or#e) "u#h then was the #ourse whi#h this 'atter took) These were the $irst +ersians who e&er #a'e $ro' *sia to Gree#e( and they were sent to s%y out the land $or the reason whi#h ha&e be$ore 'entioned) *$ter this, king 5arius besieged and took "a'os, whi#h was the $irst #ity, Greek or Barbarian, that he #on,uered) The #ause o$ his 'aking war u%on "a'os was the $ollowing07 at the ti'e when Ca'byses, son o$ Cyrus, 'ar#hed against Egy%t, &ast nu'bers o$ Greeks $lo#ked thither( so'e, as 'ight ha&e been looked $or, to %ush their trade( others, to ser&e in his ar'y( others again, 'erely to see the land0 a'ong these last was "yloson, son o$ *ea#es, and brother o$ +oly#rates, at that ti'e an e.ile $ro' "a'os) This "yloson, during his stay in Egy%t, 'et with a singular %ie#e o$ good $ortune) He ha%%ened one day to %ut on a s#arlet #loak, and thus attired to go into the 'arket7%la#e at -e'%his, when 5ariuss who was one o$ Ca'byses1 bodyguard, and not at that ti'e a 'an o$ any a##ount, saw hi', and taking a strong liking to the dress, went u% and o$$ered to %ur#hase it) "yloson %er#ei&ed how an.ious he was, and by a lu#ky ins%iration answered0 9There is no %ri#e at whi#h would sell 'y #loak( but will gi&e it thee $or nothing, i$ it 'ust needs be thine)9 5arius thanked hi', and a##e%ted the gar'ent) +oor "yloson $elt at the ti'e that he had $ooled away his #loak in a &ery si'%le 'anner( but a$terwards, when in the #ourse o$ years Ca'byses died, and the se&en +ersians rose in re&olt against the -agus, and 5arius was the 'an #hosen out o$ the se&en to ha&e the kingdo', "yloson learnt that the %erson to who' the #rown had #o'e was the &ery 'an who had #o&eted his #loak in Egy%t, and to who' he had $reely gi&en it) "o he 'ade his way to "usa, and seating hi'sel$ at the %ortal o$ the royal %ala#e, ga&e out that he was a bene$a#tor o$ the king) Then the doorkee%er went and told 5arius) *'a/ed at what he heard, king said thus within hi'sel$07 94hat Greek #an ha&e been 'y bene$a#tor, or to whi#h o$ the' do owe anything, so lately as ha&e got the kingdo': "#ar#ely a 'an o$ the' all has been here, not 'ore than one or two #ertainly, sin#e #a'e to the throne) 3or do re'e'ber that a' in the debt o$ any Greek) Howe&er, bring hi' in, and let 'e hear what he 'eans by his boast)9 "o the doorkee%er ushered "yloson into the %resen#e, and the inter%reters asked hi' who he was, and what he had done that he should #all hi'sel$ a bene$a#tor o$ the king) Then "yloson told the whole story o$ the #loak, and

said that it was he who had 'ade 5arius the %resent) Hereu%on 5arius e.#lai'ed, 9!h> thou 'ost generous o$ 'en, art thou indeed he who, when had no %ower at all, ga&est 'e so'ething, albeit little: Truly the $a&our is as great as a &ery grand %resent would be nowadays) will there$ore gi&e thee in return gold and sil&er without stint, that thou 'ayest ne&er re%ent o$ ha&ing rendered a ser&i#e to 5arius, son o$ Hystas%es) 9Gi&e 'e not, ! king,9 re%lied "yloson, 9either sil&er or gold, but re#o&er 'e "a'os, 'y nati&e land, and let that be thy gi$t to 'e) t belongs now to a sla&e o$ ours, who, when !roetes %ut 'y brother +oly#rates to death, be#a'e its 'aster) Gi&e 'e "a'os, beg( but gi&e it unhar'ed, with no bloodshed7 no leading into #a%ti&ity)9 4hen he heard this, 5arius sent o$$ an ar'y, under !tanes, one o$ the se&en, with orders to a##o'%lish all that "yloson had desired) *nd !tanes went down to the #oast and 'ade ready to #ross o&er) The go&ern'ent o$ "a'os was held at this ti'e by -aeandrius, son o$ -aeandrius, who' +oly#rates had a%%ointed as his de%uty) This %erson #on#ei&ed the wish to a#t like the 2ustest o$ 'en, but it was not allowed hi' to do so) !n re#ei&ing tidings o$ the death o$ +oly#rates, he $orthwith raised an altar to lo&e the +rote#tor o$ Freedo', and assigned it the %ie#e o$ ground whi#h 'ay still be seen in the suburb) This done, he asse'bled all the #iti/ens, and s%oke to the' as $ollows07 9=e know, $riends, that the s#e%tre o$ +oly#rates, and all his %ower, has %assed into 'y hands, and i$ #hoose 'ay rule o&er you) But what #onde'n in another will, i$ 'ay, a&oid 'ysel$) ne&er a%%ro&ed the a'bition o$ +oly#rates to lord it o&er 'en as good as hi'sel$, nor looked with $a&our on any o$ those who ha&e done the like) 3ow there$ore, sin#e he has $ul$illed his destiny, lay down 'y o$$i#e, and %ro#lai' e,ual rights) *ll that #lai' in return is si. talents $ro' the treasures o$ +oly#rates, and the %riesthood o$ 8o&e the +rote#tor o$ Freedo', $or 'ysel$ and 'y des#endants $or e&er) *llow 'e this, as the 'an by who' his te'%le has been built, and by who' ye yoursel&es are now restored to liberty)9 *s soon as -aeandrius had ended, one o$ the "a'ians rose u% and said, 9*s i$ thou wert $it to rule us, base7born and ras#al as thou art> Think rather o$ a##ounting $or the 'onies whi#h thou hast $ingered)9 The 'an who thus s%oke was a #ertain Telesar#hus, one o$ the leading #iti/ens) -aeandrius, there$ore, $eeling sure that i$ he laid down the so&ereign %ower so'e one else would be#o'e tyrant in his roo', ga&e u% the thought o$ relin,uishing it) 4ithdrawing to the #itadel, he sent $or the #hie$ 'en one by one, under %reten#e o$ showing the' his a##ounts, and as $ast as they #a'e arrested the' and %ut the' in irons) "o these 'en were bound( and -aeandrius within a short ti'e $ell si#k0 whereu%on Ly#aretus, one o$ his

brothers, thinking that he was going to die, and wishing to 'ake his own a##ession to the throne the easier, slew all the %risoners) t see'ed that the "a'ians did not #hoose to be a $ree %eo%le) 4hen the +ersians whose business it was to restore "yloson rea#hed "a'os, not a 'an was $ound to li$t u% his hand against the') -aeandrius and his %artisans e.%ressed the'sel&es willing to ,uit the island u%on #ertain ter's, and these ter's were agreed to by !tanes) *$ter the treaty was 'ade, the 'ost distinguished o$ the +ersians had their thrones brought, and seated the'sel&es o&er against the #itadel) 3ow the king -aeandrius had a lightheaded brother7 Charilaus by na'e7 who' $or so'e o$$en#e or other he had shut u% in %rison0 this 'an heard what was going on, and %eering through his bars, saw the +ersians sitting %ea#e$ully u%on their seats, whereu%on he e.#lai'ed aloud, and said he 'ust s%eak with -aeandrius) 4hen this was re%orted to hi', -aeandrius ga&e orders that Charilaus should be released $ro' %rison and brought into his %resen#e) 3o sooner did he arri&e than he began re&iling and abusing his brother, and stro&e to %ersuade hi' to atta#k the +ersians) 9Thou 'eanest7s%irited o$ 'en,9 he said, 9thou #anst kee% 'e, thy brother, #hained in a dungeon, notwithstanding that ha&e done nothing worthy o$ bonds( but when the +ersians #o'e and dri&e thee $orth a houseless wanderer $ro' thy nati&e land, thou lookest on, and hast not the heart to seek re&enge, though they 'ight so easily be subdued) $ thou, howe&er, art a$raid, lend 'e thy soldiers, and will 'ake the' %ay dearly $or their #o'ing here) engage too to send thee $irst sa$e out o$ the island)9 "o s%ake Charilaus, and -aeandrius ga&e #onsent( not ; belie&e< that he was so &oid o$ sense as to i'agine that his own $or#es #ould o&er#o'e those o$ the king, but be#ause he was 2ealous o$ "yloson, and did not wish hi' to get so ,uietly an unhar'ed #ity) He desired there$ore to rouse the anger o$ the +ersians against "a'os, that so he 'ight deli&er it u% to "yloson with its %ower at the lowest %ossible ebb( $or he knew well that i$ the +ersians 'et with a disaster they would be $urious against the "a'ians, while he hi'sel$ $elt se#ure o$ a retreat at any ti'e that he liked, sin#e he had a se#ret %assage under ground leading $ro' the #itadel to the sea) -aeandrius a##ordingly took shi% and sailed away $ro' "a'os( and Charilaus, ha&ing ar'ed all the 'er#enaries, threw o%en the gates, and $ell u%on the +ersians, who looked $or nothing less, sin#e they su%%osed that the whole 'atter had been arranged by treaty) *t the $irst onslaught there$ore all the +ersians o$ 'ost note, 'en who were in the habit o$ using litters, were slain by the 'er#enaries( the rest o$ the ar'y, howe&er, #a'e to the res#ue, de$eated the 'er#enaries, and dro&e the' ba#k into the #itadel) Then !tanes, the general, when he saw the great #ala'ity whi#h had

be$allen the +ersians, 'ade u% his 'ind to $orget the orders whi#h 5arius had gi&en hi', 9not to kill or ensla&e a single "a'ian, but to deli&er u% the island unhar'ed to "yloson,9 and ga&e the word to his ar'y that they should slay the "a'ians, both 'en and boys, where&er they #ould $ind the') 6%on this so'e o$ his troo%s laid siege to the #itadel, while others began the 'assa#re, killing all they 'et, so'e outside, so'e inside the te'%les) -aeandrius $led $ro' "a'os to La#edae'on, and #on&eyed thither all the ri#hes whi#h he had brought away $ro' the island, a$ter whi#h he a#ted as $ollows) Ha&ing %la#ed u%on his board all the gold and sil&er &essels that he had, and bade his ser&ants e'%loy the'sel&es in #leaning the', he hi'sel$ went and entered into #on&ersation with Cleo'enes, son o$ *na.andridas, king o$ "%arta, and as they talked brought hi' along to his house) There Cleo'enes, seeing the %late, was $illed with wonder and astonish'ent( whereon the other begged that he would #arry ho'e with hi' any o$ the &essels that he liked) -aeandrius said this two or three ti'es( but Cleo'enes here dis%layed sur%assing honesty) He re$used the gi$t, and thinking that i$ -aeandrius 'ade the sa'e o$$ers to others he would get the aid he sought, the "%artan king went straight to the e%hors and told the' 9it would be best $or "%arta that the "a'ian stranger should be sent away $ro' the +elo%onnese( $or otherwise he 'ight %er#han#e %ersuade hi'sel$ or so'e other "%artan to be base)9 The e%hors took his ad&i#e, and let -aeandrius know by a herald that he 'ust lea&e the #ity) -eanwhile the +ersians netted "a'os, and deli&ered it u% to "yloson, stri%%ed o$ all its 'en) *$ter so'e ti'e, howe&er, this sa'e general !tanes was indu#ed to re%eo%le it by a drea' whi#h he had, and a loathso'e disease that sei/ed on hi') *$ter the ar'a'ent o$ !tanes had set sail $or "a'os, the Babylonians re&olted, ha&ing 'ade e&ery %re%aration $or de$en#e) 5uring all the ti'e that the -agus was king, and while the se&en were #ons%iring, they had %ro$ited by the troubles, and had 'ade the'sel&es ready against a siege) *nd it ha%%ened so'ehow or other that no one %er#ei&ed what they were doing) *t last when the ti'e #a'e $or rebelling o%enly, they did as $ollows07 ha&ing $irst set a%art their 'others, ea#h 'an #hose besides out o$ his whole household one wo'an, who'soe&er he %leased( these alone were allowed to li&e, while all the rest were brought to one %la#e and strangled) The wo'en #hosen were ke%t to 'ake bread $or the 'en( while the others were strangled that they 'ight not #onsu'e the stores) 4hen tidings rea#hed 5arius o$ what had ha%%ened, he drew together all his %ower, and began the war by 'ar#hing straight u%on Babylon, and laying siege to the %la#e) The Babylonians, howe&er, #ared not a whit $or his siege) -ounting u%on the battle'ents that #rowned their walls, they insulted and 2eered at 5arius and his 'ighty host) !ne e&en shouted to the' and said, 94hy sit ye there, +ersians: why do

ye not go ba#k to your ho'es: Till 'ules $oal ye will not take our #ity)9 This was by a Babylonian who thought that a 'ule would ne&er $oal) 3ow when a year and se&en 'onths had %assed, 5arius and his ar'y were ,uite wearied out, $inding that they #ould not anyhow take the #ity) *ll stratage's and all arts had been used, and yet the king #ould not %re&ail7 not e&en when he tried the 'eans by whi#h Cyrus 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ the %la#e) The Babylonians were e&er u%on the wat#h, and he $ound no way o$ #on,uering the') *t last, in the twentieth 'onth, a 'ar&ellous thing ha%%ened to Ko%yrus, son o$ the -egaby/us who was a'ong the se&en 'en that o&erthrew the -agus) !ne o$ his su'%ter7'ules ga&e birth to a $oal) Ko%yrus, when they told hi', not thinking that it #ould be true, went and saw the #olt with his own eyes( a$ter whi#h he #o''anded his ser&ants to tell no one what had #o'e to %ass, while he hi'sel$ %ondered the 'atter) Calling to 'ind then the words o$ the Babylonian at the beginning o$ the siege, 9Till 'ules $oal ye shall not take our #ity97 he thought, as he re$le#ted on this s%ee#h, that Babylon 'ight now be taken) For it see'ed to hi' that there was a 5i&ine +ro&iden#e in the 'an ha&ing used the %hrase, and then his 'ule ha&ing $oaled) *s soon there$ore as he $elt within hi'sel$ that Babylon was $ated to be taken, he went to 5arius and asked hi' i$ he set a &ery high &alue on its #on,uest) 4hen he $ound that 5arius did indeed &alue it highly, he #onsidered $urther with hi'sel$ how he 'ight 'ake the deed his own, and be the 'an to take Babylon) 3oble e.%loits in +ersia are e&er highly honoured and bring their authors to greatness) He there$ore re&iewed all ways o$ bringing the #ity under, but $ound none by whi#h he #ould ho%e to %re&ail, unless he 'ai'ed hi'sel$ and then went o&er to the ene'y) To do this see'ing to hi' a light 'atter, he 'utilated hi'sel$ in a way that was utterly without re'edy) For he #ut o$$ his own nose and ears, and then, #li%%ing his hair #lose and $logging hi'sel$ with a s#ourge, he #a'e in this %light be$ore 5arius) 4rath stirred within the king at the sight o$ a 'an o$ his lo$ty rank in su#h a #ondition( lea%ing down $ro' his throne, he e.#lai'ed aloud, and asked Ko%yrus who it was that had dis$igured hi', and what he had done to be so treated) Ko%yrus answered, 9There is not a 'an in the world, but thou, ! king, that #ould redu#e 'e to su#h a %light7 no stranger1s hands ha&e wrought this work on 'e, but 'y own only) 'ai'ed 'ysel$ #ould not endure that the *ssyrians should laugh at the +ersians)9 94ret#hed 'an,9 said 5arius, 9thou #o&erest the $oulest deed with the $airest %ossible na'e, when thou sayest thy 'ai'ing is to hel% our siege $orward) How will thy dis$igure'ent, thou si'%leton, indu#e the ene'y to yield one day the sooner: "urely thou hadst gone out o$ thy 'ind when thou didst so 'isuse thysel$)9 9Had told thee,9 re2oined the other, 9what was

bent on doing, thou wouldest not ha&e su$$ered it( as it is, ke%t 'y own #ounsel, and so a##o'%lished 'y %lans) 3ow, there$ore, i$ there be no $ailure on thy %art, we shall take Babylon) will desert to the ene'y as a', and when get into their #ity will tell the' that it is by thee ha&e been thus treated) think they will belie&e 'y words, and entrust 'e with a #o''and o$ troo%s) Thou, on thy %art, 'ust wait till the tenth day a$ter a' entered within the town, and then %la#e near to the gates o$ "e'ira'is a deta#h'ent o$ thy ar'y, troo%s $or whose loss thou wilt #are little, a thousand 'en) 4ait, a$ter that, se&en days, and %ost 'e another deta#h'ent, two thousand strong, at the 3ine&eh gates( then let twenty days %ass, and at the end o$ that ti'e station near the Chaldaean gates a body o$ $our thousand) Let neither these nor the $or'er troo%s be ar'ed with any wea%ons but their swords7 those thou 'ayest lea&e the') *$ter the twenty days are o&er, bid thy whole ar'y atta#k the #ity on e&ery side, and %ut 'e two bodies o$ +ersians, one at the Belian, the other at the Cissian gates( $or e.%e#t, that, on a##ount o$ 'y su##esses, the Babylonians will entrust e&erything, e&en the keys o$ their gates, to 'e) Then it will be $or 'e and 'y +ersians to do the rest)9 Ha&ing le$t these instru#tions, Ko%yrus $led towards the gates o$ the town, o$ten looking ba#k, to gi&e hi'sel$ the air o$ a deserter) The 'en u%on the towers, whose business it was to kee% a lookout, obser&ing hi', hastened down, and setting one o$ the gates slightly a2ar, ,uestioned hi' who he was, and on what errand he had #o'e) He re%lied that he was Ko%yrus, and had deserted to the' $ro' the +ersians) Then the doorkee%ers, when they heard this, #arried hi' at on#e be$ore the -agistrates) ntrodu#ed into the asse'bly, he began to bewail his 'is$ortunes, telling the' that 5arius had 'altreated hi' in the way they #ould see, only be#ause he had gi&en ad&i#e that the siege should be raised, sin#e there see'ed no ho%e o$ taking the #ity) 9*nd now,9 he went on to say, 9'y #o'ing to you, Babylonians, will %ro&e the greatest gain that you #ould %ossibly re#ei&e, while to 5arius and the +ersians it will be the se&erest loss) @erily he by who' ha&e been so 'utilated shall not es#a%e un%unished) *nd truly all the %aths o$ his #ounsels are known to 'e)9 Thus did Ko%yrus s%eak) The Babylonians, seeing a +ersian o$ su#h e.alted rank in so grie&ous a %light, his nose and ears #ut o$$, his body red with 'arks o$ s#ourging and with blood, had no sus%i#ion but that he s%oke the truth, and was really #o'e to be their $riend and hel%er) They were ready, there$ore, to grant hi' anything that he asked( and on his suing $or a #o''and, they entrusted to hi' a body o$ troo%s, with the hel% o$ whi#h he %ro#eeded to do as he had arranged with 5arius) !n the tenth day a$ter his $light he led out his deta#h'ent, and surrounding the thousand 'en, who' 5arius a##ording to agree'ent

had sent $irst, he $ell u%on the' and slew the' all) Then the Babylonians, seeing that his deeds were as bra&e as his words, were beyond 'easure %leased, and set no bounds to their trust) He waited, howe&er, and when the ne.t %eriod agreed on had ela%sed, again with a band o$ %i#ked 'en he sallied $orth, and slaughtered the two thousand) *$ter this se#ond e.%loit, his %raise was in all 'ouths) !n#e 'ore, howe&er, he waited till the inter&al a%%ointed had gone by, and then leading the troo%s to the %la#e where the $our thousand were, he %ut the' also to the sword) This last &i#tory ga&e the $inishing stroke to his %ower, and 'ade hi' all in all with the Babylonians0 a##ordingly they #o''itted to hi' the #o''and o$ their whole ar'y, and %ut the keys o$ their #ity into his hands) 5arius now, still kee%ing to the %lan agreed u%on, atta#ked the walls on e&ery side, whereu%on Ko%yrus %layed out the re'ainder o$ his stratage') 4hile the Babylonians, #rowding to the walls, did their best to resist the +ersian assault, he threw o%en the Cissian and the Belian gates, and ad'itted the ene'y) "u#h o$ the Babylonians as witnessed the trea#hery, took re$uge in the te'%le o$ 8u%iter Belus( the rest, who did not see it, ke%t at their %osts, till at last they too learnt that they were betrayed) Thus was Babylon taken $or the se#ond ti'e) 5arius ha&ing be#o'e 'aster o$ the %la#e, destroyed the wall, and tore down all the gates( $or Cyrus had done neither the one nor the other when he took Babylon) He then #hose out near three thousand o$ the leading #iti/ens, and #aused the' to be #ru#i$ied, while he allowed the re'ainder still to inhabit the #ity) Further, wishing to %re&ent the ra#e o$ the Babylonians $ro' be#o'ing e.tin#t, he %ro&ided wi&es $or the' in the roo' o$ those who' ;as e.%lained be$ore< they strangled, to sa&e their stores) These he le&ied $ro' the nations bordering on Babylonia, who were ea#h re,uired to send so large a nu'ber to Babylon, that in all there were #olle#ted no $ewer than $i$ty thousand) t is $ro' these wo'en that the Babylonians o$ our ti'es are s%rung) *s $or Ko%yrus, he was #onsidered by 5arius to ha&e sur%assed, in the greatness o$ his a#hie&e'ents, all other +ersians, whether o$ $or'er or o$ later ti'es, e.#e%t only Cyrus7 with who' no +ersian e&er yet thought hi'sel$ worthy to #o'%are) 5arius, as the story goes, would o$ten say that 9he had rather Ko%yrus were un'ai'ed, than be 'aster o$ twenty 'ore Babylons)9 *nd he honoured Ko%yrus greatly( year by year he %resented hi' with all the gi$ts whi#h are held in 'ost estee' a'ong the +ersians( he ga&e hi' likewise the go&ern'ent o$ Babylon $or his li$e, $ree $ro' tribute( and he also granted hi' 'any other $a&ours) -egaby/us, who held the #o''and in Egy%t against the *thenians and their allies, was a son o$ this Ko%yrus) *nd Ko%yrus, who $led $ro' +ersia to *thens, was a son o$ this -egaby/us) The Fourth Book, Entitled

-EL+!-E3E *$ter the taking o$ Babylon, an e.%edition was led by 5arius into "#ythia) *sia abounding in 'en, and &ast su's $lowing into the treasury, the desire sei/ed hi' to e.a#t &engean#e $ro' the "#yths, who had on#e in days gone by in&aded -edia, de$eated those who 'et the' in the $ield, and so begun the ,uarrel) 5uring the s%a#e o$ eight7and7twenty years, as ha&e be$ore 'entioned, the "#yths #ontinued lords o$ the whole o$ 6%%er *sia) They entered *sia in %ursuit o$ the Ci''erians, and o&erthrew the e'%ire o$ the -edes, who till they #a'e %ossessed the so&ereignty) !n their return to their ho'es a$ter the long absen#e o$ twenty7eight years, a task awaited the' little less troubleso'e than their struggle with the -edes) They $ound an ar'y o$ no s'all si/e %re%ared to o%%ose their entran#e) For the "#ythian wo'en, when they saw that ti'e went on, and their husbands did not #o'e ba#k, had inter'arried with their sla&es) 3ow the "#ythians blind all their sla&es, to use the' in %re%aring their 'ilk) The %lan they $ollow is to thrust tubes 'ade o$ bone, not unlike our 'usi#al %i%es, u% the &ul&a o$ the 'are, and then to blow into the tubes with their 'ouths, so'e 'ilking while the others blow) They say that they do this be#ause when the &eins o$ the ani'al are $ull o$ air, the udder is $or#ed down) The 'ilk thus obtained is %oured into dee% wooden #asks, about whi#h the blind sla&es are %la#ed, and then the 'ilk is stirred round) That whi#h rises to the to% is drawn o$$, and #onsidered the best %art( the under %ortion is o$ less a##ount) "u#h is the reason why the "#ythians blind all those who' they take in war( it arises $ro' their not being tillers o$ the ground, but a %astoral ra#e) 4hen there$ore the #hildren s%rung $ro' these sla&es and the "#ythian wo'en grew to 'anhood, and understood the #ir#u'stan#es o$ their birth, they resol&ed to o%%ose the ar'y whi#h was returning $ro' -edia) *nd, $irst o$ all, they #ut o$$ a tra#t o$ #ountry $ro' the rest o$ "#ythia by digging a broad dyke $ro' the Tauri# 'ountains to the &ast lake o$ the -aeotis) *$terwards, when the "#ythians tried to $or#e an entran#e, they 'ar#hed out and engaged the') -any battles were $ought, and the "#ythians gained no ad&antage, until at last one o$ the' thus addressed the re'ainder0 94hat are we doing, "#ythians: 4e are $ighting our sla&es, di'inishing our own nu'ber when we $all, and the nu'ber o$ those that belong to us when they $all by our hands) Take 'y ad&i#e7 lay s%ear and bow aside, and let ea#h 'an $et#h his horsewhi%, and go boldly u% to the') "o long as they see us with ar's in our hands, they i'agine the'sel&es our e,uals in birth and bra&ery( but let the' behold us with no other wea%on but the whi%, and they will $eel that they are our sla&es, and $lee be$ore us)9 The "#ythians $ollowed this #ounsel, and the sla&es were so astounded, that they $orgot to $ight, and i''ediately ran away) "u#h

was the 'ode in whi#h the "#ythians, a$ter being $or a ti'e the lords o$ *sia, and being $or#ed to ,uit it by the -edes, returned and settled in their own #ountry) This inroad o$ theirs it was that 5arius was an.ious to a&enge, and su#h was the %ur%ose $or whi#h he was now #olle#ting an ar'y to in&ade the') *##ording to the a##ount whi#h the "#ythians the'sel&es gi&e, they are the youngest o$ all nations) Their tradition is as $ollows) * #ertain Targitaus was the $irst 'an who e&er li&ed in their #ountry, whi#h be$ore his ti'e was a desert without inhabitants) He was a #hild7 do not belie&e the tale, but it is told ne&ertheless7 o$ 8o&e and a daughter o$ the Borysthenes) Targitaus, thus des#ended, begat three sons, Lei%o.ais, *r%o.ais, and Cola.ais, who was the youngest born o$ the three) 4hile they still ruled the land, there $ell $ro' the sky $our i'%le'ents, all o$ gold7 a %lough, a yoke, a battle7a.e, and a drinking7#u%) The eldest o$ the brothers %er#ei&ed the' $irst, and a%%roa#hed to %i#k the' u%( when lo> as he #a'e near, the gold took $ire, and bla/ed) He there$ore went his way, and the se#ond #o'ing $orward 'ade the atte'%t, but the sa'e thing ha%%ened again) The gold re2e#ted both the eldest and the se#ond brother) Last o$ all the youngest brother a%%roa#hed, and i''ediately the $la'es were e.tinguished( so he %i#ked u% the gold, and #arried it to his ho'e) Then the two elder agreed together, and 'ade the whole kingdo' o&er to the youngest born) Fro' Lei%o.ais s%rang the "#ythians o$ the ra#e #alled *u#hatae( $ro' *r%o.ais, the 'iddle brother, those known as the Catiari and Tras%ians( $ro' Cola.ais, the youngest, the Royal "#ythians, or +aralatae) *ll together they are na'ed "#oloti, a$ter one o$ their kings0 the Greeks, howe&er, #all the' "#ythians) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h the "#ythians gi&e o$ their origin) They add that $ro' the ti'e o$ Targitaus, their $irst king, to the in&asion o$ their #ountry by 5arius, is a %eriod o$ one thousand years, neither less nor 'ore) The Royal "#ythians guard the sa#red gold with 'ost es%e#ial #are, and year by year o$$er great sa#ri$i#es in its honour) *t this $east, i$ the 'an who has the #ustody o$ the gold should $all aslee% in the o%en air, he is sure ;the "#ythians say< not to outli&e the year) His %ay there$ore is as 'u#h land as he #an ride round on horseba#k in a day) *s the e.tent o$ "#ythia is &ery great, Cola.ais ga&e ea#h o$ his three sons a se%arate kingdo', one o$ whi#h was o$ a'%ler si/e than the other two0 in this the gold was %reser&ed) *bo&e, to the northward o$ the $arthest dwellers in "#ythia, the #ountry is said to be #on#ealed $ro' sight and 'ade i'%assable by reason o$ the $eathers whi#h are shed abroad abundantly) The earth and air are alike $ull o$ the', and this it is whi#h %re&ents the eye $ro' obtaining any &iew o$ the region) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h the "#ythians gi&e o$ the'sel&es, and o$ the #ountry whi#h lies abo&e the') The Greeks who dwell about the

+ontus tell a di$$erent story) *##ording to Her#ules, when he was #arrying o$$ the #ows o$ Geryon, arri&ed in the region whi#h is now inhabited by the "#yths, but whi#h was then a desert) Geryon li&ed outside the +ontus, in an island #alled by the Greeks Erytheia, near Gades, whi#h is beyond the +illars o$ Her#ules u%on the !#ean) 3ow so'e say that the !#ean begins in the east, and runs the whole way round the world( but they gi&e no %roo$ that this is really so) Her#ules #a'e $ro' then#e into the region now #alled "#ythia, and, being o&ertaken by stor' and $rost, drew his lion1s skin about hi', and $ell $ast aslee%) 4hile he sle%t, his 'ares, whi#h he had loosed $ro' his #hariot to gra/e, by so'e wonder$ul #han#e disa%%eared) !n waking, he went in ,uest o$ the', and, a$ter wandering o&er the whole #ountry, #a'e at last to the distri#t #alled 9the 4oodland,9 where he $ound in a #a&e a strange being, between a 'aiden and a ser%ent, whose $or' $ro' the waist u%wards was like that o$ a wo'an, while all below was like a snake) He looked at her wonderingly( but ne&ertheless in,uired, whether she had #han#ed to see his strayed 'ares anywhere) "he answered hi', 9=es, and they were now in her kee%ing( but ne&er would she #onsent to gi&e the' ba#k, unless he took her $or his 'istress)9 "o Her#ules, to get his 'ares ba#k, agreed( but a$terwards she %ut hi' o$$ and delayed restoring the 'ares, sin#e she wished to kee% hi' with her as long as %ossible) He, on the other hand, was only an.ious to se#ure the' and to get away) *t last, when she ga&e the' u%, she said to hi', 94hen thy 'ares strayed hither, it was who sa&ed the' $or thee0 now thou hast %aid their sal&age( $or lo> bear in 'y wo'b three sons o$ thine) Tell 'e there$ore when thy sons grow u%, what 'ust do with the': 4ouldst thou wish that should settle the' here in this land, whereo$ a' 'istress, or shall send the' to thee:9 Thus ,uestioned, they say, Her#ules answered, 94hen the lads ha&e grown to 'anhood, do thus, and assuredly thou wilt not err) 4at#h the', and when thou seest one o$ the' bend this bow as now bend it, and gird hi'sel$ with this girdle thus, #hoose hi' to re'ain in the land) Those who $ail in the trial, send away) Thus wilt thou at on#e %lease thysel$ and obey 'e)9 Hereu%on he strung one o$ his bows7 u% to that ti'e he had #arried two7 and showed her how to $asten the belt) Then he ga&e both bow and belt into her hands) 3ow the belt had a golden goblet atta#hed to its #las%) "o a$ter he had gi&en the' to her, he went his way( and the wo'an, when her #hildren grew to 'anhood, $irst ga&e the' se&erally their na'es) !ne she #alled *gathyrsus, one Gelonus, and the other, who was the youngest, "#ythes) Then she re'e'bered the instru#tions she had re#ei&ed $ro' Her#ules, and, in obedien#e to his orders, she %ut her sons to the test) Two o$ the', *gathyrsus and Gelonus, %ro&ing une,ual to the task en2oined, their 'other sent the' out o$ the land( "#ythes, the youngest, su##eeded, and so he was allowed to re'ain) Fro' "#ythes, the son o$ Her#ules, were

des#ended the a$ter kings o$ "#ythia( and $ro' the #ir#u'stan#e o$ the goblet whi#h hung $ro' the belt, the "#ythians to this day wear goblets at their girdles) This was the only thing whi#h the 'other o$ "#ythes did $or hi') "u#h is the tale told by the Greeks who dwell around the +ontus) There is also another di$$erent story, now to be related, in whi#h a' 'ore in#lined to %ut $aith than in any other) t is that the wandering "#ythians on#e dwelt in *sia, and there warred with the -assagetae, but with ill su##ess( they there$ore ,uitted their ho'es, #rossed the *ra.es, and entered the land o$ Ci''eria) For the land whi#h is now inhabited by the "#yths was $or'erly the #ountry o$ the Ci''erians) !n their #o'ing, the nati&es, who heard how nu'erous the in&ading ar'y was, held a #oun#il) *t this 'eeting o%inion was di&ided, and both %arties sti$$ly 'aintained their own &iew( but the #ounsel o$ the Royal tribe was the bra&er) For the others urged that the best thing to be done was to lea&e the #ountry, and a&oid a #ontest with so &ast a host( but the Royal tribe ad&ised re'aining and $ighting $or the soil to the last) *s neither %arty #hose to gi&e way, the one deter'ined to retire without a blow and yield their lands to the in&aders( but the other, re'e'bering the good things whi#h they had en2oyed in their ho'es, and %i#turing to the'sel&es the e&ils whi#h they had to e.%e#t i$ they ga&e the' u%, resol&ed not to $lee, but rather to die and at least be buried in their $atherland) Ha&ing thus de#ided, they drew a%art in two bodies, the one as nu'erous as the other, and $ought together) *ll o$ the Royal tribe were slain, and the %eo%le buried the' near the ri&er Tyras, where their gra&e is still to be seen) Then the rest o$ the Ci''erians de%arted, and the "#ythians, on their #o'ing, took %ossession o$ a deserted land) "#ythia still retains tra#es o$ the Ci''erians( there are Ci''erian #astles, and a Ci''erian $erry, also a tra#t #alled Ci''eria, and a Ci''erian Bos%horus) t a%%ears likewise that the Ci''erians, when they $led into *sia to es#a%e the "#yths, 'ade a settle'ent in the %eninsula where the Greek #ity o$ "ino%e was a$terwards built) The "#yths, it is %lain, %ursued the', and 'issing their road, %oured into -edia) For the Ci''erians ke%t the line whi#h led along the sea7shore, but the "#yths in their %ursuit held the Cau#asus u%on their right, thus %ro#eeding inland, and $alling u%on -edia) This a##ount is one whi#h is #o''on both to Greeks and barbarians) *risteas also, son o$ Caystrobius, a nati&e o$ +ro#onnesus, says in the #ourse o$ his %oe' that wra%t in Ba##hi# $ury he went as $ar as the ssedones) *bo&e the' dwelt the *ri'as%i, 'en with one eye( still $urther, the gold7guarding gri$$ins( and beyond these, the Hy%erboreans, who e.tended to the sea) E.#e%t the Hy%erboreans, all these nations, beginning with the *ri'as%i, were #ontinually

en#roa#hing u%on their neighbours) Hen#e it #a'e to %ass that the *ri'as%i dro&e the ssedonians $ro' their #ountry, while the ssedonians dis%ossessed the "#yths( and the "#yths, %ressing u%on the Ci''erians, who dwelt on the shores o$ the "outhern "ea, $or#ed the' to lea&e their land) Thus e&en *risteas does not agree in his a##ount o$ this region with the "#ythians) The birth%la#e o$ *risteas, the %oet who sung o$ these things, ha&e already 'entioned) will now relate a tale whi#h heard #on#erning hi' both at +ro#onnesus and at Cy/i#us) *risteas, they said, who belonged to one o$ the noblest $a'ilies in the island, had entered one day into a $uller1s sho%, when he suddenly dro%t down dead) Hereu%on the $uller shut u% his sho%, and went to tell *risteas1 kindred what had ha%%ened) The re%ort o$ the death had 2ust s%read through the town, when a #ertain Cy/i#enian, lately arri&ed $ro' *rta#a, #ontradi#ted the ru'our, a$$ir'ing that he had 'et *risteas on his road to Cy/i#us, and had s%oken with hi') This 'an, there$ore, strenuously denied the ru'our( the relations, howe&er, %ro#eeded to the $uller1s sho% with all things ne#essary $or the $uneral, intending to #arry the body away) But on the sho% being o%ened, no *risteas was $ound, either dead or ali&e) "e&en years a$terwards he rea%%eared, they told 'e, in +ro#onnesus, and wrote the %oe' #alled by the Greeks The *ri'as%eia, a$ter whi#h he disa%%eared a se#ond ti'e) This is the tale #urrent in the two #ities abo&e7'entioned) 4hat $ollows know to ha&e ha%%ened to the -eta%ontines o$ taly, three hundred and $orty years a$ter the se#ond disa%%earan#e o$ *risteas, as #olle#t by #o'%aring the a##ounts gi&en 'e at +ro#onnesus and -eta%ontu') *risteas then, as the -eta%ontines a$$ir', a%%eared to the' in their own #ountry, and ordered the' to set u% an altar in honour o$ *%ollo, and to %la#e near it a statue to be #alled that o$ *risteas the +ro#onnesian) 9*%ollo,9 he told the', 9had #o'e to their #ountry on#e, though he had &isited no other taliots( and he had been with *%ollo at the ti'e, not howe&er in his %resent $or', but in the sha%e o$ a #row)9 Ha&ing said so 'u#h, he &anished) Then the -eta%ontines, as they relate, sent to 5el%hi, and in,uired o$ the god in what light they were to regard the a%%earan#e o$ this ghost o$ a 'an) The +ythoness, in re%ly, bade the' attend to what the s%e#tre said, 9$or so it would go best with the')9 Thus ad&ised, they did as they had been dire#ted0 and there is now a statue bearing the na'e o$ *risteas, #lose by the i'age o$ *%ollo in the 'arket7%la#e o$ -eta%ontu', with bay7trees standing around it) But enough has been said #on#erning *risteas) 4ith regard to the regions whi#h lie abo&e the #ountry whereo$ this %ortion o$ 'y history treats, there is no one who %ossesses any e.a#t knowledge) 3ot a single %erson #an $ind who %ro$esses to be a#,uainted with the' by a#tual obser&ation) E&en *risteas, the tra&eller o$ who' lately s%oke, does not #lai'7 and he is writing

%oetry7 to ha&e rea#hed any $arther than the ssedonians) 4hat he relates #on#erning the regions beyond is, he #on$esses, 'ere hearsay, being the a##ount whi#h the ssedonians ga&e hi' o$ those #ountries) Howe&er, shall %ro#eed to 'ention all that ha&e learnt o$ these %arts by the 'ost e.a#t in,uiries whi#h ha&e been able to 'ake #on#erning the') *bo&e the 'art o$ the Borysthenites, whi#h is situated in the &ery #entre o$ the whole sea7#oast o$ "#ythia, the $irst %eo%le who inhabit the land are the Calli%edae, a Gre#o7"#ythi# ra#e) 3e.t to the', as you go inland, dwell the %eo%le #alled the *la/onians) These two nations in other res%e#ts rese'ble the "#ythians in their usages, but sow and eat #orn, also onions, garli#, lentils, and 'illet) Beyond the *la/onians reside "#ythian #ulti&ators, who grow #orn, not $or their own use, but $or sale) "till higher u% are the 3euri) 3orthwards o$ the 3euri the #ontinent, as $ar as it is known to us, is uninhabited) These are the nations along the #ourse o$ the ri&er Hy%anis, west o$ the Borysthenes) *#ross the Borysthenes, the $irst #ountry a$ter you lea&e the #oast is Hylaea ;the 4oodland<) *bo&e this dwell the "#ythian Husband'en, who' the Greeks li&ing near the Hy%anis #all Borysthenites, while they #all the'sel&es !lbio%olites) These Husband'en e.tend eastward a distan#e o$ three days1 2ourney to a ri&er bearing the na'e o$ +anti#a%es, while northward the #ountry is theirs $or ele&en days1 sail u% the #ourse o$ the Borysthenes) Further inland there is a &ast tra#t whi#h is uninhabited) *bo&e this desolate region dwell the Cannibals, who are a %eo%le a%art, 'u#h unlike the "#ythians) *bo&e the' the #ountry be#o'es an utter desert( not a single tribe, so $ar as we know, inhabits it) Crossing the +anti#a%es, and %ro#eeding eastward o$ the Husband'en, we #o'e u%on the wandering "#ythians, who neither %lough nor sow) Their #ountry, and the whole o$ this region, e.#e%t Hylaea, is ,uite bare o$ trees) They e.tend towards the east a distan#e o$ $ourteen1 days1 2ourney, o##u%ying a tra#t whi#h rea#hes to the ri&er Gerrhus) !n the o%%osite side o$ the Gerrhus is the Royal distri#t, as it is #alled0 here dwells the largest and bra&est o$ the "#ythian tribes, whi#h looks u%on all the other tribes in the light o$ sla&es) ts #ountry rea#hes on the south to Tauri#a, on the east to the tren#h dug by the sons o$ the blind sla&es, the 'art u%on the +alus -aeotis, #alled Cre'ni ;the Cli$$s<, and in %art to the ri&er Tanais) 3orth o$ the #ountry o$ the Royal "#ythians are the -elan#haeni ;Bla#k7Robes<, a %eo%le o$ ,uite a di$$erent ra#e $ro' the "#ythians) Beyond the' lie 'arshes and a region without inhabitants, so $ar as our knowledge rea#hes) 4hen one #rosses the Tanais, one is no longer in "#ythia( the $irst region on #rossing is that o$ the "auro'atae, who, beginning

at the u%%er end o$ the +alus -aeotis, stret#h northward a distan#e o$ $i$teen days1 2ourney, inhabiting a #ountry whi#h is entirely bare o$ trees, whether wild or #ulti&ated) *bo&e the', %ossessing the se#ond region, dwell the Budini, whose territory is thi#kly wooded with trees o$ e&ery kind) Beyond the Budini, as one goes northward, $irst there is a desert, se&en days1 2ourney a#ross( a$ter whi#h, i$ one in#lines so'ewhat to the east, the Thyssagetae are rea#hed, a nu'erous nation ,uite distin#t $ro' any other, and li&ing by the #hase) *d2oining the', and within the li'its o$ the sa'e region, are the %eo%le who bear the na'e o$ yr#ae( they also su%%ort the'sel&es by hunting, whi#h they %ra#tise in the $ollowing 'anner) The hunter #li'bs a tree, the whole #ountry abounding in wood, and there sets hi'sel$ in a'bush( he has a dog at hand, and a horse, trained to lie down u%on its belly, and thus 'ake itsel$ low( the hunter kee%s wat#h, and when he sees his ga'e, lets $ly an arrow( then 'ounting his horse, he gi&es the beast #hase, his dog $ollowing hard all the while) Beyond these %eo%le, a little to the east, dwells a distin#t tribe o$ "#yths, who re&olted on#e $ro' the Royal "#ythians, and 'igrated into these %arts) *s $ar as their #ountry, the tra#t o$ land whereo$ ha&e been s%eaking is all a s'ooth %lain, and the soil dee%( beyond you enter on a region whi#h is rugged and stony) +assing o&er a great e.tent o$ this rough #ountry, you #o'e to a %eo%le dwelling at the $oot o$ lo$ty 'ountains, who are said to be all7 both 'en and wo'en7 bald $ro' their birth, to ha&e $lat noses, and &ery long #hins) These %eo%le s%eak a language o$ their own,) the dress whi#h they wear is the sa'e as the "#ythian) They li&e on the $ruit o$ a #ertain tree, the na'e o$ whi#h is +onti#u'( in si/e it is about e,ual to our $ig7tree, and it bears a $ruit like a bean, with a stone inside) 4hen the $ruit is ri%e, they strain it through #loths( the 2ui#e whi#h runs o$$ is bla#k and thi#k, and is #alled by the nati&es 9as#hy)9 They la% this u% with their tongues, and also 'i. it with 'ilk $or a drink( while they 'ake the lees, whi#h are solid, into #akes, and eat the' instead o$ 'eat( $or they ha&e but $ew shee% in their #ountry, in whi#h there is no good %asturage) Ea#h o$ the' dwells under a tree, and they #o&er the tree in winter with a #loth o$ thi#k white $elt, but take o$$ the #o&ering in the su''er7ti'e) 3o one har's these %eo%le, $or they are looked u%on as sa#red7 they do not e&en %ossess any warlike wea%ons) 4hen their neighbours $all out, they 'ake u% the ,uarrel( and when one $lies to the' $or re$uge, he is sa$e $ro' all hurt) They are #alled the *rgi%%aeans) 6% to this %oint the territory o$ whi#h we are s%eaking is &ery #o'%letely e.%lored, and all the nations between the #oast and the bald7headed 'en are well known to us) For so'e o$ the "#ythians are a##usto'ed to %enetrate as $ar, o$ who' in,uiry 'ay easily be 'ade, and Greeks also go there $ro' the 'art on the Borysthenes, and $ro'

the other 'arts along the Eu.ine) The "#ythians who 'ake this 2ourney #o''uni#ate with the inhabitants by 'eans o$ se&en inter%reters and se&en languages) Thus $ar, there$ore, the land is known( but beyond the bald7headed 'en lies a region o$ whi#h no one #an gi&e any e.a#t a##ount) Lo$ty and %re#i%itous 'ountains, whi#h are ne&er #rossed, bar $urther %rogress) The bald 'en say, but it does not see' to 'e #redible, that the %eo%le who li&e in these 'ountains ha&e $eet like goats( and that a$ter %assing the' you $ind another ra#e o$ 'en, who slee% during one hal$ o$ the year) This latter state'ent a%%ears to 'e ,uite unworthy o$ #redit) The region east o$ the bald7headed 'en is well known to be inhabited by the ssedonians, but the tra#t that lies to the north o$ these two nations is entirely unknown, e.#e%t by the a##ounts whi#h they gi&e o$ it) The ssedonians are said to ha&e the $ollowing #usto's) 4hen a 'an1s $ather dies, all the near relati&es bring shee% to the house( whi#h are sa#ri$i#ed, and their $lesh #ut in %ie#es, while at the sa'e ti'e the dead body undergoes the like treat'ent) The two sorts o$ $lesh are a$terwards 'i.ed together, and the whole is ser&ed u% at a ban,uet) The head o$ the dead 'an is treated di$$erently0 it is stri%%ed bare, #leansed, and set in gold) t then be#o'es an orna'ent on whi#h they %ride the'sel&es, and is brought out year by year at the great $esti&al whi#h sons kee% in honour o$ their $athers1 death, 2ust as the Greeks kee% their Genesia) n other res%e#ts the ssedonians are re%uted to be obser&ers o$ 2usti#e0 and it is to be re'arked that their wo'en ha&e e,ual authority with the 'en) Thus our knowledge e.tends as $ar as this nation) The regions beyond are known only $ro' the a##ounts o$ the ssedonians, by who' the stories are told o$ the one7eyed ra#e o$ 'en and the gold7guarding gri$$ins) These stories are re#ei&ed by the "#ythians $ro' the ssedonians, and by the' %assed on to us Greeks0 when#e it arises that we gi&e the one7eyed ra#e the "#ythian na'e o$ *ri'as%i, 9ari'a9 being the "#ythi# word $or 9one,9 and 9s%u9 $or 9the eye)9 The whole distri#t whereo$ we ha&e here dis#oursed has winters o$ e.#eeding rigour) 5uring eight 'onths the $rost is so intense that water %oured u%on the ground does not $or' 'ud, but i$ a $ire be lighted on it 'ud is %rodu#ed) The sea $ree/es, and the Ci''erian Bos%horus is $ro/en o&er) *t that season the "#ythians who dwell inside the tren#h 'ake warlike e.%editions u%on the i#e, and e&en dri&e their waggons a#ross to the #ountry o$ the "indians) "u#h is the intensity o$ the #old during eight 'onths out o$ the twel&e( and e&en in the re'aining $our the #li'ate is still #ool) The #hara#ter o$ the winter likewise is unlike that o$ the sa'e season in any other #ountry( $or at that ti'e, when the rains ought to $all in "#ythia, there is s#ar#ely any rain worth 'entioning, while in su''er it

ne&er gi&es o&er raining( and thunder, whi#h elsewhere is $re,uent then, in "#ythia is unknown in that %art o$ the year, #o'ing only in su''er, when it is &ery hea&y) Thunder in the winter7ti'e is there a##ounted a %rodigy( as also are earth,uakes, whether they ha%%en in winter or su''er) Horses bear the winter well, #old as it is, but 'ules and asses are ,uite unable to bear it( whereas in other #ountries 'ules and asses are $ound to endure the #old, while horses, i$ they stand still, are $rost7bitten) To 'e it see's that the #old 'ay likewise be the #ause whi#h %re&ents the o.en in "#ythia $ro' ha&ing horns) There is a line o$ Ho'er1s in the !dyssey whi#h gi&es a su%%ort to 'y o%inion07 Libya too, where horns hud ,ui#k on the $oreheads o$ la'bkins) He 'eans to say what is ,uite true, that in war' #ountries the horns #o'e early) "o too in #ountries where the #old is se&ere ani'als either ha&e no horns, or grow the' with di$$i#ulty7 the #old being the #ause in this instan#e) Here 'ust e.%ress 'y wonder7 additions being what 'y work always $ro' the &ery $irst a$$e#ted7 that in Elis, where the #old is not re'arkable, and there is nothing else to a##ount $or it, 'ules are ne&er %rodu#ed) The Eleans say it is in #onse,uen#e o$ a #urse( and their habit is, when the breeding7ti'e #o'es, to take their 'ares into one o$ the ad2oining #ountries, and there kee% the' till they are in $oal, when they bring the' ba#k again into Elis) 4ith res%e#t to the $eathers whi#h are said by the "#ythians to $ill the air, and to %re&ent %ersons $ro' %enetrating into the re'oter %arts o$ the #ontinent, e&en ha&ing any &iew o$ those regions, 'y o%inion is that in the #ountries abo&e "#ythia it always snows7 less, o$ #ourse, in the su''er than in the winterti'e) 3ow snow when it $alls looks like $eathers, as e&ery one is aware who has seen it #o'e down #lose to hi') These northern regions, there$ore, are uninhabitable by reason o$ the se&erity o$ the winter( and the "#ythians, with their neighbours, #all the snow7$lakes $eathers be#ause, think, o$ the likeness whi#h they bear to the') ha&e now related what is said o$ the 'ost distant %arts o$ this #ontinent whereo$ any a##ount is gi&en) !$ the Hy%erboreans nothing is said either by the "#ythians or by any o$ the other dwellers in these regions, unless it be the ssedonians) But in 'y o%inion, e&en the ssedonians are silent #on#erning the'( otherwise the "#ythians would ha&e re%eated their state'ents, as they do those #on#erning the one7eyed 'en) Hesiod, howe&er, 'entions the', and Ho'er also in the E%igoni, i$ that be really a work o$ his) But the %ersons who ha&e by $ar the 'ost to say on this sub2e#t are the 5elians) They de#lare that #ertain o$$erings, %a#ked in

wheaten straw, were brought $ro' the #ountry o$ the Hy%erboreans into "#ythia, and that the "#ythians re#ei&ed the' and %assed the' on to their neighbours u%on the west, who #ontinued to %ass the' on until at last they rea#hed the *driati#) Fro' hen#e they were sent southward, and when they #a'e to Gree#e, were re#ei&ed $irst o$ all by the 5odonaeans) Then#e they des#ended to the -alia# Gul$, $ro' whi#h they were #arried a#ross into Euboea, where the %eo%le handed the' on $ro' #ity to #ity, till they #a'e at length to Carystus) The Carystians took the' o&er to Tenos, without sto%%ing at *ndros( and the Tenians brought the' $inally to 5elos) "u#h, a##ording to their own a##ount, was the road by whi#h the o$$erings rea#hed the 5elians) Two da'sels, they say, na'ed Hy%ero#he and Laodi#e, brought the $irst o$$erings $ro' the Hy%erboreans( and with the' the Hy%erboreans sent $i&e 'en to kee% the' $ro' all har' by the way( these are the %ersons who' the 5elians #all 9+er%herees,9 and to who' great honours are %aid at 5elos) *$terwards the Hy%erboreans, when they $ound that their 'essengers did not return, thinking it would be a grie&ous thing always to be liable to lose the en&oys they should send, ado%ted the $ollowing %lan07 they wra%%ed their o$$erings in the wheaten straw, and bearing the' to their borders, #harged their neighbours to send the' $orward $ro' one nation to another, whi#h was done a##ordingly, and in this way the o$$erings rea#hed 5elos) 'ysel$ know o$ a %ra#ti#e like this, whi#h obtains with the wo'en o$ Thra#e and +aeonia) They in their sa#ri$i#es to the ,ueenly 5iana bring wheaten straw always with their o$$erings) !$ 'y own knowledge #an testi$y that this is so) The da'sels sent by the Hy%erboreans died in 5elos( and in their honour all the 5elian girls and youths are wont to #ut o$$ their hair) The girls, be$ore their 'arriage7day, #ut o$$ a #url, and twining it round a dista$$, lay it u%on the gra&e o$ the strangers) This gra&e is on the le$t as one enters the %re#in#t o$ 5iana, and has an oli&e7tree growing on it) The youths wind so'e o$ their hair round a kind o$ grass, and, like the girls, %la#e it u%on the to'b) "u#h are the honours %aid to these da'sels by the 5elians) They add that, on#e be$ore, there #a'e to 5elos by the sa'e road as Hy%ero#he and Laodi#e, two other &irgins $ro' the Hy%erboreans, whose na'es were *rge and !%is) Hy%ero#he and Laodi#e #a'e to bring to lithyia the o$$ering whi#h they had laid u%on the'sel&es, in a#knowledg'ent o$ their ,ui#k labours( but *rge and !%is #a'e at the sa'e ti'e as the gods o$ 5elos,1 and are honoured by the 5elians in a di$$erent way) For the 5elian wo'en 'ake #olle#tions in these 'aidens1 na'es, and in&oke the' in the hy'n whi#h !len, a Ly#ian, #o'%osed $or the'( and the rest o$ the islanders, and e&en the onians, ha&e been taught by the 5elians to do the like) This !len, who #a'e $ro' Ly#ia, 'ade the other old hy'ns also whi#h are sung in 5elos) The 5elians add that the ashes $ro' the thigh7bones burnt

u%on the altar are s#attered o&er the to'b o$ !%is and *rge) Their to'b lies behind the te'%le o$ 5iana, $a#ing the east, near the ban,ueting7hall o$ the Ceians) Thus 'u#h then, and no 'ore, #on#erning the Hy%erboreans) *s $or the tale o$ *baris, who is said to ha&e been a Hy%erborean, and to ha&e gone with his arrow all round the world without on#e eating, shall %ass it by in silen#e) Thus 'u#h, howe&er, is #lear0 i$ there are Hy%erboreans, there 'ust also be Hy%ernotians) For 'y %art, #annot but laugh when see nu'bers o$ %ersons drawing 'a%s o$ the world without ha&ing any reason to guide the'( 'aking, as they do, the o#ean7strea' to run all round the earth, and the earth itsel$ to be an e.a#t #ir#le, as i$ des#ribed by a %air o$ #o'%asses, with Euro%e and *sia 2ust o$ the sa'e si/e) The truth in this 'atter will now %ro#eed to e.%lain in a &ery $ew words, 'aking it #lear what the real si/e o$ ea#h region is, and what sha%e should be gi&en the') The +ersians inhabit a #ountry u%on the southern or Erythraean sea( abo&e the', to the north, are the -edes( beyond the -edes, the "as%irians( beyond the', the Col#hians, rea#hing to the northern sea, into whi#h the +hasis e'%ties itsel$) These $our nations $ill the whole s%a#e $ro' one sea to the other) 4est o$ these nations there %ro2e#t into the sea two tra#ts whi#h will now des#ribe( one, beginning at the ri&er +hasis on the north, stret#hes along the Eu.ine and the Helles%ont to "igeu' in the Troas( while on the south it rea#hes $ro' the -yriandrian gul$, whi#h ad2oins +hoeni#ia, to the Trio%i# %ro'ontory) This is one o$ the tra#ts, and is inhabited by thirty di$$erent nations) The other starts $ro' the #ountry o$ the +ersians, and stret#hes into the Erythraean sea, #ontaining $irst +ersia, then *ssyria, and a$ter *ssyria, *rabia) t ends, that is to say, it is #onsidered to end, though it does not really #o'e to a ter'ination, at the *rabian gul$7 the gul$ whereinto 5arius #ondu#ted the #anal whi#h he 'ade $ro' the 3ile) Between +ersia and +hoeni#ia lies a broad and a'%le tra#t o$ #ountry, a$ter whi#h the region a' des#ribing skirts our sea, stret#hing $ro' +hoeni#ia along the #oast o$ +alestine7"yria till it #o'es to Egy%t, where it ter'inates) This entire tra#t #ontains but three nations) The whole o$ *sia west o$ the #ountry o$ the +ersians is #o'%rised in these two regions) Beyond the tra#t o##u%ied by the +ersians, -edes, "as%irians, and Col#hians, towards the east and the region o$ the sunrise, *sia is bounded on the south by the Erythraean sea, and on the north by the Cas%ian and the ri&er *ra.es, whi#h $lows towards the rising sun) Till you rea#h ndia the #ountry is %eo%led( but $urther east it is &oid o$ inhabitants, and no one #an say what sort o$ region it is) "u#h then is the sha%e, and su#h the si/e o$ *sia) Libya belongs to one o$ the abo&e7'entioned tra#ts, $or it ad2oins on Egy%t) n Egy%t the tra#t is at $irst a narrow ne#k, the distan#e

$ro' our sea to the Erythraean not e.#eeding a hundred thousand $atho's, in other words, a thousand $urlongs( but $ro' the %oint where the ne#k ends, the tra#t whi#h bears the na'e o$ Libya is o$ &ery great breadth) For 'y %art a' astonished that 'en should e&er ha&e di&ided Libya, *sia, and Euro%e as they ha&e, $or they are e.#eedingly une,ual) Euro%e e.tends the entire length o$ the other two, and $or breadth will not e&en ;as think< bear to be #o'%ared to the') *s $or Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, e.#e%t where it is atta#hed to *sia) This dis#o&ery was $irst 'ade by 3e#os, the Egy%tian king, who on desisting $ro' the #anal whi#h he had begun between the 3ile and the *rabian gul$, sent to sea a nu'ber o$ shi%s 'anned by +hoeni#ians, with orders to 'ake $or the +illars o$ Her#ules, and return to Egy%t through the', and by the -editerranean) The +hoeni#ians took their de%arture $ro' Egy%t by way o$ the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern o#ean) 4hen autu'n #a'e, they went ashore, where&er they 'ight ha%%en to be, and ha&ing sown a tra#t o$ land with #orn, waited until the grain was $it to #ut) Ha&ing rea%ed it, they again set sail( and thus it #a'e to %ass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the +illars o$ Her#ules, and 'ade good their &oyage ho'e) !n their return, they de#lared7 $or 'y %art do not belie&e the', but %erha%s others 'ay7 that in sailing round Libya they had the sun u%on their right hand) n this way was the e.tent o$ Libya $irst dis#o&ered) 3e.t to these +hoeni#ians the Carthaginians, a##ording to their own a##ounts, 'ade the &oyage) For "atas%es, son o$ Teas%es the *#hae'enian, did not #ir#u'na&igate Libya, though he was sent to do so( but, $earing the length and desolateness o$ the 2ourney, he turned ba#k and le$t una##o'%lished the task whi#h had been set hi' by his 'other) This 'an had used &iolen#e towards a 'aiden, the daughter o$ Ko%yrus, son o$ -egaby/us, and ?ing Ber.es was about to i'%ale hi' $or the o$$en#e, when his 'other, who was a sister o$ 5arius, begged hi' o$$, undertaking to %unish his #ri'e 'ore hea&ily than the king hi'sel$ had designed) "he would $or#e hi', she said, to sail round Libya and return to Egy%t by the *rabian gul$) Ber.es ga&e his #onsent( and "atas%es went down to Egy%t, and there got a shi% and #rew, with whi#h he set sail $or the +illars o$ Her#ules) Ha&ing %assed the "traits, he doubled the Libyan headland, known as Ca%e "oloeis, and %ro#eeded southward) Following this #ourse $or 'any 'onths o&er a &ast stret#h o$ sea, and $inding that 'ore water than he had #rossed still lay e&er be$ore hi', he %ut about, and #a'e ba#k to Egy%t) Then#e %ro#eeding to the #ourt, he 'ade re%ort to Ber.es, that at the $arthest %oint to whi#h he had rea#hed, the #oast was o##u%ied by a dwar$ish ra#e, who wore a dress 'ade $ro' the %al' tree) These %eo%le, whene&er he landed, le$t their towns and $led away to

the 'ountains( his 'en, howe&er, did the' no wrong, only entering into their #ities and taking so'e o$ their #attle) The reason why he had not sailed ,uite round Libya was, he said, be#ause the shi% sto%%ed, and would no go any $urther) Ber.es, howe&er, did not a##e%t this a##ount $or true( and so "atas%es, as he had $ailed to a##o'%lish the task set hi', was i'%aled by the king1s orders in a##ordan#e with the $or'er senten#e) !ne o$ his eunu#hs, on hearing o$ his death, ran away with a great %ortion o$ his wealth, and rea#hed "a'os, where a #ertain "a'ian sei/ed the whole) know the 'an1s na'e well, but shall willingly $orget it here) !$ the greater %art o$ *sia 5arius was the dis#o&erer) 4ishing to know where the ndus ;whi#h is the only ri&er sa&e one that %rodu#es #ro#odiles< e'%tied itsel$ into the sea, he sent a nu'ber o$ 'en, on whose truth$ulness he #ould rely, and a'ong the' "#yla. o$ Caryanda, to sail down the ri&er) They started $ro' the #ity o$ Cas%atyrus, in the region #alled +a#tyi#a, and sailed down the strea' in an easterly dire#tion to the sea) Here they turned westward, and, a$ter a &oyage o$ thirty 'onths, rea#hed the %la#e $ro' whi#h the Egy%tian king, o$ who' s%oke abo&e, sent the +hoeni#ians to sail round Libya) *$ter this &oyage was #o'%leted, 5arius #on,uered the ndians, and 'ade use o$ the sea in those %arts) Thus all *sia, e.#e%t the eastern %ortion, has been $ound to be si'ilarly #ir#u'stan#ed with Libya) But the boundaries o$ Euro%e are ,uite unknown, and there is not a 'an who #an say whether any sea girds it round either on the north or on the east, while in length it undoubtedly e.tends as $ar as both the other two) For 'y %art #annot #on#ei&e why three na'es, and wo'en1s na'es es%e#ially, should e&er ha&e been gi&en to a tra#t whi#h is in reality one, nor why the Egy%tian 3ile and the Col#hian +hasis ;or a##ording to others the -aeoti# Tanais and Ci''erian $erry< should ha&e been $i.ed u%on $or the boundary lines( nor #an e&en say who ga&e the three tra#ts their na'es, or when#e they took the e%ithets) *##ording to the Greeks in general, Libya was so #alled a$ter a #ertain Libya, a nati&e wo'an, and *sia a$ter the wi$e o$ +ro'etheus) The Lydians, howe&er, %ut in a #lai' to the latter na'e, whi#h, they de#lare, was not deri&ed $ro' *sia the wi$e o$ +ro'etheus, but $ro' *sies, the son o$ Cotys, and grandson o$ -anes, who also ga&e na'e to the tribe *sias at "ardis) *s $or Euro%e, no one #an say whether it is surrounded by the sea or not, neither is it known when#e the na'e o$ Euro%e was deri&ed, nor who ga&e it na'e, unless we say that Euro%e was so #alled a$ter the Tyrian Euro%e, and be$ore her ti'e was na'eless, like the other di&isions) But it is #ertain that Euro%e was an *siati#, and ne&er e&en set $oot on the land whi#h the Greeks now #all Euro%e, only sailing $ro' +hoeni#ia to Crete, and $ro' Crete to Ly#ia) Howe&er let us ,uit these 'atters) 4e shall oursel&es #ontinue to use the na'es whi#h #usto' san#tions)

The Eu.ine sea, where 5arius now went to war, has nations dwelling around it, with the one e.#e%tion o$ the "#ythians, 'ore un%olished than those o$ any other region that we know o$) For, setting aside *na#harsis and the "#ythian %eo%le, there is not within this region a single nation whi#h #an be %ut $orward as ha&ing any #lai's to wisdo', or whi#h has %rodu#ed a single %erson o$ any high re%ute) The "#ythians indeed ha&e in one res%e#t, and that the &ery 'ost i'%ortant o$ all those that $all under 'an1s #ontrol, shown the'sel&es wiser than any nation u%on the $a#e o$ the earth) Their #usto's otherwise are not su#h as ad'ire) The one thing o$ whi#h s%eak is the #ontri&an#e whereby they 'ake it i'%ossible $or the ene'y who in&ades the' to es#a%e destru#tion, while they the'sel&es are entirely out o$ his rea#h, unless it %lease the' to engage with hi') Ha&ing neither #ities nor $orts, and #arrying their dwellings with the' where&er they go( a##usto'ed, 'oreo&er, one and all o$ the', to shoot $ro' horseba#k( and li&ing not by husbandry but on their #attle, their waggons the only houses that they %ossess, how #an they $ail o$ being un#on,uerable, and unassailable e&en: The nature o$ their #ountry, and the ri&ers by whi#h it is interse#ted, greatly $a&our this 'ode o$ resisting atta#ks) For the land is le&el, well watered, and abounding in %asture( while the ri&ers whi#h tra&erse it are al'ost e,ual in nu'ber to the #anals o$ Egy%t) !$ these shall only 'ention the 'ost $a'ous and su#h as are na&igable to so'e distan#e $ro' the sea) They are, the ster, whi#h has $i&e 'ouths( the Tyras, the Hy%anis, the Borysthenes, the +anti#a%es, the Hy%a#yris, the Gerrhus, and the Tanais) The #ourses o$ these strea's shall now %ro#eed to des#ribe) The ster is o$ all the ri&ers with whi#h we are a#,uainted the 'ightiest) t ne&er &aries in height, but #ontinues at the sa'e le&el su''er and winter) Counting $ro' the west it is the $irst o$ the "#ythian ri&ers, and the reason o$ its being the greatest is that it re#ei&es the water o$ se&eral tributaries) 3ow the tributaries whi#h swell its $lood are the $ollowing0 $irst, on the side o$ "#ythia, these $i&e7 the strea' #alled by the "#ythians +orata, and by the Greeks +yretus, the Tiarantus, the *rarus, the 3a%aris, and the !rdessus) The $irst 'entioned is a great strea', and is the eastern'ost o$ the tributaries) The Tiarantus is o$ less &olu'e, and 'ore to the west) The *rarus, 3a%aris, and !rdessus $all into the ster between these two) *ll the abo&e 'entioned are genuine "#ythian ri&ers, and go to swell the #urrent o$ the ster) Fro' the #ountry o$ the *gathyrsi #o'es down another ri&er, the -aris, whi#h e'%ties itsel$ into the sa'e( and $ro' the heights o$ Hae'us des#end with a northern #ourse three 'ighty strea's, the *tlas, the *uras, and the Tibisis, and %our their waters into it) Thra#e gi&es it three tributaries, the *thrys, the 3oes, and the *rtanes, whi#h all %ass through the #ountry o$ the Croby/ian Thra#ians) *nother

tributary is $urnished by +aeonia, na'ely, the "#ius( this ri&er, rising near -ount Rhodo%e, $or#es its way through the #hain o$ Hae'us, and so rea#hes the ster) Fro' llyria #o'es another strea', the *ngrus, whi#h has a #ourse $ro' south to north, and a$ter watering the Triballian %lain, $alls into the Brongus, whi#h $alls into the ster) "o the ster is aug'ented by these two strea's, both #onsiderable) Besides all these, the ster re#ei&es also the waters o$ the Car%is and the *l%is, two ri&ers running in a northerly dire#tion $ro' the #ountry abo&e the 6'brians) For the ster $lows through the whole e.tent o$ Euro%e, rising in the #ountry o$ the Celts ;the 'ost westerly o$ all the nations o$ Euro%e, e.#e%ting the Cynetians<, and then#e running a#ross the #ontinent till it rea#hes "#ythia, whereo$ it washes the $lanks) *ll these strea's, then, and 'any others, add their waters to swell the $lood o$ the ster, whi#h thus in#reased be#o'es the 'ightiest o$ ri&ers( $or undoubtedly i$ we #o'%are the strea' o$ the 3ile with the single strea' o$ the ster, we 'ust gi&e the %re$eren#e to the 3ile, o$ whi#h no tributary ri&er, nor e&en ri&ulet, aug'ents the &olu'e) The ster re'ains at the sa'e le&el both su''er and winter7 owing to the $ollowing reasons, as belie&e) 5uring the winter it runs at its natural height, or a &ery little higher, be#ause in those #ountries there is s#ar#ely any rain in winter, but #onstant snow) 4hen su''er #o'es, this snow, whi#h is o$ great de%th, begins to 'elt, and $lows into the ster, whi#h is swelled at that season, not only by this #ause but also by the rains, whi#h are hea&y and $re,uent at that %art o$ the year) Thus the &arious strea's whi#h go to $or' the ster are higher in su''er than in winter, and 2ust so 'u#h higher as the sun1s %ower and attra#tion are greater( so that these two #auses #ountera#t ea#h other, and the e$$e#t is to %rodu#e a balan#e, whereby the ster re'ains always at the sa'e le&el) This, then, is one o$ the great "#ythian ri&ers( the ne.t to it is the Tyras, whi#h rises $ro' a great lake se%arating "#ythia $ro' the land o$ the 3euri, and runs with a southerly #ourse to the sea) Greeks dwell at the 'outh o$ the ri&er, who are #alled Tyritae) The third ri&er is the Hy%anis) This strea' rises within the li'its o$ "#ythia, and has its sour#e in another &ast lake, around whi#h wild white horses gra/e) The lake is #alled, %ro%erly enough, the -other o$ the Hy%anis) The Hy%anis, rising here, during the distan#e o$ $i&e days1 na&igation is a shallow strea', and the water sweet and %ure( then#e, howe&er, to the sea, whi#h is a distan#e o$ $our days, it is e.#eedingly bitter) This #hange is #aused by its re#ei&ing into it at that %oint a brook the waters o$ whi#h are so bitter that, although it is but a tiny ri&ulet, it ne&ertheless taints the entire Hy%anis, whi#h is a large strea' a'ong those o$ the se#ond order) The sour#e o$ this bitter s%ring is on the borders o$

the "#ythian Husband'en, where they ad2oin u%on the *la/onians( and the %la#e where it rises is #alled in the "#ythi# tongue E.a'%aeus, whi#h 'eans in our language, 9The "a#red 4ays)9 The s%ring itsel$ bears the sa'e na'e) The Tyras and the Hy%anis a%%roa#h ea#h other in the #ountry o$ the *la/onians, but a$terwards se%arate, and lea&e a wide s%a#e between their strea's) The $ourth o$ the "#ythian ri&ers is the Borysthenes) 3e.t to the ster, it is the greatest o$ the' all( and, in 'y 2udg'ent, it is the 'ost %rodu#ti&e ri&er, not 'erely in "#ythia, but in the whole world, e.#e%ting only the 3ile, with whi#h no strea' #an %ossibly #o'%are) t has u%on its banks the lo&eliest and 'ost e.#ellent %asturages $or #attle( it #ontains abundan#e o$ the 'ost deli#ious $ish( its water is 'ost %leasant to the taste( its strea' is li'%id, while all the other ri&ers near it are 'uddy( the ri#hest har&ests s%ring u% along its #ourse, and where the ground is not sown, the hea&iest #ro%s o$ grass( while salt $or's in great %lenty about its 'outh without hu'an aid, and large $ish are taken in it o$ the sort #alled *nta#aei, without any %ri#kly bones, and good $or %i#kling) 3or are these the whole o$ its 'ar&els) *s $ar inland as the %la#e na'ed Gerrhus, whi#h is distant $orty days1 &oyage $ro' the sea, its #ourse is known, and its dire#tion is $ro' north to south( but abo&e this no one has tra#ed it, so as to say through what #ountries it $lows) t enters the territory o$ the "#ythian Husband'en a$ter running $or so'e ti'e a#ross a desert region, and #ontinues $or ten days1 na&igation to %ass through the land whi#h they inhabit) t is the only ri&er besides the 3ile the sour#es o$ whi#h are unknown to 'e, as they are also ; belie&e< to all the other Greeks) 3ot long be$ore it rea#hes the sea, the Borysthenes is 2oined by the Hy%anis, whi#h %ours its waters into the sa'e lake) The land that lies between the', a narrow %oint like the beak o$ a shi%, is #alled Ca%e Hi%%olaus) Here is a te'%le dedi#ated to Ceres, and o%%osite the te'%le u%on the Hy%anis is the dwelling7%la#e o$ the Borysthenites) But enough has been said o$ these strea's) 3e.t in su##ession #o'es the $i$th ri&er, #alled the +anti#a%es, whi#h has, like the Borysthenes, a #ourse $ro' north to south, and rises $ro' a lake) The s%a#e between this ri&er and the Borysthenes is o##u%ied by the "#ythians who are engaged in husbandry) *$ter watering their #ountry, the +anti#a%es $lows through Hylaea, and e'%ties itsel$ into the Borysthenes) The si.th strea' is the Hy%a#yris, a ri&er rising $ro' a lake, and running dire#tly through the 'iddle o$ the 3o'adi# "#ythians) t $alls into the sea near the #ity o$ Car#initis, lea&ing Hylaea and the #ourse o$ *#hilles to the right) The se&enth ri&er is the Gerrhus, whi#h is a bran#h thrown out by the Borysthenes at the %oint where the #ourse o$ that strea' $irst begins to be known, to wit, the region #alled by the sa'e na'e

as the strea' itsel$, &i/) Gerrhus) This ri&er on its %assage towards the sea di&ides the #ountry o$ the 3o'adi# $ro' that o$ the Royal "#yths) t runs into the Hy%a#yris) The eighth ri&er is the Tanais, a strea' whi#h has its sour#e, $ar u% the #ountry, in a lake o$ &ast si/e, and whi#h e'%ties itsel$ into another still larger lake, the +alus -aeotis, whereby the #ountry o$ the Royal "#ythians is di&ided $ro' that o$ the "auro'atae) The Tanais re#ei&es the waters o$ a tributary strea', #alled the Hyrgis) "u#h then are the ri&ers o$ #hie$ note in "#ythia) The grass whi#h the land %rodu#es is 'ore a%t to generate gall in the beasts that $eed on it than any other grass whi#h is known to us, as %lainly a%%ears on the o%ening o$ their #ar#ases) Thus abundantly are the "#ythians %ro&ided with the 'ost i'%ortant ne#essaries) Their 'anners and #usto's #o'e now to be des#ribed) They worshi% only the $ollowing gods, na'ely, @esta, who' they re&eren#e beyond all the rest, 8u%iter, and Tellus, who' they #onsider to be the wi$e o$ 8u%iter( and a$ter these *%ollo, Celestial @enus, Her#ules, and -ars) These gods are worshi%%ed by the whole nation0 the Royal "#ythians o$$er sa#ri$i#e likewise to 3e%tune) n the "#ythi# tongue @esta is #alled Tabiti, 8u%iter ;&ery %ro%erly, in 'y 2udg'ent< +a%aeus, Tellus *%ia, *%ollo !etosyrus, Celestial @enus *rti'%asa, and 3e%tune Tha'i'asadas) They use no i'ages, altars, or te'%les, e.#e%t in the worshi% o$ -ars( but in his worshi% they do use the') The 'anner o$ their sa#ri$i#es is e&erywhere and in e&ery #ase the sa'e( the &i#ti' stands with its two $ore7$eet bound together by a #ord, and the %erson who is about to o$$er, taking his station behind the &i#ti', gi&es the ro%e a %ull, and thereby throws the ani'al down( as it $alls he in&okes the god to who' he is o$$ering( a$ter whi#h he %uts a noose round the ani'al1s ne#k, and, inserting a s'all sti#k, twists it round, and so strangles hi') 3o $ire is lighted, there is no #onse#ration, and no %ouring out o$ drink7o$$erings( but dire#tly that the beast is strangled the sa#ri$i#er $lays hi', and then sets to work to boil the $lesh) *s "#ythia, howe&er, is utterly barren o$ $irewood, a %lan has had to be #ontri&ed $or boiling the $lesh, whi#h is the $ollowing) *$ter $laying the beasts, they take out all the bones, and ;i$ they %ossess su#h gear< %ut the $lesh into boilers 'ade in the #ountry, whi#h are &ery like the #auldrons o$ the Lesbians, e.#e%t that they are o$ a 'u#h larger si/e( then %la#ing the bones o$ the ani'als beneath the #auldron, they set the' alight, and so boil the 'eat) $ they do not ha%%en to %ossess a #auldron, they 'ake the ani'al1s %aun#h hold the $lesh, and %ouring in at the sa'e ti'e a little water, lay the bones under and light the') The bones burn beauti$ully( and the %aun#h easily #ontains all the $lesh when it is stri%t $ro' the bones, so that by this %lan your o. is 'ade to boil hi'sel$, and other &i#ti's also to do the like) 4hen the 'eat is all #ooked, the

sa#ri$i#er o$$ers a %ortion o$ the $lesh and o$ the entrails, by #asting it on the ground be$ore hi') They sa#ri$i#e all sorts o$ #attle, but 'ost #o''only horses) "u#h are the &i#ti's o$$ered to the other gods, and su#h is the 'ode in whi#h they are sa#ri$i#ed( but the rites %aid to -ars are di$$erent) n e&ery distri#t, at the seat o$ go&ern'ent, there stands a te'%le o$ this god, whereo$ the $ollowing is a des#ri%tion) t is a %ile o$ brushwood, 'ade o$ a &ast ,uantity o$ $agots, in length and breadth three $urlongs( in height so'ewhat less, ha&ing a s,uare %lat$or' u%on the to%, three sides o$ whi#h are %re#i%itous, while the $ourth slo%es so that 'en 'ay walk u% it) Ea#h year a hundred and $i$ty waggon7loads o$ brushwood are added to the %ile, whi#h sinks #ontinually by reason o$ the rains) *n anti,ue iron sword is %lanted on the to% o$ e&ery su#h 'ound, and ser&es as the i'age o$ -ars0 yearly sa#ri$i#es o$ #attle and o$ horses are 'ade to it, and 'ore &i#ti's are o$$ered thus than to all the rest o$ their gods) 4hen %risoners are taken in war, out o$ e&ery hundred 'en they sa#ri$i#e one, not howe&er with the sa'e rites as the #attle, but with di$$erent) Libations o$ wine are $irst %oured u%on their heads, a$ter whi#h they are slaughtered o&er a &essel( the &essel is then #arried u% to the to% o$ the %ile, and the blood %oured u%on the s#y'itar) 4hile this takes %la#e at the to% o$ the 'ound, below, by the side o$ the te'%le, the right hands and ar's o$ the slaughtered %risoners are #ut o$$, and tossed on high into the air) Then the other &i#ti's are slain, and those who ha&e o$$ered the sa#ri$i#e de%art, lea&ing the hands and ar's where they 'ay #han#e to ha&e $allen, and the bodies also, se%arate) "u#h are the obser&an#es o$ the "#ythians with res%e#t to sa#ri$i#e) They ne&er use swine $or the %ur%ose, nor indeed is it their wont to breed the' in any %art o$ their #ountry) n what #on#erns war, their #usto's are the $ollowing) The "#ythian soldier drinks the blood o$ the $irst 'an he o&erthrows in battle) 4hate&er nu'ber he slays, he #uts o$$ all their heads, and #arries the' to the king( sin#e he is thus entitled to a share o$ the booty, whereto he $or$eits all #lai' i$ he does not %rodu#e a head) n order to stri% the skull o$ its #o&ering, he 'akes a #ut round the head abo&e the ears, and, laying hold o$ the s#al%, shakes the skull out( then with the rib o$ an o. he s#ra%es the s#al% #lean o$ $lesh, and so$tening it by rubbing between the hands, uses it then#e$orth as a na%kin) The "#yth is %roud o$ these s#al%s, and hangs the' $ro' his bridle7rein( the greater the nu'ber o$ su#h na%kins that a 'an #an show, the 'ore highly is he estee'ed a'ong the') -any 'ake the'sel&es #loaks, like the #a%otes o$ our %easants, by sewing a ,uantity o$ these s#al%s together) !thers $lay the right ar's o$ their dead ene'ies, and 'ake o$ the skin, whi#h stri%%ed o$$ with the nails hanging to it, a #o&ering $or their ,ui&ers) 3ow the skin o$ a

'an is thi#k and glossy, and would in whiteness sur%ass al'ost all other hides) "o'e e&en $lay the entire body o$ their ene'y, and stret#hing it u%on a $ra'e #arry it about with the' where&er they ride) "u#h are the "#ythian #usto's with res%e#t to s#al%s and skins) The skulls o$ their ene'ies, not indeed o$ all, but o$ those who' they 'ost detest, they treat as $ollows) Ha&ing sawn o$$ the %ortion below the eyebrows, and #leaned out the inside, they #o&er the outside with leather) 4hen a 'an is %oor, this is all that he does( but i$ he is ri#h, he also lines the inside with gold0 in either #ase the skull is used as a drinking7#u%) They do the sa'e with the skulls o$ their own kith and kin i$ they ha&e been at $eud with the', and ha&e &an,uished the' in the %resen#e o$ the king) 4hen strangers who' they dee' o$ any a##ount #o'e to &isit the', these skulls are handed round, and the host tells how that these were his relations who 'ade war u%on hi', and how that he got the better o$ the'( all this being looked u%on as %roo$ o$ bra&ery) !n#e a year the go&ernor o$ ea#h distri#t, at a set %la#e in his own %ro&in#e, 'ingles a bowl o$ wine, o$ whi#h all "#ythians ha&e a right to drink by who' $oes ha&e been slain( while they who ha&e slain no ene'y are not allowed to taste o$ the bowl, but sit aloo$ in disgra#e) 3o greater sha'e than this #an ha%%en to the') "u#h as ha&e slain a &ery large nu'ber o$ $oes, ha&e two #u%s instead o$ one, and drink $ro' both) "#ythia has an abundan#e o$ soothsayers, who $oretell the $uture by 'eans o$ a nu'ber o$ willow wands) * large bundle o$ these wands is brought and laid on the ground) The soothsayer unties the bundle, and %la#es ea#h wand by itsel$, at the sa'e ti'e uttering his %ro%he#y0 then, while he is still s%eaking, he gathers the rods together again, and 'akes the' u% on#e 'ore into a bundle) This 'ode o$ di&ination is o$ ho'e growth in "#ythia) The Enarees, or wo'an7like 'en, ha&e another 'ethod, whi#h they say @enus taught the') t is done with the inner bark o$ the linden7tree) They take a %ie#e o$ this bark, and, s%litting it into three stri%s, kee% twining the stri%s about their $ingers, and untwining the', while they %ro%hesy) 4hene&er the "#ythian king $alls si#k, he sends $or the three soothsayers o$ 'ost renown at the ti'e, who #o'e and 'ake trial o$ their art in the 'ode abo&e des#ribed) Generally they say that the king is ill be#ause su#h or su#h a %erson, 'entioning his na'e, has sworn $alsely by the royal hearth) This is the usual oath a'ong the "#ythians, when they wish to swear with &ery great sole'nity) Then the 'an a##used o$ ha&ing $oresworn hi'sel$ is arrested and brought be$ore the king) The soothsayers tell hi' that by their art it is #lear he has sworn a $alse oath by the royal hearth, and so #aused the illness o$ the king7 he denies the #harge, %rotests that he has sworn no $alse oath, and loudly #o'%lains o$ the wrong done to hi') 6%on this the king sends $or si. new soothsayers, who try the 'atter

by soothsaying) $ they too $ind the 'an guilty o$ the o$$en#e, straightway he is beheaded by those who $irst a##used hi', and his goods are %arted a'ong the'0 i$, on the #ontrary, they a#,uit hi', other soothsayers, and again others, are sent $or, to try the #ase) "hould the greater nu'ber de#ide in $a&our o$ the 'an1s inno#en#e, then they who $irst a##used hi' $or$eit their li&es) The 'ode o$ their e.e#ution is the $ollowing0 a waggon is loaded with brushwood, and o.en are harnessed to it( the soothsayers, with their $eet tied together, their hands bound behind their ba#ks, and their 'ouths gagged, are thrust into the 'idst o$ the brushwood( $inally the wood is set alight, and the o.en, being startled, are 'ade to rush o$$ with the waggon) t o$ten ha%%ens that the o.en and the soothsayers are both #onsu'ed together, but so'eti'es the %ole o$ the waggon is burnt through, and the o.en es#a%e with a s#or#hing) 5i&iners7 lying di&iners, they #all the'7 are burnt in the way des#ribed, $or other #auses besides the one here s%oken o$) 4hen the king %uts one o$ the' to death, he takes #are not to let any o$ his sons sur&i&e0 all the 'ale o$$s%ring are slain with the $ather, only the $e'ales being allowed to li&e) !aths a'ong the "#yths are a##o'%anied with the $ollowing #ere'onies0 a large earthern bowl is $illed with wine, and the %arties to the oath, wounding the'sel&es slightly with a kni$e or an awl, dro% so'e o$ their blood into the wine( then they %lunge into the 'i.ture a s#y'itar, so'e arrows, a battle7a.e, and a 2a&elin, all the while re%eating %rayers( lastly the two #ontra#ting %arties drink ea#h a draught $ro' the bowl, as do also the #hie$ 'en a'ong their $ollowers) The to'bs o$ their kings are in the land o$ the Gerrhi, who dwell at the %oint where the Borysthenes is $irst na&igable) Here, when the king dies, they dig a gra&e, whi#h is s,uare in sha%e, and o$ great si/e) 4hen it is ready, they take the king1s #or%se, and, ha&ing o%ened the belly, and #leaned out the inside, $ill the #a&ity with a %re%aration o$ #ho%%ed #y%ress, $rankin#ense, %arsley7seed, and anise7seed, a$ter whi#h they sew u% the o%ening, en#lose the body in wa., and, %la#ing it on a waggon, #arry it about through all the di$$erent tribes) !n this %ro#ession ea#h tribe, when it re#ei&es the #or%se, i'itates the e.a'%le whi#h is $irst set by the Royal "#ythians( e&ery 'an #ho%s o$$ a %ie#e o$ his ear, #ro%s his hair #lose, and 'akes a #ut all round his ar', la#erates his $orehead and his nose, and thrusts an arrow through his le$t hand) Then they who ha&e the #are o$ the #or%se #arry it with the' to another o$ the tribes whi#h are under the "#ythian rule, $ollowed by those who' they $irst &isited) !n #o'%leting the #ir#uit o$ all the tribes under their sway, they $ind the'sel&es in the #ountry o$ the Gerrhi, who are the 'ost re'ote o$ all, and so they #o'e to the to'bs o$ the kings) There the body o$ the dead king is laid in the gra&e %re%ared $or it, stret#hed u%on a 'attress( s%ears are $i.ed in the ground on

either side o$ the #or%se, and bea's stret#hed a#ross abo&e it to $or' a roo$, whi#h is #o&ered with a that#hing o$ osier twigs) n the o%en s%a#e around the body o$ the king they bury one o$ his #on#ubines, $irst killing her by strangling, and also his #u%7bearer, his #ook, his groo', his la#,uey, his 'essenger, so'e o$ his horses, $irstlings o$ all his other %ossessions, and so'e golden #u%s( $or they use neither sil&er nor brass) *$ter this they set to work, and raise a &ast 'ound abo&e the gra&e, all o$ the' &ying with ea#h other and seeking to 'ake it as tall as %ossible) 4hen a year is gone by, $urther #ere'onies take %la#e) Fi$ty o$ the best o$ the late king1s attendants are taken, all nati&e "#ythians7 $or, as bought sla&es are unknown in the #ountry, the "#ythian kings #hoose any o$ their sub2e#ts that they like, to wait on the'7 $i$ty o$ these are taken and strangled, with $i$ty o$ the 'ost beauti$ul horses) 4hen they are dead, their bowels are taken out, and the #a&ity #leaned, $illed $ull o$ #ha$$, and straightway sewn u% again) This done, a nu'ber o$ %osts are dri&en into the ground, in sets o$ two %airs ea#h, and on e&ery %air hal$ the $elly o$ a wheel is %la#ed ar#hwise( then strong stakes are run lengthways through the bodies o$ the horses $ro' tail to ne#k, and they are 'ounted u% u%on the $ellies, so that the $elly in $ront su%%orts the shoulders o$ the horse, while that behind sustains the belly and ,uarters, the legs dangling in 'id7air( ea#h horse is $urnished with a bit and bridle, whi#h latter is stret#hed out in $ront o$ the horse, and $astened to a %eg) The $i$ty strangled youths are then 'ounted se&erally on the $i$ty horses) To e$$e#t this, a se#ond stake is %assed through their bodies along the #ourse o$ the s%ine to the ne#k( the lower end o$ whi#h %ro2e#ts $ro' the body, and is $i.ed into a so#ket, 'ade in the stake that runs lengthwise down the horse) The $i$ty riders are thus ranged in a #ir#le round the to'b, and so le$t) "u#h, then, is the 'ode in whi#h the kings are buried0 as $or the %eo%le, when any one dies, his nearest o$ kin lay hi' u%on a waggon and take hi' round to all his $riends in su##ession0 ea#h re#ei&es the' in turn and entertains the' with a ban,uet, whereat the dead 'an is ser&ed with a %ortion o$ all that is set be$ore the others( this is done $or $orty days, at the end o$ whi#h ti'e the burial takes %la#e) *$ter the burial, those engaged in it ha&e to %uri$y the'sel&es, whi#h they do in the $ollowing way) First they well soa% and wash their heads( then, in order to #leanse their bodies, they a#t as $ollows0 they 'ake a booth by $i.ing in the ground three sti#ks in#lined towards one another, and stret#hing around the' woollen $elts, whi#h they arrange so as to $it as #lose as %ossible0 inside the booth a dish is %la#ed u%on the ground, into whi#h they %ut a nu'ber o$ red7hot stones, and then add so'e he'%7seed) He'% grows in "#ythia0 it is &ery like $la.( only that it is a 'u#h #oarser and taller %lant0 so'e grows wild about the #ountry, so'e

is %rodu#ed by #ulti&ation0 the Thra#ians 'ake gar'ents o$ it whi#h #losely rese'ble linen( so 'u#h so, indeed, that i$ a %erson has ne&er seen he'% he is sure to think they are linen, and i$ he has, unless he is &ery e.%erien#ed in su#h 'atters, he will not know o$ whi#h 'aterial they are) The "#ythians, as said, take so'e o$ this he'%7seed, and, #ree%ing under the $elt #o&erings, throw it u%on the red7hot stones( i''ediately it s'okes, and gi&es out su#h a &a%our as no Gre#ian &a%our7bath #an e.#eed( the "#yths, delighted, shout $or 2oy, and this &a%our ser&es the' instead o$ a water7bath( $or they ne&er by any #han#e wash their bodies with water) Their wo'en 'ake a 'i.ture o$ #y%ress, #edar, and $rankin#ense wood, whi#h they %ound into a %aste u%on a rough %ie#e o$ stone, adding a little water to it) 4ith this substan#e, whi#h is o$ a thi#k #onsisten#y, they %laster their $a#es all o&er, and indeed their whole bodies) * sweet odour is thereby i'%arted to the', and when they take o$$ the %laster on the day $ollowing, their skin is #lean and glossy) The "#ythians ha&e an e.tre'e hatred o$ all $oreign #usto's, %arti#ularly o$ those in use a'ong the Greeks, as the instan#es o$ *na#harsis, and, 'ore lately, o$ "#ylas, ha&e $ully shown) The $or'er, a$ter he had tra&elled o&er a great %ortion o$ the world, and dis%layed where&er he went 'any %roo$s o$ wisdo', as he sailed through the Helles%ont on his return to "#ythia tou#hed at Cy/i#us) There he $ound the inhabitants #elebrating with 'u#h %o'% and 'agni$i#en#e a $esti&al to the -other o$ the Gods, and was hi'sel$ indu#ed to 'ake a &ow to the goddess, whereby he engaged, i$ he got ba#k sa$e and sound to his ho'e, that he would gi&e her a $esti&al and a night7%ro#ession in all res%e#ts like those whi#h he had seen in Cy/i#us) 4hen, there$ore, he arri&ed in "#ythia, he betook hi'sel$ to the distri#t #alled the 4oodland, whi#h lies o%%osite the #ourse o$ *#hilles, and is #o&ered with trees o$ all 'anner o$ di$$erent kinds, and there went through all the sa#red rites with the tabour in his hand, and the i'ages tied to hi') 4hile thus e'%loyed, he was noti#ed by one o$ the "#ythians, who went and told king "aulius what he had seen) Then king "aulius #a'e in %erson, and when he %er#ei&ed what *na#harsis was about, he shot at hi' with an arrow and killed hi') To this day, i$ you ask the "#yths about *na#harsis, they %retend ignoran#e o$ hi', be#ause o$ his Gre#ian tra&els and ado%tion o$ the #usto's o$ $oreigners) learnt, howe&er, $ro' Ti'nes, the steward o$ *ria%ithes, that *na#harsis was %aternal un#le to the "#ythian king danthyrsus, being the son o$ Gnurus, who was the son o$ Ly#us and the grandson o$ "%arga%ithes) $ *na#harsis were really o$ this house, it 'ust ha&e been by his own brother that he was slain, $or danthyrsus was a son o$ the "aulius who %ut *na#harsis to death) ha&e heard, howe&er, another tale, &ery di$$erent $ro' this, whi#h is told by the +elo%onnesians0 they say, that *na#harsis was

sent by the king o$ the "#yths to 'ake a#,uaintan#e with Gree#e7 that he went, and on his return ho'e re%orted that the Greeks were all o##u%ied in the %ursuit o$ e&ery kind o$ knowledge, e.#e%t the La#edae'onians( who, howe&er, alone knew how to #on&erse sensibly) * silly tale this, whi#h the Greeks ha&e in&ented $or their a'use'ent> There is no doubt that *na#harsis su$$ered death in the 'ode already related, on a##ount o$ his atta#h'ent to $oreign #usto's, and the inter#ourse whi#h he held with the Greeks) "#ylas, likewise, the son o$ *ria%ithes, 'any years later, 'et with al'ost the &ery sa'e $ate) *ria%ithes, the "#ythian king, had se&eral sons, a'ong the' this "#ylas, who was the #hild, not o$ a nati&e "#yth, but o$ a wo'an o$ stria) Bred u% by her, "#ylas gained an a#,uaintan#e with the Greek language and letters) "o'e ti'e a$terwards, *ria%ithes was trea#herously slain by "%arga%ithes, king o$ the *gathyrsi( whereu%on "#ylas su##eeded to the throne, and 'arried one o$ his $ather1s wi&es, a wo'an na'ed !%oea) This !%oea was a "#ythian by birth, and had brought *ria%ithes a son #alled !ri#us) 3ow when "#ylas $ound hi'sel$ king o$ "#ythia, as he disliked the "#ythi# 'ode o$ li$e, and was atta#hed, by his bringing u%, to the 'anners o$ the Greeks, he 'ade it his usual %ra#ti#e, whene&er he #a'e with his ar'y to the town o$ the Borysthenites, who, a##ording to their own a##ount, are #olonists o$ the -ilesians7 he 'ade it his %ra#ti#e, say, to lea&e the ar'y be$ore the #ity, and, ha&ing entered within the walls by hi'sel$, and #are$ully #losed the gates, to e.#hange his "#ythian dress $or Gre#ian gar'ents, and in this attire to walk about the $oru', without guards or retinue) The Borysthenites ke%t wat#h at the gates, that no "#ythian 'ight see the king thus a%%arelled) "#ylas, 'eanwhile, li&ed e.a#tly as the Greeks, and e&en o$$ered sa#ri$i#es to the gods a##ording to the Gre#ian rites) n this way he would %ass a 'onth, or 'ore, with the Borysthenites, a$ter whi#h he would #lothe hi'sel$ again in his "#ythian dress, and so take his de%arture) This he did re%eatedly, and e&en built hi'sel$ a house in Borysthenes, and 'arried a wi$e there who was a nati&e o$ the %la#e) But when the ti'e #a'e that was ordained to bring hi' woe, the o##asion o$ his ruin was the $ollowing) He wanted to be initiated in the Ba##hi# 'ysteries, and was on the %oint o$ obtaining ad'ission to the rites, when a 'ost strange %rodigy o##urred to hi') The house whi#h he %ossessed, as 'entioned a short ti'e ba#k, in the #ity o$ the Borysthenites, a building o$ great e.tent and ere#ted at a &ast #ost, round whi#h there stood a nu'ber o$ s%hin.es and gri$$ins #ar&ed in white 'arble, was stru#k by lightning $ro' on high, and burnt to the ground) "#ylas, ne&ertheless, went on and re#ei&ed the initiation) 3ow the "#ythians are wont to re%roa#h the Greeks with their Ba##hanal rage, and to say that it is not reasonable to i'agine there is a god who i'%els 'en to 'adness) 3o sooner, there$ore, was "#ylas

initiated in the Ba##hi# 'ysteries than one o$ the Borysthenites went and #arried the news to the "#ythians 9=ou "#yths laugh at us9 he said, 9be#ause we ra&e when the god sei/es us) But now our god has sei/ed u%on your king, who ra&es like us, and is 'addened by the in$luen#e) $ you think do not tell you true, #o'e with 'e, and will show hi' to you)9 The #hie$s o$ the "#ythians went with the 'an a##ordingly, and the Borysthenite, #ondu#ting the' into the #ity, %la#ed the' se#retly on one o$ the towers) +resently "#ylas %assed by with the band o$ re&ellers, ra&ing like the rest, and was seen by the wat#hers) Regarding the 'atter as a &ery great 'is$ortune they instantly de%arted, and #a'e and told the ar'y what they had witnessed) 4hen, there$ore, "#ylas, a$ter lea&ing Borysthenes, was about returning ho'e, the "#ythians broke out into re&olt) They %ut at their head !#ta'asadas, grandson ;on the 'other1s side< o$ Teres) Then "#ylas, when he learned the danger with whi#h he was threatened, and the reason o$ the disturban#e, 'ade his es#a%e to Thra#e) !#ta'asadas, dis#o&ering whither he had $led, 'ar#hed a$ter hi', and had rea#hed the ster, when he was 'et by the $or#es o$ the Thra#ians) The two ar'ies were about to engage, but be$ore they 2oined battle, "ital#es sent a 'essage to !#ta'asadas to this e$$e#t7 94hy should there be trial o$ ar's betwi.t thee and 'e: Thou art 'y own sister1s son, and thou hast in thy kee%ing 'y brother) "urrender hi' into 'y hands, and will gi&e thy "#ylas ba#k to thee) "o neither thou nor will risk our ar'ies)9 "ital#es sent this 'essage to !#ta'asadas, by a herald, and !#ta'asadas, with who' a brother o$ "ital#es had $or'erly taken re$uge, a##e%ted the ter's) He surrendered his own un#le to "ital#es, and obtained in e.#hange his brother "#ylas) "ital#es took his brother with hi' and withdrew( but !#ta'asadas beheaded "#ylas u%on the s%ot) Thus rigidly do the "#ythians 'aintain their own #usto's, and thus se&erely do they %unish su#h as ado%t $oreign usages) 4hat the %o%ulation o$ "#ythia is was not able to learn with #ertainty( the a##ounts whi#h re#ei&ed &aried $ro' one another) heard $ro' so'e that they were &ery nu'erous indeed( others 'ade their nu'bers but s#anty $or su#h a nation as the "#yths) Thus 'u#h, howe&er, witnessed with 'y own eyes) There is a tra#t #alled E.a'%aeus between the Borysthenes and the Hy%anis) 'ade so'e 'ention o$ it in a $or'er %la#e, where s%oke o$ the bitter strea' whi#h rising there $lows into the Hy%anis, and renders the water o$ that ri&er undrinkable) Here then stands a bra/en bowl, si. ti'es as big as that at the entran#e o$ the Eu.ine, whi#h +ausanias, the son o$ Cleo'brotus, set u%) "u#h as ha&e ne&er seen that &essel 'ay understand 'e better i$ say that the "#ythian bowl holds with ease si. hundred a'%horae, and is o$ the thi#kness o$ si. $ingers1 breadth) The nati&es ga&e 'e the $ollowing a##ount o$ the 'anner in whi#h it

was 'ade) !ne o$ their kings, by na'e *riantas, wishing to know the nu'ber o$ his sub2e#ts, ordered the' all to bring hi', on %ain o$ death, the %oint o$$ one o$ their arrows) They obeyed( and he #olle#ted thereby a &ast hea% o$ arrow7heads, whi#h he resol&ed to $or' into a 'e'orial that 'ight go down to %osterity) *##ordingly he 'ade o$ the' this bowl, and dedi#ated it at E.a'%aeus) This was all that #ould learn #on#erning the nu'ber o$ the "#ythians) The #ountry has no 'ar&els e.#e%t its ri&ers, whi#h are larger and 'ore nu'erous than those o$ any other land) These, and the &astness o$ the great %lain, are worthy o$ note, and one thing besides, whi#h a' about to 'ention) They show a $oot'ark o$ Her#ules, i'%ressed on a ro#k, in sha%e like the %rint o$ a 'an1s $oot, but two #ubits in length) t is in the neighbourhood o$ the Tyras) Ha&ing des#ribed this, return to the sub2e#t on whi#h originally %ro%osed to dis#ourse) The %re%arations o$ 5arius against the "#ythians had begun, 'essengers had been des%at#hed on all sides with the king1s #o''ands, so'e being re,uired to $urnish troo%s, others to su%%ly shi%s, others again to bridge the Thra#ian Bos%horus, when *rtabanus, son o$ Hystas%es and brother o$ 5arius, entreated the king to desist $ro' his e.%edition, urging on hi' the great di$$i#ulty o$ atta#king "#ythia) Good, howe&er, as the ad&i#e o$ *rtabanus was, it $ailed to %ersuade 5arius) He there$ore #eased his reasonings( and 5arius, when his %re%arations were #o'%lete, led his ar'y $orth $ro' "usa) t was then that a #ertain +ersian, by na'e !eoba/us, the $ather o$ three sons, all o$ who' were to a##o'%any the ar'y, #a'e and %rayed the king that he would allow one o$ his sons to re'ain with hi') 5arius 'ade answer, as i$ he regarded hi' in the light o$ a $riend who had urged a 'oderate re,uest, 9that he would allow the' all to re'ain)9 !eoba/us was o&er2oyed, e.%e#ting that all his #hildren would be e.#used $ro' ser&ing( the king, howe&er, bade his attendants take the three sons o$ !eoba/us and $orthwith %ut the' to death) Thus they were all le$t behind, but not till they had been de%ri&ed o$ li$e) 4hen 5arius, on his 'ar#h $ro' "usa, rea#hed the territory o$ Chal#edon on the shores o$ the Bos%horus, where the bridge had been 'ade, he took shi% and sailed then#e to the Cyanean islands, whi#h, a##ording to the Greeks, on#e $loated) He took his seat also in the te'%le and sur&eyed the +ontus, whi#h is indeed well worthy o$ #onsideration) There is not in the world any other sea so wonder$ul0 it e.tends in length ele&en thousand one hundred $urlongs, and its breadth, at the widest %art, is three thousand three hundred) The 'outh is but $our $urlongs wide( and this strait, #alled the Bos%horus, and a#ross whi#h the bridge o$ 5arius had been thrown, is a hundred and twenty $urlongs in length, rea#hing $ro' the Eu.ine to the

+ro%ontis) The +ro%ontis is $i&e hundred $urlongs a#ross, and $ourteen hundred long) ts waters $low into the Helles%ont, the length o$ whi#h is $our hundred $urlongs, and the width no 'ore than se&en) The Helles%ont o%ens into the wide sea #alled the Egean) The 'ode in whi#h these distan#es ha&e been 'easured is the $ollowing) n a long day a &essel generally a##o'%lishes about se&enty thousand $atho's, in the night si.ty thousand) 3ow $ro' the 'outh o$ the +ontus to the ri&er +hasis, whi#h is the e.tre'e length o$ this sea, is a &oyage o$ nine days and eight nights, whi#h 'akes the distan#e one 'illion one hundred and ten thousand $atho's, or ele&en thousand one hundred $urlongs) *gain, $ro' "indi#a, to The'is#yra on the ri&er Ther'odon, where the +ontus is wider than at any other %la#e, is a sail o$ three days and two nights( whi#h 'akes three hundred and thirty thousand $atho's, or three thousand three hundred $urlongs) "u#h is the %lan on whi#h ha&e 'easured the +ontus, the Bos%horus, and the Helles%ont, and su#h is the a##ount whi#h ha&e to gi&e o$ the') The +ontus has also a lake belonging to it, not &ery 'u#h in$erior to itsel$ in si/e) The waters o$ this lake run into the +ontus0 it is #alled the -aeotis, and also the -other o$ the +ontus) 5arius, a$ter he had $inished his sur&ey, sailed ba#k to the bridge, whi#h had been #onstru#ted $or hi' by -andro#les a "a'ian) He likewise sur&eyed the Bos%horus, and ere#ted u%on its shores two %illars o$ white 'arble, whereu%on he ins#ribed the na'es o$ all the nations whi#h $or'ed his ar'y7 on the one %illar in Greek, on the other in *ssyrian #hara#ters) 3ow his ar'y was drawn $ro' all the nations under his sway( and the whole a'ount, without re#koning the na&al $or#es, was se&en hundred thousand 'en, in#luding #a&alry) The $leet #onsisted o$ si. hundred shi%s) "o'e ti'e a$terwards the By/antines re'o&ed these %illars to their own #ity, and used the' $or an altar whi#h they ere#ted to !rthosian 5iana) !ne blo#k re'ained behind0 it lay near the te'%le o$ Ba##hus at By/antiu', and was #o&ered with *ssyrian writing) The s%ot where 5arius bridged the Bos%horus was, think, but s%eak only $ro' #on2e#ture, hal$7way between the #ity o$ By/antiu' and the te'%le at the 'outh o$ the strait) 5arius was so %leased with the bridge thrown a#ross the strait by the "a'ain -andro#les, that he not only bestowed u%on hi' all the #usto'ary %resents, but ga&e hi' ten o$ e&ery kind) -andro#les, by the way o$ o$$ering $irst7$ruits $ro' these %resents, #aused a %i#ture to be %ainted whi#h showed the whole o$ the bridge, with ?ing 5arius sitting in a seat o$ honour, and his ar'y engaged in the %assage) This %ainting he dedi#ated in the te'%le o$ 8uno at "a'os, atta#hing to it the ins#ri%tion $ollowing07 The $ish7$raught Bos%horus bridged, to 8uno1s $ane

5id -andro#les this %roud 'e'orial bring( 4hen $or hi'sel$ a #rown he1d skill to gain, For "a'os %raise, #ontenting the Great ?ing) "u#h was the 'e'orial o$ his work whi#h was le$t by the ar#hite#t o$ the bridge) 5arius, a$ter rewarding -andro#les, %assed into Euro%e, while he ordered the onians to enter the +ontus, and sail to the 'outh o$ the ster) There he bade the' throw a bridge a#ross the strea' and await his #o'ing) The onians, *eolians, and Helles%ontians were the nations whi#h $urnished the #hie$ strength o$ his na&y) "o the $leet, threading the Cyanean sles, %ro#eeded straight to the ster, and, 'ounting the ri&er to the %oint where its #hannels se%arate, a distan#e o$ two days1 &oyage $ro' the sea, yoked the ne#k o$ the strea') -eanti'e 5arius, who had #rossed the Bos%horus by the bridge o&er it, 'ar#hed through Thra#e( and ha%%ening u%on the sour#es o$ the Tearus, %it#hed his #a'% and 'ade a stay o$ three days) 3ow the Tearus is said by those who dwell near it, to be the 'ost health$ul o$ all strea's, and to #ure, a'ong other diseases, the s#ab either in 'an or beast) ts sour#es, whi#h are eight and thirty in nu'ber, all $lowing $ro' the sa'e ro#k, are in %art #old, in %art hot) They lie at an e,ual distan#e $ro' the town o$ Heraeu' near +erinthus, and *%ollonia on the Eu.ine, a two days1 2ourney $ro' ea#h) This ri&er, the Tearus, is a tributary o$ the Contadesdus, whi#h runs into the *grianes, and that into the Hebrus) The Hebrus e'%ties itsel$ into the sea near the #ity o$ *enus) Here then, on the banks o$ the Tearus, 5arius sto%%ed and %it#hed his #a'%) The ri&er #har'ed hi' so, that he #aused a %illar to be ere#ted in this %la#e also, with an ins#ri%tion to the $ollowing e$$e#t0 9The $ountains o$ the Tearus a$$ord the best and 'ost beauti$ul water o$ all ri&ers0 they were &isited, on his 'ar#h into "#ythia, by the best and 'ost beauti$ul o$ 'en, 5arius, son o$ Hystas%es, king o$ the +ersians, and o$ the whole #ontinent)9 "u#h was the ins#ri%tion whi#h he set u% at this %la#e) -ar#hing then#e, he #a'e to a se#ond ri&er, #alled the *rtis#us, whi#h $lows through the #ountry o$ the !drysians) Here he $i.ed u%on a #ertain s%ot, where e&ery one o$ his soldiers should throw a stone as he %assed by) 4hen his orders were obeyed, 5arius #ontinued his 'ar#h, lea&ing behind hi' great hills $or'ed o$ the stones #ast by his troo%s) Be$ore arri&ing at the ster, the $irst %eo%le who' he subdued were the Getae, who belie&e in their i''ortality) The Thra#ians o$ "al'ydessus, and those who dwelt abo&e the #ities o$ *%ollonia and -ese'bria7 the "#yr'iadae and 3i%saeans, as they are #alled7 ga&e the'sel&es u% to 5arius without a struggle( but the Getae obstinately de$ending the'sel&es, were $orthwith ensla&ed,

notwithstanding that they are the noblest as well as the 'ost 2ust o$ all the Thra#ian tribes) The belie$ o$ the Getae in res%e#t o$ i''ortality is the $ollowing) They think that they do not really die, but that when they de%art this li$e they go to Kal'o.is, who is #alled also Gebelei/is by so'e a'ong the') To this god e&ery $i&e years they send a 'essenger, who is #hosen by lot out o$ the whole nation, and #harged to bear hi' their se&eral re,uests) Their 'ode o$ sending hi' is this) * nu'ber o$ the' stand in order, ea#h holding in his hand three darts( others take the 'an who is to be sent to Kal'o.is, and swinging hi' by his hands and $eet, toss hi' into the air so that he $alls u%on the %oints o$ the wea%ons) $ he is %ier#ed and dies, they think that the god is %ro%itious to the'( but i$ not, they lay the $ault on the 'essenger, who ;they say< is a wi#ked 'an0 and so they #hoose another to send away) The 'essages are gi&en while the 'an is still ali&e) This sa'e %eo%le, when it lightens and thunders, ai' their arrows at the sky, uttering threats against the god( and they do not belie&e that there is any god but their own) a' told by the Greeks who dwell on the shores o$ the Helles%ont and the +ontus, that this Kal'o.is was in reality a 'an, that he li&ed at "a'os, and while there was the sla&e o$ +ythagoras son o$ -nesar#hus) *$ter obtaining his $reedo' he grew ri#h, and lea&ing "a'os, returned to his own #ountry) The Thra#ians at that ti'e li&ed in a wret#hed way, and were a %oor ignorant ra#e( Kal'o.is, there$ore, who by his #o''er#e with the Greeks, and es%e#ially with one who was by no 'eans their 'ost #onte'%tible %hiloso%her, +ythagoras to wit, was a#,uainted with the oni# 'ode o$ li$e and with 'anners 'ore re$ined than those #urrent a'ong his #ountry'en, had a #ha'ber built, in whi#h $ro' ti'e to ti'e he re#ei&ed and $easted all the %rin#i%al Thra#ians, using the o##asion to tea#h the' that neither he, nor they, his boon #o'%anions, nor any o$ their %osterity would e&er %erish, but that they would all go to a %la#e where they would li&e $or aye in the en2oy'ent o$ e&ery #on#ei&able good) 4hile he was a#ting in this way, and holding this kind o$ dis#ourse, he was #onstru#ting an a%art'ent underground, into whi#h, when it was #o'%leted, he withdrew, &anishing suddenly $ro' the eyes o$ the Thra#ians, who greatly regretted his loss, and 'ourned o&er hi' as one dead) He 'eanwhile abode in his se#ret #ha'ber three $ull years, a$ter whi#h he #a'e $orth $ro' his #on#eal'ent, and showed hi'sel$ on#e 'ore to his #ountry'en, who were thus brought to belie&e in the truth o$ what he had taught the') "u#h is the a##ount o$ the Greeks) $or 'y %art neither %ut entire $aith in this story o$ Kal'o.is and his underground #ha'ber, nor do altogether dis#redit it0 but belie&e Kal'o.is to ha&e li&ed long be$ore the ti'e o$ +ythagoras) 4hether there was e&er really a 'an o$ the na'e, or whether Kal'o.is

is nothing but a nati&e god o$ the Getae, now bid hi' $arewell) *s $or the Getae the'sel&es, the %eo%le who obser&e the %ra#ti#es des#ribed abo&e, they were now redu#ed by the +ersians, and a##o'%anied the ar'y o$ 5arius) 4hen 5arius, with his land $or#es, rea#hed the ster, he 'ade his troo%s #ross the strea', and a$ter all were gone o&er ga&e orders to the onians to break the bridge, and $ollow hi' with the whole na&al $or#e in his land 'ar#h) They were about to obey his #o''and, when the general o$ the -ytilenaeans, Coes son o$ Er.ander, ha&ing $irst asked whether it was agreeable to the king to listen to one who wished to s%eak his 'ind, addressed hi' in the words $ollowing07 9Thou art about, "ire, to atta#k a #ountry no %art o$ whi#h is #ulti&ated, and wherein there is not a single inhabited #ity) ?ee% this bridge, then, as it is, and lea&e those who built it to wat#h o&er it) "o i$ we #o'e u% with the "#ythians and su##eed against the' as we #ould wish, we 'ay return by this route( or i$ we $ail o$ $inding the', our retreat will still be se#ure) For ha&e no $ear lest the "#ythians de$eat us in battle, but 'y dread is lest we be unable to dis#o&er the', and su$$er loss while we wander about their territory) *nd now, 'ayha%, it will be said, ad&ise thee thus in the ho%e o$ being 'ysel$ allowed to re'ain behind( but in truth ha&e no other design than to re#o''end the #ourse whi#h see's to 'e the best( nor will #onsent to be a'ong those le$t behind, but 'y resol&e is, in any #ase, to $ollow thee)9 The ad&i#e o$ Coes %leased 5arius highly, who thus re%lied to hi'07 95ear Lesbian, when a' sa$e ho'e again in 'y %ala#e, be sure thou #o'e to 'e, and with good deeds will re#o'%ense thy good words o$ to7day)9 Ha&ing so said, the king took a leathern thong, and tying si.ty knots in it, #alled together the onian tyrants, and s%oke thus to the'07 9-en o$ onia, 'y $or'er #o''ands to you #on#erning the bridge are now withdrawn) "ee, here is a thong0 take it, and obser&e 'y bidding with res%e#t to it) Fro' the ti'e that lea&e you to 'ar#h $orward into "#ythia, untie e&ery day one o$ the knots) $ do not return be$ore the last day to whi#h the knots will hold out, then lea&e your station, and sail to your se&eral ho'es) -eanwhile, understand that 'y resol&e is #hanged, and that you are to guard the bridge with all #are, and wat#h o&er its sa$ety and %reser&ation) By so doing ye will oblige 'e greatly)9 4hen 5arius had thus s%oken, he set out on his 'ar#h with all s%eed) Be$ore you #o'e to "#ythia, on the sea #oast, lies Thra#e) The land here 'akes a swee%, and then "#ythia begins, the ster $alling into the sea at this %oint with its 'outh $a#ing the east) "tarting $ro' the ster shall now des#ribe the 'easure'ents o$ the seashore o$ "#ythia) ''ediately that the ster is #rossed, !ld "#ythia begins, and #ontinues as $ar as the #ity #alled Car#initis, $ronting towards the south wind and the 'id7day) Here u%on the sa'e sea, there lies a

'ountainous tra#t %ro2e#ting into the +ontus, whi#h is inhabited by the Tauri, as $ar as what is #alled the Rugged Chersonese, whi#h runs out into the sea u%on the east) For the boundaries o$ "#ythia e.tend on two sides to two di$$erent seas, one u%on the south, and the other towards the east, as is also the #ase with *tti#a) *nd the Tauri o##u%y a %osition in "#ythia like that whi#h a %eo%le would hold in *tti#a, who, being $oreigners and not *thenians, should inhabit the high land o$ "uniu', $ro' Thori#us to the townshi% o$ *na%hlystus, i$ this tra#t %ro2e#ted into the sea so'ewhat $urther than it does) "u#h, to #o'%are great things with s'all, is the Tauri# territory) For the sake o$ those who 'ay not ha&e 'ade the &oyage round these %arts o$ *tti#a, will illustrate in another way) t is as i$ in a%ygia a line were drawn $ro' +ort Brundusiu' to Tarentu', and a %eo%le di$$erent $ro' the a%ygians inhabited the %ro'ontory) These two instan#es 'ay suggest a nu'ber o$ others where the sha%e o$ the land #losely rese'bles that o$ Tauri#a) Beyond this tra#t, we $ind the "#ythians again in %ossession o$ the #ountry abo&e the Tauri and the %arts bordering on the eastern sea, as also o$ the whole distri#t lying west o$ the Ci''erian Bos%horus and the +alus -aeotis, as $ar as the ri&er Tanais, whi#h e'%ties itsel$ into that lake at its u%%er end) *s $or the inland boundaries o$ "#ythia, i$ we start $ro' the ster, we $ind it en#losed by the $ollowing tribes, $irst the *gathyrsi, ne.t the 3euri, then the *ndro%hagi, and last o$ all, the -elan#haeni) "#ythia then, whi#h is s,uare in sha%e, and has two o$ its sides rea#hing down to the sea, e.tends inland to the sa'e distan#e that it stret#hes along the #oast, and is e,ual e&ery way) For it is a ten days1 2ourney $ro' the ster to the Borysthenes, and ten 'ore $ro' the Borysthenes to the +alus -aeotis, while the distan#e $ro' the #oast inland to the #ountry o$ the -elan#haeni, who dwell abo&e "#ythia, is a 2ourney o$ twenty days) re#kon the day1s 2ourney at two hundred $urlongs) Thus the two sides whi#h run straight inland are $our thousand $urlongs ea#h, and the trans&erse sides at right angles to these are also o$ the sa'e length, whi#h gi&es the $ull si/e o$ "#ythia) The "#ythians, re$le#ting on their situation, %er#ei&ed that they were not strong enough by the'sel&es to #ontend with the ar'y o$ 5arius in o%en $ight) They, there$ore, sent en&oys to the neighbouring nations, whose kings had already 'et, and were in #onsultation u%on the ad&an#e o$ so &ast a host) 3ow they who had #o'e together were the kings o$ the Tauri, the *gathyrsi, the 3euri, the *ndro%hagi, the -elan#haeni, the Geloni, the Budini, and the "auro'atae) The Tauri ha&e the $ollowing #usto's) They o$$er in sa#ri$i#e to the @irgin all shi%wre#ked %ersons, and all Greeks #o'%elled to %ut into their %orts by stress o$ weather) The 'ode o$ sa#ri$i#e is

this) *$ter the %re%aratory #ere'onies, they strike the &i#ti' on the head with a #lub) Then, a##ording to so'e a##ounts, they hurl the trunk $ro' the %re#i%i#e whereon the te'%le stands, and nail the head to a #ross) !thers grant that the head is treated in this way, but deny that the body is thrown down the #li$$7 on the #ontrary, they say, it is buried) The goddess to who' these sa#ri$i#es are o$$ered the Tauri the'sel&es de#lare to be %higenia the daughter o$ *ga'e'non) 4hen they take %risoners in war they treat the' in the $ollowing way) The 'an who has taken a #a%ti&e #uts o$$ his head, and #arrying it to his ho'e, $i.es it u%on a tall %ole, whi#h he ele&ates abo&e his house, 'ost #o''only o&er the #hi'ney) The reason that the heads are set u% so high, is ;it is said< in order that the whole house 'ay be under their %rote#tion) These %eo%le li&e entirely by war and %lundering) The *gathyrsi are a ra#e o$ 'en &ery lu.urious, and &ery $ond o$ wearing gold on their %ersons) They ha&e wi&es in #o''on, that so they 'ay be all brothers, and, as 'e'bers o$ one $a'ily, 'ay neither en&y nor hate one another) n other res%e#ts their #usto's a%%roa#h nearly to those o$ the Thra#ians) The 3eurian #usto's are like the "#ythian) !ne generation be$ore the atta#k o$ 5arius they were dri&en $ro' their land by a huge 'ultitude o$ ser%ents whi#h in&aded the') !$ these so'e were %rodu#ed in their own #ountry, while others, and those by $ar the greater nu'ber, #a'e in $ro' the deserts on the north) "u$$ering grie&ously beneath this s#ourge, they ,uitted their ho'es, and took re$uge with the Budini) t see's that these %eo%le are #on2urers0 $or both the "#ythians and the Greeks who dwell in "#ythia say that e&ery 3eurian on#e a year be#o'es a wol$ $or a $ew days, at the end o$ whi#h ti'e he is restored to his %ro%er sha%e) 3ot that belie&e this, but they #onstantly a$$ir' it to be true, and are e&en ready to ba#k their assertion with an oath) The 'anners o$ the *ndro%hagi are 'ore sa&age than those o$ any other ra#e) They neither obser&e 2usti#e, nor are go&erned, by any laws) They are no'ads, and their dress is "#ythian( but the language whi#h they s%eak is %e#uliar to the'sel&es) 6nlike any other nation in these %arts, they are #annibals) The -elan#haeni wear, all o$ the', bla#k #loaks, and $ro' this deri&e the na'e whi#h they bear) Their #usto's are "#ythi#) The Budini are a large and %ower$ul nation0 they ha&e all dee% blue eyes, and bright red hair) There is a #ity in their territory, #alled Gelonus, whi#h is surrounded with a lo$ty wall, thirty $urlongs ea#h way, built entirely o$ wood) *ll the houses in the %la#e and all the te'%les are o$ the sa'e 'aterial) Here are te'%les built in honour o$ the Gre#ian gods, and adorned a$ter the Greek $ashion with i'ages, altars, and shrines, all in wood) There is e&en a $esti&al, held e&ery third year in honour o$ Ba##hus, at whi#h the nati&es

$all into the Ba##hi# $ury) For the $a#t is that the Geloni were an#iently Greeks, who, being dri&en out o$ the $a#tories along the #oast, $led to the Budini and took u% their abode with the') They still s%eak a language hal$ Greek, hal$ "#ythian) The Budini, howe&er, do not s%eak the sa'e language as the Geloni, nor is their 'ode o$ li$e the sa'e) They are the aboriginal %eo%le o$ the #ountry, and are no'ads( unlike any o$ the neighbouring ra#es, they eat li#e) The Geloni on the #ontrary, are tillers o$ the soil, eat bread, ha&e gardens, and both in sha%e and #o'%le.ion are ,uite di$$erent $ro' the Budini) The Greeks notwithstanding #all these latter Geloni( but it is a 'istake to gi&e the' the na'e) Their #ountry is thi#kly %lanted with trees o$ all 'anner o$ kinds) n the &ery woodiest %art is a broad dee% lake, surrounded by 'arshy ground with reeds growing on it) Here otters are #aught, and bea&ers, with another sort o$ ani'al whi#h has a s,uare $a#e) 4ith the skins o$ this last the nati&es border their #a%otes0 and they also get $ro' the' a re'edy, whi#h is o$ &irtue in diseases o$ the wo'b) t is re%orted o$ the "auro'atae, that when the Greeks $ought with the *'a/ons, who' the "#ythians #all !ior7%ata or 9'an7slayers,9 as it 'ay be rendered, !ior being "#ythi# $or 9'an,9 and %ata $or 9to slay97 t is re%orted, say, that the Greeks a$ter gaining the battle o$ the Ther'odon, %ut to sea, taking with the' on board three o$ their &essels all the *'a/ons who' they had 'ade %risoners( and that these wo'en u%on the &oyage rose u% against the #rews, and 'assa#red the' to a 'an) *s howe&er they were ,uite strange to shi%s, and did not know how to use either rudder, sails, or oars, they were #arried, a$ter the death o$ the 'en, where the winds and the wa&es listed) *t last they rea#hed the shores o$ the +alus -aeotis and #a'e to a %la#e #alled Cre'ni or 9the Cli$$s,9 whi#h is in the #ountry o$ the $ree "#ythians) Here they went ashore, and %ro#eeded by land towards the inhabited regions( the $irst herd o$ horses whi#h they $ell in with they sei/ed, and 'ounting u%on their ba#ks, $ell to %lundering the "#ythian territory) The "#yths #ould not tell what to 'ake o$ the atta#k u%on the'7 the dress, the language, the nation itsel$, were alike unknown when#e the ene'y had #o'e e&en, was a 'ar&el) 'agining, howe&er, that they were all 'en o$ about the sa'e age, they went out against the', and $ought a battle) "o'e o$ the bodies o$ the slain $ell into their hands, whereby they dis#o&ered the truth) Hereu%on they deliberated, and 'ade a resol&e to kill no 'ore o$ the', but to send against the' a deta#h'ent o$ their youngest 'en, as near as they #ould guess e,ual to the wo'en in nu'ber, with orders to en#a'% in their neighbourhood, and do as they saw the' do7 when the *'a/ons ad&an#ed against the', they were to retire, and a&oid a $ight7 when they halted, the young 'en were to a%%roa#h and %it#h their #a'% near the #a'% o$ the ene'y) *ll this they did on a##ount o$ their strong desire to obtain #hildren

$ro' so notable a ra#e) "o the youths de%arted, and obeyed the orders whi#h had been gi&en the') The *'a/ons soon $ound out that they had not #o'e to do the' any har'( and so they on their %art #eased to o$$er the "#ythians any 'olestation) *nd now day a$ter day the #a'%s a%%roa#hed nearer to one another( both %arties led the sa'e li$e, neither ha&ing anything but their ar's and horses, so that they were $or#ed to su%%ort the'sel&es by hunting and %illage) *t last an in#ident brought two o$ the' together7 the 'an easily gained the good gra#es o$ the wo'an, who bade hi' by signs ;$or they did not understand ea#h other1s language< to bring a $riend the ne.t day to the s%ot where they had 'et7 %ro'ising on her %art to bring with her another wo'an) He did so, and the wo'an ke%t her word) 4hen the rest o$ the youths heard what had taken %la#e, they also sought and gained the $a&our o$ the other *'a/ons) The two #a'%s were then 2oined in one, the "#ythians li&ing with the *'a/ons as their wi&es( and the 'en were unable to learn the tongue o$ the wo'en, but the wo'en soon #aught u% the tongue o$ the 'en) 4hen they #ould thus understand one another, the "#yths addressed the *'a/ons in these words7 94e ha&e %arents, and %ro%erties, let us there$ore gi&e u% this 'ode o$ li$e, and return to our nation, and li&e with the') =ou shall be our wi&es there no less than here, and we %ro'ise you to ha&e no others)9 But the *'a/ons said7 94e #ould not li&e with your wo'en7 our #usto's are ,uite di$$erent $ro' theirs) To draw the bow, to hurl the 2a&elin, to bestride the horse, these are our arts o$ wo'anly e'%loy'ents we know nothing) =our wo'en, on the #ontrary, do none o$ these things( but stay at ho'e in their waggons, engaged in wo'anish tasks, and ne&er go out to hunt, or to do anything) 4e should ne&er agree together) But i$ you truly wish to kee% us as your wi&es, and would #ondu#t yoursel&es with stri#t 2usti#e towards us, go you ho'e to your %arents, bid the' gi&e you your inheritan#e, and then #o'e ba#k to us, and let us and you li&e together by oursel&es)9 The youths a%%ro&ed o$ the ad&i#e, and $ollowed it) They went and got the %ortion o$ goods whi#h $ell to the', returned with it, and re2oined their wi&es, who then addressed the' in these words $ollowing07 94e are asha'ed, and a$raid to li&e in the #ountry where we now are) 3ot only ha&e we stolen you $ro' your $athers, but we ha&e done great da'age to "#ythia by our ra&ages) *s you like us $or wi&es, grant the re,uest we 'ake o$ you) Let us lea&e this #ountry together, and go and dwell beyond the Tanais)9 *gain the youths #o'%lied) Crossing the Tanais they 2ourneyed eastward a distan#e o$ three days1 'ar#h $ro' that strea', and again northward a distan#e o$ three days1 'ar#h $ro' the +alus -aeotis) Here they #a'e to the #ountry where they now li&e, and took u% their abode in it) The

wo'en o$ the "auro'atae ha&e #ontinued $ro' that day to the %resent to obser&e their an#ient #usto's, $re,uently hunting on horseba#k with their husbands, so'eti'es e&en una##o'%anied( in war taking the $ield( and wearing the &ery sa'e dress as the 'en) The "auro'atae s%eak the language o$ "#ythia, but ha&e ne&er talked it #orre#tly, be#ause the *'a/ons learnt it i'%er$e#tly at the $irst) Their 'arriage7law lays it down that no girl shall wed till she has killed a 'an in battle) "o'eti'es it ha%%ens that a wo'an dies un'arried at an ad&an#ed age, ha&ing ne&er been able in her whole li$eti'e to $ul$il the #ondition) The en&oys o$ the "#ythians, on being introdu#ed into the %resen#e o$ the kings o$ these nations, who were asse'bled to deliberate, 'ade it known to the' that the +ersian, a$ter subduing the whole o$ the other #ontinent, had thrown a bridge o&er the strait o$ the Bos%horus, and #rossed into the #ontinent o$ Euro%e, where he had redu#ed the Thra#ians, and was now 'aking a bridge o&er the ster, his ai' being to bring under his sway all Euro%e also) 9"tand ye not aloo$ then $ro' this #ontest,9 they went on to say, 9look not on ta'ely while we are %erishing7 but 'ake #o''on #ause with us, and together let us 'eet the ene'y) $ ye re$use, we 'ust yield to the %ressure, and either ,uit our #ountry, or 'ake ter's with the in&aders) For what else is le$t $or us to do, i$ your aid be withheld $ro' us: The blow, be sure, will not light on you 'ore gently u%on this a##ount) The +ersian #o'es against you no less than against us0 and will not be #ontent, a$ter we are #on,uered, to lea&e you in %ea#e) 4e #an bring strong %roo$ o$ what we here ad&an#e) Had the +ersian leader indeed #o'e to a&enge the wrongs whi#h he su$$ered at our hands when we ensla&ed his %eo%le, and to war on us only, he would ha&e been bound to 'ar#h straight u%on "#ythia, without 'olesting any nation by the way) Then it would ha&e been %lain to all that "#ythia alone was ai'ed at) But now, what has his #ondu#t been: Fro' the 'o'ent o$ his entran#e into Euro%e, he has sub2ugated without e.#e%tion e&ery nation that lay in his %ath) *ll the tribes o$ the Thra#ians ha&e been brought under his sway, and a'ong the' e&en our ne.t neighbours, the Getae)9 The asse'bled %rin#es o$ the nations, a$ter hearing all that the "#ythians had to say, deliberated) *t the end o%inion was di&ided7 the kings o$ the Geloni, Budini, and "auro'atae were o$ a##ord, and %ledged the'sel&es to gi&e assistan#e to the "#ythians( but the *gathyrsian and 3eurian %rin#es, together with the so&ereigns o$ the *ndro%hagi, the -elan#haeni, and the Tauri, re%lied to their re,uest as $ollows07 9 $ you had not been the $irst to wrong the +ersians, and begin the war, we should ha&e thought the re,uest you 'ake 2ust(7 we should then ha&e #o'%lied with your wishes, and 2oined our ar's with yours) 3ow, howe&er, the #ase stands thus7 you, inde%endently o$ us, in&aded the land o$ the +ersians, and so long as God ga&e you the

%ower, lorded it o&er the'0 raised u% now by the sa'e God, they are #o'e to do to you the like) 4e, on our %art, did no wrong to these 'en in the $or'er war, and will not be the $irst to #o''it wrong now) $ they in&ade our land, and begin aggressions u%on us, we will not su$$er the'( but, till we see this #o'e to %ass, we will re'ain at ho'e) For we belie&e that the +ersians are not #o'e to atta#k us, but to %unish those who are guilty o$ $irst in2uring the')9 4hen this re%ly rea#hed the "#ythians, they resol&ed, as the neighbouring nations re$used their allian#e, that they would not o%enly &enture on any %it#hed battle with the ene'y, but would retire be$ore the', dri&ing o$$ their herds, #hoking u% all the wells and s%rings as they retreated, and lea&ing the whole #ountry bare o$ $orage) They di&ided the'sel&es into three bands, one o$ whi#h, na'ely, that #o''anded by "#o%asis, it was agreed should be 2oined by the "auro'atae, and i$ the +ersians ad&an#ed in the dire#tion o$ the Tanais, should retreat along the shores o$ the +alus -aeotis and 'ake $or that ri&er( while i$ the +ersians retired, they should at on#e %ursue and harass the') The two other di&isions, the %rin#i%al one under the #o''and o$ danthyrsus, and the third, o$ whi#h Ta.a#is was king, were to unite in one, and, 2oined by the deta#h'ents o$ the Geloni and Budini, were, like the others, to kee% at the distan#e o$ a day1s 'ar#h $ro' the +ersians, $alling ba#k as they ad&an#ed, and doing the sa'e as the others) *nd $irst, they were to take the dire#tion o$ the nations whi#h had re$used to 2oin the allian#e, and were to draw the war u%on the'0 that so, i$ they would not o$ their own $ree will engage in the #ontest, they 'ight by these 'eans be $or#ed into it) *$terwards, it was agreed that they should retire into their own land, and, should it on deliberation a%%ear to the' e.%edient, 2oin battle with the ene'y) 4hen these 'easures had been deter'ined on, the "#ythians went out to 'eet the ar'y o$ 5arius, sending on in $ront as s#outs the $leetest o$ their horse'en) Their waggons wherein their wo'en and their #hildren li&ed, and all their #attle, e.#e%t su#h a nu'ber as was wanted $or $ood, whi#h they ke%t with the', were 'ade to %re#ede the' in their retreat, and de%arted, with orders to kee% 'ar#hing, without #hange o$ #ourse, to the north) The s#outs o$ the "#ythians $ound the +ersian host ad&an#ed three days1 'ar#h $ro' the ster, and i''ediately took the lead o$ the' at the distan#e o$ a day1s 'ar#h, en#a'%ing $ro' ti'e to ti'e, and destroying all that grow on the ground) The +ersians no sooner #aught sight o$ the "#ythian horse than they %ursued u%on their tra#k, while the ene'y retired be$ore the') The %ursuit o$ the +ersians was dire#ted towards the single di&ision o$ the "#ythian ar'y, and thus their line o$ 'ar#h was eastward toward the Tanais) The "#yths #rossed the ri&er and the +ersians a$ter the', still in %ursuit) in this way they %assed through the #ountry o$ the "auro'atae, and entered that o$

the Budini) *s long as the 'ar#h o$ the +ersian ar'y lay through the #ountries o$ the "#ythians and "auro'atae, there was nothing whi#h they #ould da'age, the land being waste and barren( but on entering the territories o$ the Budini, they #a'e u%on the wooden $ortress abo&e 'entioned, whi#h was deserted by its inhabitants and le$t ,uite e'%ty o$ e&erything) This %la#e they burnt to the ground( and ha&ing so done, again %ressed $orward on the tra#k o$ the retreating "#ythians, till, ha&ing %assed through the entire #ountry o$ the Budini, they rea#hed the desert, whi#h has no inhabitants, and e.tends a distan#e o$ se&en days1 2ourney abo&e the Budinian territory) Beyond this desert dwell the Thyssagetae, out o$ whose land $our great strea's $low) These ri&ers all tra&erse the #ountry o$ the -aeotians, and $all into the +alus -aeotis) Their na'es are the Ly#us, the !arus, the Tanais, and the "yrgis) 4hen 5arius rea#hed the desert, he %aused $ro' his %ursuit, and halted his ar'y u%on the !arus) Here he built eight large $orts, at an e,ual distan#e $ro' one another, si.ty $urlongs a%art or thereabouts, the ruins o$ whi#h were still re'aining in 'y day) 5uring the ti'e that he was so o##u%ied, the "#ythians who' he had been $ollowing 'ade a #ir#uit by the higher regions, and re7entered "#ythia) !n their #o'%lete disa%%earan#e, 5arius, seeing nothing 'ore o$ the', le$t his $orts hal$ $inished, and returned towards the west) He i'agined that the "#ythians who' he had seen were the entire nation, and that they had $led in that dire#tion) He now ,ui#kened his 'ar#h, and entering "#ythia, $ell in with the two #o'bined di&isions o$ the "#ythian ar'y, and instantly ga&e the' #hase) They ke%t to their %lan o$ retreating be$ore hi' at the distan#e o$ a day1s 'ar#h( and, he still $ollowing the' hotly, they led hi', as had been %re&iously settled, into the territories o$ the nations that had re$used to be#o'e their allies, and $irst o$ all into the #ountry o$ the -elan#haeni) Great disturban#e was #aused a'ong this %eo%le by the in&asion o$ the "#yths $irst, and then o$ the +ersians) "o, ha&ing harassed the' a$ter this sort, the "#ythians led the way into the land o$ the *ndro%hagi, with the sa'e result as be$ore( and then#e %assed onwards into 3euris, where their #o'ing likewise s%read dis'ay a'ong the inhabitants) "till retreating they a%%roa#hed the *gathyrsi( but this %eo%le, whi#h had witnessed the $light and terror o$ their neighbours, did not wait $or the "#yths to in&ade the', but sent a herald to $orbid the' to #ross their borders, and to $orewarn the', that, i$ they 'ade the atte'%t, it would be resisted by $or#e o$ ar's) The *gathyrsi then %ro#eeded to the $rontier, to de$end their #ountry against the in&aders) *s $or the other nations, the -elan#haeni, the *ndro%hagi, and the 3euri, instead o$ de$ending the'sel&es, when the "#yths and +ersians o&erran their lands, they $orgot their threats and $led away in #on$usion to the

deserts lying towards the north) The "#ythians, when the *gathyrsi $orbade the' to enter their #ountry, re$rained( and led the +ersians ba#k $ro' the 3eurian distri#t into their own land) This had gone on so long, and see'ed so inter'inable, that 5arius at last sent a horse'an to danthyrsus, the "#ythian king, with the $ollowing 'essage07 9Thou strange 'an, why dost thou kee% on $lying be$ore 'e, when there are two things thou 'ightest do so easily: $ thou dee'est thysel$ able to resist 'y ar's, #ease thy wanderings and #o'e, let us engage in battle) !r i$ thou art #ons#ious that 'y strength is greater than thine7 e&en so thou shouldest #ease to run away7 thou hast but to bring thy lord earth and water, and to #o'e at on#e to a #on$eren#e)9 To this 'essage danthyrsus, the "#ythian king, re%lied07 9This is 'y way, +ersian) ne&er $ear 'en or $ly $ro' the') ha&e not done so in ti'es %ast, nor do now $ly $ro' thee) There is nothing new or strange in what do( only $ollow 'y #o''on 'ode o$ li$e in %ea#e$ul years) 3ow will tell thee why do not at on#e 2oin battle with thee) 4e "#ythians ha&e neither towns nor #ulti&ated lands, whi#h 'ight indu#e us, through $ear o$ their being taken or ra&aged, to be in any hurry to $ight with you) $, howe&er, you 'ust needs #o'e to blows with us s%eedily, look you now, there are our $athers1 to'bs7 seek the' out, and atte'%t to 'eddle with the'7 then ye shall see whether or no we will $ight with you) Till ye do this, be sure we shall not 2oin battle, unless it %leases us) This is 'y answer to the #hallenge to $ight) *s $or lords, a#knowledge only 8o&e 'y an#estor, and @esta, the "#ythian ,ueen) Earth and water, the tribute thou askedst, do not send, but thou shalt soon re#ei&e 'ore suitable gi$ts) Last o$ all, in return $or thy #alling thysel$ 'y lord, say to thee, 1Go wee%)19 ;This is what 'en 'ean by the "#ythian 'ode o$ s%ee#h)< "o the herald de%arted, bearing this 'essage to 5arius) 4hen the "#ythian kings heard the na'e o$ sla&ery they were $illed with rage, and des%at#hed the di&ision under "#o%asis to whi#h the "auro'atae were 2oined, with orders that they should seek a #on$eren#e with the onians, who had been le$t at the ster to guard the bridge) -eanwhile the "#ythians who re'ained behind resol&ed no longer to lead the +ersians hither and thither about their #ountry, but to $all u%on the' whene&er they should be at their 'eals) "o they waited till su#h ti'es, and then did as they had deter'ined) n these #o'bats the "#ythian horse always %ut to $light the horse o$ the ene'y( these last, howe&er, when routed, $ell ba#k u%on their $oot, who ne&er $ailed to a$$ord the' su%%ort( while the "#ythians, on their side, as soon as they had dri&en the horse in, retired again, $or $ear o$ the $oot) By night too the "#ythians 'ade 'any si'ilar atta#ks) There was one &ery strange thing whi#h greatly ad&antaged the +ersians, and was o$ e,ual disser&i#e to the "#yths, in these assaults

on the +ersian #a'%) This was the braying o$ the asses and the a%%earan#e o$ the 'ules) For, as obser&ed be$ore, the land o$ the "#ythians %rodu#es neither ass nor 'ule, and #ontains no single s%e#i'en o$ either ani'al, by reason o$ the #old) "o, when the asses brayed, they $rightened the "#ythian #a&alry( and o$ten, in the 'iddle o$ a #harge, the horses, hearing the noise 'ade by the asses, would take $right and wheel round, %ri#king u% their ears, and showing astonish'ent) This was owing to their ha&ing ne&er heard the noise, or seen the $or', o$ the ani'al be$ore0 and it was not without so'e little in$luen#e on the %rogress o$ the war) The "#ythians, when they %er#ei&ed signs that the +ersians were be#o'ing alar'ed, took ste%s to indu#e the' not to ,uit "#ythia, in the ho%e, i$ they stayed, o$ in$li#ting on the' the greater in2ury, when their su%%lies should altogether $ail) To e$$e#t this, they would lea&e so'e o$ their #attle e.%osed with the herds'en, while they the'sel&es 'o&ed away to a distan#e0 the +ersians would 'ake a $oray, and take the beasts, whereu%on they would be highly elated) This they did se&eral ti'es, until at last 5arius was at his wits1 end( hereon the "#ythian %rin#es, understanding how 'atters stood, des%at#hed a herald to the +ersian #a'% with %resents $or the king0 these were, a bird, a 'ouse, a $rog, and $i&e arrows) The +ersians asked the bearer to tell the' what these gi$ts 'ight 'ean, but he 'ade answer that he had no orders e.#e%t to deli&er the', and return again with all s%eed) $ the +ersians were wise, he added, they would $ind out the 'eaning $or the'sel&es) "o when they heard this, they held a #oun#il to #onsider the 'atter) 5arius ga&e it as his o%inion that the "#yths intended a surrender o$ the'sel&es and their #ountry, both land and water, into his hands) This he #on#ei&ed to be the 'eaning o$ the gi$ts, be#ause the 'ouse is an inhabitant o$ the earth, and eats the sa'e $ood as 'an, while the $rog %asses his li$e in the water( the bird bears a great rese'blan#e to the horse, and the arrows 'ight signi$y the surrender o$ all their %ower) To the e.%lanation o$ 5arius, Gobryas, one o$ the se&en #ons%irators against the -agus, o%%osed another whi#h was as $ollows07 96nless, +ersians, ye #an turn into birds and $ly u% into the sky, or be#o'e 'i#e and burrow under the ground, or 'ake yoursel&es $rogs, and take re$uge in the $ens, ye will ne&er 'ake es#a%e $ro' this land, but die %ier#ed by our arrows) "u#h were 'eanings whi#h the +ersians assigned to the gi$ts) The single di&ision o$ the "#yths, whi#h in the early %art o$ the war had been a%%ointed to kee% guard about the +alus -aeotis, and had now been sent to get s%ee#h o$ the onians stationed at the ster, addressed the', on rea#hing the bridge, in these words7 9-en o$ onia, we bring you $reedo', i$ ye will only do as we re#o''end) 5arius, we understand, en2oined you to kee% your guard here at this bridge 2ust si.ty days( then, i$ he did not a%%ear, you were to return

ho'e) 3ow, there$ore, a#t so as to be $ree $ro' bla'e, alike in his sight, and in ours) Tarry here the a%%ointed ti'e, and at the end go your ways)9 Ha&ing said this, and re#ei&ed a %ro'ise $ro' the onians to do as they desired, the "#ythians hastened ba#k with all %ossible s%eed) *$ter the sending o$ the gi$ts to 5arius, the %art o$ the "#ythian ar'y whi#h had not 'ar#hed to the ster, drew out in battle array horse and $oot against the +ersians, and see'ed about to #o'e to an engage'ent) But as they stood in battle array, it #han#ed that a hare started u% between the' and the +ersians, and set to running( when i''ediately all the "#yths who saw it, rushed o$$ in %ursuit, with great #on$usion and loud #ries and shouts) 5arius, hearing the noise, in,uired the #ause o$ it, and was told that the "#ythians were all engaged in hunting a hare) !n this he turned to those with who' he was wont to #on&erse, and said07 9These 'en do indeed des%ise us utterly0 and now see that Gobryas was right about the "#ythian gi$ts) *s, there$ore, his o%inion is now 'ine likewise, it is ti'e we $or' so'e wise %lan whereby we 'ay se#ure oursel&es a sa$e return to our ho'es)9 9*h> sire,9 Gobryas re2oined, 9 was well nigh sure, ere #a'e here, that this was an i'%ra#ti#able ra#e7 sin#e our #o'ing a' yet 'ore #on&in#ed o$ it, es%e#ially now that see the' 'aking ga'e o$ us) -y ad&i#e is, there$ore, that, when night $alls, we light our $ires as we are wont to do at other ti'es, and lea&ing behind us on so'e %rete.t that %ortion o$ our ar'y whi#h is weak and une,ual to hardshi%, taking #are also to lea&e our asses tethered, retreat $ro' "#ythia, be$ore our $oes 'ar#h $orward to the ster and destroy the bridge, or the onians #o'e to any resolution whi#h 'ay lead to our ruin)9 "o Gobryas ad&ised( and when night #a'e, 5arius $ollowed his #ounsel, and lea&ing his si#k soldiers, and those whose loss would be o$ least a##ount, with the asses also tethered about the #a'%, 'ar#hed away) The asses were le$t that their noise 'ight be heard0 the 'en, really be#ause they were si#k and useless, but under the %reten#e that he was about to $all u%on the "#ythians with the $lower o$ his troo%s, and that they 'eanwhile were to guard his #a'% $or hi') Ha&ing thus de#lared his %lans to the 'en who' he was deserting, and ha&ing #aused the $ires to be lighted, 5arius set $orth, and 'ar#hed hastily towards the ster) The asses, aware o$ the de%arture o$ the host, brayed louder than e&er( and the "#ythians, hearing the sound, entertained no doubt o$ the +ersians being still in the sa'e %la#e) 4hen day dawned, the 'en who had been le$t behind, %er#ei&ing that they were betrayed by 5arius, stret#hed out their hands towards the "#ythians, and s%oke as) be$itted their situation) The ene'y no sooner heard, than they ,ui#kly 2oined all their troo%s in one, and both %ortions o$ the "#ythian ar'y7 alike that whi#h #onsisted o$ a single di&ision, and that 'ade u% o$ two7 a##o'%anied by all their

allies, the "auro'atae, the Budini, and the Geloni, set o$$ in %ursuit, and 'ade straight $or the ster) *s, howe&er, the +ersian ar'y was #hie$ly $oot, and had no knowledge o$ the routes, whi#h are not #ut out in "#ythia( while the "#yths were all horse'en and well a#,uainted with the shortest way( it so ha%%ened that the two ar'ies 'issed one another, and the "#ythians, getting $ar ahead o$ their ad&ersaries, #a'e $irst to the bridge) Finding that the +ersians were not yet arri&ed, they addressed the onians, who were aboard their shi%s, in these words07 9-en o$ onia, the nu'ber o$ your days is out, and ye do wrong to re'ain) Fear doubtless has ke%t you here hitherto0 now, howe&er, you 'ay sa$ely break the bridge, and hasten ba#k to your ho'es, re2oi#ing that you are $ree, and thanking $or it the gods and the "#ythians) =our $or'er lord and 'aster we undertake so to handle, that he will ne&er again 'ake war u%on any one)9 The onians now held a #oun#il) -iltiades the *thenian, who was king o$ the Chersonesites u%on the Helles%ont, and their #o''ander at the ster, re#o''ended the other generals to do as the "#ythians wished, and restore $reedo' to onia) But Histiaeus the -ilesian o%%osed this ad&i#e) 9 t is through 5arius,9 he said, 9that we en2oy our thrones in our se&eral states) $ his %ower be o&erturned, #annot #ontinue lord o$ -iletus, nor ye o$ your #ities) For there is not one o$ the' whi#h will not %re$er de'o#ra#y to kingly rule)9 Then the other #a%tains, who, till Histiaeus s%oke, were about to &ote with -iltiades, #hanged their 'inds, and de#lared in $a&our o$ the last s%eaker) The $ollowing were the &oters on this o##asion7 all o$ the' 'en who stood high in the estee' o$ the +ersian king0 the tyrants o$ the Helles%ont7 5a%hnis o$ *bydos, Hi%%o#lus o$ La'%sa#us, Hero%hantus o$ +ariu', -etrodorus o$ +ro#onnesus, *ristagoras o$ Cy/i#us, and *riston o$ By/antiu'( the onian %rin#es7 "trattis o$ Chios, *ea#es o$ "a'os, Laoda'as o$ +ho#aea, and Histiaeus o$ -iletus, the 'an who had o%%osed -iltiades) !nly one *eolian o$ note was %resent, to wit, *ristagoras o$ Cy'e) Ha&ing resol&ed to $ollow the ad&i#e o$ Histiaeus, the Greek leaders $urther deter'ined to s%eak and a#t as $ollows) n order to a%%ear to the "#ythians to be doing so'ething, when in $a#t they were doing nothing o$ #onse,uen#e, and likewise to %re&ent the' $ro' $or#ing a %assage a#ross the ster by the bridge, they resol&ed to break u% the %art o$ the bridge whi#h abutted on "#ythia, to the distan#e o$ a bowshot $ro' the ri&er bank( and to assure the "#ythians, while the de'olition was %ro#eeding, that there was nothing whi#h they would not do to %leasure the') "u#h were the additions 'ade to the resolution o$ Histiaeus( and then Histiaeus hi'sel$ stood $orth and 'ade answer to the "#yths in the na'e o$ all the Greeks)7 9Good is the ad&i#e whi#h ye ha&e brought us, "#ythians, and well ha&e ye done to #o'e here with su#h s%eed) =our e$$orts ha&e now %ut us into

the right %ath( and our e$$orts shall not be wanting to ad&an#e your #ause) =our own eyes see that we are engaged in breaking the bridge( and, belie&e us, we will work /ealously to %ro#ure our own $reedo') -eanti'e, while we labour here at our task, be it your business to seek the' out, and, when $ound, $or our sakes, as well as your own, to &isit the' with the &engean#e whi#h they so well deser&e)9 *gain the "#yths %ut $aith in the %ro'ises o$ the onian #hie$s, and retra#ed their ste%s, ho%ing to $all in with the +ersians) They 'issed, howe&er, the ene'y1s whole line o$ 'ar#h( their own $or'er a#ts being to bla'e $or it) Had they not ra&aged all the %asturages o$ that region, and $illed in all the wells, they would ha&e easily $ound the +ersians whene&er they #hose) But, as it turned out, the 'easures whi#h see'ed to the' so wisely %lanned were e.a#tly what #aused their $ailure) They took a route where water was to be $ound and $odder #ould be got $or their horses, and on this tra#k sought their ad&ersaries, e.%e#ting that they too would retreat through regions where these things were to be obtained) The +ersians, howe&er, ke%t stri#tly to the line o$ their $or'er 'ar#h, ne&er $or a 'o'ent de%arting $ro' it( and e&en so gained the bridge with di$$i#ulty) t was night when they arri&ed, and their terror, when they $ound the bridge broken u%, was great( $or they thought that %erha%s the onians had deserted the') 3ow there was in the ar'y o$ 5arius a #ertain 'an, an Egy%tian, who had a louder &oi#e than any other 'an in the world) This %erson was bid by 5arius to stand at the water1s edge, and #all Histiaeus the -ilesian) The $ellow did as he was bid( and Histiaeus, hearing hi' at the &ery $irst su''ons, brought the $leet to assist in #on&eying the ar'y a#ross, and on#e 'ore 'ade good the bridge) By these 'eans the +ersians es#a%ed $ro' "#ythia, while the "#yths sought $or the' in &ain, again 'issing their tra#k) *nd hen#e the "#ythians are a##usto'ed to say o$ the onians, by way o$ re%roa#h, that, i$ they be looked u%on as $ree'en, they are the basest and 'ost dastardly o$ all 'ankind7 but i$ they be #onsidered as under ser&itude, they are the $aith$ullest o$ sla&es, and the 'ost $ondly at) to their lords) 5arius, ha&ing %assed through Thra#e, rea#hed "estos in the Chersonese, when#e he #rossed by the hel% o$ his $leet into *sia, lea&ing a +ersian, na'ed -egaba/us, #o''ander on the Euro%ean side) This was the 'an on who' 5arius on#e #on$erred s%e#ial honour by a #o'%li'ent whi#h he %aid hi' be$ore all the +ersians) was about to eat so'e %o'egranates, and had o%ened the $irst, when his brother *rtabanus asked hi' 9what he would like to ha&e in as great %lenty as the seeds o$ the %o'egranate:9 5arius answered7 9Had as 'any 'en like -egaba/us as there are seeds here, it would %lease 'e better than to be lord o$ Gree#e)9 "u#h was the #o'%li'ent wherewith 5arius honoured the general to who' at this ti'e he ga&e the #o''and

o$ the troo%s le$t in Euro%e, a'ounting in all to so'e eighty thousand 'en) This sa'e -egaba/us got hi'sel$ an undying re'e'bran#e a'ong the Helles%ontians, by a #ertain s%ee#h whi#h he 'ade) t #a'e to his knowledge, while he was staying at By/antiu', that the Chal#edonians 'ade their settle'ent se&enteen years earlier than the By/antines) 9Then,9 said he, 9the Chal#edonians 'ust at that ti'e ha&e been labouring under blindness7 otherwise, when so $ar 'ore e.#ellent a site was o%en to the', they would ne&er ha&e #hosen one so greatly in$erior)9 -egaba/us now, ha&ing been a%%ointed to take the #o''and u%on the Helles%ont, e'%loyed hi'sel$ in the redu#tion o$ all those states whi#h had not o$ their own a##ord 2oined the -edes) *bout this &ery ti'e another great e.%edition was undertaken against Libya, on a %rete.t whi#h will relate when ha&e %re'ised #ertain %arti#ulars) The des#endants o$ the *rgonauts in the third generation, dri&en out o$ Le'nos by the +elasgi who #arried o$$ the *thenian wo'en $ro' Brauron, took shi% and went to La#edae'on, where, seating the'sel&es on -ount Taygetu', they %ro#eeded to kindle their $ires) The La#edae'onians, seeing this, sent a herald to in,uire o$ the' 9who they were, and $ro' what region they had #o'e9( whereu%on they 'ade answer, 9that they were -inyae, sons o$ the heroes by who' the shi% *rgo was 'anned( $or these %ersons had stayed awhile in Le'nos, and had there be#o'e their %rogenitors)9 !n hearing this a##ount o$ their des#ent, the La#edae'onians sent to the' a se#ond ti'e, and asked 9what was their ob2e#t in #o'ing to La#edae'on, and there kindling their $ires:9 They answered, 9that, dri&en $ro' their own land by the +elasgi, they had #o'e, as was 'ost reasonable, to their $athers( and their wish was to dwell with the' in their #ountry, %artake their %ri&ileges, and obtain allot'ents o$ land) t see'ed good to the La#edae'onians to re#ei&e the -inyae a'ong the' on their own ter's( to assign the' lands, and enrol the' in their tribes) 4hat #hie$ly 'o&ed the' to this was the #onsideration that the sons o$ Tyndarus had sailed on board the *rgo) The -inyae, on their %art, $orthwith 'arried "%artan wi&es, and ga&e the wi&es, who' they had 'arried in Le'nos, to "%artan husbands) Howe&er, be$ore 'u#h ti'e had ela%sed, the -inyae began to wa. wanton, de'anded to share the throne, and #o''itted other i'%ieties0 whereu%on the La#edae'onians %assed on the' senten#e o$ death, and, sei/ing the', #ast the' into %rison) 3ow the La#edae'onians ne&er %ut #ri'inals to death in the dayti'e, but always at night) 4hen the -inyae, a##ordingly, were about to su$$er, their wi&es, who were not only #iti/ens, but daughters o$ the #hie$ 'en a'ong the "%artans, entreated to be allowed to enter the %rison, and ha&e so'e talk with their lords( and the "%artans, not e.%e#ting any $raud $ro' su#h a ,uarter, granted their re,uest) The wo'en entered the %rison) ga&e their own #lothes to their husbands, and re#ei&ed theirs in

e.#hange0 a$ter whi#h the -inyae, dressed in their wi&es1 gar'ents, and thus %assing $or wo'en, went $orth) Ha&ing e$$e#ted their es#a%e in this 'anner, they seated the'sel&es on#e 'ore u%on Taygetu')own land t ha%%ened that at this &ery ti'e Theras, son o$ *utesion ;whose $ather Tisa'enus was the son o$ Thersander, and grandson o$ +olyni#es<, was about to lead out a #olony $ro' La#edae'on This Theras, by birth a Cad'eian, was un#le on the 'other1s side to the two sons o$ *ristode'us, +ro#les and Eurysthenes, and, during their in$an#y, ad'inistered in their right the royal %ower) 4hen his ne%hews, howe&er, on attaining to 'an1s estate, took the go&ern'ent, Theras, who #ould not bear to be under the authority o$ others a$ter he had wielded authority so long hi'sel$, resol&ed to lea&e "%arta and #ross the sea to 2oin his kindred) There were in the island now #alled Thera, but at that ti'e Calliste, #ertain des#endants o$ -e'bliarus, the son o$ +oe#iles, a +hoeni#ian) ;For Cad'us, the son o$ *genor, when he was sailing in sear#h o$ Euro%e, 'ade a landing on this island( and, either be#ause the #ountry %leased hi', or be#ause he had a %ur%ose in so doing, le$t there a nu'ber o$ +hoeni#ians, and with the' his own kins'an -e'bliarus) Calliste had been inhabited by this ra#e $or eight generations o$ 'en, be$ore the arri&al o$ Theras $ro' La#edae'on)< Theras now, ha&ing with hi' a #ertain nu'ber o$ 'en $ro' ea#h o$ the tribes, was setting $orth on his e.%edition hitherward) Far $ro' intending to dri&e out the $or'er inhabitants, he regarded the' as his near kin, and 'eant to settle a'ong the') t ha%%ened that 2ust at this ti'e the -inyae, ha&ing es#a%ed $ro' their %rison, had taken u% their station u%on -ount Taygetu'( and the La#edae'onians, wishing to destroy the', were #onsidering what was best to be done, when Theras begged their li&es, undertaking to re'o&e the' $ro' the territory) His %rayer being granted, he took shi%, and sailed, with three tria#onters, to 2oin the des#endants o$ -e'bliarus) He was not, howe&er, a##o'%anied by all the -inyae, but only by so'e $ew o$ the') The greater nu'ber $led to the land o$ the +aroreats and Cau#ons, who' they dro&e out, the'sel&es o##u%ying the region in si. bodies, by whi#h were a$terwards built the towns o$ Le%reu', -a#istus, +hry.ae, +yrgus, E%iu', and 3udiu'( whereo$ the greater %art were in 'y day de'olished by the Eleans) The island was #alled Thera a$ter the na'e o$ its $ounder) This sa'e Theras had a son, who re$used to #ross the sea with hi'( Theras there$ore le$t hi' behind, 9a shee%,9 as he said, 9a'ong wol&es)9 Fro' this s%ee#h his son #a'e to be #alled !eoly#us, a na'e whi#h a$terwards grew to be the only one by whi#h he was known) This !eoly#us was the $ather o$ *egeus, $ro' who' s%rang the *egidae, a great tribe in "%arta) The 'en o$ this tribe lost at one ti'e all their #hildren, whereu%on they were bidden by an ora#le to build a

te'%le to the $uries o$ Laius and !edi%us( they #o'%lied, and the 'ortality #eased) The sa'e thing ha%%ened in Thera to the des#endants o$ these 'en) Thus $ar the history is deli&ered without &ariation both by the Theraeans and the La#edae'onians( but $ro' this %oint we ha&e only the Theraean narrati&e) Grinus ;they say<, the son o$ *esanius, a des#endant o$ Theras, and king o$ the island o$ Thera, went to 5el%hi to o$$er a he#ato'b on behal$ o$ his nati&e #ity) He was a##o'%anied by a large nu'ber o$ the #iti/ens, and a'ong the rest by Battus, the son o$ +oly'nestus, who belonged to the -inyan $a'ily o$ the Eu%he'idae) !n Grinus #onsulting the ora#le about sundry 'atters, the +ythoness ga&e hi' $or answer, 9that he should $ound a #ity in Libya)9 Grinus re%lied to this0 9 , ! king> a' too $ar ad&an#ed in years, and too ina#ti&e, $or su#h a work) Bid one o$ these youngsters undertake it)9 *s he s%oke, he %ointed towards Battus( and thus the 'atter rested $or that ti'e) 4hen the e'bassy returned to Thera, s'all a##ount was taken o$ the ora#le by the Theraeans, as they were ,uite ignorant where Libya was, and were not so &entureso'e as to send out a #olony in the dark) "e&en years %assed $ro' the utteran#e o$ the ora#le, and not a dro% o$ rain $ell in Thera0 all the trees in the island, e.#e%t one, were killed with the drought) The Theraeans u%on this sent to 5el%hi, and were re'inded re%roa#h$ully that they had ne&er #olonised Libya) "o, as there was no hel% $or it, they sent 'essengers to Crete, to in,uire whether any o$ the Cretans, or o$ the strangers so2ourning a'ong the', had e&er tra&elled as $ar as Libya0 and these 'essengers o$ theirs, in their wanderings about the island, a'ong other %la#es &isited tanus, where they $ell in with a 'an, whose na'e was Corobius, a dealer in %ur%le) n answer to their in,uiries, he told the' that #ontrary winds had on#e #arried hi' to Libya, where he had gone ashore on a #ertain island whi#h was na'ed +latea) "o they hired this 'an1s ser&i#es, and took hi' ba#k with the' to Thera) * $ew %ersons then sailed $ro' Thera to re#onnoitre) Guided by Corobius to the island o$ +latea, they le$t hi' there with %ro&isions $or a #ertain nu'ber o$ 'onths, and returned ho'e with all s%eed to gi&e their #ountry'en an a##ount o$ the island) 5uring their absen#e, whi#h was %rolonged beyond the ti'e that had been agreed u%on, Corobius %ro&isions $ailed hi') He was relie&ed, howe&er, a$ter a while by a "a'ian &essel, under the #o''and o$ a 'an na'ed Colaeus, whi#h, on its way to Egy%t, was $or#ed to %ut in at +latea) The #rew, in$or'ed by Corobius o$ all the #ir#u'stan#es, le$t hi' su$$i#ient $ood $or a year) They the'sel&es ,uitted the island( and, an.ious to rea#h Egy%t, 'ade sail in that dire#tion, but were #arried out o$ their #ourse by a gale o$ wind $ro' the east) The stor' not abating, they were dri&en %ast the +illars o$ Her#ules, and at last, by so'e s%e#ial guiding %ro&iden#e, rea#hed

Tartessus) This trading town was in those days a &irgin %ort, un$re,uented by the 'er#hants) The "a'ians, in #onse,uen#e, 'ade by the return &oyage a %ro$it greater than any Greeks be$ore their day, e.#e%ting "ostratus, son o$ Laoda'as, an Eginetan, with who' no one else #an #o'%are) Fro' the tenth %art o$ their gains, a'ounting to si. talents, the "a'ians 'ade a bra/en &essel, in sha%e like an *rgi&e wine7bowl, adorned with the heads o$ gri$$ins standing out in high relie$) This bowl, su%%orted by three kneeling #olossal $igures in bron/e, o$ the height o$ se&en #ubits, was %la#ed as an o$$ering in the te'%le o$ 8uno at "a'os) The aid gi&en to Corobius was the original #ause o$ that #lose $riendshi% whi#h a$terwards united the Cyrenaeans and Theraeans with the "a'ians) The Theraeans who had le$t Corobius at +latea, when they rea#hed Thera, told their #ountry'en that they had #olonised an island on the #oast o$ Libya) They o$ Thera, u%on this, resol&ed that 'en should be sent to 2oin the #olony $ro' ea#h o$ their se&en distri#ts, and that the brothers in e&ery $a'ily should draw lots to deter'ine who were to go) Battus was #hosen to be king and leader o$ the #olony) "o these 'en de%arted $or +latea on board o$ two %ente#onters) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h the Theraeans gi&e) n the se,uel o$ the history their a##ounts tally with those o$ the %eo%le o$ Cyrene( but in what they relate o$ Battus these two nations di$$er 'ost widely) The $ollowing is the Cyrenai# story) There was on#e a king na'ed Etear#hus, who ruled o&er *.us, a #ity in Crete, and had a daughter na'ed +hroni'a) This girl1s 'other ha&ing died, Etear#hus 'arried a se#ond wi$e( who no sooner took u% her abode in his house than she %ro&ed a true ste%7'other to %oor +hroni'a, always &e.ing her, and #ontri&ing against her e&ery sort o$ 'is#hie$) *t last she ta.ed her with light #ondu#t( and Etear#hus, %ersuaded by his wi$e that the #harge was true, bethought hi'sel$ o$ a 'ost barbarous 'ode o$ %unish'ent) There was a #ertain Theraean, na'ed The'ison, a 'er#hant, li&ing at *.us) This 'an Etear#hus in&ited to be his $riend and guest, and then indu#ed hi' to swear that he would do hi' any ser&i#e he 'ight re,uire) 3o sooner had he gi&en the %ro'ise, than the king $et#hed +hroni'a, and, deli&ering her into his hands, told hi' to #arry her away and throw her into the sea) Hereu%on The'ison, $ull o$ indignation at the $raud whereby his oath had been %ro#ured, dissol&ed $orthwith the $riendshi%, and, taking the girl with hi', sailed away $ro' Crete) Ha&ing rea#hed the o%en 'ain, to a#,uit hi'sel$ o$ the obligation under whi#h he was laid by his oath to Etear#hus, he $astened ro%es about the da'sel, and, letting her down into the sea, drew her u% again, and so 'ade sail $or Thera) *t Thera, +oly'nestus, one o$ the #hie$ #iti/ens o$ the %la#e, took +hroni'a to be his #on#ubine) The $ruit o$ this union was a son, who sta''ered and had a lis% in his s%ee#h) *##ording to the Cyrenaeans and Theraeans the na'e gi&en to the boy was Battus0 in 'y

o%inion, howe&er, he was #alled at the $irst so'ething else, and only got the na'e o$ Battus a$ter his arri&al in Libya, assu'ing it either in #onse,uen#e o$ the words addressed to hi' by the 5el%hian ora#le, or on a##ount o$ the o$$i#e whi#h he held) For, in the Libyan tongue, the word 9Battus9 'eans 9a king)9 *nd this, think, was the reason the +ythoness addressed hi' as she did0 she he was to be a king in Libya, and so she used the Libyan word in s%eaking to hi') For a$ter he had grown to 'an1s estate, he 'ade a 2ourney to 5el%hi, to #onsult the ora#le about his &oi#e( when, u%on his %utting his ,uestion, the +ythoness thus re%lied to hi'07 Battus, thou #a'est to ask o$ thy &oi#e( but +hoebus *%ollo Bids thee establish a #ity in Libya, abounding in $lee#es( whi#h was as i$ she had said in her own tongue, 9?ing, thou #a'est to ask o$ thy &oi#e)9 Then he re%lied, 9-ighty lord, did indeed #o'e hither to #onsult thee about 'y &oi#e, but thou s%eakest to 'e o$ ,uite other 'atters, bidding 'e #olonise Libya7 an i'%ossible thing> what %ower ha&e : what $ollowers:9 Thus he s%ake, but he did not %ersuade the +ythoness to gi&e hi' any other res%onse( so, when he $ound that she %ersisted in her $or'er answer, he le$t her s%eaking, and set out on his return to Thera) *$ter a while, e&erything began to go wrong both with Battus and with the rest o$ the Theraeans, whereu%on these last, ignorant o$ the #ause o$ their su$$erings, sent to 5el%hi to in,uire $or what reason they were a$$li#ted) The +ythoness in re%ly told the' 9that i$ they and Battus would 'ake a settle'ent at Cyrene in Libya, things would go better with the')9 6%on this the Theraeans sent out Battus with two %ente#onters, and with these he %ro#eeded to Libya, but within a little ti'e, not knowing what else to do, the 'en returned and arri&ed o$$ Thera) The Theraeans, when they saw the &essels a%%roa#hing, re#ei&ed the' with showers o$ 'issiles, would not allow the' to #o'e near the shore, and ordered the 'en to sail ba#k $ro' when#e they #a'e) Thus #o'%elled to return, they settled on an island near the Libyan #oast, whi#h ;as ha&e already said< was #alled +latea) n si/e it is re%orted to ha&e been about e,ual to the #ity o$ Cyrene, as it now stands) n this %la#e they #ontinued two years, but at the end o$ that ti'e, as their ill lu#k still $ollowed the', they le$t the island to the #are o$ one o$ their nu'ber, and went in a body to 5el%hi, where they 'ade #o'%laint at the shrine to the e$$e#t that, notwithstanding they had #olonised Libya, they %ros%ered as %oorly as be$ore) Hereon the +ythoness 'ade the' the $ollowing answer07 ?nowest thou better than , $air Libya abounding in $lee#es: Better the stranger than he who has trod it: !h> #le&er

Theraeans> Battus and his $riends, when they heard this, sailed ba#k to +latea0 it was %lain the god would not hold the' a#,uitted o$ the #olony till they were absolutely in Libya) "o, taking with the' the 'an who' they had le$t u%on the island, they 'ade a settle'ent on the 'ainland dire#tly o%%osite +latea, $i.ing the'sel&es at a %la#e #alled */iris, whi#h is #losed in on both sides by the 'ost beauti$ul hills, and on one side is washed by a ri&er) Here they re'ained si. years, at the end o$ whi#h ti'e the Libyans indu#ed the' to 'o&e, %ro'ising that they would lead the' to a better situation) "o the Greeks le$t */iris and were #ondu#ted by the Libyans towards the west, their 2ourney being so arranged, by the #al#ulation o$ their guides, that they %assed in the night the 'ost beauti$ul distri#t o$ that whole #ountry, whi#h is the region #alled rasa) The Libyans brought the' to a s%ring, whi#h goes by the na'e o$ *%ollo1s $ountain, and told the'7 9Here, Gre#ians, is the %ro%er %la#e $or you to settle( $or here the sky leaks)9 5uring the li$eti'e o$ Battus, the $ounder o$ the #olony, who reigned $orty years, and during that o$ his son *r#esilaus, who reigned si.teen, the Cyrenaeans #ontinued at the sa'e le&el, neither 'ore nor $ewer in nu'ber than they were at the $irst) But in the reign o$ the third king, Battus, surna'ed the Ha%%y, the ad&i#e o$ the +ythoness brought Greeks $ro' e&ery ,uarter into Libya, to 2oin the settle'ent) The Cyrenaeans had o$$ered to all #o'ers a share in their lands( and the ora#le had s%oken as $ollows07 He that is ba#kward to share in the %leasant Libyan a#res, "ooner or later, warn hi', will $eel regret at his $olly) Thus a great 'ultitude were #olle#ted together to Cyrene, and the Libyans o$ the neighbourhood $ound the'sel&es stri%%ed o$ large %ortions o$ their lands) "o they, and their king *di#ran, being robbed and insulted by the Cyrenaeans, sent 'essengers to Egy%t, and %ut the'sel&es under the rule o$ *%ries, the Egy%tian 'onar#h( who, u%on this, le&ied a &ast ar'y o$ Egy%tians, and sent the' against Cyrene) The inhabitants o$ that %la#e le$t their walls and 'ar#hed out in $or#e to the distri#t o$ rasa, where, near the s%ring #alled Theste, they engaged the Egy%tian host, and de$eated it) The Egy%tians, who had ne&er be$ore 'ade trial o$ the %rowess o$ the Greeks, and so thought but 'eanly o$ the', were routed with su#h slaughter that but a &ery $ew o$ the' e&er got ba#k ho'e) For this reason, the sub2e#ts o$ *%ries, who laid the bla'e o$ the de$eat on hi', re&olted $ro' his authority) This Battus le$t a son #alled *r#esilaus, who, when he #a'e to the throne, had dissensions with his brothers, whi#h ended in their

,uitting hi' and de%arting to another region o$ Libya, where, a$ter #onsulting a'ong the'sel&es, they $ounded the #ity, whi#h is still #alled by the na'e then gi&en to it, Bar#a) *t the sa'e ti'e they endea&oured to indu#e the Libyans to re&olt $ro' Cyrene) 3ot long a$terwards *r#esilaus 'ade an e.%edition against the Libyans who had re#ei&ed his brothers and been %re&ailed u%on to re&olt( and they, $earing his %ower, $led to their #ountry'en who dwelt towards the east) *r#esilaus %ursued, and #hased the' to a %la#e #alled Leu#on, whi#h is in Libya, where the Libyans resol&ed to risk a battle) *##ordingly they engaged the Cyrenaeans, and de$eated the' so entirely that as 'any as se&en thousand o$ their hea&y7ar'ed were slain in the $ight) *r#esilaus, a$ter this blow, $ell si#k, and, whilst he was under the in$luen#e o$ a draught whi#h he had taken, was strangled by Lear#hus, one o$ his brothers) This Lear#hus was a$terwards entra%%ed by Ery.o, the widow o$ *r#esilaus, and %ut to death) Battus, *r#esilaus1 son, su##eeded to the kingdo', a la'e 'an, who li'%ed in his walk) Their late #ala'ities now indu#ed the Cyrenaeans to send to 5el%hi and in,uire o$ the god what $or' o$ go&ern'ent they had best set u% to se#ure the'sel&es %ros%erity) The +ythoness answered by re#o''ending the' to $et#h an arbitrator $ro' -antinea in *r#adia) *##ordingly they sent( and the -antineans ga&e the' a 'an na'ed 5e'ona., a %erson o$ high re%ute a'ong the #iti/ens( who, on his arri&al at Cyrene, ha&ing $irst 'ade hi'sel$ a#,uainted with all the #ir#u'stan#es, %ro#eeded to enrol the %eo%le in three tribes) !ne he 'ade to #onsist o$ the Theraeans and their &assals( another o$ the +elo%onnesians and Cretans( and a third o$ the &arious islanders) Besides this, he de%ri&ed the king Battus o$ his $or'er %ri&ileges, only reser&ing $or hi' #ertain sa#red lands and o$$i#es( while, with res%e#t to the %owers whi#h had hitherto been e.er#ised by the king, he ga&e the' all into the hands o$ the %eo%le) Thus 'atters rested during the li$eti'e o$ this Battus, but when his son *r#esilaus #a'e to the throne, great disturban#e arose about the %ri&ileges) For *r#esilaus, son o$ Battus the la'e and +hereti'a, re$used to sub'it to the arrange'ents o$ 5e'ona. the -antinean, and #lai'ed all the %owers o$ his $ore$athers) n the #ontention whi#h $ollowed *r#esilaus was worsted, whereu%on he $led to "a'os, while his 'other took re$uge at "ala'is in the island o$ Cy%rus) "ala'is was at that ti'e ruled by E&elthon, the sa'e who o$$ered at 5el%hi the #enser whi#h is in the treasury o$ the Corinthians, a work deser&ing o$ ad'iration) !$ hi' +hereti'a 'ade re,uest that he would gi&e her an ar'y whereby she and her son 'ight regain Cyrene) But E&elthon, %re$erring to gi&e her anything rather than an ar'y, 'ade her &arious %resents) +hereti'a a##e%ted the' all, saying, as she took the'0 9Good is this too, ! king> but better were it to gi&e 'e the ar'y whi#h #ra&e at thy hands)9 Finding that she re%eated these words ea#h ti'e that he %resented her with a

gi$t, E&elthon at last sent her a golden s%indle and dista$$, with the wool ready $or s%inning) *gain she uttered the sa'e s%ee#h as be$ore, whereu%on E&elthon re2oined79These are the gi$ts %resent to wo'en, not ar'ies)9 *t "a'os, 'eanwhile, *r#esilaus was #olle#ting troo%s by the %ro'ise o$ granting the' lands) Ha&ing in this way drawn together a &ast host, he sent to 5el%hi to #onsult the ora#le about his restoration) The answer o$ the +ythoness was this0 9Lo.ias grants thy ra#e to rule o&er Cyrene, till $our kings Battus, $our *r#esilaus by na'e, ha&e %assed away) Beyond this ter' o$ eight generations o$ 'en, he warns you not to seek to e.tend your reign) Thou, $or thy %art, be gentle, when thou art restored) $ thou $indest the o&en $ull o$ 2ars, bake not the 2ars( but be sure to s%eed the' on their way) $, howe&er, thou heatest the o&en, then a&oid the island else thou wilt die thysel$, and with thee the 'ost beauti$ul bull)9 "o s%ake the +ythoness) *r#esilaus u%on this returned to Cyrene, taking with hi' the troo%s whi#h he had raised in "a'os) There he obtained %ossession o$ the su%re'e %ower( whereu%on, $orget$ul o$ the ora#le, he took %ro#eedings against those who had dri&en hi' into banish'ent) "o'e o$ the' $led $ro' hi' and ,uitted the #ountry $or good( others $ell into his hands and were sent to su$$er death in Cy%rus) These last ha%%ening on their %assage to %ut in through stress o$ weather at Cnidus, the Cnidians res#ued the', and sent the' o$$ to Thera) *nother body $ound a re$uge in the great tower o$ *glo'a#hus, a %ri&ate edi$i#e, and were there destroyed by *r#esilaus, who hea%ed wood around the %la#e, and burnt the' to death) *ware, a$ter the deed was done, that this was what the +ythoness 'eant when she warned hi', i$ he $ound the 2ars in the o&en, not to bake the', he withdrew hi'sel$ o$ his own a##ord $ro' the #ity o$ Cyrene, belie&ing that to be the island o$ the ora#le, and $earing to die as had been %ro%hesied) Being 'arried to a relation o$ his own, a daughter o$ *la/ir, at that ti'e king o$ the Bar#aeans, he took u% his abode with hi') *t Bar#a, howe&er, #ertain o$ the #iti/ens, together with a nu'ber o$ Cyrenaean e.iles, re#ognising hi' as he walked in the $oru', killed hi'( they slew also at the sa'e ti'e *la/ir, his $ather7in7law) "o *r#esilaus, wittingly or unwittingly, disobeyed the ora#le, and thereby $ul$illed his destiny) +hereti'a, the 'other o$ *r#esilaus, during the ti'e that her son, a$ter working his own ruin, dwelt at Bar#a, #ontinued to en2oy all his %ri&ileges at Cyrene, 'anaging the go&ern'ent, and taking her seat at the #oun#il7board) 3o sooner, howe&er, did she hear o$ the death o$ her son at Bar#a, than lea&ing Cyrene, she $led in haste to Egy%t) *r#esilaus had #lai's $or ser&i#e done to Ca'byses, son o$ Cyrus( sin#e it was by hi' that Cyrene was %ut under the +ersian yoke, and a rate o$ tribute agreed u%on) +hereti'a there$ore went straight to Egy%t, and %resenting hersel$ as a su%%liant be$ore *ryandes,

entreated hi' to a&enge her wrongs) Her son, she said, had 'et his death on a##ount o$ his being so well a$$e#ted towards the -edes) 3ow *ryandes had been 'ade go&ernor o$ Egy%t by Ca'byses) He it was who in a$ter ti'es was %unished with death by 5arius $or seeking to ri&al hi') *ware, by re%ort and also by his own eyesight, that 5arius wished to lea&e a 'e'orial o$ hi'sel$, su#h as no king had e&er le$t be$ore, *ryandes resol&ed to $ollow his e.a'%le, and did so, till he got his reward) 5arius had re$ined gold to the last %er$e#tion o$ %urity in order to ha&e #oins stru#k o$ it0 *ryandes, in his Egy%tian go&ern'ent, did the &ery sa'e with sil&er, so that to this day there is no su#h %ure sil&er anywhere as the *ryandi#) 5arius, when this #a'e to his ears, brought another #harge, a #harge o$ rebellion, against *ryandes, and %ut hi' to death) *t the ti'e o$ whi#h we are s%eaking *ryandes, 'o&ed with #o'%assion $or +hereti'a, granted her all the $or#es whi#h there were in Egy%t, both land and sea) The #o''and o$ the ar'y he ga&e to *'asis, a -ara%hian( while Badres, one o$ the tribe o$ the +asargadae, was a%%ointed to lead the $leet) Be$ore the e.%edition, howe&er, le$t Egy%t, he sent a herald to Bar#a to in,uire who it was that had slain king *r#esilaus) The Bar#aeans re%lied 9that they, one and all, a#knowledged the deed7 *r#esilaus had done the' 'any and great in2uries)9 *$ter re#ei&ing this re%ly, *ryandes ga&e the troo%s orders to 'ar#h with +hereti'a) "u#h was the #ause whi#h ser&ed as a %rete.t $or this e.%edition0 its real ob2e#t was, belie&e, the sub2ugation o$ Libya) For Libya is inhabited by 'any and &arious ra#es, and o$ these but &ery $ew were sub2e#ts o$ the +ersian king, while by $ar the larger nu'ber held 5arius in no 'anner o$ res%e#t) The Libyans dwell in the order whi#h will now des#ribe) Beginning on the side o$ Egy%t, the $irst Libyans are the *dyr'a#hidae These %eo%le ha&e, in 'ost %oints, the sa'e #usto's as the Egy%tians, but use the #ostu'e o$ the Libyans) Their wo'en wear on ea#h leg a ring 'ade o$ bron/e( they let their hair grow long, and when they #at#h any &er'in on their %ersons, bite it and throw it away) n this they di$$er $ro' all the other Libyans) They are also the only tribe with who' the #usto' obtains o$ bringing all wo'en about to be#o'e brides be$ore the king, that he 'ay #hoose su#h as are agreeable to hi') The *dyr'a#hidae e.tend $ro' the borders o$ Egy%t to the harbour #alled +ort +lynus) 3e.t to the *dyr'a#hidae are the Gilliga''ae, who inhabit the #ountry westward as $ar as the island o$ *%hrodisias) !$$ this tra#t is the island o$ +latea, whi#h the Cyrenaeans #olonised) Here too, u%on the 'ainland, are +ort -enelaus, and */iris, where the Cyrenaeans on#e li&ed) The "il%hiu' begins to grow in this region, e.tending $ro' the island o$ +latea on the one side to the 'outh o$ the "yrtis on the other) The #usto's o$ the Gilliga''ae are like those o$ the rest o$ their #ountry'en)

The *sbystae ad2oin the Gilliga''ae u%on the west) They inhabit the regions abo&e Cyrene, but do not rea#h to the #oast, whi#h belongs to the Cyrenaeans) Four7horse #hariots are in 'ore #o''on use a'ong the' than a'ong any other Libyans) n 'ost o$ their #usto's they a%e the 'anners o$ the Cyrenaeans) 4estward o$ the *sbystae dwell the *us#hisae, who %ossess the #ountry abo&e Bar#a, rea#hing, howe&er, to the sea at the %la#e #alled Eues%erides) n the 'iddle o$ their territory is the little tribe o$ the Cabalians, whi#h tou#hes the #oast near Tau#hira, a #ity o$ the Bar#aeans) Their #usto's are like those o$ the Libyans abo&e Cyrene) The 3asa'onians, a nu'erous %eo%le, are the western neighbours o$ the *us#hisae) n su''er they lea&e their $lo#ks and herds u%on the sea7shore, and go u% the #ountry to a %la#e #alled *ugila, where they gather the dates $ro' the %al's, whi#h in those %arts grow thi#kly, and are o$ great si/e, all o$ the' being o$ the $ruit7bearing kind) They also #hase the lo#usts, and, when #aught, dry the' in the sun, a$ter whi#h they grind the' to %owder, and, s%rinkling this u%on their 'ilk, so drink it) Ea#h 'an a'ong the' has se&eral wi&es, in their inter#ourse with who' they rese'ble the -assagetae) The $ollowing are their #usto's in the swearing o$ oaths and the %ra#ti#e o$ augury) The 'an, as he swears, lays his hand u%on the to'b o$ so'e one #onsidered to ha&e been %re7e'inently 2ust and good, and so doing swears by his na'e) For di&ination they betake the'sel&es to the se%ul#hres o$ their own an#estors, and, a$ter %raying, lie down to slee% u%on their gra&es( by the drea's whi#h then #o'e to the' they guide their #ondu#t) 4hen they %ledge their $aith to one another, ea#h gi&es the other to drink out o$ his hand( i$ there be no li,uid to be had, they take u% dust $ro' the ground, and %ut their tongues to it) !n the #ountry o$ the 3asa'onians borders that o$ the +sylli, who were swe%t away under the $ollowing #ir#u'stan#es) The south7wind had blown $or a long ti'e and dried u% all the tanks in whi#h their water was stored) 3ow the whole region within the "yrtis is utterly de&oid o$ s%rings) *##ordingly the +sylli took #ounsel a'ong the'sel&es, and by #o''on #onsent 'ade war u%on the southwind7 so at least the Libyans say, do but re%eat their words7 they went $orth and rea#hed the desert( but there the south7wind rose and buried the' under hea%s o$ sand0 whereu%on, the +sylli being destroyed, their lands %assed to the 3asa'onians) *bo&e the 3asa'onians, towards the south, in the distri#t where the wild beasts abound, dwell the Gara'antians, who a&oid all so#iety or inter#ourse with their $ellow7'en, ha&e no wea%on o$ war, and do not know how to de$end the'sel&es) These border the 3asa'onians on the south0 westward along the sea7shore their neighbours are the -a#ea, who, by letting the lo#ks about the #rown o$ their head grow long, while they #li% the' #lose

e&erywhere else, 'ake their hair rese'ble a #rest) n war these %eo%le use the skins o$ ostri#hes $or shields) The ri&er Ciny%s rises a'ong the' $ro' the height #alled 9the Hill o$ the Gra#es,9 and runs $ro' then#e through their #ountry to the sea) The Hill o$ the Gra#es is thi#kly #o&ered with wood, and is thus &ery unlike the rest o$ Libya, whi#h is bare) t is distant two hundred $urlongs $ro' the sea) *d2oining the -a#ae are the Gindanes, whose wo'en wear on their legs anklets o$ leather) Ea#h lo&er that a wo'an has gi&es her one( and she who #an show the 'ost is the best estee'ed, as she a%%ears to ha&e been lo&ed by the greatest nu'ber o$ 'en) * %ro'ontory 2utting out into the sea $ro' the #ountry o$ the Gindanes is inhabited by the Loto%hagi, who li&e entirely on the $ruit o$ the lotus7tree) The lotus $ruit is about the si/e o$ the lentisk berry, and in sweetness rese'bles the date) The Loto%hagi e&en su##eed in obtaining $ro' it a sort o$ wine) The sea7#oast beyond the Loto%hagi is o##u%ied by the -a#hlyans, who use the lotus to so'e e.tent, though not so 'u#h as the %eo%le o$ who' we last s%oke) The -a#hlyans rea#h as $ar as the great ri&er #alled the Triton, whi#h e'%ties itsel$ into the great lake Tritonis) Here, in this lake, is an island #alled +hla, whi#h it is said the La#edae'onians were to ha&e #olonised, a##ording to an ora#le) The $ollowing is the story as it is #o''only told) 4hen 8ason had $inished building the *rgo at the $oot o$ -ount +elion, he took on board the usual he#ato'b, and 'oreo&er a bra/en tri%od) Thus e,ui%%ed, he set sail, intending to #oast round the +elo%onnese, and so to rea#h 5el%hi) The &oyage was %ros%erous as $ar as -alea( but at that %oint a gale o$ wind $ro' the north #a'e on suddenly, and #arried hi' out o$ his #ourse to the #oast o$ Libya( where, be$ore he dis#o&ered the land, he got a'ong the shallows o$ Lake Tritonis) *s he was turning it in his 'ind how he should $ind his way out, Triton ;they say< a%%eared to hi', and o$$ered to show hi' the #hannel, and se#ure hi' a sa$e retreat, i$ he would gi&e hi' the tri%od) 8ason #o'%lying, was shown by Triton the %assage through the shallows( a$ter whi#h the god took the tri%od, and, #arrying it to his own te'%le, seated hi'sel$ u%on it, and, $illed with %ro%heti# $ury, deli&ered to 8ason and his #o'%anions a long %redi#tion) 94hen a des#endant,9 he said, 9o$ one o$ the *rgo1s #rew should sei/e and #arry o$$ the bra/en tri%od, then by ine&itable $ate would a hundred Gre#ian #ities be built around Lake Tritonis)9 The Libyans o$ that region, when they heard the words o$ this %ro%he#y, took away the tri%od and hid it) The ne.t tribe beyond the -a#hlyans is the tribe o$ the *useans) Both these nations inhabit the borders o$ Lake Tritonis, being se%arated $ro' one another by the ri&er Triton) Both also wear their hair long, but the -a#hlyans let it grow at the ba#k o$ the head, while the *useans ha&e it long in $ront) The *usean 'aidens kee%

year by year a $east in honour o$ -iner&a, whereat their #usto' is to draw u% in two bodies, and $ight with stones and #lubs) They say that these are rites whi#h ha&e #o'e down to the' $ro' their $athers, and that they honour with the' their nati&e goddess, who is the sa'e as the -iner&a ;*thene< o$ the Gre#ians) $ any o$ the 'aidens die o$ the wounds they re#ei&e, the *useans de#lare that su#h are $alse 'aidens) Be$ore the $ight is su$$ered to begin, they ha&e another #ere'ony) !ne o$ the &irgins, the lo&eliest o$ the nu'ber, is sele#ted $ro' the rest( a Corinthian hel'et and a #o'%lete suit o$ Greek ar'our are %ubli#ly %ut u%on her( and, thus adorned, she is 'ade to 'ount into a #hariot, and led around the whole lake in a %ro#ession) 4hat ar's they used $or the adorn'ent o$ their da'sels be$ore the Greeks #a'e to li&e in their #ountry, #annot say) i'agine they dressed the' in Egy%tian ar'our, $or 'aintain that both the shield and the hel'et #a'e into Gree#e $ro' Egy%t) The *useans de#lare that -iner&a is the daughter o$ 3e%tune and the Lake Tritonis7 they say she ,uarrelled with her $ather, and a%%lied to 8u%iter, who #onsented to let her be his #hild( and so she be#a'e his ado%ted daughter) These %eo%le do not 'arry or li&e in $a'ilies, but dwell together like the gregarious beasts) 4hen their #hildren are $ull7grown, they are brought be$ore the asse'bly o$ the 'en, whi#h is held e&ery third 'onth, and assigned to those who' they 'ost rese'ble) "u#h are the tribes o$ wandering Libyans dwelling u%on the sea7#oast) *bo&e the' inland is the wild7beast tra#t0 and beyond that, a ridge o$ sand, rea#hing $ro' Egy%tian Thebes to the +illars o$ Her#ules) Throughout this ridge, at the distan#e o$ about ten days1 2ourney $ro' one another, hea%s o$ salt in large lu'%s lie u%on hills) *t the to% o$ e&ery hill there gushes $orth $ro' the 'iddle o$ the salt a strea' o$ water, whi#h is both #old and sweet) *round dwell 'en who are the last inhabitants o$ Libya on the side o$ the desert, li&ing, as they do, 'ore inland than the wild7beast distri#t) !$ these nations the $irst is that o$ the *''onians, who dwell at a distan#e o$ ten days1 $ro' Thebes, and ha&e a te'%le deri&ed $ro' that o$ the Theban 8u%iter) For at Thebes likewise, as 'entioned abo&e, the i'age o$ 8u%iter has a $a#e like that o$ a ra') The *''onians ha&e another s%ring besides that whi#h rises $ro' the salt) The water o$ this strea' is lukewar' at early dawn( at the ti'e when the 'arket $ills it is 'u#h #ooler( by noon it has grown ,uite #old( at this ti'e, there$ore, they water their gardens) *s the a$ternoon ad&an#es the #oldness goes o$$, till, about sunset, the water is on#e 'ore lukewar'( still the heat in#reases, and at 'idnight it boils $uriously) *$ter this ti'e it again begins to #ool, and grows less and less hot till 'orning #o'es) This s%ring is #alled 9the Fountain o$ the "un)9 3e.t to the *''onians, at the distan#e o$ ten days1 2ourney

along the ridge o$ sand, there is a se#ond salt7hill like the *''onian, and a se#ond s%ring) The #ountry round is inhabited, and the %la#e bears the na'e o$ *ugila) Hither it is that the 3asa'onians #o'e to gather in the dates) Ten days1 2ourney $ro' *ugila there is again a salt7hill and a s%ring( %al's o$ the $ruit$ul kind grow here abundantly, as they do also at the other salt7hills) This region is inhabited by a nation #alled the Gara'antians, a &ery %ower$ul %eo%le, who #o&er the salt with 'ould, and then sow their #ro%s) Fro' then#e is the shortest road to the Luto%hagi, a 2ourney o$ thirty days) n the Gara'antian #ountry are $ound the o.en whi#h, as they gra/e, walk ba#kwards) This they do be#ause their horns #ur&e outwards in $ront o$ their heads, so that it is not %ossible $or the' when gra/ing to 'o&e $orwards, sin#e in that #ase their horns would be#o'e $i.ed in the ground) !nly herein do they di$$er $ro' other o.en, and $urther in the thi#kness and hardness o$ their hides) The Gara'antians ha&e $our7horse #hariots, in whi#h they #hase the Troglodyte Ethio%ians, who o$ all the nations whereo$ any a##ount has rea#hed our ears are by $ar the swi$test o$ $oot) The Troglodytes $eed on ser%ents, li/ards, and other si'ilar re%tiles) Their language is unlike that o$ any other %eo%le( it sounds like the s#ree#hing o$ bats) *t the distan#e o$ ten days1 2ourney $ro' the Gara'antians there is again another salt7hill and s%ring o$ water( around whi#h dwell a %eo%le, #alled the *tarantians, who alone o$ all known nations are destitute o$ na'es) The title o$ *tarantians is borne by the whole ra#e in #o''on( but the 'en ha&e no %arti#ular na'es o$ their own) The *tarantians, when the sun rises high in the hea&en, #urse hi', and load hi' with re%roa#hes, be#ause ;they say< he burns and wastes both their #ountry and the'sel&es) !n#e 'ore at the distan#e o$ ten days1 there is a salt7hill, a s%ring, and an inhabited tra#t) 3ear the salt is a 'ountain #alled *tlas, &ery ta%er and round( so lo$ty, 'oreo&er, that the to% ;it is said< #annot be seen, the #louds ne&er ,uitting it either su''er or winter) The nati&es #all this 'ountain 9the +illar o$ Hea&en9( and they the'sel&es take their na'e $ro' it, being #alled *tlantes) They are re%orted not to eat any li&ing thing, and ne&er to ha&e any drea's) *s $ar as the *tlantes the na'es o$ the nations inhabiting the sandy ridge are known to 'e( but beyond the' 'y knowledge $ails) The ridge itsel$ e.tends as $ar as the +illars o$ Her#ules, and e&en $urther than these( and throughout the whole distan#e, at the end o$ e&ery ten days1 there is a salt7'ine, with %eo%le dwelling round it who all o$ the' build their houses with blo#ks o$ the salt) 3o rain $alls in these %arts o$ Libya( i$ it were otherwise, the walls o$ these houses #ould not stand) The salt ,uarried is o$ two #olours, white and %ur%le) Beyond the ridge, southwards, in the dire#tion o$ the interior, the #ountry is a desert, with no s%rings, no beasts,

no rain, no wood, and altogether destitute o$ 'oisture) Thus $ro' Egy%t as $ar as Lake Tritonis Libya is inhabited by wandering tribes, whose drink is 'ilk and their $ood the $lesh o$ ani'als) Cow1s $lesh, howe&er, none o$ these tribes e&er taste, but abstain $ro' it $or the sa'e reason as the Egy%tians, neither do they any o$ the' breed swine) E&en at Cyrene, the wo'en think it wrong to eat the $lesh o$ the #ow, honouring in this sis, the Egy%tian goddess, who' they worshi% both with $asts and $esti&als) The Bar#aean wo'en abstain, not $ro' #ow1s $lesh only, but also $ro' the $lesh o$ swine) 4est o$ Lake Tritonis the Libyans are no longer wanderers, nor do they %ra#tise the sa'e #usto's as the wandering %eo%le, or treat their #hildren in the sa'e way) For the wandering Libyans, 'any o$ the' at any rate, i$ not all7 #on#erning whi#h #annot s%eak with #ertainty7 when their #hildren #o'e to the age o$ $our years, burn the &eins at the to% o$ their heads with a $lo#k $ro' the $lee#e o$ a shee%0 others burn the &eins about the te'%les) This they do to %re&ent the' $ro' being %lagued in their a$ter li&es by a $low o$ rheu' $ro' the head( and su#h they de#lare is the reason why they are so 'u#h 'ore healthy than other 'en) Certainly the Libyans are the healthiest 'en that know( but whether this is what 'akes the' so, or not, #annot %ositi&ely say7 the healthiest #ertainly they are) $ when the #hildren are being burnt #on&ulsions #o'e on, there is a re'edy o$ whi#h they ha&e 'ade dis#o&ery) t is to s%rinkle goat1s water u%on the #hild, who thus treated, is sure to re#o&er) n all this only re%eat what is said by the Libyans) The rites whi#h the wandering Libyans use in sa#ri$i#ing are the $ollowing) They begin with the ear o$ the &i#ti', whi#h they #ut o$$ and throw o&er their house0 this done, they kill the ani'al by twisting the ne#k) They sa#ri$i#e to the "un and -oon, but not to any other god) This worshi% is #o''on to all the Libyans) The inhabitants o$ the %arts about Lake Tritonis worshi% in addition Triton, 3e%tune, and -iner&a, the last es%e#ially) The dress wherewith -iner&a1s statues are adorned, and her *egis, were deri&ed by the Greeks $ro' the wo'en o$ Libya) For, e.#e%t that the gar'ents o$ the Libyan wo'en are o$ leather, and their $ringes 'ade o$ leathern thongs instead o$ ser%ents, in all else the dress o$ both is e.a#tly alike) The na'e too itsel$ shows that the 'ode o$ dressing the +allas7statues #a'e $ro' Libya) For the Libyan wo'en wear o&er their dress stri%t o$ the hair, $ringed at their edges, and #oloured with &er'ilion( and $ro' these goat7skins the Greeks get their word *egis ;goat7harness<) think $or 'y %art that the loud #ries uttered in our sa#red rites #a'e also $ro' then#e( $or the Libyan wo'en are greatly gi&en to su#h #ries and utter the' &ery sweetly) Likewise the Greeks learnt $ro' the Libyans to yoke $our horses to a #hariot)

*ll the wandering tribes bury their dead a##ording to the $ashion o$ the Greeks, e.#e%t the 3asa'onians) They bury the' sitting, and are right #are$ul when the si#k 'an is at the %oint o$ gi&ing u% the ghost, to 'ake hi' sit and not let hi' die lying down) The dwellings o$ these %eo%le are 'ade o$ the ste's o$ the as%hodel, and o$ rushes wattled together) They #an be #arried $ro' %la#e to %la#e) "u#h are the #usto's o$ the a$ore7'entioned tribes) 4estward o$ the ri&er Triton and ad2oining u%on the *useans, are other Libyans who till the ground, and li&e in houses0 these %eo%le are na'ed the -a.yans) They let the hair grow long on the right side o$ their heads, and sha&e it #lose on the le$t( they bes'ear their bodies with red %aint( and they say that they are des#ended $ro' the 'en o$ Troy) Their #ountry and the re'ainder o$ Libya towards the west is $ar $uller o$ wild beasts and o$ wood than the #ountry o$ the wandering %eo%le) For the eastern side o$ Libya, where the wanderers dwell, is low and sandy, as $ar as the ri&er Triton( but westward o$ that the land o$ the husband'en is &ery hilly, and abounds with $orests and wild beasts) For this is the tra#t in whi#h the huge ser%ents are $ound, and the lions, the ele%hants, the bears, the as%i#ks, and the horned asses) Here too are the dog7$a#ed #reatures, and the #reatures without heads, who' the Libyans de#lare to ha&e their eyes in their breasts( and also the wild 'en, and wild wo'en, and 'any other $ar less $abulous beasts) *'ong the wanderers are none o$ these, but ,uite other ani'als( as antelo%es, ga/elles, bu$$aloes, and asses, not o$ the horned sort, but o$ a kind whi#h does not need to drink( also ory.es, whose horns are used $or the #ur&ed sides o$ #itherns, and whose si/e is about that o$ the o.( $o.es, hyaenas %or#u%ines, wild ra's, di#tyes, 2a#kals, %anthers, boryes, land7#ro#odiles about three #ubits in length, &ery like li/ards, ostri#hes, and little snakes, ea#h with a single horn) *ll these ani'als are $ound here, and likewise those belonging to other #ountries, e.#e%t the stag and the wild boar( but neither stag nor wild7boar are $ound in any %art o$ Libya) There are, howe&er, three sorts o$ 'i#e in these %arts( the $irst are #alled two7$ooted( the ne.t, /egeries, whi#h is a Libyan word 'eaning 9hills9( and the third, ur#hins) 4easels also are $ound in the "il%hiu' region, 'u#h like the Tartessian) "o 'any, there$ore, are the ani'als belonging to the land o$ the wandering Libyans, in so $ar at least as 'y resear#hes ha&e been able to rea#h) 3e.t to the -a.yan Libyans are the Ka&e#ians, whose wi&es dri&e their #hariots to battle) !n the' border the Gy/antians( in whose #ountry a &ast deal o$ honey is 'ade by bees( &ery 'u#h 'ore, howe&er, by the skill o$ 'en) The %eo%le all %aint the'sel&es red, and eat 'onkeys, whereo$ there is ine.haustible store in the hills) !$$ their #oast, as the Carthaginians re%ort, lies an island, by

na'e Cyraunis, the length o$ whi#h is two hundred $urlongs, its breadth not great, and whi#h is soon rea#hed $ro' the 'ainland) @ines and oli&e trees #o&er the whole o$ it, and there is in the island a lake, $ro' whi#h the young 'aidens o$ the #ountry draw u% gold7dust, by di%%ing into the 'ud birds1 $eathers s'eared with %it#h) $ this be true, know not( but write what is said) t 'ay be e&en so, howe&er( sin#e 'ysel$ ha&e seen %it#h drawn u% out o$ the water $ro' a lake in Ka#ynthus) *t the %la#e s%eak o$ there are a nu'ber o$ lakes( but one is larger than the rest, being se&enty $eet e&ery way, and two $atho's in de%th) Here they let down a %ole into the water, with a bun#h o$ 'yrtle tied to one end, and when they raise it again, there is %it#h sti#king to the 'yrtle, whi#h in s'ell is like to bitu'en, but in all else is better than the %it#h o$ +ieria) This they %our into a tren#h dug by the lake1s side( and when a good deal has thus been got together, they draw it o$$ and %ut it u% in 2ars) 4hate&er $alls into the lake %asses underground, and #o'es u% in the sea, whi#h is no less than $our $urlongs distant) "o then what is said o$ the island o$$ the Libyan #oast is not without likelihood) The Carthaginians also relate the $ollowing07 There is a #ountry in Libya, and a nation, beyond the +illars o$ Her#ules, whi#h they are wont to &isit, where they no sooner arri&e but $orthwith they unlade their wares, and, ha&ing dis%osed the' a$ter an orderly $ashion along the bea#h, lea&e the', and, returning aboard their shi%s, raise a great s'oke) The nati&es, when they see the s'oke, #o'e down to the shore, and, laying out to &iew so 'u#h gold as they think the worth o$ the wares, withdraw to a distan#e) The Carthaginians u%on this #o'e ashore and look) $ they think the gold enough, they take it and go their way( but i$ it does not see' to the' su$$i#ient, they go aboard shi% on#e 'ore, and wait %atiently) Then the others a%%roa#h and add to their gold, till the Carthaginians are #ontent) 3either %arty deals un$airly by the other0 $or they the'sel&es ne&er tou#h the gold till it #o'es u% to the worth o$ their goods, nor do the nati&es e&er #arry o$$ the goods till the gold is taken away) These be the Libyan tribes whereo$ a' able to gi&e the na'es( and 'ost o$ these #ared little then, and indeed #are little now, $or the king o$ the -edes) !ne thing 'ore also #an add #on#erning this region, na'ely, that, so $ar as our knowledge rea#hes, $our nations, and no 'ore, inhabit it( and two o$ these nations are indigenous, while two are not) The two indigenous are the Libyans and Ethio%ians, who dwell res%e#ti&ely in the north and the south o$ Libya) The +hoeni#ians and the Greek are in7#o'ers) t see's to 'e that Libya is not to #o'%are $or goodness o$ soil with either *sia or Euro%e, e.#e%t the Ciny%s region, whi#h is na'ed a$ter the ri&er that waters it) This %ie#e o$ land is e,ual to any #ountry in the world $or #ereal #ro%s, and is in nothing like the rest o$ Libya) For the soil here is bla#k, and s%rings o$ water abound(

so that there is nothing to $ear $ro' drought( nor do hea&y rains ;and it rains in that %art o$ Libya< do any har' when they soak the ground) The returns o$ the har&est #o'e u% to the 'easure whi#h %re&ails in Babylonia) The soil is likewise good in the #ountry o$ the Eues%erites( $or there the land brings $orth in the best years a hundred7$old) But the Ciny%s region yields three hundred7$old) The #ountry o$ the Cyrenaeans, whi#h is the highest tra#t within the %art o$ Libya inhabited by the wandering tribes, has three seasons that deser&e re'ark) First the #ro%s along the sea7#oast begin to ri%en, and are ready $or the har&est and the &intage( a$ter they ha&e been gathered in, the #ro%s o$ the 'iddle tra#t abo&e the #oast region ;the hill7#ountry, as they #all it< need har&esting( while about the ti'e when this 'iddle #ro% is housed, the $ruits ri%en and are $it $or #utting in the highest tra#t o$ all) "o that the %rodu#e o$ the $irst tra#t has been all eaten and drunk by the ti'e that the last har&est #o'es in) *nd the har&est7ti'e o$ the Cyrenaeans #ontinues thus $or eight $ull 'onths) "o 'u#h #on#erning these 'atters) 4hen the +ersians sent $ro' Egy%t by *ryandes to hel% +hereti'a rea#hed Bar#a, they laid siege to the town, #alling on those within to gi&e u% the 'en who had been guilty o$ the 'urder o$ *r#esilaus) The towns%eo%le, howe&er, as they had one and all taken %art in the deed, re$used to entertain the %ro%osition) "o the +ersians beleaguered Bar#a $or nine 'onths, in the #ourse o$ whi#h they dug se&eral 'ines $ro' their own lines to the walls, and likewise 'ade a nu'ber o$ &igorous assaults) But their 'ines were dis#o&ered by a 'an who was a worker in brass, who went with a bra/en shield all round the $ortress, and laid it on the ground inside the #ity) n other +la#es the shield, when he laid it down, was ,uite du'b( but where the ground was under'ined, there the brass o$ the shield rang) Here, there$ore, the Bar#aeans #ounter'ined, and slew the +ersian diggers) "u#h was the way in whi#h the 'ines were dis#o&ered( as $or the assaults, the Bar#aeans beat the' ba#k) 4hen 'u#h ti'e had been #onsu'ed, and great nu'bers had $allen on both sides, nor had the +ersians lost $ewer than their ad&ersaries, *'asis, the leader o$ the land7ar'y, %er#ei&ing that, although the Bar#aeans would ne&er be #on,uered by $or#e, they 'ight be o&er#o'e by $raud, #ontri&ed as $ollows !ne night he dug a wide tren#h, and laid light %lanks o$ wood a#ross the o%ening, a$ter whi#h he brought 'ould and %la#ed it u%on the %lanks, taking #are to 'ake the %la#e le&el with the surrounding ground) *t dawn o$ day he su''oned the Bar#aeans to a %arley0 and they gladly hearkening, the ter's were at length agreed u%on) !aths were inter#hanged u%on the ground o&er the hidden tren#h, and the agree'ent ran thus7 9"o long as the ground beneath our $eet stands $ir', the oath shall abide un#hanged( the %eo%le o$ Bar#a agree to %ay a $air su' to the king, and the

+ersians %ro'ise to #ause no $urther trouble to the %eo%le o$ Bar#a)9 *$ter the oath, the Bar#aeans, relying u%on its ter's, threw o%en all their gates, went out the'sel&es beyond the walls, and allowed as 'any o$ the ene'y as #hose to enter) Then the +ersians broke down their se#ret bridge, and rushed at s%eed into the town7 their reason $or breaking the bridge being that so they 'ight obser&e what they had sworn( $or they had %ro'ised the Bar#aeans that the oath should #ontinue 9so long as the ground whereon they stood was $ir')9 4hen, there$ore, the bridge was on#e broken down, the oath #eased to hold) "u#h o$ the Bar#aeans as were 'ost guilty the +ersians ga&e u% to +hereti'a, who nailed the' to #rosses all round the walls o$ the #ity) "he also #ut o$$ the breasts o$ their wi&es, and $astened the' likewise about the walls) The re'ainder o$ the %eo%le she ga&e as booty to the +ersians, e.#e%t only the Battiadae and those who had taken no %art in the 'urder, to who' she handed o&er the %ossession o$ the town) The +ersians now set out on their return ho'e, #arrying with the' the rest o$ the Bar#aeans, who' they had 'ade their sla&es) !n their way they #a'e to Cyrene( and the Cyrenaeans, out o$ regard $or an ora#le, let the' %ass through the town) 5uring the %assage, Bares, the #o''ander o$ the $leet, ad&ised to sei/e the %la#e( but *'asis, the leader o$ the land7$or#e, would not #onsent( 9be#ause,9 he said, 9they had only been #harged to atta#k the one Greek #ity o$ Bar#a)9 4hen, howe&er, they had %assed through the town, and were en#a'%ed u%on the hill o$ Ly#aean 8o&e, it re%ented the' that they had not sei/ed Cyrene, and they endea&oured to enter it a se#ond ti'e) The Cyrenaeans, howe&er, would not su$$er this( whereu%on, though no one a%%eared to o$$er the' battle, yet a %ani# #a'e u%on the +ersians, and they ran a distan#e o$ $ull si.ty $urlongs be$ore they %it#hed their #a'%) Here as they lay, a 'essenger #a'e to the' $ro' *ryandes, ordering the' ho'e) Then the +ersians besought the 'en o$ Cyrene to gi&e the' %ro&isions $or the way, and, these #onsenting, they set o$$ on their return to Egy%t) But the Libyans now beset the', and, $or the sake o$ their #lothes and harness, slew all who dro%%ed behind and straggled, during the whole 'ar#h ho'ewards) The $urthest %oint o$ Libya rea#hed by this +ersian host was the #ity o$ Eues%erides) The Bar#aeans #arried into sla&ery were sent $ro' Egy%t to the king( and 5arius assigned the' a &illage in Ba#tria $or their dwelling7%la#e) To this &illage they ga&e the na'e o$ Bar#a, and it was to 'y ti'e an inhabited %la#e in Ba#tria) 3or did +hereti'a hersel$ end her days ha%%ily) For on her return to Egy%t $ro' Libya, dire#tly a$ter taking &engean#e on the %eo%le o$ Bar#a, she was o&ertaken by a 'ost horrid death) Her body swar'ed with wor's, whi#h ate her $lesh while she was still ali&e) Thus do 'en, by o&er7harsh %unish'ents, draw down u%on the'sel&es

the anger o$ the gods) "u#h then, and so $ier#e, was the &engean#e whi#h +hereti'a, daughter o$ Battus, took u%on the Bar#aeans) The Fi$th Book, Entitled TER+" CH!RE The +ersians le$t behind by ?ing 5arius in Euro%e, who had -egaba/us $or their general, redu#ed, be$ore any other Helles%ontine state, the %eo%le o$ +erinthus, who had no 'ind to be#o'e sub2e#ts o$ the king) 3ow the +erinthians had ere this been roughly handled by another nation, the +aeonians) For the +aeonians $ro' about the "try'on were on#e bidden by an ora#le to 'ake war u%on the +erinthians, and i$ these latter, when the #a'%s $a#ed one another, #hallenged the' by na'e to $ight, then to &enture on a battle, but i$ otherwise, not to 'ake the ha/ard) The +aeonians $ollowed the ad&i#e) 3ow the 'en o$ +erinthus drew out to 'eet the' in the skirts o$ their #ity( and a three$old single #o'bat was $ought on #hallenge gi&en) -an to 'an, and horse to horse, and dog to dog, was the stri$e waged( and the +erinthians, winners o$ two #o'bats out o$ the three, in their 2oy had raised the %aean( when the +aeonians stru#k by the thought that this was what the ora#le had 'eant, %assed the word one to another, saying, 93ow o$ a surety has the ora#le been $ul$illed $or us( now our work begins)9 Then the +aeonians set u%on the +erinthians in the 'idst o$ their %aean, and de$eated the' utterly, lea&ing but $ew o$ the' ali&e) "u#h was the a$$air o$ the +aeonians, whi#h ha%%ened a long ti'e %re&iously) *t this ti'e the +erinthians, a$ter a bra&e struggle $or $reedo', were o&er#o'e by nu'bers, and yielded to -egaba/us and his +ersians) *$ter +erinthus had been brought under, -egaba/us led his host through Thra#e, subduing to the do'inion o$ the king all the towns and all the nations o$ those %arts) For the king1s #o''and to hi' was that he should #on,uer Thra#e) The Thra#ians are the 'ost %ower$ul %eo%le in the world, e.#e%t, o$ #ourse, the ndians( and i$ they had one head, or were agreed a'ong the'sel&es, it is 'y belie$ that their 'at#h #ould not be $ound anywhere, and that they would &ery $ar sur%ass all other nations) But su#h union is i'%ossible $or the', and there are no 'eans o$ e&er bringing it about) Herein there$ore #onsists their weakness) The Thra#ians bear 'any na'es in the di$$erent regions o$ their #ountry, but all o$ the' ha&e like usages in e&ery res%e#t, e.#e%ting only the Getae, the Trausi, and those who dwell abo&e the %eo%le o$ Creston) 3ow the 'anners and #usto's o$ the Getae, who belie&e in their i''ortality, ha&e already s%oken o$) The Trausi in all else rese'ble the other Thra#ians, but ha&e #usto's at births and deaths whi#h will now des#ribe) 4hen a #hild is born all its kindred sit round about it in a #ir#le and wee% $or the woes it will ha&e to undergo now

that it is #o'e into the world, 'aking 'ention o$ e&ery ill that $alls to the lot o$ hu'ankind( when, on the other hand, a 'an has died, they bury hi' with laughter and re2oi#ings, and say that now he is $ree $ro' a host o$ su$$erings, and en2oys the #o'%letest ha%%iness) The Thra#ians who li&e abo&e the Crestonaeans obser&e the $ollowing #usto's) Ea#h 'an a'ong the' has se&eral wi&es( and no sooner does a 'an die than a shar% #ontest ensues a'ong the wi&es u%on the ,uestion whi#h o$ the' all the husband lo&ed 'ost tenderly( the $riends o$ ea#h eagerly %lead on her behal$, and she to who' the honour is ad2udged, a$ter re#ei&ing the %raises both o$ 'en and wo'en, is slain o&er the gra&e by the hand o$ her ne.t o$ kin, and then buried with her husband) The others are sorely grie&ed, $or nothing is #onsidered su#h a disgra#e) The Thra#ians who do not belong to these tribes ha&e the #usto's whi#h $ollow) They sell their #hildren to traders) !n their 'aidens they kee% no wat#h, but lea&e the' altogether $ree, while on the #ondu#t o$ their wi&es they kee% a 'ost stri#t wat#h) Brides are %ur#hased o$ their %arents $or large su's o$ 'oney) Tattooing a'ong the' 'arks noble birth, and the want o$ it low birth) To be idle is a##ounted the 'ost honourable thing, and to be a tiller o$ the ground the 'ost dishonourable) To li&e by war and %lunder is o$ all things the 'ost glorious) These are the 'ost re'arkable o$ their #usto's) The gods whi#h they worshi% are but three, -ars, Ba##hus, and 5ian) Their kings, howe&er, unlike the rest o$ the #iti/ens, worshi% -er#ury 'ore than any other god, always swearing by his na'e, and de#laring that they are the'sel&es s%rung $ro' hi') Their wealthy ones are buried in the $ollowing $ashion) The body is laid out $or three days( and during this ti'e they kill &i#ti's o$ all kinds, and $east u%on the', a$ter $irst bewailing the de%arted) Then they either burn the body or else bury it in the ground) Lastly, they raise a 'ound o&er the gra&e, and hold ga'es o$ all sorts, wherein the single #o'bat is awarded the highest %ri/e) "u#h is the 'ode o$ burial a'ong the Thra#ians) *s regards the region lying north o$ this #ountry no one #an say with any #ertainty what 'en inhabit it) t a%%ears that you no sooner #ross the ster than you enter on an inter'inable wilderness) The only %eo%le o$ who' #an hear as dwelling beyond the ster are the ra#e na'ed "igynnae, who wear, they say, a dress like the -edes, and ha&e horses whi#h are #o&ered entirely with a #oat o$ shaggy hair, $i&e $ingers in length) They are a s'all breed, $lat7nosed, and not strong enough to bear 'en on their ba#ks( but when yoked to #hariots, they are a'ong the swi$test known, whi#h is the reason why the %eo%le o$ that #ountry use #hariots) Their borders rea#h down al'ost to the Eneti u%on the *driati# "ea, and they #all the'sel&es #olonists o$ the -edes( but how they #an be #olonists o$ the -edes

$or 'y %art #annot i'agine) "till nothing is i'%ossible in the long la%se o$ ages) "igynnae is the na'e whi#h the Ligurians who dwell abo&e -assilia gi&e to traders, while a'ong the Cy%rians the word 'eans s%ears) *##ording to the a##ount whi#h the Thra#ians gi&e, the #ountry beyond the ster is %ossessed by bees, on a##ount o$ whi#h it is i'%ossible to %enetrate $arther) But in this they see' to 'e to say what has no likelihood( $or it is #ertain that those #reatures are &ery i'%atient o$ #old) rather belie&e that it is on a##ount o$ the #old that the regions whi#h lie under the Bear are without inhabitants) "u#h then are the a##ounts gi&en o$ this #ountry, the sea7#oast whereo$ -egaba/us was now e'%loyed in sub2e#ting to the +ersians) ?ing 5arius had no sooner #rossed the Helles%ont and rea#hed "ardis, than he bethought hi'sel$ o$ the good deed o$ Histiaeus the -ilesian, and the good #ounsel o$ the -ytilenean Coes) He there$ore sent $or both o$ the' to "ardis, and bade the' ea#h #ra&e a boon at his hands) 3ow Histiaeus, as he was already king o$ -iletus, did not 'ake re,uest $or any go&ern'ent besides, but asked 5arius to gi&e hi' -yr#inus o$ the Edonians, where he wished to build hi' a #ity) "u#h was the #hoi#e that Histiaeus 'ade) Coes, on the other hand, as he was a 'ere burgher, and not a king, re,uested the so&ereignty o$ -ytilene) Both alike obtained their re,uests, and straight7way betook the'sel&es to the %la#es whi#h they had #hosen) t #han#ed in the 'eanti'e that ?ing 5arius saw a sight whi#h deter'ined hi' to bid -egaba/us re'o&e the +aeonians $ro' their seats in Euro%e and trans%ort the' to *sia) There were two +aeonians, +igres and -antyes, whose a'bition it was to obtain the so&ereignty o&er their #ountry'en) *s soon there$ore as e&er 5arius #rossed into *sia, these 'en #a'e to "ardis, and brought with the' their sister, who was a tall and beauti$ul wo'an) Ha&ing so done, they waited till a day #a'e when the king sat in state in the suburb o$ the Lydians( and then dressing their sister in the ri#hest gear they #ould, sent her to draw water $or the') "he bore a %it#her u%on her head, and with one ar' led a horse, while all the way as she went she s%an $la.) 3ow as she %assed by where the king was, 5arius took noti#e o$ her( $or it was neither like the +ersians nor the Lydians, nor any o$ the dwellers in *sia, to do as she did) 5arius a##ordingly noted her, and ordered so'e o$ his guard to $ollow her ste%s, and wat#h to see what she would do with the horse) "o the s%ear'en went( and the wo'an, when she #a'e to the ri&er, $irst watered the horse, and then $illing the %it#her, #a'e ba#k the sa'e way she had gone, with the %it#her o$ water u%on her head, and the horse dragging u%on her ar', while she still ke%t twirling the s%indle) ?ing 5arius was $ull o$ wonder both at what they who had wat#hed

the wo'an told hi', and at what he had hi'sel$ seen) "o he #o''anded that she should be brought be$ore hi') *nd the wo'an #a'e( and with her a%%eared her brothers, who had been wat#hing e&erything a little way o$$) Then 5arius asked the' o$ what nation the wo'an was( and the young 'en re%lied that they were +aeonians, and she was their sister) 5arius re2oined by asking, 94ho the +aeonians were, and in what %art o$ the world they li&ed: and, $urther, what business had brought the young 'en to "ardis:9 Then the brothers told hi' they had #o'e to %ut the'sel&es under his %ower, and +aeonia was a #ountry u%on the ri&er "try'on, and the "try'on was at no great distan#e $ro' the Helles%ont) The +aeonians, they said, were #olonists o$ the Teu#rians $ro' Troy) 4hen they had thus answered his ,uestions, 5arius asked i$ all the wo'en o$ their #ountry worked so hard: Then the brothers eagerly answered, =es( $or this was the &ery ob2e#t with whi#h the whole thing had been done) "o 5arius wrote letters to -egaba/us, the #o''ander who' he had le$t behind in Thra#e, and ordered hi' to re'o&e the +aeonians $ro' their own land, and bring the' into his %resen#e, 'en, wo'en, and #hildren) *nd straightway a horse'an took the 'essage, and rode at s%eed to the Helles%ont( and, #rossing it, ga&e the %a%er to -egaba/us) Then -egaba/us, as soon as he had read it, and %ro#ured guides $ro' Thra#e, 'ade war u%on +aeonia) 3ow when the +aeonians heard that the +ersians were 'ar#hing against the', they gathered the'sel&es together, and 'ar#hed down to the sea7#oast, sin#e they thought the +ersians would endea&our to enter their #ountry on that side) Here then they stood in readiness to o%%ose the ar'y o$ -egaba/us) But the +ersians, who knew that they had #olle#ted, and were gone to kee% guard at the %ass near the sea, got guides, and taking the inland route be$ore the +aeonians were aware, %oured down u%on their #ities, $ro' whi#h the 'en had all 'ar#hed out( and $inding the' e'%ty, easily got %ossession o$ the') Then the 'en, when they heard that all their towns were taken, s#attered this way and that to their ho'es, and ga&e the'sel&es u% to the +ersians) *nd so these tribes o$ the +aeonians, to wit, the "iro%aeonians, the +aeo%lians and all the others as $ar as Lake +rasias, were torn $ro' their seats and led away into *sia) They on the other hand who dwelt about -ount +angaeu' and in the #ountry o$ the 5oberes, the *grianians, and the !do'antians, and they likewise who inhabited Lake +rasias, were not #on,uered by -egaba/us) He sought indeed to subdue the dwellers u%on the lake, but #ould not e$$e#t his %ur%ose) Their 'anner o$ li&ing is the $ollowing) +lat$or's su%%orted u%on tall %iles stand in the 'iddle o$ the lake, whi#h are a%%roa#hed $ro' the land by a single narrow bridge) *t the $irst the %iles whi#h bear u% the %lat$or's were $i.ed in their %la#es by the whole body o$ the #iti/ens, but sin#e that ti'e the #usto' whi#h has %re&ailed about $i.ing the' is this07

they are brought $ro' a hill #alled !rbelus, and e&ery 'an dri&es in three $or ea#h wi$e that he 'arries) 3ow the 'en ha&e all 'any wi&es a%ie#e( and this is the way in whi#h they li&e) Ea#h has his own hut, wherein he dwells, u%on one o$ the %lat$or's, and ea#h has also a tra%door gi&ing a##ess to the lake beneath( and their wont is to tie their baby #hildren by the $oot with a string, to sa&e the' $ro' rolling into the water) They $eed their horses and their other beasts u%on $ish, whi#h abound in the lake to su#h a degree that a 'an has only to o%en his tra%7door and to let down a basket by a ro%e into the water, and then to wait a &ery short ti'e, when he draws it u% ,uite $ull o$ the') The $ish are o$ two kinds, whi#h they #all the %a%ra. and the tilon) The +aeonians there$ore7 at least su#h o$ the' as had been #on,uered7 were led away into *sia) *s $or -egaba/us, he no sooner brought the +aeonians under, than he sent into -a#edonia an e'bassy o$ +ersians, #hoosing $or the %ur%ose the se&en 'en o$ 'ost note in all the ar'y a$ter hi'sel$) These %ersons were to go to *'yntas, and re,uire hi' to gi&e earth and water to ?ing 5arius) 3ow there is a &ery short #ut $ro' the Lake +rasias a#ross to -a#edonia) Iuite #lose to the lake is the 'ine whi#h yielded a$terwards a talent o$ sil&er a day to *le.ander( and $ro' this 'ine you ha&e only to #ross the 'ountain #alled 5ysoru' to $ind yoursel$ in the -a#edonian territory) "o the +ersians sent u%on this errand, when they rea#hed the #ourt, and were brought into the %resen#e o$ *'yntas, re,uired hi' to gi&e earth and water to ?ing 5arius) *nd *'yntas not only ga&e the' what they asked, but also in&ited the' to #o'e and $east with hi'( a$ter whi#h he 'ade ready the board with great 'agni$i#en#e, and entertained the +ersians in right $riendly $ashion) 3ow when the 'eal was o&er, and they were all set to the drinking, the +ersians said7 95ear -a#edonian, we +ersians ha&e a #usto' when we 'ake a great $east to bring with us to the board our wi&es and #on#ubines, and 'ake the' sit beside us) 3ow then, as thou hast re#ei&ed us so kindly, and $easted us so handso'ely, and gi&est 'oreo&er earth and water to ?ing 5arius, do also a$ter our #usto' in this 'atter)9 Then *'yntas answered7 9!, +ersians> we ha&e no su#h #usto' as this( but with us 'en and wo'en are ke%t a%art) 3e&ertheless, sin#e you, who are our lords, wish it, this also shall be granted to you)9 4hen *'yntas had thus s%oken, he bade so'e go and $et#h the wo'en) *nd the wo'en #a'e at his #all and took their seats in a row o&er against the +ersians) Then, when the +ersians saw that the wo'en were $air and #o'ely, they s%oke again to *'yntas and said, that 9what had been done was not wise( $or it had been better $or the wo'en not to ha&e #o'e at all, than to #o'e in this way, and not sit by their sides, but re'ain o&er against the', the tor'ent o$ their eyes)9 "o

*'yntas was $or#ed to bid the wo'en sit side by side with the +ersians) The wo'en did as he ordered( and then the +ersians, who had drunk 'ore than they ought, began to %ut their hands on the', and one e&en tried to gi&e the wo'an ne.t hi' a kiss) ?ing *'yntas saw, but he ke%t silen#e, although sorely grie&ed, $or he greatly $eared the %ower o$ the +ersians) *le.ander, howe&er, *'yntas1 son, who was likewise there and witnessed the whole, being a young 'an and una#,uainted with su$$ering, #ould not any longer restrain hi'sel$) He there$ore, $ull o$ wrath, s%ake thus to *'yntas07 95ear $ather, thou art old and shouldst s%are thysel$) Rise u% $ro' table and go take thy rest( do not stay out the drinking) will re'ain with the guests and gi&e the' all that is $itting)9 *'yntas, who guessed that *le.ander would %lay so'e wild %rank, 'ade answer07 95ear son, thy words sound to 'e as those o$ one who is well nigh on $ire, and %er#ei&e thou sendest 'e away that thou 'ayest do so'e wild deed) besee#h thee 'ake no #o''otion about these 'en, lest thou bring us all to ruin, but bear to look #al'ly on what they do) For 'ysel$, will e1en withdraw as thou biddest 'e)9 *'yntas, when he had thus besought his son, went out( and *le.ander said to the +ersians, 9Look on these ladies as your own, dear strangers, all or any o$ the'7 only tell us your wishes) But now, as the e&ening wears, and see you ha&e all had wine enough, let the', i$ you %lease, retire, and when they ha&e bathed they shall #o'e ba#k again)9 To this the +ersians agreed, and *le.ander, ha&ing got the wo'en away, sent the' o$$ to the hare', and 'ade ready in their roo' an e,ual nu'ber o$ beardless youths, who' he dressed in the gar'ents o$ the wo'en, and then, ar'ing the' with daggers, brought the' in to the +ersians, saying as he introdu#ed the', 9-ethinks, dear +ersians, that your entertain'ent has $allen short in nothing) 4e ha&e set be$ore you all that we had oursel&es in store, and all that we #ould anywhere $ind to gi&e you7 and now, to #rown the whole, we 'ake o&er to you our sisters and our 'others, that you 'ay %er#ei&e yoursel&es to be entirely honoured by us, e&en as you deser&e to be7 and also that you 'ay take ba#k word to the king who sent you here, that there was one 'an, a Greek, the satra% o$ -a#edonia, by who' you were both $easted and lodged handso'ely)9 "o s%eaking, *le.ander set by the side o$ ea#h +ersian one o$ those who' he had #alled -a#edonian wo'en, but who were in truth 'en) *nd these 'en, when the +ersians began to be rude, des%at#hed the' with their daggers) "o the a'bassadors %erished by this death, both they and also their $ollowers) For the +ersians had brought a great train with the', #arriages, and attendants, and baggage o$ e&ery kind7 all o$ whi#h disa%%eared at the sa'e ti'e as the 'en the'sel&es) 3ot &ery long a$terwards the +ersians 'ade stri#t sear#h $or their lost e'bassy( but *le.ander, with 'u#h wisdo', hushed u% the business, bribing those sent on the errand, %artly with 'oney, and %artly with the gi$t o$ his

own sister Gygaea, who' he ga&e in 'arriage to Bubares, a +ersian, the #hie$ leader o$ the e.%edition whi#h #a'e in sear#h o$ the lost 'en) Thus the death o$ these +ersians was hushed u%, and no 'ore was said o$ it) 3ow that the 'en o$ this $a'ily are Greeks, s%rung $ro' +erdi##as, as they the'sel&es a$$ir', is a thing whi#h #an de#lare o$ 'y own knowledge, and whi#h will herea$ter 'ake %lainly e&ident) That they are so has been already ad2udged by those who 'anage the +an7Helleni# #ontest at !ly'%ia) For when *le.ander wished to #ontend in the ga'es, and had #o'e to !ly'%ia with no other &iew, the Greeks who were about to run against hi' would ha&e e.#luded hi' $ro' the #ontest7 saying that Greeks only were allowed to #ontend, and not barbarians) But *le.ander %ro&ed hi'sel$ to be an *rgi&e, and was distin#tly ad2udged a Greek( a$ter whi#h he entered the lists $or the $oot7ra#e, and was drawn to run in the $irst %air) Thus was this 'atter settled) -egaba/us, ha&ing rea#hed the Helles%ont with the +aeonians, #rossed it, and went u% to "ardis) He had be#o'e aware while in Euro%e that Histiaeus the -ilesian was raising a wall at -yr#inus7 the town u%on the "try'on whi#h he had obtained $ro' ?ing 5arius as his guerdon $or kee%ing the bridge) 3o sooner there$ore did he rea#h "ardis with the +aeonians than he said to 5arius, 94hat 'ad thing is this that thou hast done, sire, to let a Greek, a wise 'an and a shrewd, get hold o$ a town in Thra#e, a %la#e too where there is abundan#e o$ ti'ber $it $or shi%building, and oars in %lenty, and 'ines o$ sil&er, and about whi#h are 'any dwellers both Greek and barbarian, ready enough to take hi' $or their #hie$, and by day and night to do his bidding> %ray thee 'ake this 'an #ease his work, i$ thou wouldest not be entangled in a war with thine own $ollowers) "to% hi', but with a gentle 'essage, only bidding hi' to #o'e to thee) Then when thou on#e hast hi' in thy %ower, be sure thou take good #are that he ne&er get ba#k to Gree#e again)9 4ith these words -egaba/us easily %ersuaded 5arius, who thought he had shown true $oresight in this 'atter) 5arius there$ore sent a 'essenger to -yr#inus, who said, 9These be the words o$ the king to thee, ! Histiaeus> ha&e looked to $ind a 'an well a$$e#tioned towards 'e and towards 'y greatness( and ha&e $ound none who' #an trust like thee) Thy deeds, and not thy words only, ha&e %ro&ed thy lo&e $or 'e) 3ow then, sin#e ha&e a 'ighty enter%rise in hand, %ray thee #o'e to 'e, that 'ay show thee what %ur%ose>9 Histiaeus, when he heard this, %ut $aith in the words o$ the 'essenger( and, as it see'ed to hi' a grand thing to be the king1s #ounsellor, he straightway went u% to "ardis) Then 5arius, when he was #o'e, said to hi', 95ear Histiaeus, hear why ha&e sent $or thee) 3o sooner did return $ro' "#ythia, and lose thee out o$ 'y sight, than longed, as ha&e ne&er longed $or aught else, to behold thee

on#e 'ore, and to inter#hange s%ee#h with thee) Right sure a' there is nothing in all the world so %re#ious as a $riend who is at on#e wise and true0 both whi#h thou art, as ha&e had good %roo$ in what thou hast already done $or 'e) 3ow then 1tis well thou art #o'e( $or look, ha&e an o$$er to 'ake to thee) Let go -iletus and thy newly7$ounded town in Thra#e, and #o'e with 'e u% to "usa( share all that ha&e( li&e with 'e, and be 'y #ounsellor) 4hen 5arius had thus s%oken he 'ade *rta%hernes, his brother by the $ather1s side, go&ernor o$ "ardis, and taking Histiaeus with hi', went u% to "usa) He le$t as general o$ all the troo%s u%on the sea7#oast !tanes, son o$ "isa'nes, whose $ather ?ing Ca'byses slew and $layed, be#ause that he, being o$ the nu'ber o$ the royal 2udges, had taken 'oney to gi&e an unrighteous senten#e) There$ore Ca'byses slew and $layed "isa'nes, and #utting his skin into stri%s, stret#hed the' a#ross the seat o$ the throne whereon he had been wont to sit when he heard #auses) Ha&ing so done Ca'byses a%%ointed the son o$ "isa'nes to be 2udge in his $ather1s roo', and bade hi' ne&er $orget in what way his seat was #ushioned) *##ordingly this !tanes, who had o##u%ied so strange a throne, be#a'e the su##essor o$ -egaba/us in his #o''and, and took $irst o$ all By/antiu' and Chal#idon, then *ntandrus in the Troas, and ne.t La'%oniu') This done, he borrowed shi%s o$ the Lesbians, and took Le'nos and 'brus, whi#h were still inhabited by +elasgians) 3ow the Le'nians stood on their de$en#e, and $ought gallantly( but they were brought low in #ourse o$ ti'e) "u#h as outli&ed the struggle were %la#ed by the +ersians under the go&ern'ent o$ Ly#aretus, the brother o$ that -aeandrius who was tyrant o$ "a'os) ;This Ly#aretus died a$terwards in his go&ern'ent)< The #ause whi#h !tanes alleged $or #on,uering and ensla&ing all these nations was that so'e had re$used to 2oin the king1s ar'y against "#ythia, while others had 'olested the host on its return) "u#h were the e.%loits whi#h !tanes %er$or'ed in his #o''and) *$terwards, but $or no long ti'e, there was a res%ite $ro' su$$ering) Then $ro' 3a.os and -iletus troubles gathered anew about onia) 3ow 3a.os at this ti'e sur%assed all the other islands in %ros%erity, and -iletus had rea#hed the height o$ her %ower, and was the glory o$ onia) But %re&iously $or two generations the -ilesians had su$$ered grie&ously $ro' #i&il disorders, whi#h were #o'%osed by the +arians, who' the -ilesians #hose be$ore all the rest o$ the Greeks to rearrange their go&ern'ent) 3ow the way in whi#h the +arians healed their di$$eren#es was the $ollowing) * nu'ber o$ the #hie$ +arians #a'e to -iletus, and when they saw in how ruined a #ondition the -ilesians were, they said that they would like $irst to go o&er their #ountry) "o they went through all -ilesia, and on their way, whene&er they saw in the waste and desolate #ountry any land that was well $ar'ed, they took

down the na'es o$ the owners in their tablets( and ha&ing thus gone through the whole region, and obtained a$ter all but $ew na'es, they #alled the %eo%le together on their return to -iletus, and 'ade %ro#la'ation that they ga&e the go&ern'ent into the hands o$ those %ersons whose lands they had $ound well $ar'ed( $or they thought it likely ;they said< that the sa'e %ersons who had 'anaged their own a$$airs well would likewise #ondu#t aright the business o$ the state) The other -ilesians, who in ti'e %ast had been at &arian#e, they %la#ed under the rule o$ these 'en) Thus was the -ilesian go&ern'ent set in order by the +arians) t was, howe&er, $ro' the two #ities abo&e 'entioned that troubles began now to gather again about onia( and this is the way in whi#h they arose) Certain o$ the ri#h 'en had been banished $ro' 3a.os by the #o''onalty, and, u%on their banish'ent, had $led to -iletus) *ristagoras, son o$ -ol%agoras, the ne%hew and likewise the son7in7law o$ Histiaeus, son o$ Lysagoras, who was still ke%t by 5arius at "usa, ha%%ened to be regent o$ -iletus at the ti'e o$ their #o'ing) For the kingly %ower belonged to Histiaeus( but he was at "usa when the 3a.ians #a'e) 3ow these 3a.ians had in ti'es %ast been bond7$riends o$ Histiaeus( and so on their arri&al at -iletus they addressed the'sel&es to *ristagoras and begged hi' to lend the' su#h aid as his ability allowed, in ho%es thereby to re#o&er their #ountry) Then *ristagoras, #onsidering with hi'sel$ that, i$ the 3a.ians should be restored by his hel%, he would be lord o$ 3a.os, %ut $orward the $riendshi% with Histiaeus to #loak his &iews, and s%oke as $ollows07 9 #annot engage to $urnish you with su#h a %ower as were need$ul to $or#e you, against their will, u%on the 3a.ians who hold the #ity( $or know they #an bring into the $ield eight thousand bu#klers, and ha&e also a &ast nu'ber o$ shi%s o$ war) But will do all that lies in 'y %ower to get you so'e aid, and think #an 'anage it in this way) *rta%hernes ha%%ens to be 'y $riend) 3ow he is a son o$ Hystas%es, and brother to ?ing 5arius) *ll the sea7#oast o$ *sia is under hi', and he has a nu'erous ar'y and nu'erous shi%s) think #an %re&ail on hi' to do what we re,uire)9 4hen the 3a.ians heard this, they e'%owered *ristagoras to 'anage the 'atter $or the' as well as he #ould, and told hi' to %ro'ise gi$ts and %ay $or the soldiers, whi#h ;they said< they would readily $urnish, sin#e they had great ho%e that the 3a.ians, so soon as they saw the' returned, would render the' obedien#e, and likewise the other islanders) For at that ti'e not one o$ the Cy#lades was sub2e#t to ?ing 5arius) "o *ristagoras went to "ardis and told *rta%hernes that 3a.os was an island o$ no great si/e, but a $air land and $ertile, lying near onia, and #ontaining 'u#h treasure and a &ast nu'ber o$ sla&es) 9-ake war then u%on this land ;he said< and reinstate the e.iles( $or i$ thou wilt do this, $irst o$ all, ha&e &ery ri#h gi$ts

in store $or thee ;besides the #ost o$ the ar'a'ent, whi#h it is $air that we who are the authors o$ the war should %ay<( and, se#ondly, thou wilt bring under the %ower o$ the king not only 3a.os but the other islands whi#h de%end on it, as +aros, *ndros, and all the rest o$ the Cy#lades) *nd when thou hast gained these, thou 'ayest easily go on against Euboea, whi#h is a large and wealthy island not less in si/e than Cy%rus, and &ery easy to bring under) * hundred shi%s were ,uite enough to subdue the whole)9 The other answered7 9Truly thou art the author o$ a %lan whi#h 'ay 'u#h ad&antage the house o$ the king, and thy #ounsel is good in all %oints e.#e%t the nu'ber o$ the shi%s) nstead o$ a hundred, two hundred shall be at thy dis%osal when the s%ring #o'es) But the king hi'sel$ 'ust $irst a%%ro&e the undertaking)9 4hen *ristagoras heard this he was greatly re2oi#ed, and went ho'e in good heart to -iletus) *nd *rta%hernes, a$ter he had sent a 'essenger to "usa to lay the %lans o$ *ristagoras be$ore the king, and re#ei&ed his a%%ro&al o$ the undertaking, 'ade ready a $leet o$ two hundred trire'es and a &ast ar'y o$ +ersians and their #on$ederates) The #o''and o$ these he ga&e to a +ersian na'ed -egabates, who belonged to the house o$ the *#hae'enids, being ne%hew both to hi'sel$ and to ?ing 5arius) t was to a daughter o$ this 'an that +ausanias the La#edae'onian, the son o$ Cleo'brotus ;i$ at least there be any truth in the tale<, was allian#ed 'any years a$terwards, when he #on#ei&ed the desire o$ be#o'ing tyrant o$ Gree#e) *rta%hernes now, ha&ing na'ed -egabates to the #o''and, sent $orward the ar'a'ent to *ristagoras) -egabates set sail, and, tou#hing at -iletus, took on board *ristagoras with the onian troo%s and the 3a.ians( a$ter whi#h he steered, as he ga&e out, $or the Helles%ont( and when he rea#hed Chios, he brought the $leet to an#hor o$$ Cau#asa, being 'inded to wait there $or a north wind, and then sail straight to 3a.os) The 3a.ians howe&er were not to %erish at this ti'e( and so the $ollowing e&ents were brought about) *s -egabates went his rounds to &isit the wat#hes on board the shi%s, he $ound a -yndian &essel u%on whi#h there was none set) Full o$ anger at su#h #arelessness, he bade his guards to seek out the #a%tain, one "#yla. by na'e, and thrusting hi' through one o$ the holes in the shi%1s side, to $asten hi' there in su#h a way that his head 'ight show outside the &essel, while his body re'ained within) 4hen "#yla. was thus $astened, one went and in$or'ed *ristagoras that -egabates had bound his -yndian $riend and was entreating hi' sha'e$ully) "o he #a'e and asked -egabates to let the 'an o$$( but the +ersian re$used hi'( whereu%on *ristagoras went hi'sel$ and set "#yla. $ree) 4hen -egabates heard this he was still 'ore angry than be$ore, and s%oke hotly to *ristagoras) Then the latter said to hi'7 94hat has thou to do with these 'atters: 4ert thou not sent here

by *rta%hernes to obey 'e, and to sail whithersoe&er ordered: 4hy dost 'eddle so: Thus s%ake *ristagoras) The other, in high dudgeon at su#h language, waited till the night, and then des%at#hed a boat to 3a.os, to warn the 3a.ians o$ the #o'ing danger) 3ow the 3a.ians u% to this ti'e had not had any sus%i#ion that the ar'a'ent was dire#ted against the'( as soon, there$ore, as the 'essage rea#hed the', $orthwith they brought within their walls all that they had in the o%en $ield, and 'ade the'sel&es ready against a siege by %ro&isioning their town both with $ood and drink) Thus was 3a.os %la#ed in a %osture o$ de$en#e( and the +ersians, when they #rossed the sea $ro' Chios, $ound the 3a.ians $ully %re%ared $or the') Howe&er they sat down be$ore the %la#e, and besieged it $or $our whole 'onths) 4hen at length all the stores whi#h they had brought with the' were e.hausted, and *ristagoras had likewise s%ent u%on the siege no s'all su' $ro' his %ri&ate 'eans, and 'ore was still needed to insure su##ess, the +ersians ga&e u% the atte'%t, and $irst building #ertain $orts, wherein they le$t the banished 3a.ians, withdrew to the 'ainland, ha&ing utterly $ailed in their undertaking) *nd now *ristagoras $ound hi'sel$ ,uite unable to 'ake good his %ro'ises to *rta%hernes( nay, he was e&en hard %ressed to 'eet the #lai's whereto he was liable $or the %ay o$ the troo%s( and at the sa'e ti'e his $ear was great, lest, owing to the $ailure o$ the e.%edition and his own ,uarrel with -egabates, he should be ousted $ro' the go&ern'ent o$ -iletus) These 'ani$old alar's had already #aused hi' to #onte'%late raising a rebellion, when the 'an with the 'arked head #a'e $ro' "usa, bringing hi' instru#tions on the %art o$ Histiaeus to re&olt $ro' the king) For Histiaeus, when he was an.ious to gi&e *ristagoras orders to re&olt, #ould $ind but one sa$e way, as the roads were guarded, o$ 'aking his wishes known( whi#h was by taking the trustiest o$ his sla&es, sha&ing all the hair $ro' o$$ his head, and then %ri#king letters u%on the skin, and waiting till the hair grew again) Thus a##ordingly he did( and as soon as e&er the hair was grown, he des%at#hed the 'an to -iletus, gi&ing hi' no other 'essage than this7 94hen thou art #o'e to -iletus, bid *ristagoras sha&e thy head, and look thereon)9 3ow the 'arks on the head, as ha&e already 'entioned, were a #o''and to re&olt) *ll this Histiaeus did be#ause it irked hi' greatly to be ke%t at "usa, and be#ause he had strong ho%es that, i$ troubles broke out, he would be sent down to the #oast to ,uell the', whereas, i$ -iletus 'ade no 'o&e'ent, he did not see a #han#e o$ his e&er again returning thither) "u#h, then, were the &iews whi#h led Histiaeus to des%at#h his 'essenger( and it so #han#ed that all these se&eral 'oti&es to re&olt were brought to bear u%on *ristagoras at one and the sa'e ti'e) *##ordingly, at this #on2un#ture *ristagoras held a #oun#il o$ his

trusty $riends, and laid the business be$ore the', telling the' both what he had hi'sel$ %ur%osed, and what 'essage had been sent hi' by Histiaeus) *t this #oun#il all his $riends were o$ the sa'e way o$ thinking, and re#o''ended re&olt, e.#e%t only He#ataeus the historian) He, $irst o$ all, ad&ised the' by all 'eans to a&oid engaging in war with the king o$ the +ersians, whose 'ight he set $orth, and whose sub2e#t nations he enu'erated) *s howe&er he #ould not indu#e the' to listen to this #ounsel, he ne.t ad&ised that they should do all that lay in their %ower to 'ake the'sel&es 'asters o$ the sea) 9There was one only way,9 he said, 9so $ar as he #ould see, o$ their su##eeding in this) -iletus was, he knew, a weak state7 but i$ the treasures in the te'%le at Bran#hidae, whi#h Croesus the Lydian ga&e to it, were sei/ed, he had strong ho%es that the 'astery o$ the sea 'ight be thereby gained( at least it would gi&e the' 'oney to begin the war, and would sa&e the treasures $ro' $alling into the hands o$ the ene'y)9 3ow these treasures were o$ &ery great &alue, as showed in the $irst %art o$ 'y History) The asse'bly, howe&er, re2e#ted the #ounsel o$ He#ataeus, while, ne&ertheless, they resol&ed u%on a re&olt) !ne o$ their nu'ber, it was agreed, should sail to -yus, where the $leet had been lying sin#e its return $ro' 3a.os, and endea&our to sei/e the #a%tains who had gone there with the &essels) atragoras a##ordingly was des%at#hed on this errand, and he took with guile !liatus the son o$ banolis the -ylassian, and Histiaeus the son o$ Ty'nes the Ter'erean7Coes likewise, the son o$ Er.ander, to who' 5arius ga&e -ytilene, and *ristagoras the son o$ Hera#lides the Cy'aean, and also 'any others) Thus *ristagoras re&olted o%enly $ro' 5arius( and now he set to work to s#he'e against hi' in e&ery %ossible way) First o$ all, in order to indu#e the -ilesians to 2oin heartily in the re&olt, he ga&e out that he laid down his own lordshi% o&er -iletus, and in lieu thereo$ established a #o''onwealth0 a$ter whi#h, throughout all onia he did the like( $or $ro' so'e o$ the #ities he dro&e out their tyrants, and to others, whose goodwill he ho%ed thereby to gain, he handed theirs o&er, thus gi&ing u% all the 'en who' he had sei/ed at the 3a.ian $leet, ea#h to the #ity whereto he belonged) 3ow the -ytileneans had no sooner got Coes into their %ower, than they led hi' $orth $ro' the #ity and stoned hi'( the Cy'aeans, on the other hand, allowed their tyrant to go $ree( as likewise did 'ost o$ the others) *nd so this $or' o$ go&ern'ent #eased throughout all the #ities) *ristagoras the -ilesian, a$ter he had in this way %ut down the tyrants, and bidden the #ities #hoose the'sel&es #a%tains in their roo', sailed away hi'sel$ on board a trire'e to La#edae'on( $or he had great need o$ obtaining the aid o$ so'e %ower$ul ally) *t "%arta, *na.andridas the son o$ Leo was no longer king0 he had died, and his son Cleo'enes had 'ounted the throne, not howe&er by

right o$ 'erit, but o$ birth) *na.andridas took to wi$e his own sister1s daughter, and was tenderly atta#hed to her( but no #hildren #a'e $ro' the 'arriage) Hereu%on the E%hors #alled hi' be$ore the', and said7 9 $ thou hast no #are $or thine own sel$, ne&ertheless we #annot allow this, nor su$$er the ra#e o$ Eurysthenes to die out $ro' a'ong us) Co'e then, as thy %resent wi$e bears thee no #hildren, %ut her away, and wed another) "o wilt thou do what is well7%leasing to the "%artans)9 *na.andridas howe&er re$used to do as they re,uired, and said it was no good ad&i#e the E%hors ga&e, to bid hi' %ut away his wi$e when she had done no wrong, and take to hi'sel$ another) He there$ore de#lined to obey the') Then the E%hors and Elders took #ounsel together, and laid this %ro%osal be$ore the king07 9"in#e thou art so $ond, as we see thee to be, o$ thy %resent wi$e, do what we now ad&ise, and gainsay us not, lest the "%artans 'ake so'e unwonted de#ree #on#erning thee) 4e ask thee not now to %ut away thy wi$e to who' thou art 'arried7 gi&e her still the sa'e lo&e and honour as e&er7 but take thee another wi$e beside, who 'ay bear thee #hildren)9 4hen he heard this o$$er, *na.andridas ga&e way7 and hen#e$orth he li&ed with two wi&es in two se%arate houses, ,uite against all "%artan #usto') n a short ti'e, the wi$e who' he had last 'arried bore hi' a son, who re#ei&ed the na'e o$ Cleo'enes( and so the heir to the throne was brought into the world by her) *$ter this, the $irst wi$e also, who in ti'e %ast had been barren, by so'e strange #han#e #on#ei&ed, and #a'e to be with #hild) Then the $riends o$ the se#ond wi$e, when they heard a ru'our o$ the truth, 'ade a great stir, and said it was a $alse boast, and she 'eant, they were sure, to bring $orward as her own a su%%osititious #hild) "o they raised an out#ry against her( and there$ore, when her $ull ti'e was #o'e, the E%hors, who were the'sel&es in#redulous, sat round her bed, and ke%t a stri#t wat#h on the labour) *t this ti'e then she bore 5orieus, and a$ter hi', ,ui#kly, Leonidas, and a$ter hi', again ,ui#kly, Cleo'brotus) "o'e e&en say that Leonidas and Cleo'brotus were twins) !n the other hand, the se#ond wi$e, the 'other o$ Cleo'enes ;who was a daughter o$ +rinetadas, the son o$ 5e'ar'enus<, ne&er ga&e birth to a se#ond #hild) 3ow Cleo'enes, it is said, was not right in his 'ind( indeed he &erged u%on 'adness( while 5orieus sur%assed all his #o7'ates, and looked #on$idently to re#ei&ing the kingdo' on the s#ore o$ 'erit) 4hen, there$ore, a$ter the death o$ *na.andridas, the "%artans ke%t to the law, and 'ade Cleo'enes, his eldest son, king in his roo', 5orieus, who had i'agined that he should be #hosen, and who #ould not bear the thought o$ ha&ing su#h a 'an as Cleo'enes to rule o&er hi', asked the "%artans to gi&e hi' a body o$ 'en, and le$t "%arta with the' in order to $ound a #olony) Howe&er, he neither took #ounsel

o$ the ora#le at 5el%hi as to the %la#e whereto he should go, nor obser&ed any o$ the #usto'ary usages( but le$t "%arta in dudgeon, and sailed away to Libya, under the guidan#e o$ #ertain 'en who were Theraeans) These 'en brought hi' to Ciny%s, where he #olonised a s%ot, whi#h has not its e,ual in all Libya, on the banks o$ a ri&er0 but $ro' this %la#e he was dri&en in the third year by the -a#ians, the Libyans, and the Carthaginians) 5orieus returned to the +elo%onnese( whereu%on *nti#hares the Eleonian ga&e hi' a #ounsel ;whi#h he got $ro' the ora#le o$ Laius<, to 9$ound the #ity o$ Hera#lea in "i#ily( the whole #ountry o$ Ery. belonged,9 he said, 9to the Hera#leids, sin#e Her#ules hi'sel$ #on,uered it)9 !n re#ei&ing this ad&i#e, 5orieus went to 5el%hi to in,uire o$ the ora#le whether he would take the %la#e to whi#h he was about to go) The +ythoness %ro%hesied that he would( whereu%on 5orieus went ba#k to Libya, took u% the 'en who had sailed with hi' at the $irst, and %ro#eeded u%on his way along the shores o$ taly) 8ust at this ti'e, the "ybarites say, they and their king Telys were about to 'ake war u%on Crotona, and the Crotoniats, greatly alar'ed, besought 5orieus to lend the' aid) 5orieus was %re&ailed u%on, bore %art in the war against "ybaris, and had a share in taking the town) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h the "ybarites gi&e o$ what was done by 5orieus and his #o'%anions) The Crotoniats, on the other hand, 'aintain that no $oreigner lent the' aid in their war against the "ybarites, sa&e and e.#e%t Callias the Elean, a soothsayer o$ the ra#e o$ the a'idae( and he only $orsook Telys the "ybariti# king, and deserted to their side, when he $ound on sa#ri$i#ing that the &i#ti's were not $a&ourable to an atta#k on Crotona) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h ea#h %arty gi&es o$ these 'atters) Both %arties likewise addu#e testi'onies to the truth o$ what they say) The "ybarites show a te'%le and sa#red %re#in#t near the dry strea' o$ the Crastis, whi#h they de#lare that 5orieus, a$ter taking their #ity, dedi#ated to -iner&a Crastias) *nd $urther, they bring $orward the death o$ 5orieus as the surest %roo$( sin#e he $ell, they say, be#ause he disobeyed the ora#le) For had he in nothing &aried $ro' the dire#tions gi&en hi', but #on$ined hi'sel$ to the business on whi#h he was sent, he would assuredly ha&e #on,uered the Ery#ian territory, and ke%t %ossession o$ it, instead o$ %erishing with all his $ollowers) The Crotoniats, on the other hand, %oint to the nu'erous allot'ents within their borders whi#h were assigned to Callias the Elean by their #ountry'en, and whi#h to 'y day re'ained in the %ossession o$ his $a'ily( while 5orieus and his des#endants ;they re'ark< %ossess nothing) =et i$ 5orieus had really hel%ed the' in the "ybariti# war, he would ha&e re#ei&ed &ery 'u#h 'ore than Callias) "u#h are the testi'onies whi#h are addu#ed on either side( it is o%en to e&ery 'an to ado%t whi#he&er &iew he dee's the best) Certain "%artans a##o'%anied 5orieus on his &oyage as #o7$ounders,

to wit, Thessalus, +araebates, Celeas, and Euryleon) These 'en and all the troo%s under their #o''and rea#hed "i#ily( but there they $ell in a battle wherein they were de$eated by the Egestaeans and +hoeni#ians, only one, Euryleon, sur&i&ing the disaster) He then, #olle#ting the re'nants o$ the beaten ar'y, 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ -inoa, the "elinusian #olony, and hel%ed the "elinusians to throw o$$ the yoke o$ their tyrant +eithagoras) Ha&ing u%set +eithagoras, he sought to be#o'e tyrant in his roo', and he e&en reigned at "elinus $or a brie$ s%a#e7 but a$ter a while the "elinusians rose u% in re&olt against hi', and though he $led to the altar o$ 8u%iter *goraeus, they notwithstanding %ut hi' to death) *nother 'an who a##o'%anied 5orieus, and died with hi', was +hili% the son o$ Buta#idas, a 'an o$ Crotona( who, a$ter he had been betrothed to a daughter o$ Telys the "ybarite, was banished $ro' Crotona, whereu%on his 'arriage #a'e to nought( and he in his disa%%oint'ent took shi% and sailed to Cyrene) Fro' then#e he be#a'e a $ollower o$ 5orieus, $urnishing to the $leet a trire'e o$ his own, the #rew o$ whi#h he su%%orted at his own #harge) This +hili% was an !ly'%ian &i#tor, and the handso'est Greek o$ his day) His beauty gained hi' honours at the hands o$ the Egestaeans whi#h they ne&er a##orded to any one else( $or they raised a hero7te'%le o&er his gra&e, and they still worshi% hi' with sa#ri$i#es) "u#h then was the end o$ 5orieus, who i$ he had brooked the rule o$ Cleo'enes, and re'ained in "%arta, would ha&e been king o$ La#edae'on( sin#e Cleo'enes, a$ter reigning no great length o$ ti'e, died without 'ale o$$s%ring, lea&ing behind hi' an only daughter, by na'e Gorgo) Cleo'enes, howe&er, was still king when *ristagoras, tyrant o$ -iletus, rea#hed "%arta) *t their inter&iew, *ristagoras, a##ording to the re%ort o$ the La#edae'onians, %rodu#ed a bron/e tablet, whereu%on the whole #ir#uit o$ the earth was engra&ed, with all its seas and ri&ers) 5is#ourse began between the two( and *ristagoras addressed the "%artan king in these words $ollowing07 9Think it not strange, ! ?ing Cleo'enes, that ha&e been at the %ains to sail hither( $or the %osture o$ a$$airs, whi#h will now re#ount unto thee, 'ade it $itting) "ha'e and grie$ is it indeed to none so 'u#h as to us, that the sons o$ the onians should ha&e lost their $reedo', and #o'e to be the sla&es o$ others( but yet it tou#hes you likewise, ! "%artans, beyond the rest o$ the Greeks, inas'u#h as the %re7e'inen#e o&er all Gree#e a%%ertains to you) 4e besee#h you, there$ore, by the #o''on gods o$ the Gre#ians, deli&er the onians, who are your own kins'en, $ro' sla&ery) Truly the task is not di$$i#ult( $or the barbarians are an unwarlike %eo%le( and you are the best and bra&est warriors in the whole world) Their 'ode o$ $ighting is the $ollowing07 they use bows and arrows and a short s%ear( they wear trousers in the $ield, and #o&er their heads with turbans) "o

easy are they to &an,uish> ?now too that the dwellers in these %arts ha&e 'ore good things than all the rest o$ the world %ut together7 gold, and sil&er, and brass, and e'broidered gar'ents, beasts o$ burthen, and bond7ser&ants7 all whi#h, i$ you only wish it, you 'ay soon ha&e $or your own) The nations border on one another, in the order whi#h will now e.%lain) 3e.t to these onians9 ;here he %ointed with his $inger to the 'a% o$ the world whi#h was engra&ed u%on the tablet that he had brought with hi'< 9these Lydians dwell( their soil is $ertile, and $ew %eo%le are so ri#h in sil&er) 3e.t to the',9 he #ontinued, 9#o'e these +hrygians, who ha&e 'ore $lo#ks and herds than any ra#e that know, and 'ore %lenti$ul har&ests) !n the' border the Ca%%ado#ians, who' we Greeks know by the na'e o$ "yrians0 they are neighbours to the Cili#ians, who e.tend all the way to this sea, where Cy%rus ;the island whi#h you see here< lies) The Cili#ians %ay the king a yearly tribute o$ $i&e hundred talents) 3e.t to the' #o'e the *r'enians, who li&e here7 they too ha&e nu'erous $lo#ks and herds) *$ter the' #o'e the -atieni, inhabiting this #ountry( then Cissia, this %ro&in#e, where you see the ri&er Choas%es 'arked, and likewise the town "usa u%on its banks, where the Great ?ing holds his #ourt, and where the treasuries are in whi#h his wealth is stored) !n#e 'asters o$ this #ity, you 'ay be bold to &ie with 8o&e hi'sel$ $or ri#hes) n the wars whi#h ye wage with your ri&als o$ -essenia, with the' o$ *rgos likewise and o$ *r#adia, about %altry boundaries and stri%s o$ land not so re'arkably good, ye #ontend with those who ha&e no gold, nor sil&er e&en, whi#h o$ten gi&e 'en heart to $ight and die) -ust ye wage su#h wars, and when ye 'ight so easily be lords o$ *sia, will ye de#ide otherwise:9 Thus s%oke *ristagoras( and Cleo'enes re%lied to hi',7 9-ilesian stranger, three days hen#e will gi&e thee an answer)9 "o they %ro#eeded no $urther at that ti'e) 4hen, howe&er, the day a%%ointed $or the answer #a'e, and the two on#e 'ore 'et, Cleo'enes asked *ristagoras, 9how 'any days1 2ourney it was $ro' the sea o$ the onians to the king1s residen#e:9 Hereu%on *ristagoras, who had 'anaged the rest so #le&erly, and su##eeded in de#ei&ing the king, tri%%ed in his s%ee#h and blundered( $or instead o$ #on#ealing the truth, as he ought to ha&e done i$ he wanted to indu#e the "%artans to #ross into *sia, he said %lainly that it was a 2ourney o$ three 'onths) Cleo'enes #aught at the words, and, %re&enting *ristagoras $ro' $inishing what he had begun to say #on#erning the road, addressed hi' thus07 9-ilesian stranger, ,uit "%arta be$ore sunset) This is no good %ro%osal that thou 'akest to the La#edae'onians, to #ondu#t the' a distan#e o$ three 'onths1 2ourney $ro' the sea)9 4hen he had thus s%oken, Cleo'enes went to his ho'e) But *ristagoras took an oli&e7bough in his hand, and hastened to the king1s house, where he was ad'itted by reason o$ his su%%liant1s %liant1s guise) Gorgo, the daughter o$ Cleo'enes, and his only

#hild, a girl o$ about eight or nine years o$ age, ha%%ened to be there, standing by her $ather1s side) *ristagoras, seeing her, re,uested Cleo'enes to send her out o$ the roo' be$ore he began to s%eak with hi'( but Cleo'enes told hi' to say on, and not 'ind the #hild) "o *ristagoras began with a %ro'ise o$ ten talents i$ the king would grant hi' his re,uest, and when Cleo'enes shook his head, #ontinued to raise his o$$er till it rea#hed $i$ty talents( whereu%on the #hild s%oke07 9Father,9 she said, 9get u% and go, or the stranger will #ertainly #orru%t thee)9 Then Cleo'enes, %leased at the warning o$ his #hild, withdrew and went into another roo') *ristagoras ,uitted "%arta $or good, not being able to dis#ourse any 'ore #on#erning the road whi#h led u% to the king) 3ow the true a##ount o$ the road in ,uestion is the $ollowing07 Royal stations e.ist along its whole length, and e.#ellent #ara&anserais( and throughout, it tra&erses an inhabited tra#t, and is $ree $ro' danger) n Lydia and +hrygia there are twenty stations within a distan#e !$ H4 FLG %arasangs) !n lea&ing +hrygia the Halys has to be #rossed( and here are gates through whi#h you 'ust needs %ass ere you #an tra&erse the strea') * strong $or#e guards this %ost) 4hen you ha&e 'ade the %assage, and are #o'e into Ca%%ado#ia, GC stations and F04 %arasangs bring you to the borders o$ Cili#ia, where the road %asses through two sets o$ gates, at ea#h o$ whi#h there is a guard %osted) Lea&ing these behind, you go on through Cili#ia, where you $ind three stations in a distan#e o$ FJ FLG %arasangs) The boundary between Cili#ia and *r'enia is the ri&er Eu%hrates, whi#h it is ne#essary to #ross in boats) n *r'enia the resting7%la#es are FJ in nu'ber, and the distan#e is JD FLG %arasangs) There is one %la#e where a guard is %osted) Four large strea's interse#t this distri#t, all o$ whi#h ha&e to be #rossed by 'eans o$ boats) The $irst o$ these is the Tigris( the se#ond and the third ha&e both o$ the' the sa'e na'e, though they are not only di$$erent ri&ers, but do not e&en run $ro' the sa'e %la#e) For the one whi#h ha&e #alled the $irst o$ the two has its sour#e in *r'enia, while the other $lows a$terwards out o$ the #ountry o$ the -atienians) The $ourth o$ the strea's is #alled the Gyndes, and this is the ri&er whi#h Cyrus dis%ersed by digging $or it three hundred and si.ty #hannels) Lea&ing *r'enia and entering the -atienian #ountry, you ha&e $our stations( these %assed you $ind yoursel$ in Cissia, where ele&en stations and 4G FLG %arasangs bring you to another na&igable strea', the Choas%es, on the banks o$ whi#h the #ity o$ "usa is built) Thus the entire nu'ber o$ the stations is raised to one hundred and ele&en( and so 'any are in $a#t the resting7%la#es that one $inds between "ardis and "usa) $ then the royal road be 'easured aright, and the %arasang e,uals, as it does, thirty $urlongs, the whole distan#e $ro' "ardis to the %ala#e o$ -e'non ;as it is #alled<, a'ounting thus to 4J0

%arasangs, would be FE,J00 $urlongs) Tra&elling then at the rate o$ FJ0 $urlongs a day, one will take e.a#tly ninety days to %er$or' the 2ourney) Thus when *ristagoras the -ilesian told Cleo'enes the La#edae'onian that it was a three 'onths1 2ourney $ro' the sea u% to the king, he said no 'ore than the truth) The e.a#t distan#e ;i$ any one desires still greater a##ura#y< is so'ewhat 'ore( $or the 2ourney $ro' E%hesus to "ardis 'ust be added to the $oregoing a##ount( and this will 'ake the whole distan#e between the Greek "ea and "usa ;or the #ity o$ -e'non, as it is #alled< F4,040 $urlongs( sin#e E%hesus is distant $ro' "ardis J40 $urlongs) This would add three days to the three 'onths1 2ourney) 4hen *ristagoras le$t "%arta he hastened to *thens, whi#h had got ,uit o$ its tyrants in the way that will now des#ribe) *$ter the death o$ Hi%%ar#hus ;the son o$ +isistratus, and brother o$ the tyrant Hi%%ias<, who, in s%ite o$ the #lear warning he had re#ei&ed #on#erning his $ate in a drea', was slain by Har'odius and *ristogeiton ;'en both o$ the ra#e o$ the Ge%hyraeans<, the o%%ression o$ the *thenians #ontinued by the s%a#e o$ $our years( and they gained nothing, but were worse used than be$ore) 3ow the drea' o$ Hi%%ar#hus was the $ollowing07 The night be$ore the +anathenai# $esti&al, he thought he saw in his slee% a tall and beauti$ul 'an, who stood o&er hi', and read hi' the $ollowing riddle07 Bear thou unbearable woes with the all7bearing heart o$ a lion( 3e&er, be sure, shall wrong7doer es#a%e the reward o$ wrong7doing) *s soon as day dawned he sent and sub'itted his drea' to the inter%reters, a$ter whi#h he o$$ered the a&erting sa#ri$i#es, and then went and led the %ro#ession in whi#h he %erished) The $a'ily o$ the Ge%hyraeans, to whi#h the 'urderers o$ Hi%%ar#hus belonged, a##ording to their own a##ount, #a'e originally $ro' Eretria) -y in,uiries, howe&er, ha&e 'ade it #lear to 'e that they are in reality +hoeni#ians, des#endants o$ those who #a'e with Cad'us into the #ountry now #alled Boeotia) Here they re#ei&ed $or their %ortion the distri#t o$ Tanagra, in whi#h they a$terwards dwelt) !n their e.%ulsion $ro' this #ountry by the Boeotians ;whi#h ha%%ened so'e ti'e a$ter that o$ the Cad'eians $ro' the sa'e %arts by the *rgi&es< they took re$uge at *thens) The *thenians re#ei&ed the' a'ong their #iti/ens u%on set ter's, whereby they were e.#luded $ro' a nu'ber o$ %ri&ileges whi#h are not worth 'entioning) 3ow the +hoeni#ians who #a'e with Cad'us, and to who' the Ge%hyraei belonged, introdu#ed into Gree#e u%on their arri&al a great &ariety o$ arts, a'ong the rest that o$ writing, whereo$ the Greeks till then had, as think, been ignorant) *nd originally they

sha%ed their letters e.a#tly like all the other +hoeni#ians, but a$terwards, in #ourse o$ ti'e, they #hanged by degrees their language, and together with it the $or' likewise o$ their #hara#ters) 3ow the Greeks who dwelt about those %arts at that ti'e were #hie$ly the onians) The +hoeni#ian letters were a##ordingly ado%ted by the', but with so'e &ariation in the sha%e o$ a $ew, and so they arri&ed at the %resent use, still #alling the letters +hoeni#ian, as 2usti#e re,uired, a$ter the na'e o$ those who were the $irst to introdu#e the' into Gree#e) +a%er rolls also were #alled $ro' o$ old 9%ar#h'ents9 by the onians, be#ause $or'erly when %a%er was s#ar#e they used, instead, the skins o$ shee% and goats7 on whi#h 'aterial 'any o$ the barbarians are e&en now wont to write) 'ysel$ saw Cad'eian #hara#ters engra&ed u%on so'e tri%ods in the te'%le o$ *%ollo s'enias in Boeotian Thebes, 'ost o$ the' sha%ed like the onian) !ne o$ the tri%ods has the ins#ri%tion $ollowing07 -e did *'%hitryon %la#e, $ro' the $ar Teleboans #o'ing) This would be about the age o$ Laius, the son o$ Labda#us, the son o$ +olydorus, the son o$ Cad'us) *nother o$ the tri%ods has this legend in the he.a'eter 'easure07 to $ar7shooting +hoebus was o$$ered by "#aeus the bo.er, 4hen he had won at the ga'es7 a wondrous beauti$ul o$$ering) This 'ight be "#aeus, the son o$ Hi%%o#oon( and the tri%od, i$ dedi#ated by hi', and not by another o$ the sa'e na'e, would belong to the ti'e o$ !edi%us, the son o$ Laius) The third tri%od has also an ins#ri%tion in he.a'eters, whi#h runs thus07 ?ing Laoda'as ga&e this tri%od to $ar7seeing +hoebus, 4hen he was set on the throne7 a wondrous beauti$ul o$$ering) t was in the reign o$ this Laoda'as, the son o$ Eteo#les, that the Cad'eians were dri&en by the *rgi&es out o$ their #ountry, and $ound a shelter with the En#heleans) The Ge%hyraeans at that ti'e re'ained in the #ountry, but a$terwards they retired be$ore the Boeotians, and took re$uge at *thens, where they ha&e a nu'ber o$ te'%les $or their se%arate use, whi#h the other *thenians are not allowed to enter7 a'ong the rest, one o$ *#haean Ceres, in whose honour they likewise #elebrate s%e#ial orgies) Ha&ing thus related the drea' whi#h Hi%%ar#hus saw, and tra#ed the des#ent o$ the Ge%hyraeans, the $a'ily whereto his 'urderers belonged, 'ust %ro#eed with the 'atter whereo$ was intending be$ore to s%eak( to wit, the way in whi#h the *thenians got ,uit o$ their

tyrants) 6%on the death o$ Hi%%ar#hus, Hi%%ias, who was king, grew harsh towards the *thenians( and the *l#aeonidae, an *thenian $a'ily whi#h had been banished by the +isistratidae, 2oined the other e.iles, and endea&oured to %ro#ure their own return, and to $ree *thens, by $or#e) They sei/ed and $orti$ied Lei%sydriu' abo&e +aeonia, and tried to gain their ob2e#t by ar's( but great disasters be$ell the', and their %ur%ose re'ained una##o'%lished) They there$ore resol&ed to shrink $ro' no #ontri&an#e that 'ight bring the' su##ess( and a##ordingly they #ontra#ted with the *'%hi#tyons to build the te'%le whi#h now stands at 5el%hi, but whi#h in those days did not e.ist) Ha&ing done this, they %ro#eeded, being 'en o$ great wealth and 'e'bers o$ an an#ient and distinguished $a'ily, to build the te'%le 'u#h 'ore 'agni$i#ently than the %lan obliged the') Besides other i'%ro&e'ents, instead o$ the #oarse stone whereo$ by the #ontra#t the te'%le was to ha&e been #onstru#ted, they 'ade the $a#ings o$ +arian 'arble) These sa'e 'en, i$ we 'ay belie&e the *thenians, during their stay at 5el%hi %ersuaded the +ythoness by a bribe to tell the "%artans, whene&er any o$ the' #a'e to #onsult the ora#le, either on their own %ri&ate a$$airs or on the business o$ the state, that they 'ust $ree *thens) "o the La#edae'onians, when they $ound no answer e&er returned to the' but this, sent at last *n#hi'olius, the son o$ *ster7 a 'an o$ note a'ong their #iti/ens7 at the head o$ an ar'y against *thens, with orders to dri&e out the +isistratidae, albeit they were bound to the' by the #losest ties o$ $riendshi%) For they estee'ed the things o$ hea&en 'ore highly than the things o$ 'en) The troo%s went by sea and were #on&eyed in trans%orts) *n#hi'olius brought the' to an an#horage at +haleru'( and there the 'en dise'barked) But the +isistratidae, who had %re&ious knowledge o$ their intentions, had sent to Thessaly, between whi#h #ountry and *thens there was an allian#e, with a re,uest $or aid) The Thessalians, in re%ly to their entreaties, sent the' by a %ubli# &ote F000 horse'en, under the #o''and o$ their king, Cineas, who was a Coniaean) 4hen this hel% #a'e, the +isistratidae laid their %lan a##ordingly0 they #leared the whole %lain about +haleru' so as to 'ake it $it $or the 'o&e'ents o$ #a&alry, and then #harged the ene'y1s #a'% with their horse, whi#h $ell with su#h $ury u%on the La#edae'onians as to kill nu'bers, a'ong the rest *n#hi'olius, the general, and to dri&e the re'ainder to their shi%s) "u#h was the $ate o$ the $irst ar'y sent $ro' La#edae'on, and the to'b o$ *n#hi'olius 'ay be seen to this day in *tti#a( it is at *lo%e#ae ;Fo.town<, near the te'%le o$ Her#ules in Cynosargos) *$terwards, the La#edae'onians des%at#hed a larger $or#e against *thens, whi#h they %ut under the #o''and o$ Cleo'enes, son o$ *na.andridas, one o$ their kings) These troo%s were not sent by sea, but 'ar#hed by the 'ainland) 4hen they were #o'e into *tti#a, their

$irst en#ounter was with the Thessalian horse, whi#h they shortly %ut to $light, killing abo&e $orty 'en( the re'ainder 'ade good their es#a%e, and $led straight to Thessaly) Cleo'enes %ro#eeded to the #ity, and, with the aid o$ su#h o$ the *thenians as wished $or $reedo', besieged the tyrants, who had shut the'sel&es u% in the +elasgi# $ortress) *nd now there had been s'all #han#e o$ the +isistratidae $alling into the hands o$ the "%artans, who did not e&en design to sit down be$ore the %la#e, whi#h had 'oreo&er been well %ro&isioned be$orehand with stores both o$ 'eat and drink,7 nay, it is likely that a$ter a $ew days1 blo#kade the La#edae'onians would ha&e ,uitted *tti#a altogether, and gone ba#k to "%arta7 had not an e&ent o##urred 'ost unlu#ky $or the besieged, and 'ost ad&antageous $or the besiegers) The #hildren o$ the +isistratidae were 'ade %risoners, as they were being re'o&ed out o$ the #ountry) By this #ala'ity all their %lans were deranged, and7as the ranso' o$ their #hildren7 they #onsented to the de'ands o$ the *thenians, and agreed within $i&e days1 ti'e to ,uit *tti#a) *##ordingly they soon a$terwards le$t the #ountry, and withdrew to "igeu' on the "#a'ander, a$ter reigning thirty7si. years o&er the *thenians) By des#ent they were +ylians, o$ the $a'ily o$ the 3eleids, to whi#h Codrus and -elanthus likewise belonged, 'en who in $or'er ti'es $ro' $oreign settlers be#a'e kings o$ *thens) *nd hen#e it was that Hi%%o#rates #a'e to think o$ #alling his son +isistratus0 he na'ed hi' a$ter the +isistratus who was a son o$ 3estor) "u#h then was the 'ode in whi#h the *thenians got ,uit o$ their tyrants) 4hat they did and su$$ered worthy o$ note $ro' the ti'e when they gained their $reedo' until the re&olt o$ onia $ro' ?ing 5arius, and the #o'ing o$ *ristagoras to *thens with a re,uest that the *thenians would lend the onians aid, shall now %ro#eed to relate) The %ower o$ *thens had been great be$ore( but, now that the tyrants were gone, it be#a'e greater than e&er) The #hie$ authority was lodged with two %ersons, Clisthenes, o$ the $a'ily o$ the *l#'aeonids, who is said to ha&e been the %ersuader o$ the +ythoness, and sagoras, the son o$ Tisander, who belonged to a noble house, but whose %edigree a' not able to tra#e $urther) Howbeit his kins'en o$$er sa#ri$i#e to the Carian 8u%iter) These two 'en stro&e together $or the 'astery( and Clisthenes, $inding hi'sel$ the weaker, #alled to his aid the #o''on %eo%le) Hereu%on, instead o$ the $our tribes a'ong whi#h the *thenians had been di&ided hitherto, Clisthenes 'ade ten tribes, and %ar#elled out the *thenians a'ong the') He likewise #hanged the na'es o$ the tribes( $or whereas they had till now been #alled a$ter Geleon, *egi#ores, *rgades, and Ho%les, the $our sons o$ on, Clisthenes set these na'es aside, and #alled his tribes a$ter #ertain other heroes, all o$ who' were nati&e, e.#e%t *2a.) *2a. was asso#iated be#ause,

although a $oreigner, he was a neighbour and an ally o$ *thens) -y belie$ is that in a#ting thus he did but i'itate his 'aternal grand$ather, Clisthenes, king o$ "i#yon) This king, when he was at war with *rgos, %ut an end to the #ontests o$ the rha%sodists at "i#yon, be#ause in the Ho'eri# %oe's *rgos and the *rgi&es were so #onstantly the the'e o$ song) He likewise #on#ei&ed the wish to dri&e *drastus, the son o$ Talaus, out o$ his #ountry, seeing that he was an *rgi&e hero) For *drastus had a shrine at "i#yon, whi#h yet stands in the 'arket7%la#e o$ the town) Clisthenes there$ore went to 5el%hi, and asked the ora#le i$ he 'ight e.%el *drastus) To this the +ythoness is re%orted to ha&e answered7 9*drastus is the "i#yonians1 king, but thou art only a robber)9 "o when the god would not grant his re,uest, he went ho'e and began to think how he 'ight #ontri&e to 'ake *drastus withdraw o$ his own a##ord) *$ter a while he hit u%on a %lan whi#h he thought would su##eed) He sent en&oys to Thebes in Boeotia, and in$or'ed the Thebans that he wished to bring -elani%%us, the son o$ *sta#us, to "i#yon) The Thebans #onsenting, Clisthenes #arried -elani%%us ba#k with hi', assigned hi' a %re#in#t within the go&ern'ent7house, and built hi' a shrine there in the sa$est and strongest %art) The reason $or his so doing ;whi#h 'ust not $orbear to 'ention< was be#ause -elani%%us was *drastus1 great ene'y, ha&ing slain both his brother -e#istes and his son7in7law Tydeus) Clisthenes, a$ter assigning the %re#in#t to -elani%%us, took away $ro' *drastus the sa#ri$i#es and $esti&als wherewith he had till then been honoured, and trans$erred the' to his ad&ersary) Hitherto the "i#yonians had %aid e.traordinary honours to *drastus, be#ause the #ountry had belonged to +olybus, and *drastus was +olybus1 daughter1s son( when#e it #a'e to %ass that +olybus, dying #hildless, le$t *drastus his kingdo') Besides other #ere'onies, it had been their wont to honour *drastus with tragi# #horuses, whi#h they assigned to hi' rather than Ba##hus, on a##ount o$ his #ala'ities) Clisthenes now ga&e the #horuses to Ba##hus, trans$erring to -elani%%us the rest o$ the sa#red rites) "u#h were his doings in the 'atter o$ *drastus) 4ith res%e#t to the 5orian tribes, not #hoosing the "i#yonians to ha&e the sa'e tribes as the *rgi&es, he #hanged all the old na'es $or new ones( and here he took s%e#ial o##asion to 'o#k the "i#yonians, $or he drew his new na'es $ro' the words 9%ig,9 and 9ass,9 adding thereto the usual tribe7endings( only in the #ase o$ his own tribe he did nothing o$ the sort, but ga&e the' a na'e drawn $ro' his own kingly o$$i#e) For he #alled his own tribe the *r#helai, or Rulers, while the others he na'ed Hyatae, or +ig7$olk, !neatae, or *ss$olk, and Choereatae, or "wine7$olk) The "i#yonians ke%t these na'es, not only during the reign o$ Clisthenes, but e&en a$ter his death, by the s%a#e o$ si.ty years0 then, howe&er, they took #ounsel together, and #hanged to the well7known na'es o$ Hyllaeans, +a'%hylians, and 5y'anatae, taking at

the sa'e ti'e, as a $ourth na'e, the title o$ *egialeans, $ro' *egialeus the son o$ *drastus) Thus had Clisthenes the "i#yonian done) The *thenian Clisthenes, who was grandson by the 'other1s side o$ the other, and had been na'ed a$ter hi', resol&ed, $ro' #onte'%t ;as belie&e< o$ the onians, that his tribes should not be the sa'e as theirs( and so $ollowed the %attern set hi' by his na'esake o$ "i#yon) Ha&ing brought entirely o&er to his own side the #o''on %eo%le o$ *thens, who' he had be$ore disdained, he ga&e all the tribes new na'es, and 'ade the nu'ber greater than $or'erly( instead o$ the $our %hylar#hs he established ten( he likewise %la#ed ten de'es in ea#h o$ the tribes( and he was, now that the #o''on %eo%le took his %art, &ery 'u#h 'ore %ower$ul than his ad&ersaries) sagoras in his turn lost ground( and there$ore, to #ounter7%lot his ene'y, he #alled in Cleo'enes the La#edae'onian, who had already, at the ti'e when he was besieging the +isistratidae, 'ade a #ontra#t o$ $riendshi% with hi') * #harge is e&en brought against Cleo'enes that he was on ter's o$ too great $a'iliarity with sagoras1s wi$e) *t this ti'e the $irst thing that he did was to send a herald and re,uire that Clisthenes, and a large nu'ber o$ *thenians besides, who' he #alled 9The *##ursed,9 should lea&e *thens) This 'essage he sent at the suggestion o$ sagoras0 $or in the a$$air re$erred to, the blood7guiltiness lay on the *l#'aeonidae and their %artisans, while he and his $riends were ,uite #lear o$ it) The way in whi#h 9The *##ursed9 at *thens got their na'e, was the $ollowing) There was a #ertain *thenian #alled Cylon, a &i#tor at the !ly'%i# Ga'es, who as%ired to the so&ereignty, and aided by a nu'ber o$ his #o'%anions, who were o$ the sa'e age with hi'sel$, 'ade an atte'%t to sei/e the #itadel) But the atta#k $ailed( and Cylon be#a'e a su%%liant at the i'age) Hereu%on the Heads o$ the 3au#raries, who at that ti'e bore rule in *thens, indu#ed the $ugiti&es to re'o&e by a %ro'ise to s%are their li&es) 3e&ertheless they were all slain( and the bla'e was laid on the *l#'aeonidae) *ll this ha%%ened be$ore the ti'e o$ +isistratus) 4hen the 'essage o$ Cleo'enes arri&ed, re,uiring Clisthenes and 9The *##ursed9 to ,uit the #ity, Clisthenes de%arted o$ his own a##ord) Cleo'enes, howe&er, notwithstanding his de%arture, #a'e to *thens, with a s'all band o$ $ollowers( and on his arri&al sent into banish'ent se&en hundred *thenian $a'ilies, whi#h were %ointed out to hi' by sagoras) "u##eeding here, he ne.t endea&oured to dissol&e the #oun#il, and to %ut the go&ern'ent into the hands o$ three hundred o$ the %artisans o$ that leader) But the #oun#il resisted, and re$used to obey his orders( whereu%on Cleo'enes, sagoras, and their $ollowers took %ossession o$ the #itadel) Here they were atta#ked by the rest o$ the *thenians, who took the side o$ the #oun#il, and were besieged $or the s%a#e o$ two days0 on the third day they a##e%ted ter's, being

allowed7 at least su#h o$ the' as were La#edae'onians7 to ,uit the #ountry) *nd so the word whi#h #a'e to Cleo'enes re#ei&ed its $ul$il'ent) For when he $irst went u% into the #itadel, 'eaning to sei/e it, 2ust as he was entering the san#tuary o$ the goddess, in order to ,uestion her, the %riestess arose $ro' her throne, be$ore he had %assed the doors, and said7 9"tranger $ro' La#edae'on, de%art hen#e, and %resu'e not to enter the holy %la#e7 it is not law$ul $or a 5orian to set $oot there)9 But he answered, 9!h> wo'an, a' not a 5orian, but an *#haean)9 "lighting this warning, Cleo'enes 'ade his atte'%t, and so he was $or#ed to retire, together with his La#edae'onians) The rest were #ast into %rison by the *thenians, and #onde'ned to die7 a'ong the' Ti'asitheus the 5el%hian, o$ whose %rowess and #ourage ha&e great things whi#h #ould tell) "o these 'en died in %rison) The *thenians dire#tly a$terwards re#alled Clisthenes, and the se&en hundred $a'ilies whi#h Cleo'enes had dri&en out( and, $urther, they sent en&oys to "ardis, to 'ake an allian#e with the +ersians, $or they knew that war would $ollow with Cleo'enes and the La#edae'onians) 4hen the a'bassadors rea#hed "ardis and deli&ered their 'essage, *rta%hernes, son o$ Hystas%es, who was at that ti'e go&ernor o$ the +la#e, in,uired o$ the' 9who they were, and in what %art o$ the world they dwelt, that they wanted to be#o'e allies o$ the +ersians:9 The 'essengers told hi'( u%on whi#h he answered the' shortly7 that 9i$ the *thenians #hose to gi&e earth and water to ?ing 5arius, he would #on#lude an allian#e with the'( but i$ not, they 'ight go ho'e again)9 *$ter #onsulting together, the en&oys, an.ious to $or' the allian#e, a##e%ted the ter's( but on their return to *thens, they $ell into dee% disgra#e on a##ount o$ their #o'%lian#e) -eanwhile Cleo'enes, who #onsidered hi'sel$ to ha&e been insulted by the *thenians both in word and deed, was drawing a $or#e together $ro' all %arts o$ the +elo%onnese, without in$or'ing any one o$ his ob2e#t( whi#h was to re&enge hi'sel$ on the *thenians, and to establish sagoras, who had es#a%ed with hi' $ro' the #itadel, as des%ot o$ *thens) *##ordingly, with a large ar'y, he in&aded the distri#t o$ Eleusis, while the Boeotians, who had #on#erted 'easures with hi', took !enoe and Hysiae, two #ountry towns u%on the $rontier( and at the sa'e ti'e the Chal#ideans, on another side, %lundered di&ers %la#es in *tti#a) The *thenians, notwithstanding that danger threatened the' $ro' e&ery ,uarter, %ut o$$ all thought o$ the Boeotians and Chal#ideans till a $uture ti'e, and 'ar#hed against the +elo%onnesians, who were at Eleusis) *s the two hosts were about to engage, $irst o$ all the Corinthians, bethinking the'sel&es that they were %er%etrating a wrong, #hanged their 'inds, and drew o$$ $ro' the 'ain ar'y) Then 5e'aratus, son o$ *riston, who was hi'sel$ king o$ "%arta and 2oint7leader o$ the e.%edition, and who till now had had no sort o$

,uarrel with Cleo'enes, $ollowed their e.a'%le) !n a##ount o$ this ru%ture between the kings, a law was %assed at "%arta, $orbidding both 'onar#hs to go out together with the ar'y, as had been the #usto' hitherto) The law also %ro&ided, that, as one o$ the kings was to be le$t behind, one o$ the Tyndaridae should also re'ain at ho'e( whereas hitherto both had a##o'%anied the e.%editions, as au.iliaries) "o when the rest o$ the allies saw that the La#edae'onian kings were not o$ one 'ind, and that the Corinthian troo%s had ,uitted their %ost, they likewise drew o$$ and de%arted) This was the $ourth ti'e that the 5orians had in&aded *tti#a0 twi#e they #a'e as ene'ies, and twi#e they #a'e to do good ser&i#e to the *thenian %eo%le) Their $irst in&asion took %la#e at the %eriod when they $ounded -egara, and is rightly %la#ed in the reign o$ Codrus at *thens( the se#ond and third o##asions were when they #a'e $ro' "%arta to dri&e out the +isistratidae( the $ourth was the %resent atta#k, when Cleo'enes, at the head o$ a +elo%onnesian ar'y, entered at Eleusis) Thus the 5orians had now $our ti'es in&aded *tti#a) "o when the "%artan ar'y had broken u% $ro' its ,uarters thus ingloriously, the *thenians, wishing to re&enge the'sel&es, 'ar#hed $irst against the Chal#ideans) The Boeotians, howe&er, ad&an#ing to the aid o$ the latter as $ar as the Euri%us, the *thenians thought it best to atta#k the' $irst) * battle was $ought a##ordingly( and the *thenians gained a &ery #o'%lete &i#tory, killing a &ast nu'ber o$ the ene'y, and taking se&en hundred o$ the' ali&e) *$ter this, on the &ery sa'e day, they #rossed into Euboea, and engaged the Chal#ideans with the like su##ess( whereu%on they le$t $our thousand settlers u%on the lands o$ the Hi%%obotae,7 whi#h is the na'e the Chal#ideans gi&e to their ri#h 'en) *ll the Chal#idean %risoners who' they took were %ut in irons, and ke%t $or a long ti'e in #lose #on$ine'ent, as likewise were the Boeotians, until the ranso' asked $or the' was %aid( and this the *thenians $i.ed at two 'inae the 'an) The #hains wherewith they were $ettered the *thenians sus%ended in their #itadel( where they were still to be seen in 'y day, hanging against the wall s#or#hed by the -edian $la'es, o%%osite the #ha%el whi#h $a#es the west) The *thenians 'ade an o$$ering o$ the tenth %art o$ the ranso'7'oney0 and e.%ended it on the bra/en #hariot drawn by $our steeds, whi#h stands on the le$t hand i''ediately that one enters the gateway o$ the #itadel) The ins#ri%tion runs as $ollows07 4hen Chal#is and Boeotia dared her 'ight, *thens subdued their %ride in &alorous $ight( Ga&e bonds $or insults( and, the ranso' %aid, Fro' the $ull tenths these steeds $or +allas 'ade) Thus did the *thenians in#rease in strength) *nd it is %lain enough, not $ro' this instan#e only, but $ro' 'any e&erywhere, that

$reedo' is an e.#ellent thing sin#e e&en the *thenians, who, while they #ontinued under the rule o$ tyrants, were not a whit 'ore &aliant than any o$ their neighbours, no sooner shook o$$ the yoke than they be#a'e de#idedly the $irst o$ all) These things show that, while undergoing o%%ression, they let the'sel&es be beaten, sin#e then they worked $or a 'aster( but so soon as they got their $reedo', ea#h 'an was eager to do the best he #ould $or hi'sel$) "o $ared it now with the *thenians) -eanwhile the Thebans, who longed to be re&enged on the *thenians, had sent to the ora#le, and been told by the +ythoness that o$ their own strength they would be unable to a##o'%lish their wish0 9they 'ust lay the 'atter,9 she said, 9be$ore the 'any7&oi#ed, and ask the aid o$ those nearest the')9 The 'essengers, there$ore, on their return, #alled a 'eeting, and laid the answer o$ the ora#le be$ore the %eo%le, who no sooner heard the ad&i#e to 9ask the aid o$ those nearest the'9 than they e.#lai'ed7 94hat> are not they who dwell the nearest to us the 'en o$ Tanagra, o$ Coronaea, and Thes%iae: =et these 'en always $ight on our side, and ha&e aided us with a good heart all through the war) !$ what use is it to ask the': But 'aybe this is not the true 'eaning o$ the ora#le)9 *s they were thus dis#oursing one with another, a #ertain 'an, in$or'ed o$ the debate, #ried out79-ethinks that understand what #ourse the ora#le would re#o''end to us) *so%us, they say, had two daughters, Thebe and Egina) The god 'eans that, as these two were sisters, we ought to ask the Eginetans to lend us aid)9 *s no one was able to hit on any better e.%lanation, the Thebans $orthwith sent 'essengers to Egina, and, a##ording to the ad&i#e o$ the ora#le, asked their aid, as the %eo%le 9nearest to the')9 n answer to this %etition the Eginetans said that they would gi&e the' the *ea#idae $or hel%ers) The Thebans now, relying on the assistan#e o$ the *ea#idae, &entured to renew the war( but they 'et with so rough a re#e%tion, that they resol&ed to send to the Eginetans again, returning the *ea#idae, and besee#hing the' to send so'e 'en instead) The Eginetans, who were at that ti'e a 'ost $lourishing %eo%le, elated with their greatness, and at the sa'e ti'e #alling to 'ind their an#ient $eud with *thens, agreed to lend the Thebans aid, and $orthwith went to war with the *thenians, without e&en gi&ing the' noti#e by a herald) The attention o$ these latter being engaged by the struggle with the Boeotians, the Eginetans in their shi%s o$ war 'ade des#ents u%on *tti#a, %lundered +haleru', and ra&aged a &ast nu'ber o$ the townshi%s u%on the sea7board, whereby the *thenians su$$ered &ery grie&ous da'age) The an#ient $eud between the Eginetans and *thenians arose out o$ the $ollowing #ir#u'stan#es) !n#e u%on a ti'e the land o$ E%idaurus would bear no #ro%s( and the E%idaurians sent to #onsult the ora#le o$

5el%hi #on#erning their a$$li#tion) The answer bade the' set u% the i'ages o$ 5a'ia and *u.esia, and %ro'ised the' better $ortune when that should be done) 9"hall the i'ages be 'ade o$ bron/e or stone:9 the E%idaurians asked( but the +ythoness re%lied, 9!$ neither0 but let the' be 'ade o$ the garden oli&e)9 Then the E%idaurians sent to *thens and asked lea&e to #ut oli&e wood in *tti#a, belie&ing the *thenian oli&es to be the holiest( or, a##ording to others, be#ause there were no oli&es at that ti'e anywhere else in all the world but at *thens)1 The *thenians answered that they would gi&e the' lea&e, but on #ondition o$ their bringing o$$erings year by year to -iner&a +olias and to Ere#htheus) The E%idaurians agreed, and ha&ing obtained what they wanted, 'ade the i'ages o$ oli&e wood, and set the' u% in their own #ountry) Hen#e$orth their land bore its #ro%s( and they duly %aid the *thenians what had been agreed u%on) *n#iently, and e&en down to the ti'e when this took %la#e, the Eginetans were in all things sub2e#t to the E%idaurians, and had to #ross o&er to E%idaurus $or the trial o$ all suits in whi#h they were engaged one with another) *$ter this, howe&er, the Eginetans built the'sel&es shi%s, and, growing %roud, re&olted $ro' the E%idaurians) Ha&ing thus #o'e to be at en'ity with the', the Eginetans, who were 'asters o$ the sea, ra&aged E%idaurus, and e&en #arried o$$ these &ery i'ages o$ 5a'ia and *u.esia, whi#h they set u% in their own #ountry, in the interior, at a %la#e #alled !ea, about twenty $urlongs $ro' their #ity) This done, they $i.ed a worshi% $or the i'ages, whi#h #onsisted in %art o$ sa#ri$i#es, in %art o$ $e'ale satiri# #horuses( while at the sa'e ti'e they a%%ointed #ertain 'en to $urnish the #horuses, ten $or ea#h goddess) These #horuses did not abuse 'en, but only the wo'en o$ the #ountry) Holy orgies o$ a si'ilar kind were in use also a'ong the E%idaurians, and likewise another sort o$ holy orgies, whereo$ it is not law$ul to s%eak) *$ter the robbery o$ the i'ages the E%idaurians #eased to 'ake the sti%ulated %ay'ents to the *thenians, where$ore the *thenians sent to E%idaurus to re'onstrate) But the E%idaurians %ro&ed to the' that they were not guilty o$ any wrong0794hile the i'ages #ontinued in their #ountry,9 they said, 9they had duly %aid the o$$erings a##ording to the agree'ent( now that the i'ages had been taken $ro' the', they were no longer under any obligation to %ay0 the *thenians should 'ake their de'and o$ the Eginetans, in whose %ossession the $igures now were)9 6%on this the *thenians sent to Egina, and de'anded the i'ages ba#k( but the Eginetans answered that the *thenians had nothing whate&er to do with the') *$ter this the *thenians relate that they sent a trire'e to Egina with #ertain #iti/ens on board, and that these 'en, who bore #o''ission $ro' the state, landed in Egina, and sought to take the i'ages away, #onsidering the' to be their own, inas'u#h as they were 'ade o$ their wood) *nd $irst they endea&oured to wren#h the' $ro'

their %edestals, and so #arry the' o$$( but $ailing herein, they in the ne.t %la#e tied ro%es to the', and set to work to try i$ they #ould haul the' down) n the 'idst o$ their hauling suddenly there was a thunder#la%, and with the thunder#la% an earth,uake( and the #rew o$ the trire'e were $orthwith sei/ed with 'adness, and, like ene'ies, began to kill one another( until at last there was but one le$t, who returned alone to +haleru') "u#h is the a##ount gi&en by the *thenians) The Eginetans deny that there was only a single &essel7 9Had there been only one,9 they say, 9or no 'ore than a $ew, they would easily ha&e re%ulsed the atta#k, e&en i$ they had had no $leet at all( but the *thenians #a'e against the' with a large nu'ber o$ shi%s, where$ore they ga&e way, and did not ha/ard a battle)9 They do not howe&er e.%lain #learly whether it was $ro' a #on&i#tion o$ their own in$eriority at sea that they yielded, or whether it was $or the %ur%ose o$ doing that whi#h in $a#t they did) Their a##ount is that the *thenians, dise'barking $ro' their shi%s, when they $ound that no resistan#e was o$$ered, 'ade $or the statues, and $ailing to wren#h the' $ro' their %edestals, tied ro%es to the' and began to haul) Then, they say7 and so'e %eo%le will %erha%s belie&e the', though $or 'y %art do not7 the two statues, as they were being dragged and hauled, $ell down both u%on their knees( in whi#h attitude they still re'ain) "u#h, a##ording to the', was the #ondu#t o$ the *thenians( they 'eanwhile, ha&ing learnt be$orehand what was intended, had %re&ailed on the *rgi&es to hold the'sel&es in readiness( and the *thenians a##ordingly were but 2ust landed on their #oasts when the *rgi&es #a'e to their aid) "e#retly and silently they #rossed o&er $ro' E%idaurus, and, be$ore the *thenians were aware, #ut o$$ their retreat to their shi%s, and $ell u%on the'( and the thunder #a'e e.a#tly at that 'o'ent, and the earth,uake with it) The *rgi&es and the Eginetans both agree in gi&ing this a##ount( and the *thenians the'sel&es a#knowledge that but one o$ their 'en returned ali&e to *tti#a) *##ording to the *rgi&es, he es#a%ed $ro' the battle in whi#h the rest o$ the *thenian troo%s were destroyed by the') *##ording to the *thenians, it was the god who destroyed their troo%s( and e&en this one 'an did not es#a%e, $or he %erished in the $ollowing 'anner) 4hen he #a'e ba#k to *thens, bringing word o$ the #ala'ity, the wi&es o$ those who had been sent out on the e.%edition took it sorely to heart that he alone should ha&e sur&i&ed the slaughter o$ all the rest(7 they there$ore #rowded round the 'an, and stru#k hi' with the broo#hes by whi#h their dresses were $astened ea#h, as she stru#k, asking hi' where he had le$t her husband) *nd the 'an died in this way) The *thenians thought the deed o$ the wo'en 'ore horrible e&en than the $ate o$ the troo%s( as howe&er they did not know how else to %unish the', they #hanged their dress and #o'%elled the' to wear the #ostu'e o$ the onians)

Till this ti'e the *thenian wo'en had worn a 5orian dress, sha%ed nearly like that whi#h %re&ails at Corinth) Hen#e$orth they were 'ade to wear the linen tuni#, whi#h does not re,uire broo#hes) n &ery truth, howe&er, this dress is not originally onian, but Carian( $or an#iently the Greek wo'en all wore the #ostu'e whi#h is now #alled the 5orian) t is said $urther that the *rgi&es and Eginetans 'ade it a #usto', on this sa'e a##ount, $or their wo'en to wear broo#hes hal$ as large again as $or'erly, and to o$$er broo#hes rather than anything else in the te'%le o$ these goddesses) They also $orbade the bringing o$ anything *tti# into the te'%le, were it e&en a 2ar o$ earthenware, and 'ade a law that none but nati&e drinking &essels should be used there in ti'e to #o'e) Fro' this early age to 'y own day the *rgi&e and Eginetan wo'en ha&e always #ontinued to wear their broo#hes larger than $or'erly, through hatred o$ the *thenians) "u#h then was the origin o$ the $eud whi#h e.isted between the Eginetans and the *thenians) Hen#e, when the Thebans 'ade their a%%li#ation $or su##our, the Eginetans, #alling to 'ind the 'atter o$ i'ages, gladly lent their aid to the Boeotians) They ra&aged all the sea7#oast o$ *tti#a( and the *thenians were about to atta#k the' in return, when they were sto%%ed by the ora#le o$ 5el%hi, whi#h bade the' wait till thirty years had %assed $ro' the ti'e that the Eginetans did the wrong, and in the thirty7$irst year, ha&ing $irst set a%art a %re#in#t $or *ea#us, then to begin the war) 9"o should they su##eed to their wish,9 the ora#le said( 9but i$ they went to war at on#e, though they would still #on,uer the island in the end, yet they 'ust go through 'u#h su$$ering and 'u#h e.ertion be$ore taking it)9 !n re#ei&ing this warning the *thenians set a%art a %re#in#t $or *ea#us7 the sa'e whi#h still re'ains dedi#ated to hi' in their 'arket7%la#e7 but they #ould not hear with any %atien#e o$ waiting thirty years, a$ter they had su$$ered su#h grie&ous wrong at the hands o$ the Eginetans) *##ordingly they were 'aking ready to take their re&enge when a $resh stir on the %art o$ the La#edae'onians hindered their %ro2e#ts) These last had be#o'e aware o$ the truth7 how that the *l#'aeonidae had %ra#tised on the +ythoness, and the +ythoness had s#he'ed against the'sel&es, and against the +isistratidae( and the dis#o&ery was a double grie$ to the', $or while they had dri&en their own sworn $riends into e.ile, they $ound that they had not gained thereby a %arti#le o$ good will $ro' *thens) They were also 'o&ed by #ertain %ro%he#ies, whi#h de#lared that 'any dire #ala'ities should be$all the' at the hands o$ the *thenians) !$ these in ti'es %ast they had been ignorant( but now they had be#o'e a#,uainted with the' by 'eans o$ Cleo'enes, who had brought the' with hi' to "%arta, ha&ing $ound the' in the *thenian #itadel, where they had been le$t by the +isistratidae when they were dri&en $ro'

*thens0 they were in the te'%le, and Cleo'enes ha&ing dis#o&ered the', #arried the' o$$) "o when the La#edae'onians obtained %ossession o$ the %ro%he#ies, and saw that the *thenians were growing in strength, and had no 'ind to a#knowledge any sub2e#tion to their #ontrol, it o##urred to the' that, i$ the %eo%le o$ *tti#a were $ree, they would be likely to be as %ower$ul as the'sel&es, but i$ they were o%%ressed by a tyranny, they would be weak and sub'issi&e) 6nder this $eeling they sent and re#alled Hi%%ias, the son o$ +isistratus, $ro' "igeu' u%on the Helles%ont, where the +isistratidae had taken shelter) Hi%%ias #a'e at their bidding, and the "%artans on his arri&al su''oned de%uties $ro' all their other allies, and thus addressed the asse'bly07 9Friends and brothers in ar's, we are $ree to #on$ess that we did lately a thing whi#h was not right) -isled by #ounter$eit ora#les, we dro&e $ro' their #ountry those who were our sworn and true $riends, and who had, 'oreo&er, engaged to kee% *thens in de%enden#e u%on us( and we deli&ered the go&ern'ent into the hands o$ an unthank$ul %eo%le7 a %eo%le who no sooner got their $reedo' by our 'eans, and grew in %ower, than they turned us and our king, with e&ery token o$ insult, out o$ their #ity) "in#e then they ha&e gone on #ontinually raising their thoughts higher, as their neighbours o$ Boeotia and Chal#is ha&e already dis#o&ered to their #ost, and as others too will %resently dis#o&er i$ they shall o$$end the') Ha&ing thus erred, we will endea&our now, with your hel%, to re'edy the e&ils we ha&e #aused, and to obtain &engean#e on the *thenians) For this #ause we ha&e sent $or Hi%%ias to #o'e here, and ha&e su''oned you likewise $ro' your se&eral states, that we 'ay all now with heart and hand unite to restore hi' to *thens, and thereby gi&e hi' ba#k that whi#h we took $ro' hi' $or'erly)9 ;"" F)< "u#h was the address o$ the "%artans) The greater nu'ber o$ the allies listened without being %ersuaded) 3one howe&er broke silen#e but "osi#les the Corinthian, who e.#lai'ed7 9"urely the hea&en will soon be below, and the earth abo&e, and 'en will hen#e$orth li&e in the sea, and $ish take their %la#e u%on the dry land, sin#e you, La#edae'onians, %ro%ose to %ut down $ree go&ern'ents in the #ities o$ Gree#e, and to set u% tyrannies in their roo') There is nothing in the whole world so un2ust, nothing so bloody, as a tyranny) $, howe&er, it see's to you a desirable thing to ha&e the #ities under des%oti# rule, begin by %utting a tyrant o&er yoursel&es, and then establish des%ots in the other states) 4hile you #ontinue yoursel&es, as you ha&e always been, una#,uainted with tyranny, and take su#h e.#ellent #are that "%arta 'ay not su$$er $ro' it, to a#t as you are now doing is to treat your allies unworthily) $ you knew what tyranny was as well as oursel&es, you would be better ad&ised than you now are in regard to

it) ;"" G)< The go&ern'ent at Corinth was on#e an oligar#hy 7 a single ra#e, #alled Ba##hiadae, who inter'arried only a'ong the'sel&es, held the 'anage'ent o$ a$$airs) 3ow it ha%%ened that *'%hion, one o$ these, had a daughter, na'ed Labda, who was la'e, and who' there$ore none o$ the Ba##hiadae would #onsent to 'arry( so she was taken to wi$e by *etion, son o$ E#he#rates, a 'an o$ the townshi% o$ +etra, who was, howe&er, by des#ent o$ the ra#e o$ the La%ithae, and o$ the house o$ Caeneus) *etion, as he had no #hild, either by this wi$e or by any other, went to 5el%hi to #onsult the ora#le #on#erning the 'atter) "#ar#ely had he entered the te'%le when the +ythoness saluted hi' in these words7 3o one honours thee now, *etion, worthy o$ honour7 Labda shall soon be a 'other7 her o$$s%ring a ro#k, that will one day Fall on the kingly ra#e, and right the #ity o$ Corinth) By so'e #han#e this address o$ the ora#le to *etion #a'e to the ears o$ the Ba##hiadae, who till then had been unable to %er#ei&e the 'eaning o$ another earlier %ro%he#y whi#h likewise bore u%on Corinth, and %ointed to the sa'e e&ent as *etion1s %redi#tion) t was the $ollowing07 4hen 'id the ro#ks an eagle shall bear a #arni&orous lion, -ighty and $ier#e, he shall loosen the li'bs o$ 'any beneath the'7 Brood ye well u%on this, all ye Corinthian %eo%le, =e who dwell by $air +eirene, and beetling Corinth) ;"" E)< The Ba##hiadae had %ossessed this ora#le $or so'e ti'e( but they were ,uite at a loss to know what it 'eant until they heard the res%onse gi&en to *etion( then howe&er they at on#e %er#ei&ed its 'eaning, sin#e the two agreed so well together) 3e&ertheless, though the bearing o$ the $irst %ro%he#y was now #lear to the', they re'ained ,uiet, being 'inded to %ut to death the #hild whi#h *etion was e.%e#ting) *s soon, there$ore, as his wi$e was deli&ered, they sent ten o$ their nu'ber to the townshi% where *etion li&ed, with orders to 'ake away with the baby) "o the 'en #a'e to +etra, and went into *etion1s house, and there asked i$ they 'ight see the #hild( and Labda, who knew nothing o$ their %ur%ose, but thought their in,uiries arose $ro' a kindly $eeling towards her husband, brought the #hild, and laid hi' in the ar's o$ one o$ the') 3ow they had agreed by the way that whoe&er $irst got hold o$ the #hild should dash it against the ground) t ha%%ened, howe&er, by a %ro&idential #han#e, that the babe, 2ust as Labda %ut hi' into the 'an1s ar's, s'iled in his $a#e) The 'an saw the s'ile, and was tou#hed with %ity, so that he

#ould not kill it( he there$ore %assed it on to his ne.t neighbour, who ga&e it to a third( and so it went through all the ten without any one #hoosing to be the 'urderer) The 'other re#ei&ed her #hild ba#k( and the 'en went out o$ the house, and stood near the door, and there bla'ed and re%roa#hed one another( #hie$ly howe&er a##using the 'an who had $irst had the #hild in his ar's, be#ause he had not done as had been agreed u%on) *t last, a$ter 'u#h ti'e had been thus s%ent, they resol&ed to go into the house again and all take %art in the 'urder) ;"" 4)< But it was $ated that e&il should #o'e u%on Corinth $ro' the %rogeny o$ *etion( and so it #han#ed that Labda, as she stood near the door, heard all that the 'en said to one another, and $ear$ul o$ their #hanging their 'ind, and returning to destroy her baby, she #arried hi' o$$ and hid hi' in what see'ed to her the 'ost unlikely %la#e to be sus%e#ted, &i/), a 1#y%sel1 or #orn7bin) "he knew that i$ they #a'e ba#k to look $or the #hild, they would sear#h all her house( and so indeed they did, but not $inding the #hild a$ter looking e&erywhere, they thought it best to go away, and de#lare to those by who' they had been sent that they had done their bidding) *nd thus they re%orted on their return ho'e) ;"" J)< *etion1s son grew u%, and, in re'e'bran#e o$ the danger $ro' whi#h he had es#a%ed, was na'ed Cy%selus, a$ter the #ornbin) 4hen he rea#hed to 'an1s estate, he went to 5el%hi, and on #onsulting the ora#le, re#ei&ed a res%onse whi#h was two7sided) t was the $ollowing0 "ee there #o'es to 'y dwelling a 'an 'u#h $a&our1d o$ $ortune, Cy%selus, son o$ *etion, and king o$ the glorious Corinth7 He and his #hildren too, but not his #hildren1s #hildren) "u#h was the ora#le( and Cy%selus %ut so 'u#h $aith in it that he $orthwith 'ade his atte'%t, and thereby be#a'e 'aster o$ Corinth) Ha&ing thus got the tyranny, he showed hi'sel$ a harsh ruler7 'any o$ the Corinthians he dro&e into banish'ent, 'any he de%ri&ed o$ their $ortunes, and a still greater nu'ber o$ their li&es) ;"" D)< His reign lasted thirty years, and was %ros%erous to its #lose( inso'u#h that he le$t the go&ern'ent to +eriander, his son) This %rin#e at the beginning o$ his reign was o$ a 'ilder te'%er than his $ather( but a$ter he #orres%onded by 'eans o$ 'essengers with Thrasybulus, tyrant o$ -iletus, he be#a'e e&en 'ore sanguinary) !n one o##asion he sent a herald to ask Thrasybulus what 'ode o$ go&ern'ent it was sa$est to set u% in order to rule with honour) Thrasybulus led the 'essenger without the #ity, and took hi' into a $ield o$ #orn, through whi#h he began to walk, while he asked hi' again and again #on#erning his #o'ing $ro' Corinth, e&er as he went breaking o$$ and throwing away all su#h ears o$ #orn as o&er7to%%ed the rest) n this way he went through the whole $ield, and destroyed all the best and ri#hest %art o$ the #ro%( then, without a word, he sent the

'essenger ba#k) !n the return o$ the 'an to Corinth, +eriander was eager to know what Thrasybulus had #ounselled, but the 'essenger re%orted that he had said nothing( and he wondered that +eriander had sent hi' to so strange a 'an, who see'ed to ha&e lost his senses, sin#e he did nothing but destroy his own %ro%erty) *nd u%on this he told how Thrasybulus had beha&ed at the inter&iew) ;"" M)< +eriander, %er#ei&ing what the a#tion 'eant, and knowing that Thrasybulus ad&ised the destru#tion o$ all the leading #iti/ens, treated his sub2e#ts $ro' this ti'e $orward with the &ery greatest #ruelty) 4here Cy%selus had s%ared any, and had neither %ut the' to death nor banished the', +eriander #o'%leted what his $ather had le$t un$inished) !ne day he stri%%ed all the wo'en o$ Corinth stark naked, $or the sake o$ his own wi$e -elissa) He had sent 'essengers into Thes%rotia to #onsult the ora#le o$ the dead u%on the *#heron #on#erning a %ledge whi#h had been gi&en into his #harge by a stranger, and -elissa a%%eared, but re$used to s%eak or tell where the %ledge was7 1she was #hill,1 she said, 1ha&ing no #lothes( the gar'ents buried with her were o$ no 'anner o$ use, sin#e they had not been burnt) *nd this should be her token to +eriander, that what she said was true7 the o&en was #old when he baked his loa&es in it)1 4hen this 'essage was brought hi', +eriander knew the token( where$ore he straightway 'ade %ro#la'ation, that all the wi&es o$ the Corinthians should go $orth to the te'%le o$ 8uno) "o the wo'en a%%arelled the'sel&es in their bra&est, and went $orth, as i$ to a $esti&al) Then, with the hel% o$ his guards, who' he had %la#ed $or the %ur%ose, he stri%%ed the' one and all, 'aking no di$$eren#e between the $ree wo'en and the sla&es( and, taking their #lothes to a %it, he #alled on the na'e o$ -elissa, and burnt the whole hea%) This done, he sent a se#ond ti'e to the ora#le( and -elissa1s ghost told hi' where he would $ind the stranger1s %ledge) "u#h, ! La#edae'onians> is tyranny, and su#h are the deeds whi#h s%ring $ro' it) 4e Corinthians 'ar&elled greatly when we $irst knew o$ your ha&ing sent $or Hi%%ias( and now it sur%rises us still 'ore to hear you s%eak as you do) 4e ad2ure you, by the #o''on gods o$ Gree#e, %lant not des%ots in her #ities) $ howe&er you are deter'ined, i$ you %ersist, against all 2usti#e, in seeking to restore Hi%%ias7 know, at least, that the Corinthians will not a%%ro&e your #ondu#t)9 4hen "osi#les, the de%uty $ro' Corinth, had thus s%oken, Hi%%ias re%lied, and, in&oking the sa'e gods, he said79!$ a surety the Corinthians will, beyond all others, regret the +isistratidae, when the $ated days #o'e $or the' to be distressed by the *thenians)9 Hi%%ias s%oke thus be#ause he knew the %ro%he#ies better than any 'an li&ing) But the rest o$ the allies, who till "osi#les s%oke had re'ained ,uiet, when they heard hi' utter his thoughts thus boldly, all together broke silen#e, and de#lared the'sel&es o$ the sa'e 'ind( and withal, they #on2ured the La#edae'onians 9not to

re&olutionise a Gre#ian #ity)9 *nd in this way the enter%rise #a'e to nought) Hi%%ias hereu%on withdrew( and *'yntas the -a#edonian o$$ered hi' the #ity o$ *nthe'us, while the Thessalians were willing to gi&e hi' ol#os0 but he would a##e%t neither the one nor the other, %re$erring to go ba#k to "igeu', whi#h #ity +isistratus had taken by $or#e o$ ar's $ro' the -ytilenaeans) +isistratus, when he be#a'e 'aster o$ the %la#e, established there as tyrant his own natural son, Hegesistratus, whose 'other was an *rgi&e wo'an) But this %rin#e was not allowed to en2oy %ea#eably what his $ather had 'ade o&er to hi'( $or during &ery 'any years there had been war between the *thenians o$ "igeu' and the -ytilenaeans o$ the #ity #alled *#hilleu') They o$ -ytilene insisted on ha&ing the %la#e restored to the'0 but the *thenians re$used, sin#e they argued that the *eolians had no better #lai' to the Tro2an territory than the'sel&es, or than any o$ the other Greeks who hel%ed -enelaus on o##asion o$ the ra%e o$ Helen) 4ar a##ordingly #ontinued, with 'any and &arious in#idents, whereo$ the $ollowing was one) n a battle whi#h was gained by the *thenians, the %oet *l#aeus took to $light, and sa&ed hi'sel$, but lost his ar's, whi#h $ell into the hands o$ the #on,uerors) They hung the' u% in the te'%le o$ -iner&a at "igeu'( and *l#aeus 'ade a %oe', des#ribing his 'isad&enture to his $riend -elani%%us, and sent it to hi' at -ytilene) The -ytilenaeans and *thenians were re#on#iled by +eriander, the son o$ Cy%selus, who was #hosen by both %arties as arbiter7 he de#ided that they should ea#h retain that o$ whi#h they were at the ti'e %ossessed( and "igeu' %assed in this way under the do'inion o$ *thens) !n the return o$ Hi%%ias to *sia $ro' La#edae'on, he 'o&ed hea&en and earth to set *rta%hernes against the *thenians, and did all that lay in his %ower to bring *thens into sub2e#tion to hi'sel$ and 5arius) "o when the *thenians learnt what he was about, they sent en&oys to "ardis, and e.horted the +ersians not to lend an ear to the *thenian e.iles) *rta%hernes told the' in re%ly, 9that i$ they wished to re'ain sa$e, they 'ust re#ei&e ba#k Hi%%ias)9 The *thenians, when this answer was re%orted to the', deter'ined not to #onsent, and there$ore 'ade u% their 'inds to be at o%en en'ity with the +ersians) The *thenians had #o'e to this de#ision, and were already in bad odour with the +ersians, when *ristagoras the -ilesian, dis'issed $ro' "%arta by Cleo'enes the La#edae'onian, arri&ed at *thens) He knew that, a$ter "%arta, *thens was the 'ost %ower$ul o$ the Gre#ian states) *##ordingly he a%%eared be$ore the %eo%le, and, as he had done at "%arta, s%oke to the' o$ the good things whi#h there were in *sia, and o$ the +ersian 'ode o$ $ight7 how they used neither shield nor s%ear, and were &ery easy to #on,uer) *ll this he urged, and re'inded the' also that -iletus was a #olony $ro' *thens, and

there$ore ought to re#ei&e their su##our, sin#e they were so %ower$ul7 and in the earnestness o$ his entreaties, he #ared little what he %ro'ised7 till, at the last, he %re&ailed and won the' o&er) t see's indeed to be easier to de#ei&e a 'ultitude than one 'an7 $or *ristagoras, though he $ailed to i'%ose on Cleo'enes the La#edae'onian, su##eeded with the *thenians, who were thirty thousand) 4on by his %ersuasions, they &oted that twenty shi%s should be sent to the aid o$ the onians, under the #o''and o$ -elanthius, one o$ the #iti/ens, a 'an o$ 'ark in e&ery way) These shi%s were the beginning o$ 'is#hie$ both to the Greeks and to the barbarians) *ristagoras sailed away in ad&an#e, and when he rea#hed -iletus, de&ised a %lan, $ro' whi#h no 'anner o$ ad&antage #ould %ossibly a##rue to the onians(7 indeed, in $or'ing it, he did not ai' at their bene$it, but his sole wish was to annoy ?ing 5arius) He sent a 'essenger into +hrygia to those +aeonians who had been led away #a%ti&e by -egaba/us $ro' the ri&er "try'on, and who now dwelt by the'sel&es in +hrygia, ha&ing a tra#t o$ land and a ha'let o$ their own) This 'an, when he rea#hed the +aeonians, s%oke thus to the'07 9-en o$ +aeonia, *ristagoras, king o$ -iletus, has sent 'e to you, to in$or' you that you 'ay now es#a%e, i$ you #hoose to $ollow the ad&i#e he %ro$$ers) *ll onia has re&olted $ro' the king( and the way is o%en to you to return to your own land) =ou ha&e only to #ontri&e to rea#h the sea7#oast( the rest shall be our business)9 4hen the +aeonians heard this, they were e.#eedingly re2oi#ed, and, taking with the' their wi&es and #hildren, they 'ade all s%eed to the #oast( a $ew only re'aining in +hrygia through $ear) The rest, ha&ing rea#hed the sea, #rossed o&er to Chios, where they had 2ust landed, when a great troo% o$ +ersian horse #a'e $ollowing u%on their heels, and seeking to o&ertake the') 3ot su##eeding, howe&er, they sent a 'essage a#ross to Chios, and begged the +aeonians to #o'e ba#k again) These last re$used, and were #on&eyed by the Chians $ro' Chios to Lesbos, and by the Lesbians then#e to 5oris#us( $ro' whi#h %la#e they 'ade their way on $oot to +aeonia) The *thenians now arri&ed with a $leet o$ twenty sail, and brought also in their #o'%any $i&e trire'es o$ the Eretrians( whi#h had 2oined the e.%edition, not so 'u#h out o$ goodwill towards *thens, as to %ay a debt whi#h they already owed to the %eo%le o$ -iletus) For in the old war between the Chal#ideans and Eretrians, the -ilesians $ought on the Eretrian side throughout, while the Chal#ideans had the hel% o$ the "a'ian %eo%le) *ristagoras, on their arri&al, asse'bled the rest o$ his allies, and %ro#eeded to atta#k "ardis, not howe&er leading the ar'y in %erson, but a%%ointing to the #o''and his own brother Charo%inus and Her'o%hantus, one o$ the #iti/ens, while he hi'sel$ re'ained behind in -iletus) The onians sailed with this $leet to E%hesus, and, lea&ing their shi%s at Coressus in the E%hesian territory, took guides $ro'

the #ity, and went u% the #ountry with a great host) They 'ar#hed along the #ourse o$ the ri&er Cayster, and, #rossing o&er the ridge o$ T'olus, #a'e down u%on "ardis and took it, no 'an o%%osing the'(7 the whole #ity $ell into their hands, e.#e%t only the #itadel, whi#h *rta%hernes de$ended in %erson, ha&ing with hi' no #onte'%tible $or#e) Though, howe&er, they took the #ity, they did not su##eed in %lundering it( $or, as the houses in "ardis were 'ost o$ the' built o$ reeds, and e&en the $ew whi#h were o$ bri#k had a reed that#hing $or their roo$, one o$ the' was no sooner $ired by a soldier than the $la'es ran s%eedily $ro' house to house, and s%read o&er the whole %la#e) *s the $ire raged, the Lydians and su#h +ersians as were in the #ity, in#losed on e&ery side by the $la'es, whi#h had sei/ed all the skirts o$ the town, and $inding the'sel&es unable to get out, #a'e in #rowds into the 'arket7%la#e, and gathered the'sel&es u%on the banks o$ the +a#tolus This strea', whi#h #o'es down $ro' -ount T'olus, and brings the "ardians a ,uantity o$ gold7dust, runs dire#tly through the 'arket %la#e o$ "ardis, and 2oins the Her'us, be$ore that ri&er rea#hes the sea) "o the Lydians and +ersians, brought together in this way in the 'arket7%la#e and about the +a#tolus, were $or#ed to stand on their de$en#e( and the onians, when they saw the ene'y in %art resisting, in %art %ouring towards the' in dense #rowds, took $right, and drawing o$$ to the ridge whi#h is #alled T'olus when night #a'e, went ba#k to their shi%s) "ardis howe&er was burnt, and, a'ong other buildings, a te'%le o$ the nati&e goddess Cybele was destroyed( whi#h was the reason a$terwards alleged by the +ersians $or setting on $ire the te'%les o$ the Greeks) *s soon as what had ha%%ened was known, all the +ersians who were stationed on this side the Halys drew together, and brought hel% to the Lydians) Finding howe&er, when they arri&ed, that the onians had already withdrawn $ro' "ardis, they set o$$, and, $ollowing #lose u%on their tra#k, #a'e u% with the' at E%hesus) The onians drew out against the' in battle array( and a $ight ensued, wherein the Greeks had &ery greatly the worse) @ast nu'bers were slain by the +ersians0 a'ong other 'en o$ note, they killed the #a%tain o$ the Eretrians, a #ertain Eual#idas, a 'an who had gained #rowns at the Ga'es, and re#ei&ed 'u#h %raise $ro' "i'onides the Cean) "u#h as 'ade their es#a%e $ro' the battle, dis%ersed a'ong the se&eral #ities) "o ended this en#ounter) *$terwards the *thenians ,uite $orsook the onians, and, though *ristagoras besought the' 'u#h by his a'bassadors, re$used to gi&e hi' any $urther hel%) "till the onians, notwithstanding this desertion, #ontinued un#easingly their %re%arations to #arry on the war against the +ersian king, whi#h their late #ondu#t towards hi' had rendered una&oidable) "ailing into the Helles%ont, they brought By/antiu', and all the other #ities in that ,uarter, under their sway) *gain, ,uitting the Helles%ont, they went to Caria, and won the greater %art o$ the Carians to their side( while

Caunus, whi#h had $or'erly re$used to 2oin with the', a$ter the burning o$ "ardis, #a'e o&er likewise) *ll the Cy%rians too, e.#e%ting those o$ *'athus, o$ their own %ro%er 'otion es%oused the onian #ause) The o##asion o$ their re&olting $ro' the -edes was the $ollowing) There was a #ertain !nesilus, younger brother o$ Gorgus, king o$ "ala'is, and son o$ Chersis, who was son o$ "iro'us, and grandson o$ E&elthon) This 'an had o$ten in $or'er ti'es entreated Gorgus to rebel against the king( but, when he heard o$ the re&olt o$ the onians, he le$t hi' no %ea#e with his i'%ortunity) *s, howe&er, Gorgus would not hearken to hi', he wat#hed his o##asion, and when his brother had gone outside the town, he with his %artisans #losed the gates u%on hi') Gorgus, thus de%ri&ed o$ his #ity, $led to the -edes( and !nesilus, being now king o$ "ala'is, sought to bring about a re&olt o$ the whole o$ Cy%rus) *ll were %re&ailed on e.#e%t the *'athusians, who re$used to listen to hi'( whereu%on !nesilus sate down be$ore *'athus, and laid siege to it) 4hile !nesilus was engaged in the siege o$ *'athus, ?ing 5arius re#ei&ed tidings o$ the taking and burning o$ "ardis by the *thenians and onians( and at the sa'e ti'e he learnt that the author o$ the league, the 'an by who' the whole 'atter had been +lanned and #ontri&ed, was *ristagoras the -ilesian) t is said that he no sooner understood what had ha%%ened, than, laying aside all thought #on#erning the onians, who would, he was sure, %ay dear $or their rebellion, he asked, 94ho the *thenians were:9 and, being in$or'ed, #alled $or his bow, and %la#ing an arrow on the string, shot u%ward into the sky, saying, as he let $ly the sha$t7 9Grant 'e, 8u%iter, to re&enge 'ysel$ on the *thenians>9 *$ter this s%ee#h, he bade one o$ his ser&ants e&ery day, when his dinner was s%read, three ti'es re%eat these words to hi'7 9-aster, re'e'ber the *thenians)9 Then he su''oned into his %resen#e Histiaeus i$ -iletus, who' he had ke%t at his #ourt $or so long a ti'e( and on his a%%earan#e addressed hi' thus 9 a' told, ! Histiaeus, that thy lieutenant, to who' thou hast gi&en -iletus in #harge, has raised a rebellion against 'e) He has brought 'en $ro' the other #ontinent to #ontend with 'e, and, %re&ailing on the onians7 whose #ondu#t shall know how to re#o'%ense7 to 2oin with this $or#e, he has robbed 'e o$ "ardis> s this as it should be, thinkest thou !r #an it ha&e been done without thy knowledge and ad&i#e: Beware lest it be $ound herea$ter that the bla'e o$ these a#ts is thine)9 Histiaeus answered7 94hat words are these, ! king, to whi#h thou hast gi&en utteran#e: ad&ise aught $ro' whi#h un%leasantness o$ any kind, little or great, should #o'e to thee> 4hat #ould gain by so doing: !r what is there that la#k now: Ha&e not all that thou hast, and a' not thought worthy to %artake all thy #ounsels: $ 'y

lieutenant has indeed done as thou sayest, be sure he has done it all o$ his own head) For 'y %art, do not think it #an really be that the -ilesians and 'y lieutenant ha&e raised a rebellion against thee) But i$ they ha&e indeed #o''itted aught to thy hurt, and the tidings are true whi#h ha&e #o'e to thee, 2udge thou how ill7ad&ised thou wert to re'o&e 'e $ro' the sea7#oast) The onians, it see's, ha&e waited till was no longer in sight, and then sought to e.e#ute that whi#h they long ago desired( whereas, i$ had been there, not a single #ity would ha&e stirred) "u$$er 'e then to hasten at 'y best s%eed to onia, that 'ay %la#e 'atters there u%on their $or'er $ooting, and deli&er u% to thee the de%uty o$ -iletus, who has #aused all the troubles) Ha&ing 'anaged this business to thy heart1s #ontent, swear by all the gods o$ thy royal house, will not %ut o$$ the #lothes in whi#h rea#h onia till ha&e 'ade "ardinia, the biggest island in the world, thy tributary)9 Histiaeus s%oke thus, wishing to de#ei&e the king( and 5arius, %ersuaded by his words, let hi' go( only bidding hi' be sure to do as he had %ro'ised, and a$terwards #o'e ba#k to "usa) n the 'eanti'e7 while the tidings o$ the burning o$ "ardis were rea#hing the king, and 5arius was shooting the arrow and ha&ing the #on$eren#e with Histiaeus, and the latter, by %er'ission o$ 5arius, was hastening down to the sea7 in Cy%rus the $ollowing e&ents took %la#e) Tidings #a'e to !nesilus, the "ala'inian, who was still besieging *'athus, that a #ertain *rtybius, a +ersian, was looked $or to arri&e in Cy%rus with a great +ersian ar'a'ent) "o !nesilus, when the news rea#hed hi', sent o$$ heralds to all %arts o$ onia, and besought the onians to gi&e hi' aid) *$ter brie$ deliberation, these last in $ull $or#e %assed o&er into the island( and the +ersians about the sa'e ti'e #rossed in their shi%s $ro' Cili#ia, and %ro#eeded by land to atta#k "ala'is( while the +hoeni#ians, with the $leet, sailed round the %ro'ontory whi#h goes by the na'e o$ 9the ?eys o$ Cy%rus)9 n this %osture o$ a$$airs the %rin#es o$ Cy%rus #alled together the #a%tains o$ the onians, and thus addressed the'07 9-en o$ onia, we Cy%rians lea&e it to you to #hoose whether you will $ight with the +ersians or with the +hoeni#ians) $ it be your %leasure to try your strength on land against the +ersians, #o'e on shore at on#e, and array yoursel&es $or the battle( we will then e'bark aboard your shi%s and engage the +hoeni#ians by sea) $, on the other hand, ye %re$er to en#ounter the +hoeni#ians, let that be your task0 only be sure, whi#he&er %art you #hoose, to a#,uit yoursel&es so that onia and Cy%rus, so $ar as de%ends on you, 'ay %reser&e their $reedo')9 The onians 'ade answer7 9The #o''onwealth o$ onia sent us here to guard the sea, not to 'ake o&er our shi%s to you, and engage with the +ersians on shore) 4e will there$ore kee% the %ost whi#h has

been assigned to us, and seek therein to be o$ so'e ser&i#e) 5o you, re'e'bering what you su$$ered when you were the sla&es o$ the -edes, beha&e like bra&e warriors)9 "u#h was the re%ly o$ the onians) 3ot long a$terwards the +ersians ad&an#ed into the %lain be$ore "ala'is, and the Cy%rian kings ranged their troo%s in order o$ battle against the', %la#ing the' so that while the rest o$ the Cy%rians were drawn u% against the au.iliaries o$ the ene'y, the #hoi#est troo%s o$ the "ala'inians and the "olians were set to o%%ose the +ersians) *t the sa'e ti'e !nesilus, o$ his own a##ord, took %ost o%%osite to *rtybius, the +ersian general) 3ow *rtybius rode a horse whi#h had been trained to rear u% against a $oot7soldier) !nesilus, in$or'ed o$ this, #alled to hi' his shield7bearer, who was a Carian by nation, a 'an well skilled in war, and o$ daring #ourage( and thus addressed hi'07 9 hear,9 he said, 9that the horse whi#h *rtybius rides, rears u% and atta#ks with his $ore legs and teeth the 'an against who' his rider urges hi') Consider ,ui#kly there$ore and tell 'e whi#h wilt thou undertake to en#ounter, the steed or the rider:9 Then the s,uire answered hi', 9Both, 'y liege, or either, a' ready to undertake, and there is nothing that will shrink $ro' at thy bidding) But will tell thee what see's to 'e to 'ake 'ost $or thy interests) *s thou art a %rin#e and a general, think thou shouldest engage with one who is hi'sel$ both a %rin#e and also a general) For then, i$ thou slayest thine ad&ersary, 1twill redound to thine honour, and i$ he slays thee ;whi#h 'ay Hea&en $ore$end><, yet to $all by the hand o$ a worthy $oe 'akes death lose hal$ its horror) To us, thy $ollowers, lea&e his war7horse and his retinue) *nd ha&e thou no $ear o$ the horse1s tri#ks) warrant that this is the last ti'e he will stand u% against any one)9 Thus s%ake the Carian( and shortly a$ter, the two hosts 2oined battle both by sea and land) *nd here it #han#ed that by sea the onians, who that day $ought as they ha&e ne&er done either be$ore or sin#e, de$eated the +hoeni#ians, the "a'ians es%e#ially distinguishing the'sel&es) -eanwhile the #o'bat had begun on land, and the two ar'ies were engaged in a shar% struggle, when thus it $ell out in the 'atter o$ the generals) *rtybius, astride u%on his horse, #harged down u%on !nesilus, who, as he had agreed with his shield7bearer, ai'ed his blow at the rider( the horse reared and %la#ed his $ore $eet u%on the shield o$ !nesilus, when the Carian #ut at hi' with a rea%ing7hook, and se&ered the two legs $ro' the body) The horse $ell u%on the s%ot, and *rtybius, the +ersian general, with hi') n the thi#k o$ the $ight, "tesanor, tyrant o$ Curiu', who #o''anded no in#onsiderable body o$ troo%s, went o&er with the' to the ene'y) !n this desertion o$ the Curians7 *rgi&e #olonists, i$ re%ort

says true7 $orthwith the war7#hariots o$ the "ala'inians $ollowed the e.a'%le set the', and went o&er likewise( whereu%on &i#tory de#lared in $a&our o$ the +ersians( and the ar'y o$ the Cy%rians being routed, &ast nu'bers were slain, and a'ong the' !nesilus, the son o$ Chersis, who was the author o$ the re&olt, and *risto#y%rus, king o$ the "olians) This *risto#y%rus was son o$ +hilo#y%rus, who' "olon the *thenian, when he &isited Cy%rus, %raised in his %oe's beyond all other so&ereigns) The *'athusians, be#ause !nesilus had laid siege to their town, #ut the head o$$ his #or%se, and took it with the' to *'athus, where it was set u% o&er the gates) Here it hung till it be#a'e hollow( whereu%on a swar' o$ bees took %ossession o$ it, and $illed it with a honey#o'b) !n seeing this the *'athusians #onsulted the ora#le, and were #o''anded 9to take down the head and bury it, and then#e$orth to regard !nesilus as a hero, and o$$er sa#ri$i#e to hi' year by year( so it would go the better with the')9 *nd to this day the *'athusians do as they were then bidden) *s $or the onians who had gained the sea7$ight, when they $ound that the a$$airs o$ !nesilus were utterly lost and ruined, and that siege was laid to all the #ities o$ Cy%rus e.#e%ting "ala'is, whi#h the inhabitants had surrendered to Gorgus, the $or'er king, $orthwith they le$t Cy%rus, and sailed away ho'e) !$ the #ities whi#h were besieged, "oli held out the longest0 the +ersians took it by under'ining the wall in the $i$th 'onth $ro' the beginning o$ the siege) Thus, a$ter en2oying a year o$ $reedo', the Cy%rians were ensla&ed $or the se#ond ti'e) -eanwhile 5aurises, who was 'arried to one o$ the daughters o$ 5arius, together with Hy'eas, !tanes, and other +ersian #a%tains, who were likewise 'arried to daughters o$ the king, a$ter %ursuing the onians who had $ought at "ardis, de$eating the', and dri&ing the' to their shi%s, di&ided their e$$orts against the di$$erent #ities, and %ro#eeded in su##ession to take and sa#k ea#h one o$ the') 5aurises atta#ked the towns u%on the Helles%ont, and took in as 'any days the $i&e #ities o$ 5ardanus, *bydos, +er#ote, La'%sa#us, and +aesus) Fro' +aesus he 'ar#hed against +ariu'( but on his way re#ei&ing intelligen#e that the Carians had 'ade #o''on #ause with the onians, and thrown o$$ the +ersian yoke, he turned round, and, lea&ing the Helles%ont, 'ar#hed away towards Caria) The Carians by so'e #han#e got in$or'ation o$ this 'o&e'ent be$ore 5aurises arri&ed, and drew together their strength to a %la#e #alled 9the 4hite Colu'ns,9 whi#h is on the ri&er -arsyas, a strea' running $ro' the drian #ountry, and e'%tying itsel$ into the -aeander) Here when they were 'et, 'any %lans were %ut $orth( but the best, in 'y 2udg'ent, was that o$ +i.odarus, the son o$ -ausolus, a Cindyan, who was 'arried to a daughter o$ "yennesis, the Cili#ian king) His

ad&i#e was that the Carians should #ross the -aeander, and $ight with the ri&er at their ba#k( that so, all #han#e o$ $light being #ut o$$, they 'ight be $or#ed to stand their ground, and ha&e their natural #ourage raised to a still higher %it#h) His o%inion, howe&er, did not %re&ail( it was thought best to 'ake the ene'y ha&e the -aeander behind the'( that so, i$ they were de$eated in the battle and %ut to $light, they 'ight ha&e no retreat o%en, but be dri&en headlong into the ri&er) The +ersians soon a$terwards a%%roa#hed, and, #rossing the -aeander, engaged the Carians u%on the banks o$ the -arsyas( where $or a long ti'e the battle was stoutly #ontested, but at last the Carians were de$eated, being o&er%owered by nu'bers) !n the side o$ the +ersians there $ell G000, while the Carians had not $ewer than F0,000 slain) "u#h as es#a%ed $ro' the $ield o$ battle #olle#ted together at Labranda, in the &ast %re#in#t o$ 8u%iter "tratius7 a deity worshi%%ed only by the Carians7 and in the sa#red gro&e o$ %lane7trees) Here they deliberated as to the best 'eans o$ sa&ing the'sel&es, doubting whether they would $are better i$ they ga&e the'sel&es u% to the +ersians, or i$ they abandoned *sia $or e&er) *s they were debating these 'atters a body o$ -ilesians and allies #a'e to their assistan#e( whereu%on the Carians, dis'issing their $or'er thoughts, %re%ared the'sel&es a$resh $or war, and on the a%%roa#h o$ the +ersians ga&e the' battle a se#ond ti'e) They were de$eated, howe&er, with still greater loss than be$ore( and while all the troo%s engaged su$$ered se&erely, the blow $ell with 'ost $or#e on the -ilesians) The Carians, so'e while a$ter, re%aired their ill $ortune in another a#tion) 6nderstanding that the +ersians were about to atta#k their #ities, they laid an a'bush $or the' on the road whi#h leads to +edasus( the +ersians, who were 'aking a night7'ar#h, $ell into the tra%, and the whole ar'y was destroyed, together with the generals, 5aurises, *'orges, and "isi'a#es0 -yrsus too, the son o$ Gyges, was killed at the sa'e ti'e) The leader o$ the a'bush was Hera#lides, the son o$ banolis, a 'an o$ -ylasa) "u#h was the way in whi#h these +ersians %erished) n the 'eanti'e Hy'eas, who was likewise one o$ those by who' the onians were %ursued a$ter their atta#k on "ardis, dire#ting his #ourse towards the +ro%ontis, took Cius, a #ity o$ -ysia) Learning, howe&er, that 5aurises had le$t the Helles%ont, and was gone into Caria, he in his turn ,uitted the +ro%ontis, and 'ar#hing with the ar'y under his #o''and to the Helles%ont, redu#ed all the *eolians o$ the Troad, and likewise #on,uered the Gergithae, a re'nant o$ the an#ient Teu#rians) He did not, howe&er, ,uit the Troad, but, a$ter gaining these su##esses, was hi'sel$ #arried o$$ by disease) *$ter his death, whi#h ha%%ened as ha&e related, *rta%hernes, the satra% o$ "ardis, and !tanes, the third general, were dire#ted

to undertake the #ondu#t o$ the war against onia and the neighbouring *eolis) By the' Cla/o'enae in the $or'er, and Cy'e in the latter, were re#o&ered) *s the #ities $ell one a$ter another, *ristagoras the -ilesian ;who was in truth, as he now %lainly showed, a 'an o$ but little #ourage<, notwithstanding that it was he who had #aused the disturban#es in onia and 'ade so great a #o''otion, began, seeing his danger, to look about $or 'eans o$ es#a%e) Being #on&in#ed that it was in &ain to endea&our to o&er#o'e ?ing 5arius, he #alled his brothers7in7ar's together, and laid be$ore the' the $ollowing %ro2e#t07 91Twould be well,9 he said, 9to ha&e so'e %la#e o$ re$uge, in #ase they were dri&en out o$ -iletus) "hould he go out at the head o$ a #olony to "ardinia, or should he sail to -yr#inus in Edonia, whi#h Histiaeus had re#ei&ed as a gi$t $ro' ?ing 5arius, and had begun to $orti$y:9 To this ,uestion o$ *ristagoras, He#ataeus, the historian, son o$ Hegesander, 'ade answer that in his 2udge'ent neither %la#e was suitable) 9*ristagoras should build a $ort,9 he said, 9in the island o$ Leros, and, i$ dri&en $ro' -iletus, should go there and bide his ti'e( $ro' Leros atta#ks 'ight readily be 'ade, and he 'ight re7establish hi'sel$ in -iletus)9 "u#h was the ad&i#e gi&en by He#ataeus) *ristagoras, howe&er, was bent on retiring to -yr#inus) *##ordingly, he %ut the go&ern'ent o$ -iletus into the hands o$ one o$ the #hie$ #iti/ens, na'ed +ythagoras, and, taking with hi' all who liked to go, sailed to Thra#e, and there 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ the %la#e in ,uestion) Fro' then#e he %ro#eeded to atta#k the Thra#ians( but here he was #ut o$$ with his whole ar'y, while besieging a #ity whose de$enders were an.ious to a##e%t ter's o$ surrender) The "i.th Book, Entitled ER*T! *R "T*G!R*", the author o$ the onian re&olt, %erished in the way whi#h ha&e des#ribed) -eanwhile Histiaeus, tyrant o$ -iletus, who had been allowed by 5arius to lea&e "usa, #a'e down to "ardis) !n his arri&al, being asked by *rta%hernes, the "ardian satra%, what he thought was the reason that the onians had rebelled, he 'ade answer that he #ould not #on#ei&e, and it had astonished hi' greatly, %retending to be ,uite un#ons#ious o$ the whole business) *rta%hernes, howe&er, who %er#ei&ed that he was dealing dishonestly, and who had in $a#t $ull knowledge o$ the whole history o$ the outbreak, said to hi', 9 will tell thee how the #ase stands, Histiaeus0 this shoe is o$ thy stit#hing( *ristagoras has but %ut it on)9 "u#h was the re'ark 'ade by *rta%hernes #on#erning the rebellion) Histiaeus, alar'ed at the knowledge whi#h he dis%layed,

so soon as night $ell, $led away to the #oast) Thus he $or$eited his word to 5arius( $or though he had %ledged hi'sel$ to bring "ardinia, the biggest island in the whole world, under the +ersian yoke, he in reality sought to obtain the dire#tion o$ the war against the king) Crossing o&er to Chios, he was there laid in bonds by the inhabitants, who a##used hi' o$ intending so'e 'is#hie$ against the' in the interest o$ 5arius) Howe&er, when the whole truth was laid be$ore the', and they $ound that Histiaeus was in reality a $oe to the king, they $orthwith set hi' at large again) *$ter this the onians in,uired o$ hi' $or what reason he had so strongly urged *ristagoras to re&olt $ro' the king, thereby doing their nation so ill a ser&i#e) n re%ly, he took good #are not to dis#lose to the' the real #ause, but told the' that ?ing 5arius had intended to re'o&e the +hoeni#ians $ro' their own #ountry, and %la#e the' in onia, while he %lanted the onians in +hoeni#ia, and that it was $or this reason he sent *ristagoras the order) 3ow it was not true that the king had entertained any su#h intention, but Histiaeus su##eeded hereby in arousing the $ears o$ the onians) *$ter this, Histiaeus, by 'eans o$ a #ertain Her'i%%us, a nati&e o$ *tarneus, sent letters to 'any o$ the +ersians in "ardis, who had be$ore held so'e dis#ourse with hi' #on#erning a re&olt) Her'i%%us, howe&er, instead o$ #on&eying the' to the %ersons to who' they were addressed, deli&ered the' into the hands o$ *rta%hernes, who, %er#ei&ing what was on $oot, #o''anded Her'i%%us to deli&er the letters a##ording to their addresses, and then bring hi' ba#k the answers whi#h were sent to Histiaeus) The traitors being in this way dis#o&ered, *rta%hernes %ut a nu'ber o$ +ersians to death, and #aused a #o''otion in "ardis) *s $or Histiaeus, when his ho%es in this 'atter were disa%%ointed, he %ersuaded the Chians to #arry hi' ba#k to -iletus( but the -ilesians were too well %leased at ha&ing got ,uit o$ *ristagoras to be an.ious to re#ei&e another tyrant into their #ountry( besides whi#h they had now tasted liberty) They there$ore o%%osed his return( and when he endea&oured to $or#e an entran#e during the night, one o$ the inhabitants e&en wounded hi' in the thigh) Ha&ing been thus re2e#ted $ro' his #ountry, he went ba#k to Chios( when#e, a$ter $ailing in an atte'%t to indu#e the Chians to gi&e hi' shi%s, he #rossed o&er to -ytilene, where he su##eeded in obtaining &essels $ro' the Lesbians) They $itted out a s,uadron o$ eight trire'es, and sailed with hi' to the Helles%ont, where they took u% their station, and %ro#eeded to sei/e all the &essels whi#h %assed out $ro' the Eu.ine, unless the #rews de#lared the'sel&es ready to obey his orders) 4hile Histiaeus and the -ytilenaeans were thus e'%loyed, -iletus was e.%e#ting an atta#k $ro' a &ast ar'a'ent, whi#h #o'%rised both a $leet and also a land $or#e) The +ersian #a%tains had drawn their se&eral deta#h'ents together, and $or'ed the' into a single ar'y(

and had resol&ed to %ass o&er all the other #ities, whi#h they regarded as o$ lesser a##ount, and to 'ar#h straight on -iletus) !$ the na&al states, +hoeni#ia showed the greatest /eal( but the $leet was #o'%osed likewise o$ the Cy%rians ;who had so lately been brought under<, the Cili#ians, and also the Egy%tians) 4hile the +ersians were thus 'aking %re%arations against -iletus and onia, the onians, in$or'ed o$ their intent, sent their de%uties to the +anioniu', and held a #oun#il u%on the %osture o$ their a$$airs) Hereat it was deter'ined that no land $or#e should be #olle#ted to o%%ose the +ersians, but that the -ilesians should be le$t to de$end their own walls as they #ould( at the sa'e ti'e they agreed that the whole na&al $or#e o$ the states, not e.#e%ting a single shi%, should be e,ui%%ed, and should 'uster at Lade, a s'all island lying o$$ -iletus7 to gi&e battle on behal$ o$ the %la#e) +resently the onians began to asse'ble in their shi%s, and with the' #a'e the *eolians o$ Lesbos( and in this way they 'arshalled their line07 The wing towards the east was $or'ed o$ the -ilesians the'sel&es, who $urnished eighty shi%s( ne.t to the' #a'e the +rienians with twel&e, and the -yusians with three shi%s( a$ter the -yusians were stationed the Teians, whose shi%s were se&enteen( then the Chians, who $urnished a hundred) The Erythraeans and +ho#aeans $ollowed, the $or'er with eight, the latter with three shi%s( beyond the +ho#aeans were the Lesbians, $urnishing se&enty( last o$ all #a'e the "a'ians, $or'ing the western wing, and $urnishing si.ty &essels) The $leet a'ounted in all to three hundred and $i$ty7three trire'es) "u#h was the nu'ber on the onian side) !n the side o$ the barbarians the nu'ber o$ &essels was si. hundred) These asse'bled o$$ the #oast o$ -ilesia, while the land ar'y #olle#ted u%on the shore( but the leaders, learning the strength o$ the onian $leet, began to $ear lest they 'ight $ail to de$eat the', in whi#h #ase, not ha&ing the 'astery at sea, they would be unable to redu#e -iletus, and 'ight in #onse,uen#e re#ei&e rough treat'ent at the hands o$ 5arius) "o when they thought o$ all these things, they resol&ed on the $ollowing #ourse07 Calling together the onian tyrants, who had $led to the -edes $or re$uge when *ristagoras de%osed the' $ro' their go&ern'ents, and who were now in #a'%, ha&ing 2oined in the e.%edition against -iletus, the +ersians addressed the' thus0 9-en o$ onia, now is the $it ti'e to show your /eal $or the house o$ the king) 6se your best e$$orts, e&ery one o$ you, to deta#h your $ellow7#ountry'en $ro' the general body) Hold $orth to the' the %ro'ise that, i$ they sub'it, no har' shall ha%%en to the' on a##ount o$ their rebellion( their te'%les shall not be burnt, nor any o$ their %ri&ate buildings( neither shall they be treated with greater harshness than be$ore the outbreak) But i$ they re$use to yield, and deter'ine to try the #han#e o$ a battle, threaten the' with the $ate whi#h shall assuredly o&ertake the' in that #ase) Tell

the', when they are &an,uished in $ight, they shall be ensla&ed( their boys shall be 'ade eunu#hs, and their 'aidens trans%orted to Ba#tra( while their #ountry shall be deli&ered into the hands o$ $oreigners)9 Thus s%ake the +ersians) The onian tyrants sent a##ordingly by night to their res%e#ti&e #iti/ens, and re%orted the words o$ the +ersians( but the %eo%le were all staun#h, and re$used to betray their #ountry'en, those o$ ea#h state thinking that they alone had had 'ade to the') 3ow these e&ents ha%%ened on the $irst a%%earan#e o$ the +ersians be$ore -iletus) *$terwards, while the onian $leet was still asse'bled at Lade, #oun#ils were held, and s%ee#hes 'ade by di&ers %ersons7 a'ong the rest by 5ionysius, the +ho#aean #a%tain, who thus e.%ressed hi'sel$07 9!ur a$$airs hang on the ra/or1s edge, 'en o$ onia, either to be $ree or to be sla&es( and sla&es, too, who ha&e shown the'sel&es runaways) 3ow then you ha&e to #hoose whether you will endure hardshi%s, and so $or the %resent lead a li$e o$ toil, but thereby gain ability to o&er#o'e your ene'ies and establish your own $reedo'( or whether you will %ersist in this sloth$ulness and disorder, in whi#h #ase see no ho%e o$ your es#a%ing the king1s &engean#e $or your rebellion) besee#h you, be %ersuaded by 'e, and trust yoursel&es to 'y guidan#e) Then, i$ the gods only hold the balan#e $airly between us, undertake to say that our $oes will either de#line a battle, or, i$ they $ight, su$$er #o'%lete dis#o'$iture)9 These words %re&ailed with the onians, and $orthwith they #o''itted the'sel&es to 5ionysius( whereu%on he %ro#eeded e&ery day to 'ake the shi%s 'o&e in #olu'n, and the rowers %ly their oars, and e.er#ise the'sel&es in breaking the line( while the 'arines were held under ar's, and the &essels were ke%t, till e&ening $ell, u%on their an#hors, so that the 'en had nothing but toil $ro' 'orning e&en to night) "e&en days did the onians #ontinue obedient, and do whatsoe&er he bade the'( but on the eighth day, worn out by the hardness o$ the work and the heat o$ the sun, and ,uite una##usto'ed to su#h $atigues, they began to #on$er together, and to say one to another, 94hat god ha&e we o$$ended to bring u%on oursel&es su#h a %unish'ent as this: Fools and distra#ted that we were, to %ut oursel&es into the hands o$ this +ho#aean braggart, who does but $urnish three shi%s to the $leet> He, now that he has got us, %lagues us in the 'ost des%erate $ashion( 'any o$ us, in #onse,uen#e, ha&e $allen si#k already7 'any 'ore e.%e#t to $ollow) 4e had better su$$er anything rather than these hardshi%s( e&en the sla&ery with whi#h we are threatened, howe&er harsh, #an be no worse than our %resent thraldo') Co'e, let us re$use hi' obedien#e)9 "o saying, they $orthwith #eased to obey his orders, and %it#hed their tents, as i$ they had been soldiers, u%on the island, where they re%osed under the shade all day, and re$used to go aboard the shi%s

and train the'sel&es) 3ow when the "a'ian #a%tains %er#ei&ed what was taking %la#e, they were 'ore in#lined than be$ore to a##e%t the ter's whi#h *ea#es, the son o$ "yloson, had been authorised by the +ersians to o$$er the', on #ondition o$ their deserting $ro' the #on$edera#y) For they saw that all was disorder a'ong the onians, and they $elt also that it was ho%eless to #ontend with the %ower o$ the king( sin#e i$ they de$eated the $leet whi#h had been sent against the', they knew that another would #o'e $i&e ti'es as great) "o they took ad&antage o$ the o##asion whi#h now o$$ered, and as soon as e&er they saw the onians re$use to work, hastened gladly to %ro&ide $or the sa$ety o$ their te'%les and their %ro%erties) This *ea#es, who 'ade the o&ertures to the "a'ians, was the son o$ "yloson, and grandson o$ the earlier *ea#es) He had $or'erly been tyrant o$ "a'os, but was ousted $ro' his go&ern'ent by *ristagoras the -ilesian, at the sa'e ti'e with the other tyrants o$ the onians) The +hoeni#ians soon a$terwards sailed to the atta#k( and the onians likewise %ut the'sel&es in line, and went out to 'eet the') 4hen they had now neared one another, and 2oined battle, whi#h o$ the onians $ought like bra&e 'en and whi#h like #owards, #annot de#lare with any #ertainty, $or #harges are brought on all sides( but the tale goes that the "a'ians, a##ording to the agree'ent whi#h they had 'ade with *ea#es, hoisted sail, and ,uitting their %ost bore away $or "a'os, e.#e%t ele&en shi%s, whose #a%tains ga&e no heed to the orders o$ the #o''anders, but re'ained and took %art in the battle) The state o$ "a'os, in #onsideration o$ this a#tion, granted to these 'en, as an a#knowledg'ent i$ their bra&ery, the honour o$ ha&ing their na'es, and the na'es o$ their $athers, ins#ribed u%on a %illar, whi#h still stands in the 'arket7%la#e) The Lesbians also, when they saw the "a'ians, who were drawn u% ne.t the', begin to $lee, the'sel&es did the like( and the e.a'%le, on#e set, was $ollowed by the greater nu'ber o$ the onians) !$ those who re'ained and $ought, none were so rudely handled as the Chians, who dis%layed %rodigies o$ &alour, and disdained to %lay the %art o$ #owards) They $urnished to the #o''on $leet, as 'entioned abo&e, one hundred shi%s, ha&ing ea#h o$ the' $orty ar'ed #iti/ens, and those %i#ked 'en, on board( and when they saw the greater %ortion o$ the allies betraying the #o''on #ause, they $or their %art, s#orning to i'itate the base #ondu#t o$ these traitors, although they were le$t al'ost alone and unsu%%orted, a &ery $ew $riends #ontinuing to stand by the', notwithstanding went on with the $ight, and o$tti'es #ut the line o$ the ene'y, until at last, a$ter they had taken &ery 'any o$ their ad&ersaries1 shi%s, they ended by losing 'ore than hal$ o$ their own) Hereu%on, with the re'ainder o$ their &essels, the Chians $led away to their own #ountry) *s $or su#h o$ their shi%s as were da'aged and disabled, these,

being %ursued by the ene'y, 'ade straight $or -y#ale, where the #rews ran the' ashore, and abandoning the' began their 'ar#h along the #ontinent) Ha%%ening in their way u%on the territory o$ E%hesus, they essayed to #ross it( but here a dire 'is$ortune be$ell the') t was night, and the E%hesian wo'en #han#ed to be engaged in #elebrating the Thes'o%horia7 the %re&ious #ala'ity o$ the Chians had not been heard o$7 so when the E%hesians saw their #ountry in&aded by an ar'ed band, they 'ade no ,uestion o$ the new7#o'ers being robbers who %ur%osed to #arry o$$ their wo'en( and a##ordingly they 'ar#hed out against the' in $ull $or#e, and slew the' all) "u#h were the 'is$ortunes whi#h be$ell the' o$ Chios) 5ionysius, the +ho#aean, when he %er#ei&ed that all was lost, ha&ing $irst #a%tured three shi%s $ro' the ene'y, hi'sel$ took to $light) He would not, howe&er, return to +ho#aea, whi#h he well knew 'ust $all again, like the rest o$ onia, under the +ersian yoke( but straightway, as he was, he set sail $or +hoeni#ia, and there sunk a nu'ber o$ 'er#hant'en, and gained a great booty( a$ter whi#h he dire#ted his #ourse to "i#ily, where he established hi'sel$ as a #orsair, and %lundered the Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians, but did no har' to the Greeks) The +ersians, when they had &an,uished the onians in the sea7$ight, besieged -iletus both by land and sea, dri&ing 'ines under the walls, and 'aking use o$ e&ery known de&i#e, until at length they took both the #itadel and the town, si. years $ro' the ti'e when the re&olt $irst broke out under *ristagoras) *ll the inhabitants o$ the #ity they redu#ed to sla&ery, and thus the e&ent tallied with the announ#e'ent whi#h had been 'ade by the ora#le) For on#e u%on a ti'e, when the *rgi&es had sent to 5el%hi to #onsult the god about the sa$ety o$ their own #ity, a %ro%he#y was gi&en the', in whi#h others besides the'sel&es were interested( $or while it bore in %art u%on the $ortunes o$ *rgos, it tou#hed in a by7#lause the $ate o$ the 'en o$ -iletus) shall set down the %ortion whi#h #on#erned the *rgi&es when #o'e to that %art o$ 'y History, 'entioning at %resent only the %assage in whi#h the absent -ilesians were s%oken o$) This %assage was as $ollows07 Then shalt thou, -iletus, so o$t the #ontri&er o$ e&il, Be, thysel$, to 'any a least and an e.#ellent booty0 Then shall thy 'atrons wash the $eet o$ long7haired 'asters7 !thers shall then %ossess our lo&1d 5idy'ian te'%le) "u#h a $ate now be$ell the -ilesians( $or the +ersians, who wore their hair long, a$ter killing 'ost o$ the 'en, 'ade the wo'en and #hildren sla&es( and the san#tuary at 5idy'a, the ora#le no less than the te'%le was %lundered and burnt( o$ the ri#hes whereo$ ha&e 'ade $re,uent 'ention in other %arts o$ 'y History)

Those o$ the -ilesians whose li&es were s%ared, being #arried %risoners to "usa, re#ei&ed no ill treat'ent at the hands o$ ?ing 5arius, but were established by hi' in *'%e, a #ity on the shores o$ the Erythraean sea, near the s%ot where the Tigris $lows into it) -iletus itsel$, and the %lain about the #ity, were ke%t by the +ersians $or the'sel&es, while the hill7#ountry was assigned to the Carians o$ +edasus) *nd now the "ybarites, who a$ter the loss o$ their #ity o##u%ied Laus and "#idrus, $ailed duly to return the $or'er kindness o$ the -ilesians) For these last, when "ybaris was taken by the Crotoniats, 'ade a great 'ourning, all o$ the', youths as well as 'en, sha&ing their heads( sin#e -iletus and "ybaris were, o$ all the #ities whereo$ we ha&e any knowledge, the two 'ost #losely united to one another) The *thenians, on the other hand, showed the'sel&es beyond 'easure a$$li#ted at the $all o$ -iletus, in 'any ways e.%ressing their sy'%athy, and es%e#ially by their treat'ent o$ +hryni#hus) For when this %oet brought out u%on the stage his dra'a o$ the Ca%ture o$ -iletus, the whole theatre burst into tears( and the %eo%le senten#ed hi' to %ay a $ine o$ a thousand dra#h's, $or re#alling to the' their own 'is$ortunes) They likewise 'ade a law that no one should e&er again e.hibit that %ie#e) Thus was -iletus bere$t o$ its inhabitants) n "a'os the %eo%le o$ the ri#her sort were 'u#h dis%leased with the doings o$ the #a%tains, and the dealings they had had the -edes( they there$ore held a #oun#il, &ery shortly a$ter the sea7$ight, and resol&ed that they would not re'ain to be#o'e the sla&es o$ *ea#es and the +ersians, but be$ore the tyrant set $oot in their #ountry, would sail away and $ound a #olony in another land) 3ow it #han#ed that about this ti'e the Kan#laeans o$ "i#ily had sent a'bassadors to the onians, and in&ited the' to ?ale7*#te where they wished an onian #ity to be $ounded) This %la#e, ?ale7*#te ;or the Fair "trand< as it is #alled, is in the #ountry o$ the "i#ilians, and is situated in the %art o$ "i#ily whi#h looks towards Tyrrhenia) The o$$er thus 'ade to all the onians was e'bra#ed only by the "a'ians, and by su#h o$ the -ilesians as had #ontri&ed to e$$e#t their es#a%e) Hereu%on this is what ensued) The "a'ians on their &oyage rea#hed the #ountry o$ the E%i/e%hyrian Lo#rians, at a ti'e when the Kan#laeans and their king "#ythas were engaged in the siege o$ a "i#ilian town whi#h they ho%ed to take) *na.ilaus, tyrant o$ Rhegiu', who was on ill ter's with the Kan#laeans knowing how 'atters stood, 'ade a%%li#ation to the "a'ians, and %ersuaded the' to gi&e u% the thought o$ ?ale7*#te the %la#e to whi#h they were bound, and to sei/e Kan#le itsel$, whi#h was le$t without 'en) The "a'ians $ollowed this #ounsel and %ossessed the'sel&es o$ the town( whi#h the Kan#laeans no sooner heard than they hurried to the res#ue, #alling to their aid Hi%%o#rates, tyrant o$ Gela, who was

one o$ their allies) Hi%%o#rates #a'e with his ar'y to their assistan#e( but on his arri&al he sei/ed "#ythas, the Kan#laean king, who had 2ust lost his #ity, and sent hi' away in #hains, together with his brother +ythogenes, to the town o$ ny#us( a$ter whi#h he #a'e to an understanding with the "a'ians, e.#hanged oaths with the', and agreed to betray the %eo%le o$ Kan#le) The reward o$ his trea#hery was to be one7hal$ o$ the goods and #hattels, in#luding sla&es, whi#h the town #ontained, and all that he #ould $ind in the o%en #ountry) 6%on this Hi%%o#rates sei/ed and bound the greater nu'ber o$ the Kan#laeans as sla&es( deli&ering, howe&er, into the hands o$ the "a'ians three hundred o$ the %rin#i%al #iti/ens, to be slaughtered( but the "a'ians s%ared the li&es o$ these %ersons) "#ythas, the king o$ the Kan#laeans, 'ade his es#a%e $ro' ny#us, and $led to Hi'era( when#e he %assed into *sia, and went u% to the #ourt o$ 5arius) 5arius thought hi' the 'ost u%right o$ all the Greeks to who' he a$$orded a re$uge( $or with the king1s lea&e he %aid a &isit to "i#ily, and then#e returned ba#k to +ersia, where he li&ed in great #o'$ort, and died by a natural death at an ad&an#ed age) Thus did the "a'ians es#a%e the yoke o$ the -edes, and %ossess the'sel&es without any trouble o$ Kan#le, a 'ost beauti$ul #ity) *t "a'os itsel$ the +hoeni#ians, a$ter the $ight whi#h had -iletus $or its %ri/e was o&er, re7established *ea#es, the son o$ "yloson, u%on his throne) This they did by the #o''and o$ the +ersians, who looked u%on *ea#es as one who had rendered the' a high ser&i#e and there$ore deser&ed well at their hands) They likewise s%ared the "a'ians, on a##ount o$ the desertion o$ their &essels, and did not burn either their #ity or their te'%les, as they did those o$ the other rebels) ''ediately a$ter the $all o$ -iletus the +ersians re#o&ered Caria, bringing so'e o$ the #ities o&er by $or#e, while others sub'itted o$ their own a##ord) -eanwhile tidings o$ what had be$allen -iletus rea#hed Histiaeus the -ilesian, who was still at By/antiu', e'%loyed in inter#e%ting the onian 'er#hant'en as they issued $ro' the Eu.ine) Histiaeus had no sooner heard the news than he ga&e the Helles%ont in #harge to Bisaltes, son o$ *%ollo%hanes, a nati&e o$ *bydos, and hi'sel$, at the head o$ his Lesbians, set sail $or Chios) !ne o$ the Chian garrisons whi#h o%%osed hi' he engaged at a %la#e #alled 9The Hollows,9 situated in the Chian territory, and o$ these he slaughtered a &ast nu'ber( a$terwards, by the hel% o$ his Lesbians, he redu#ed all the rest o$ the Chians, who were weakened by their losses in the sea7$ight, +oli#hne, a #ity o$ Chios, ser&ing hi' as head7,uarters) t 'ostly ha%%ens that there is so'e warning when great 'is$ortunes are about to be$all a state or nation( and so it was in this instan#e, $or the Chians had %re&iously had so'e strange tokens sent to the') * #hoir o$ a hundred o$ their youths had been des%at#hed

to 5el%hi( and o$ these only two had returned( the re'aining ninety7eight ha&ing been #arried o$$ by a %estilen#e) Likewise, about the sa'e ti'e, and &ery shortly be$ore the sea7$ight, the roo$ o$ a s#hool7house had $allen in u%on a nu'ber o$ their boys, who were at lessons( and out o$ a hundred and twenty #hildren there was but one le$t ali&e) "u#h were the signs whi#h God sent to warn the') t was &ery shortly a$terwards that the sea7$ight ha%%ened, whi#h brought the #ity down u%on its knees( and a$ter the sea7$ight #a'e the atta#k o$ Histiaeus and his Lesbians, to who' the Chians, weakened as they were, $urnished an easy #on,uest) Histiaeus now led a nu'erous ar'y, #o'%osed o$ onians and *elians, against Thasos, and had laid siege to the %la#e when news arri&ed that the +hoeni#ians were about to ,uit -iletus and atta#k the other #ities o$ onia) !n hearing this, Histiaeus raised the siege o$ Thasos, and hastened to Lesbos with all his $or#es) There his ar'y was in great straits $or want o$ $ood( whereu%on Histiaeus le$t Lesbos and went a#ross to the 'ainland, intending to #ut the #ro%s whi#h were growing in the *tarnean territory, and likewise in the %lain o$ the Cai#us, whi#h belonged to -ysia) 3ow it #han#ed that a #ertain +ersian na'ed Har%agus was in these regions at the head o$ an ar'y o$ no little strength) He, when Histiaeus landed, 'ar#hed out to 'eet hi', and engaging with his $or#es destroyed the greater nu'ber o$ the', and took Histiaeus hi'sel$ %risoner) Histiaeus $ell into the hands o$ the +ersians in the $ollowing 'anner) The Greeks and +ersians engaged at -alena, in the region o$ *tarneus( and the battle was $or a long ti'e stoutly #ontested, till at length the #a&alry #a'e u%, and, #harging the Greeks, de#ided the #on$li#t) The Greeks $led( and Histiaeus, who thought that 5arius would not %unish his $ault with death, showed how he lo&ed his li$e by the $ollowing #ondu#t) !&ertaken in his $light by one o$ the +ersians, who was about to run hi' through, he #ried aloud in the +ersian tongue that he was Histiaeus the -ilesian) 3ow, had he been taken straightway be$ore ?ing 5arius, &erily belie&e that he would ha&e re#ei&ed no hurt, but the king would ha&e $reely $orgi&en hi') *rta%hernes, howe&er, satra% o$ "ardis, and his #a%tor Har%agus, on this &ery a##ount7 be#ause they were a$raid that, i$ he es#a%ed, he would be again re#ei&ed into high $a&our by the king7 %ut hi' to death as soon as he arri&ed at "ardis) His body they i'%aled at that %la#e, while they e'bal'ed his head and sent it u% to "usa to the king) 5arius, when he learnt what had taken %la#e, $ound great $ault with the 'en engaged in this business $or not bringing Histiaeus ali&e into his %resen#e, and #o''anded his ser&ants to wash and dress the head with all #are, and then bury it, as the head o$ a 'an who had been a great bene$a#tor to hi'sel$ and the +ersians) "u#h was the se,uel o$ the history o$ Histiaeus) The na&al ar'a'ent o$ the +ersians wintered at -iletus, and in the

$ollowing year %ro#eeded to atta#k the islands o$$ the #oast, Chios, Lesbos, and Tenedos, whi#h were redu#ed without di$$i#ulty) 4hene&er they be#a'e 'asters o$ an island, the barbarians, in e&ery single instan#e, netted the inhabitants) 3ow the 'ode in whi#h they %ra#tise this netting is the $ollowing) -en 2oin hands, so as to $or' a line a#ross $ro' the north #oast to the south, and then 'ar#h through the island $ro' end to end and hunt out the inhabitants) n like 'anner the +ersians took also the onian towns u%on the 'ainland, not howe&er netting the inhabitants, as it was not %ossible) *nd now their generals 'ade good all the threats wherewith they had 'ena#ed the onians be$ore the battle) For no sooner did they get %ossession o$ the towns than they #hoose out all the best $a&oured boys and 'ade the' eunu#hs, while the 'ost beauti$ul o$ the girls they tore $ro' their ho'es and sent as %resents to the king, at the sa'e ti'e burning the #ities the'sel&es, with their te'%les) Thus were the onians $or the third ti'e redu#ed to sla&ery( on#e by the Lydians, and a se#ond, and now a third ti'e, by the +ersians) The sea $or#e, a$ter ,uitting onia, %ro#eeded to the Helles%ont, and took all the towns whi#h lie on the le$t shore as one sails into the straits) For the #ities on the right bank had already been redu#ed by the land $or#e o$ the +ersians) 3ow these are the %la#es whi#h border the Helles%ont on the Euro%ean side( the Chersonese, whi#h #ontains a nu'ber o$ #ities, +erinthus, the $orts in Thra#e, "elybria, and By/antiu') The By/antines at this ti'e, and their o%%osite neighbours, the Chal#edonians, instead o$ awaiting the #o'ing o$ the +hoeni#ians, ,uitted their #ountry, and sailing into the Eu.ine, took u% their abode at the #ity o$ -ese'bria) The +hoeni#ians, a$ter burning all the %la#es abo&e 'entioned, %ro#eeded to +ro#onnresus and *rta#a, whi#h they likewise deli&ered to the $la'es( this done, they returned to the Chersonese, being 'inded to redu#e those #ities whi#h they had not ra&aged in their $or'er #ruise) 6%on Cy/i#us they 'ade no atta#k at all, as be$ore their #o'ing the inhabitants had 'ade ter's with !ebares, the son o$ -egaba/us, and satra% o$ 5as#yleiu', and had sub'itted the'sel&es to the king) n the Chersonese the +hoeni#ians subdued all the #ities, e.#e%ting Cardia) 6% to this ti'e the #ities o$ the Chersonese had been under the go&ern'ent o$ -iltiades, the son o$ Ci'on, and grandson o$ "tesagoras, to who' they had des#ended $ro' -iltiades, the son o$ Cy%selus, who obtained %ossession o$ the' in the $ollowing 'anner) The 5olon#i, a Thra#ian tribe, to who' the Chersonese at that ti'e belonged, being harassed by a war in whi#h they were engaged with the *%sinthians, sent their %rin#es to 5el%hi to #onsult the ora#le about the 'atter) The re%ly o$ the +ythoness bade the' 9take ba#k with the' as a #olonist into their #ountry the 'an who should $irst o$$er the' hos%itality a$ter they ,uitted the te'%le)9 The 5olon#i, $ollowing the "a#red Road, %assed through the regions o$ +ho#is and Boeotia( a$ter

whi#h, as still no one in&ited the' in, they turned aside, and tra&elled to *thens) 3ow +isistratus was at this ti'e sole lord o$ *thens( but -iltiades, the son o$ Cy%selus, was likewise a %erson o$ 'u#h distin#tion) He belonged to a $a'ily whi#h was wont to #ontend in the $our7horse7#hariot ra#es, and tra#ed its des#ent to *ea#us and Egina, but whi#h, $ro' the ti'e o$ +hilaeas, the son o$ *2a., who was the $irst *thenian #iti/en o$ the house, had been naturalised at *thens) t ha%%ened that as the 5olon#i %assed his door -iltiades was sitting in his &estibule, whi#h #aused hi' to re'ark the', dressed as they were in outlandish gar'ents, and ar'ed 'oreo&er with lan#es) He there$ore #alled to the', and, on their a%%roa#h, in&ited the' in, o$$ering the' lodging and entertain'ent) The strangers a##e%ted his hos%itality, and, a$ter the ban,uet was o&er, they laid be$ore hi' in $ull the dire#tions o$ the ora#le and besought hi' on their own %art to yield obedien#e to the god) -iltiades was %ersuaded ere they had done s%eaking( $or the go&ern'ent o$ +isistratus was irkso'e to hi', and he wanted to be beyond the tyrant1s rea#h) He there$ore went straightway to 5el%hi, and in,uired o$ the ora#le whether he should do as the 5olon#i desired) *s the +ythoness ba#ked their re,uest, -iltiades, son o$ Cy%selus who had already won the $our7horse #hariot7ra#e at !ly'%ia, le$t *thens, taking with hi' as 'any o$ the *thenians as liked to 2oin in the enter%rise, and sailed away with the 5olon#i) !n his arri&al at the Chersonese, he was 'ade king by those who had in&ited hi') *$ter this his $irst a#t was to build a wall a#ross the ne#k o$ the Chersonese $ro' the #ity o$ Cardia to +a#tya, to %rote#t the #ountry $ro' the in#ursions and ra&ages o$ the *%sinthians) The breadth o$ the isth'us at this %art is thirty7si. $urlongs, the whole length o$ the %eninsula within the isth'us being $our hundred and twenty $urlongs) 4hen he had $inished #arrying the wall a#ross the isth'us, and had thus se#ured the Chersonese against the *%sinthians, -iltiades %ro#eeded to engage in other wars, and $irst o$ all atta#ked the La'%sa#enians( but $alling into an a'bush whi#h they had laid he had the 'is$ortune to be taken %risoner) 3ow it ha%%ened that -iltiades stood high in the $a&our o$ Croesus, king o$ Lydia) 4hen Croesus there$ore heard o$ his #ala'ity, he sent and #o''anded the 'en o$ La'%sa#us to gi&e -iltiades his $reedo'( 9i$ they re$used,9 he said, 9he would destroy the' like a $ir)9 Then the La'%sa#enians were so'ewhile in doubt about this s%ee#h o$ Croesus, and #ould not tell how to #onstrue his threat 9that he would destroy the' like a $ir9( but at last one o$ their elders di&ined the true sense, and told the' that the $ir is the only tree whi#h, when #ut down, 'akes no $resh shoots, but $orthwith dies outright) "o the La'%sa#enians, being greatly a$raid o$ Croesus, released -iltiades, and let hi' go $ree) Thus did -iltiades, by the hel% o$ Croesus, es#a%e this danger)

"o'e ti'e a$terwards he died #hildless, lea&ing his kingdo' and his ri#hes to "tesagoras, who was the son o$ Ci'on, his hal$7brother) E&er sin#e his death the %eo%le o$ the Chersonese ha&e o$$ered hi' the #usto'ary sa#ri$i#es o$ a $ounder( and they ha&e $urther established in his honour a gy'ni# #ontest and a #hariot7ra#e, in neither o$ whi#h is it law$ul $or any La'%sa#enian to #ontend) Be$ore the war with La'%sa#us was ended "tesagoras too died #hildless0 he was sitting in the hall o$ 2usti#e when he was stru#k u%on the head with a hat#het by a 'an who %retended to be a deserter, but was in good sooth an ene'y, and a bitter one) Thus died "tesagoras( and u%on his death the +isistratidae $itted out a trire'e, and sent -iltiades, the son o$ Ci'on, and brother o$ the de#eased, to the Chersonese, that he 'ight undertake the 'anage'ent o$ a$$airs in that ,uarter) They had already shown hi' 'u#h $a&our at *thens, as i$, $orsooth, they had been no %arties to the death o$ his $ather Ci'on7 a 'atter whereo$ will gi&e an a##ount in another %la#e) He u%on his arri&al re'ained shut u% within the house, %retending to do honour to the 'e'ory o$ his dead brother( whereu%on the #hie$ %eo%le o$ the Chersonese gathered the'sel&es together $ro' all the #ities o$ the land, and #a'e in a %ro#ession to the %la#e where -iltiades was, to #ondole with hi' u%on his 'is$ortune) -iltiades #o''anded the' to be sei/ed and thrown into %rison( a$ter whi#h he 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ the Chersonese, 'aintained a body o$ $i&e hundred 'er#enaries, and 'arried Hegesi%yla, daughter o$ the Thra#ian king !lorus) This -iltiades, the son o$ Ci'on, had not been long in the #ountry when a #ala'ity be$ell hi' yet 'ore grie&ous than those in whi#h he was now in&ol&ed0 $or three years earlier he had had to $ly be$ore an in#ursion o$ the "#yths) These no'ads, angered by the atta#k o$ 5arius, #olle#ted in a body and 'ar#hed as $ar as the Chersonese) -iltiades did not await their #o'ing, but $led, and re'ained away until the "#yths retired, when the 5olon#i sent and $et#hed hi' ba#k) *ll this ha%%ened three years be$ore the e&ents whi#h be$ell -iltiades at the %resent ti'e) He now no sooner heard that the +hoeni#ians were atta#king Tenedos than he loaded $i&e trire'es with his goods and #hattels, and set sail $or *thens) Cardia was the %oint $ro' whi#h he took his de%arture( and as he sailed down the gul$ o$ -elas, along the shore o$ the Chersonese, he #a'e suddenly u%on the whole +hoeni#ian $leet) Howe&er he hi'sel$ es#a%ed, with $our o$ his &essels, and got into 'brus, one trire'e only $alling into the hands o$ his %ursuers) This &essel was under the #o''and o$ his eldest son -etio#hus, whose 'other was not the daughter o$ the Thra#ian king !lorus, but a di$$erent wo'an) -etio#hus and his shi% were taken( and when the +hoeni#ians $ound out that he was a son o$ -iltiades they resol&ed to #on&ey hi' to the king, e.%e#ting thereby to rise high in the royal

$a&our) For they re'e'bered that it was -iltiades who #ounselled the onians to hearken when the "#yths %rayed the' to break u% the bridge and return ho'e) 5arius, howe&er, when the +hoeni#ians brought -etio#hus into his %resen#e, was so $ar $ro' doing hi' any hurt, that he loaded hi' with bene$its) He ga&e hi' a house and estate, and also a +ersian wi$e, by who' there were #hildren born to hi' who were a##ounted +ersians) *s $or -iltiades hi'sel$, $ro' 'brus he 'ade his way in sa$ety to *thens) *t this ti'e the +ersians did no 'ore hurt to the onians( but on the #ontrary, be$ore the year was out, they #arried into e$$e#t the $ollowing 'easures, whi#h were greatly to their ad&antage) *rta%hernes, satra% o$ "ardis, su''oned de%uties $ro' all the onian #ities, and $or#ed the' to enter into agree'ents with one another, not to harass ea#h other by $or#e o$ ar's, but to settle their dis%utes by re$eren#e) He likewise took the 'easure'ent o$ their whole #ountry in %arasangs7 su#h is the na'e whi#h the +ersians gi&e to a distan#e o$ thirty $urlongs7 and settled the tributes whi#h the se&eral #ities were to %ay, at a rate that has #ontinued unaltered $ro' the ti'e when *rta%hernes $i.ed it down to the %resent day) The rate was &ery nearly the sa'e as that whi#h had been %aid be$ore the re&olt) "u#h were the %ea#e$ul dealings o$ the +ersians with the onians) The ne.t s%ring 5arius su%erseded all the other generals, and sent down -ardonius, the son o$ Gobryas, to the #oast, and with hi' a &ast body o$ 'en, so'e $it $or sea, others $or land ser&i#e) -ardonius was a youth at this ti'e, and had only lately 'arried *rta/ostra, the king1s daughter) 4hen -ardonius, a##o'%anied by this nu'erous host, rea#hed Cili#ia, he took shi% and %ro#eeded along shore with his $leet, while the land ar'y 'ar#hed under other leaders towards the Helles%ont) n the #ourse o$ his &oyage along the #oast o$ *sia he #a'e to onia( and here ha&e a 'ar&el to relate whi#h will greatly sur%rise those Greeks who #annot belie&e that !tanes ad&ised the se&en #ons%irators to 'ake +ersia a #o''onwealth) -ardonius %ut down all the des%ots throughout onia, and in lieu o$ the' established de'o#ra#ies) Ha&ing so done, he hastened to the Helles%ont, and when a &ast 'ultitude o$ shi%s had been brought together, and likewise a %ower$ul land $or#e, he #on&eyed his troo%s a#ross the strait by 'eans o$ his &essels, and %ro#eeded through Euro%e against Eretria and *thens) *t least these towns ser&ed as a %rete.t $or the e.%edition, the real %ur%ose o$ whi#h was to sub2ugate as great a nu'ber as %ossible o$ the Gre#ian #ities( and this be#a'e %lain when the Thasians, who did not e&en li$t a hand in their de$en#e, were redu#ed by the sea $or#e, while the land ar'y added the -a#edonians to the $or'er sla&es o$ the king) *ll the tribes on the hither side o$ -a#edonia had been redu#ed %re&iously) Fro' Thasos the $leet stood a#ross to the 'ainland, and sailed along shore to *#anthus, when#e an atte'%t was

'ade to double -ount *thos) But here a &iolent north wind s%rang u%, against whi#h nothing #ould #ontend, and handled a large nu'ber o$ the shi%s with 'u#h rudeness, shattering the' and dri&ing the' aground u%on *thos) 1Tis said the nu'ber o$ the shi%s destroyed was little short o$ three hundred( and the 'en who %erished were 'ore than twenty thousand) For the sea about *thos abounds in 'onsters beyond all others( and so a %ortion were sei/ed and de&oured by these ani'als, while others were dashed &iolently against the ro#ks( so'e, who did not know how to swi', were engul$ed( and so'e died o$ the #old) 4hile thus it $ared with the $leet, on land -ardonius and his ar'y were atta#ked in their #a'% during the night by the Brygi, a tribe o$ Thra#ians( and here &ast nu'bers o$ the +ersians were slain, and e&en -ardonius hi'sel$ re#ei&ed a wound) The Brygi, ne&ertheless, did not su##eed in 'aintaining their own $reedo'0 $or -ardonius would not lea&e the #ountry till he had subdued the' and 'ade the' sub2e#ts o$ +ersia) "till, though he brought the' under the yoke, the blow whi#h his land $or#e had re#ei&ed at their hands, and the great da'age done to his $leet o$$ *thos, indu#ed hi' to set out u%on his retreat( and so this ar'a'ent, ha&ing $ailed disgra#e$ully, returned to *sia) The year a$ter these e&ents, 5arius re#ei&ed in$or'ation $ro' #ertain neighbours o$ the Thasians that those islanders were 'aking %re%arations $or re&olt( he there$ore sent a herald, and bade the' dis'antle their walls, and bring all their shi%s to *bdera) The Thasians, at the ti'e when Histiaeus the -ilesian 'ade his atta#k u%on the', had resol&ed that, as their in#o'e was &ery great, they would a%%ly their wealth to building shi%s o$ war, and surrounding their #ity with another and a stronger wall) Their re&enue was deri&ed %artly $ro' their %ossessions u%on the 'ainland, %artly $ro' the 'ines whi#h they owned) They were 'asters o$ the gold 'ines at "#a%te7Hyle, the yearly %rodu#e o$ whi#h a'ounted in all to eighty talents) Their 'ines in Thasos yielded less, but still were so $ar %roli$i# that, besides being entirely $ree $ro' land7ta., they had a sur%lus in#o'e, deri&ed $ro' the two sour#es o$ their territory on the 'ain and their 'ines, in #o''on years o$ two hundred, and in the best years o$ three hundred talents) 'ysel$ ha&e seen the 'ines in ,uestion0 by $ar the 'ost #urious o$ the' are those whi#h the +hoeni#ians dis#o&ered at the ti'e when they went with Thasus and #olonised the island, whi#h a$terwards took its na'e $ro' hi') These +hoeni#ian workings are in Thasos itsel$, between Coenyra and a %la#e #alled *enyra, o&er against "a'othra#e0 a huge 'ountain has been turned u%side down in the sear#h $or ores) "u#h then was the sour#e o$ their wealth) !n this o##asion no sooner did the Great ?ing issue his #o''ands than straightway the Thasians dis'antled their wall, and took their whole $leet to *bdera)

*$ter this 5arius resol&ed to %ro&e the Greeks, and try the bent o$ their 'inds, whether they were in#lined to resist hi' in ar's or %re%ared to 'ake their sub'ission) He there$ore sent out heralds in di&ers dire#tions round about Gree#e, with orders to de'and e&erywhere earth and water $or the king) *t the sa'e ti'e he sent other heralds to the &arious sea%ort towns whi#h %aid hi' tribute, and re,uired the' to %ro&ide a nu'ber o$ shi%s o$ war and horse7trans%orts) These towns a##ordingly began their %re%arations( and the heralds who had been sent into Gree#e obtained what the king had bid the' ask $ro' a large nu'ber o$ the states u%on the 'ainland, and likewise $ro' all the islanders who' they &isited) *'ong these last were in#luded the Eginetans, who, e,ually with the rest, #onsented to gi&e earth and water to the +ersian king) 4hen the *thenians heard what the Eginetans had done, belie&ing that it was $ro' en'ity to the'sel&es that they had gi&en #onsent, and that the Eginetans intended to 2oin the +ersian in his atta#k u%on *thens, they straightway took the 'atter in hand) n good truth it greatly re2oi#ed the' to ha&e so $air a %rete.t( and a##ordingly they sent $re,uent e'bassies to "%arta, and 'ade it a #harge against the Eginetans that their #ondu#t in this 'atter %ro&ed the' to be traitors to Gree#e) Hereu%on Cleo'enes, the son o$ *na.andridas, who was then king o$ the "%artans, went in %erson to Egina, intending to sei/e those whose guilt was the greatest) *s soon howe&er as he tried to arrest the', a nu'ber o$ the Eginetins 'ade resistan#e( a #ertain Crius, son o$ +oly#ritus, being the $ore'ost in &iolen#e) This %erson told hi' 9he should not #arry o$$ a single Eginetan without it #osting hi' dear7 the *thenians had bribed hi' to 'ake this atta#k, $or whi#h he had no warrant $ro' his own go&ern'ent7 otherwise both the kings would ha&e #o'e together to 'ake the sei/ure)9 This he said in #onse,uen#e o$ instru#tions whi#h he had re#ei&ed $ro' 5e'aratus) Hereu%on Cleo'enes, $inding that he 'ust ,uit Egina, asked Crius his na'e( and when Crius told hi', 9Get thy horns ti%%ed with brass with all s%eed, ! Crius>9 he said, 9$or thou wilt ha&e to struggle with a great danger)9 -eanwhile 5e'aratus, son o$ *riston, was bringing #harges against Cleo'enes at "%arta) He too, like Cleo'enes, was king o$ the "%artans, but he belonged to the lower house7 not indeed that his house was o$ any lower origin than the other, $or both houses are o$ one blood7 but the house o$ Eurysthenes is the 'ore honoured o$ the two, inas'u#h as it is the elder bran#h) The La#edae'onians de#lare, #ontradi#ting therein all the %oets, that it was king *ristode'us hi'sel$, son o$ *risto'a#hus, grandson o$ Cleodaeus, and great7grandson o$ Hyllus, who #ondu#ted the' to the land whi#h they now %ossess, and not the sons o$ *ristode'us) The wi$e o$ *ristode'us, whose na'e ;they say< was *rgeia, and who was daughter

o$ *utesion, son o$ Tisa'enus, grandson o$ Thersander, and great7grandson o$ +olyni#es, within a little while a$ter their #o'ing into the #ountry, ga&e birth to twins) *ristode'us 2ust li&ed to see his #hildren, but died soon a$terwards o$ a disease) The La#edae'onians o$ that day deter'ined, a##ording to #usto', to take $or their king the elder o$ the two #hildren( but they were so alike, and so e.a#tly o$ one si/e, that they #ould not %ossibly tell whi#h o$ the two to #hoose0 so when they $ound the'sel&es unable to 'ake a #hoi#e, or ha%ly e&en earlier, they went to the 'other and asked her to tell the' whi#h was the elder, whereu%on she de#lared that 9she hersel$ did not know the #hildren a%art9( although in good truth she knew the' &ery well, and only $eigned ignoran#e in order that, i$ it were %ossible, both o$ the' 'ight be 'ade kings o$ "%arta) The La#edae'onians were now in a great strait( so they sent to 5el%hi and in,uired o$ the ora#le how they should deal with the 'atter) The +ythoness 'ade answer, 9Let both be taken to be kings( but let the elder ha&e the greater honour)9 "o the La#edae'onians were in as great a strait as be$ore, and #ould not #on#ei&e how they were to dis#o&er whi#h was the $irst7born, till at length a #ertain -essenian, by na'e +anites, suggested to the' to wat#h and see whi#h o$ the two the 'other washed and $ed $irst( i$ they $ound she always ga&e one the %re$eren#e, that $a#t would tell the' all they wanted to know( i$, on the #ontrary, she hersel$ &aried, and so'eti'es took the one $irst, so'eti'es the other, it would be %lain that she knew as little as they( in whi#h #ase they 'ust try so'e other %lan) The La#edae'onians did a##ording to the ad&i#e o$ the -essenian, and, without letting her know why, ke%t a wat#h u%on the 'other( by whi#h 'eans they dis#o&ered that, whene&er she either washed or $ed her #hildren, she always ga&e the sa'e #hild the %re$eren#e) "o they took the boy who' the 'other honoured the 'ost, and regarding hi' as the $irst7born, brought hi' u% in the %ala#e( and the na'e whi#h they ga&e to the elder boy was Eurysthenes, while his brother they #alled +ro#les) 4hen the brothers grew u%, there was always, so long as they li&ed, en'ity between the'( and the houses s%rung $ro' their loins ha&e #ontinued the $eud to this day) Thus 'u#h is related by the La#edae'onians, but not by any o$ the other Greeks( in what $ollows gi&e the tradition o$ the Greeks generally) The kings o$ the 5orians ;they say<7 #ounting u% to +erseus, son o$ 5anae, and so o'itting the god7 are rightly gi&en in the #o''on Greek lists, and rightly #onsidered to ha&e been Greeks the'sel&es( $or e&en at this early ti'e they ranked a'ong that %eo%le) say 9u% to +erseus,9 and not $urther, be#ause +erseus has no 'ortal $ather by whose na'e he is #alled, as Her#ules has in *'%hitryon( whereby it a%%ears that ha&e reason on 'y side, and a' right in saying, 9u% to +erseus)9 $ we $ollow the line o$ 5anad, daughter o$ *#risius, and tra#e her %rogenitors, we shall $ind that

the #hie$s o$ the 5orians are really genuine Egy%tians) n the genealogies here gi&en ha&e $ollowed the #o''on Greek a##ounts) *##ording to the +ersian story, +erseus was an *ssyrian who be#a'e a Greek( his an#estors, there$ore, a##ording to the', were not Greeks) They do not ad'it that the $ore$athers o$ *#risius were in any way related to +erseus, but say they were Egy%tians, as the Greeks likewise testi$y) Enough howe&er o$ this sub2e#t) How it #a'e to %ass that Egy%tians obtained the kingdo's o$ the 5orians, and what they did to raise the'sel&es to su#h a %osition, these are ,uestions #on#erning whi#h, as they ha&e been treated by others, shall say nothing) %ro#eed to s%eak o$ %oints on whi#h no other writer has tou#hed) The %rerogati&es whi#h the "%artans ha&e allowed their kings are the $ollowing) n the $irst %la#e, two %riesthoods, those ;na'ely< o$ La#edae'onian and o$ Celestial 8u%iter( also the right o$ 'aking war on what #ountry soe&er they %lease, without hindran#e $ro' any o$ the other "%artans, under %ain o$ outlawry( on ser&i#e the %ri&ilege o$ 'ar#hing $irst in the ad&an#e and last in the retreat, and o$ ha&ing a hundred %i#ked 'en $or their body guard while with the ar'y( likewise the liberty o$ sa#ri$i#ing as 'any #attle in their e.%editions as it see's the' good, and the right o$ ha&ing the skins and the #hines o$ the slaughtered ani'als $or their own use) "u#h are their %ri&ileges in war( in %ea#e their rights are as $ollows) 4hen a #iti/en 'akes a %ubli# sa#ri$i#e the kings are gi&en the $irst seats at the ban,uet( they are ser&ed be$ore any o$ the other guests, and ha&e a double %ortion o$ e&erything( they take the lead in the libations( and the hides o$ the sa#ri$i#ed beasts belong to the') E&ery 'onth, on the $irst day, and again on the se&enth o$ the $irst de#ade, ea#h king re#ei&es a beast without ble'ish at the %ubli# #ost, whi#h he o$$ers u% to *%ollo( likewise a 'edi'nus o$ 'eal, and o$ wine a La#onian ,uart) n the #ontests o$ the Ga'es they ha&e always the seat o$ honour( they a%%oint the #iti/ens who ha&e to entertain $oreigners( they also no'inate, ea#h o$ the', two o$ the +ythians, o$$i#ers whose business it is to #onsult the ora#le at 5el%hi, who eat with the kings, and, like the', li&e at the %ubli# #harge) $ the kings do not #o'e to the %ubli# su%%er, ea#h o$ the' 'ust ha&e two #hoeni.es o$ 'eal and a #otyle o$ wine sent ho'e to hi' at his house( i$ they #o'e, they are gi&en a double ,uantity o$ ea#h, and the sa'e when any %ri&ate 'an in&ites the' to his table) They ha&e the #ustody o$ all the ora#les whi#h are %ronoun#ed( but the +ythians 'ust likewise ha&e knowledge o$ the') They ha&e the whole de#ision o$ #ertain #auses, whi#h are these, and these only07 4hen a 'aiden is le$t the heiress o$ her $ather1s estate, and has not been betrothed by hi' to any one, they de#ide who is to 'arry her( in all 'atters #on#erning the %ubli# highways they 2udge( and i$ a %erson wants to ado%t a #hild, he 'ust do it be$ore the kings) They

likewise ha&e the right o$ sitting in #oun#il with the eight7and7twenty senators( and i$ they are not %resent, then the senators nearest o$ kin to the' ha&e their %ri&ileges, and gi&e two &otes as the royal %ro.ies, besides a third &ote, whi#h is their own) "u#h are the honours whi#h the "%artan %eo%le ha&e allowed their kings during their li$eti'e( a$ter they are dead other honours await the') Horse'en #arry the news o$ their death through all La#onia, while in the #ity the wo'en go hither and thither dru''ing u%on a kettle) *t this signal, in e&ery house two $ree %ersons, a 'an and a wo'an, 'ust %ut on 'ourning, or else be sub2e#t to a hea&y $ine) The La#edae'onians ha&e likewise a #usto' at the de'ise o$ their kings whi#h is #o''on to the' with the barbarians o$ *sia7 indeed with the greater nu'ber o$ the barbarians e&erywhere7 na'ely, that when one o$ their kings dies, not only the "%artans, but a #ertain nu'ber o$ the #ountry %eo%le $ro' e&ery %art o$ La#onia are $or#ed, whether they will or no, to attend the $uneral) "o these %ersons and the helots, and likewise the "%artans the'sel&es, $lo#k together to the nu'ber o$ se&eral thousands, 'en and wo'en inter'ingled( and all o$ the' s'ite their $oreheads &iolently, and wee% and wall without stint, saying always that their last king was the best) $ a king dies in battle, then they 'ake a statue o$ hi', and %la#ing it u%on a #ou#h right bra&ely de#ked, so #arry it to the gra&e) *$ter the burial, by the s%a#e o$ ten days there is no asse'bly, nor do they ele#t 'agistrates, but #ontinue 'ourning the whole ti'e) They hold with the +ersians also in another #usto') 4hen a king dies, and another #o'es to the throne, the newly7'ade 'onar#h $orgi&es all the "%artans the debts whi#h they owe either to the king or to the %ubli# treasury) *nd in like 'anner a'ong the +ersians ea#h king when he begins to reign re'its the tribute due $ro' the %ro&in#es) n one res%e#t the La#edae'onians rese'ble the Egy%tians) Their heralds and $lute7%layers, and likewise their #ooks, take their trades by su##ession $ro' their $athers) * $lute7%layer 'ust be the son o$ a $lute7%layer, a #ook o$ a #ook, a herald o$ a herald( and other %eo%le #annot take ad&antage o$ the loudness o$ their &oi#e to #o'e into the %ro$ession and shut out the heralds1 sons( but ea#h $ollows his $ather1s business) "u#h are the #usto's o$ the La#edae'onians) *t the ti'e o$ whi#h we are s%eaking, while Cleo'enes in Egina was labouring $or the general good o$ Gree#e, 5e'aratus at "%arta #ontinued to bring #harges against hi', 'o&ed not so 'u#h by lo&e o$ the Eginetans as by 2ealousy and hatred o$ his #olleague) Cleo'enes there$ore was no sooner returned $ro' Egina than he #onsidered with hi'sel$ how he 'ight de%ri&e 5e'aratus o$ his kingly o$$i#e( and here the $ollowing #ir#u'stan#e $urnished a ground $or hi' to %ro#eed u%on) *riston, king o$ "%arta, had been 'arried to two wi&es, but neither o$ the' had borne hi' any #hildren( as howe&er he still thought it was %ossible he 'ight ha&e o$$s%ring, he resol&ed

to wed a third( and this was how the wedding was brought about) He had a #ertain $riend, a "%artan, with who' he was 'ore inti'ate than with any other #iti/en) This $riend was 'arried to a wi$e whose beauty $ar sur%assed that o$ all the other wo'en in "%arta( and what was still 'ore strange, she had on#e been as ugly as she now was beauti$ul) For her nurse, seeing how ill7$a&oured she was, and how sadly her %arents, who were wealthy %eo%le, took her bad looks to heart, bethought hersel$ o$ a %lan, whi#h was to #arry the #hild e&ery day to the te'%le o$ Helen at Thera%na, whi#h stands abo&e the +hoebeu', and there to %la#e her be$ore the i'age, and besee#h the goddess to take away the #hild1s ugliness) !ne day, as she le$t the te'%le, a wo'an a%%eared to her, and begged to know what it was she held in her ar's) The nurse told her it was a #hild, on whi#h she asked to see it( but the nurse re$used( the %arents, she said, had $orbidden her to show the #hild to any one) Howe&er the wo'an would not take a denial( and the nurse, seeing how highly she %ri/ed a look, at last let her see the #hild) Then the wo'an gently stroked its head, and said, 9!ne day this #hild shall be the $airest da'e in "%arta)9 *nd her looks began to #hange $ro' that &ery day) 4hen she was o$ 'arriageable age, *getus, son o$ *l#ides, the sa'e who' ha&e 'entioned abo&e as the $riend o$ *riston, 'ade her his wi$e) 3ow it #han#ed that *riston $ell in lo&e with this %erson( and his lo&e so %reyed u%on his 'ind that at last he de&ised as $ollows) He went to his $riend, the lady1s husband, and %ro%osed to hi' that they should e.#hange gi$ts, ea#h taking that whi#h %leased hi' best out o$ all the %ossessions o$ the other) His $riend, who $elt no alar' about his wi$e, sin#e *riston was also 'arried, #onsented readily( and so the 'atter was #on$ir'ed between the' by an oath) Then *riston ga&e *getus the %resent, whate&er it was, o$ whi#h he had 'ade #hoi#e, and when it #a'e to his turn to na'e the %resent whi#h he was to re#ei&e in e.#hange, re,uired to be allowed to #arry ho'e with hi' *getus1s wi$e) But the other de'urred, and said, 9e.#e%t his wi$e, he 'ight ha&e anything else90 howe&er, as he #ould not resist the oath whi#h he had sworn, or the tri#kery whi#h had been %ra#tised on hi', at last he su$$ered *riston to #arry her away to his house) *riston hereu%on %ut away his se#ond wi$e and took $or his third this wo'an( and she, in less than the due ti'e7 when she had not yet rea#hed her $ull ter' o$ ten 'onths7 ga&e birth to a #hild, the 5e'aratus o$ who' we ha&e s%oken) Then one o$ his ser&ants #a'e and told hi' the news, as he sat in #oun#il with the E%hors( whereat, re'e'bering when it was that the wo'an be#a'e his wi$e, he #ounted the 'onths u%on his $ingers, and ha&ing so done, #ried out with an oath, 9The boy #annot be 'ine)9 This was said in the hearing o$ the E%hors( but they 'ade no a##ount o$ it at the ti'e) The boy grew u%( and *riston re%ented o$ what he had said( $or he be#a'e altogether #on&in#ed that 5e'aratus was truly his son) The reason why he na'ed

hi' 5e'aratus was the $ollowing) "o'e ti'e be$ore these e&ents the whole "%artan %eo%le, looking u%on *riston as a 'an o$ 'ark beyond all the kings that had reigned at "%arta be$ore hi', had o$$ered u% a %rayer that he 'ight ha&e a son) !n this a##ount, there$ore, the na'e 5e'aratus was gi&en) n #ourse o$ ti'e *riston died( and 5e'aratus re#ei&ed the kingdo'0 but it was $ated, as it see's, that these words, when bruited abroad, should stri% hi' o$ his so&ereignty) This was brought about by 'eans o$ Cleo'enes, who' he had twi#e sorely &e.ed, on#e when he led the ar'y ho'e $ro' Eleusis, and a se#ond ti'e when Cleo'enes was gone a#ross to Egina against su#h as had es%oused the side o$ the -edes) Cleo'enes now, being resol&ed to ha&e his re&enge u%on 5e'aratus, went to Leoty#hides, the son o$ -enares, and grandson o$ *gis, who was o$ the sa'e $a'ily as 5e'aratus, and 'ade agree'ent with hi' to this tenor $ollowing) Cleo'enes was to lend his aid to 'ake Leoty#hides king in the roo' o$ 5e'aratus( and then Leoty#hides was to take %art with Cleo'enes against the Eginetans) 3ow Leoty#hides hated 5e'aratus #hie$ly on a##ount o$ +er#alus, the daughter o$ Chilon, son o$ 5e'ar'enus0 this lady had been betrothed to Leoty#hides( but 5e'aratus laid a %lot, and robbed hi' o$ his bride, $orestalling hi' in #arrying her o$$, and 'arrying her) "u#h was the origin o$ the en'ity) *t the ti'e o$ whi#h we s%eak, Leoty#hides was %re&ailed u%on by the earnest desire o$ Cleo'enes to #o'e $orward against 5e'aratus and 'ake oath 9that 5e'aratus was not right$ul king o$ "%arta, sin#e he was not the true son o$ *riston)9 *$ter he had thus sworn, Leoty#hides sued 5e'aratus, and brought u% against hi' the %hrase whi#h *riston had let dro% when, on the #o'ing o$ his ser&ant to announ#e to hi' the birth o$ his son, he #ounted the 'onths, and #ried out with an oath that the #hild was not his) t was on this s%ee#h o$ *riston1s that Leoty#hides relied to %ro&e that 5e'aratus was not his son, and there$ore not right$ul king o$ "%arta( and he %rodu#ed as witnesses the E%hors who were sitting with *riston at the ti'e and heard what he said) *t last, as there #a'e to be 'u#h stri$e #on#erning this 'atter, the "%artans 'ade a de#ree that the 5el%hi# ora#le should be asked to say whether 5e'aratus were *riston1s son or no) Cleo'enes set the' u%on this %lan( and no sooner was the de#ree %assed than he 'ade a $riend o$ Cobon, the son o$ *risto%hantus, a 'an o$ the greatest weight a'ong the 5el%hians( and this Cobon %re&ailed u%on +erialla, the %ro%hetess, to gi&e the answer whi#h Cleo'enes wished) *##ordingly, when the sa#red 'essengers #a'e and %ut their ,uestion, the +ythoness returned $or answer 9that 5e'aratus was not *riston1s son)9 "o'e ti'e a$terwards all this be#a'e known( and Cobon was $or#ed to $ly $ro' 5el%hi( while +erialla the %ro%hetess was de%ri&ed o$ her o$$i#e)

"u#h were the 'eans whereby the de%osition o$ 5e'aratus was brought about( but his $lying $ro' "%arta to the -edes was by reason o$ an a$$ront whi#h was %ut u%on hi') !n losing his kingdo' he had been 'ade a 'agistrate( and in that o$$i#e soon a$terwards, when the $east o$ the Gy'no%aediae #a'e around, he took his station a'ong the lookers7on( whereu%on Leoty#hides, who was now king in his roo', sent a ser&ant to hi' and asked hi', by way o$ insult and 'o#kery, 9how it $elt to be a 'agistrate a$ter one had been a king:9 5e'aratus, who was hurt at the ,uestion, 'ade answer7 9Tell hi' ha&e tried the' both, but he has not) Howbeit this s%ee#h will be the #ause to "%arta o$ in$inite blessings or else o$ in$inite woes)9 Ha&ing thus s%oken he wra%%ed his head in his robe, and, lea&ing the theatre, went ho'e to his own house, where he %re%ared an o. $or sa#ri$i#e, and o$$ered it to 8u%iter, a$ter whi#h he #alled $or his 'other) 4hen she a%%eared, he took o$ the entrails, and %la#ing the' in her hand, besought her in these words $ollowing07 95ear 'other, besee#h you, by all the gods, and #hie$ly by our own hearth7god 8u%iter, tell 'e the &ery truth, who was really 'y $ather) For Leoty#hides, in the suit whi#h we had together, de#lared that when thou be#a'est *riston1s wi$e thou didst already bear in thy wo'b a #hild by thy $or'er husband, and others re%eat a yet 'ore disgra#e$ul tale, that our groo' $ound $a&our in thine eyes, and that a' his son) entreat thee there$ore by the gods to tell 'e the truth) For i$ thou hast gone astray, thou hast done no 'ore than 'any a wo'an( and the "%artans re'ark it as strange, i$ a' *riston1s son, that he had no #hildren by his other wi&es)9 Thus s%ake 5e'aratus( and his 'other re%lied as $ollows0 95ear son, sin#e thou entreatest so earnestly $or the truth, it shall indeed be $ully told to thee) 4hen *riston brought 'e to his house, on the third night a$ter 'y #o'ing, there a%%eared to 'e one like to *riston, who, a$ter staying with 'e a while, rose, and taking the garlands $ro' his own brows %la#ed the' u%on 'y head, and so went away) +resently a$ter *riston entered, and when he saw the garlands whi#h still wore, asked 'e who ga&e the' to 'e) said, 1twas he( but this he stoutly denied( whereu%on sole'nly swore that it was none other, and told hi' he did not do well to disse'ble when he had so lately risen $ro' 'y side and le$t the garlands with 'e) Then *riston, when he heard 'y oath, understood that there was so'ething beyond nature in what had taken %la#e) *nd indeed it a%%eared that the garlands had #o'e $ro' the hero7te'%le whi#h stands by our #ourt gates7 the te'%le o$ hi' they #all *straba#us7 and the soothsayers, 'oreo&er, de#lared that the a%%arition was that &ery %erson) *nd now, 'y son, ha&e told thee all thou wouldest $ain know) Either thou art the son o$ that hero7 either thou 'ayest #all *straba#us sire( or else *riston was thy $ather) *s $or that 'atter whi#h they who hate thee urge the 'ost, the words o$ *riston, who, when the 'essenger told

hi' o$ thy birth, de#lared be$ore 'any witnesses that 1thou wert not his son, $oras'u#h as the ten 'onths were not $ully out,1 it was a rando' s%ee#h, uttered $ro' 'ere ignoran#e) The truth is, #hildren are born not only at ten 'onths, but at nine, and e&en at se&en) Thou wert thysel$, 'y son, a se&en 'onths1 #hild) *riston a#knowledged, no long ti'e a$terwards, that his s%ee#h s%rang $ro' thoughtlessness) Hearken not then to other tales #on#erning thy birth, 'y son0 $or be assured thou hast the whole truth) *s $or groo's, %ray Hea&en Leoty#hides and all who s%eak as he does 'ay su$$er wrong $ro' the'>9 "u#h was the 'other1s answer) 5e'aratus, ha&ing learnt all that he wished to know, took with hi' %ro&ision $or the 2ourney, and went into Elis, %retending that he %ur%osed to %ro#eed to 5el%hi, and there #onsult the ora#le) The La#edae'onians, howe&er, sus%e#ting that he 'eant to $ly his #ountry, sent 'en in %ursuit o$ hi'( but 5e'aratus hastened, and lea&ing Elis be$ore they arri&ed, sailed a#ross to Ka#ynthus) The La#edae'onians $ollowed, and sought to lay hands u%on hi', and to se%arate hi' $ro' his retinue( but the Ka#ynthians would not gi&e hi' u% to the'0 so he es#a%ing, 'ade his way a$terwards by sea to *sia, and %resented hi'sel$ be$ore ?ing 5arius, who re#ei&ed hi' generously, and ga&e hi' both lands and #ities) "u#h was the #han#e whi#h dro&e 5e'aratus to *sia, a 'an distinguished a'ong the La#edae'onians $or 'any noble deeds and wise #ounsels, and who alone o$ all the "%artan kings brought honour to his #ountry by winning at !ly'%ia the %ri/e in the $our7horse #hariot7ra#e) *$ter 5e'aratus was de%osed, Leoty#hides, the son o$ -enares, re#ei&ed the kingdo') He had a son, Keu.ida'us, #alled Cynis#us by 'any o$ the "%artans) This Keu.ida'us did not reign at "%arta, but died be$ore his $ather, lea&ing a son, *r#hida'us) Leoty#hides, when Keu.ida'us was taken $ro' hi', 'arried a se#ond wi$e, na'ed Euryda'e, the sister o$ -enius and daughter o$ 5ia#torides) By her he had no 'ale o$$s%ring, but only a daughter #alled La'%ito, who' he ga&e in 'arriage to *r#hida'us, Keu.ida'us1 son) E&en Leoty#hides, howe&er, did not s%end his old age in "%arta, but su$$ered a %unish'ent whereby 5e'aratus was $ully a&enged) He #o''anded the La#edae'onians when they 'ade war against Thessaly, and 'ight ha&e #on,uered the whole o$ it, but was bribed by a large su' o$ 'oney) t #han#ed that he was #aught in the $a#t, being $ound sitting in his tent on a gauntlet, ,uite $ull o$ sil&er) 6%on this he was brought to trial and banished $ro' "%arta( his house was ra/ed to the ground( and he hi'sel$ $led to Tegea, where he ended his days) But these e&ents took %la#e long a$terwards) *t the ti'e o$ whi#h we are s%eaking, Cleo'enes, ha&ing #arried his %ro#eedings in the 'atter o$ 5e'aratus to a %ros%erous issue, $orthwith took Leoty#hides with hi', and #rossed o&er to atta#k the Eginetans( $or his anger was hot against the' on a##ount o$ the

a$$ront whi#h they had $or'erly %ut u%on hi') Hereu%on the Eginetans, seeing that both the kings were #o'e against the', thought it best to 'ake no $urther resistan#e) "o the two kings %i#ked out $ro' all Egina the ten 'en who $or wealth and birth stood the highest, a'ong who' were Crius, son o$ +oly#ritus, and Casa'bus, son o$ *risto#rates, who wielded the #hie$ %ower( and these 'en they #arried with the' to *tti#a, and there de%osited the' in the hands o$ the *thenians, the great ene'ies o$ the Eginetans) *$terwards, when it #a'e to be known what e&il arts had been used against 5e'aratus, Cleo'enes was sei/ed with $ear o$ his own #ountry'en, and $led into Thessaly) Fro' then#e he %assed into *r#adia, where he began to stir u% troubles, and endea&oured to unite the *r#adians against "%arta) He bound the' by &arious oaths to $ollow hi' whithersoe&er he should lead, and was e&en desirous o$ taking their #hie$ leaders with hi' to the #ity o$ 3ona#ris, that he 'ight swear the' to his #ause by the waters o$ the "ty.) For the waters o$ "ty., as the *r#adians say, are in that #ity, and this is the a%%earan#e they %resent0 you see a little water, dri%%ing $ro' a ro#k into a basin, whi#h is $en#ed round by a low wall) 3ona#ris, where this $ountain is to be seen, is a #ity o$ *r#adia near +heneus) 4hen the La#edae'onians heard how Cleo'enes was engaged, they were a$raid, and agreed with hi' that he should #o'e ba#k to "%arta and be king as be$ore) "o Cleo'enes #a'e ba#k( but had no sooner returned than he, who had ne&er been altogether o$ sound 'ind, was s'itten with downright 'adness) This he showed by striking e&ery "%artan he 'et u%on the $a#e with his s#e%tre) !n his beha&ing thus, and showing that he was gone ,uite out o$ his 'ind, his kindred i'%risoned hi', and e&en %ut his $eet in the sto#ks) 4hile so bound, $inding hi'sel$ le$t alone with a single kee%er, he asked the 'an $or a kni$e) The kee%er at $irst re$used, whereu%on Cleo'enes began to threaten hi', until at last he was a$raid, being only a helot, and ga&e hi' what he re,uired) Cleo'enes had no sooner got the steel than, beginning at his legs, he horribly dis$igured hi'sel$, #utting gashes in his $lesh, along his legs, thighs, hi%s, and loins, until at last he rea#hed his belly, whi#h he likewise began to gash, whereu%on in a little ti'e he died) The Greeks generally think that this $ate #a'e u%on hi' be#ause he indu#ed the +ythoness to %ronoun#e against 5e'aratus( the *thenians di$$er $ro' all others in saying that it was be#ause he #ut down the sa#red gro&e o$ the goddesses when he 'ade his in&asion by Eleusis( while the *rgi&es as#ribe it to his ha&ing taken $ro' their re$uge and #ut to %ie#es #ertain argi&es who had $led $ro' battle into a %re#in#t sa#red to *rgus, where Cleo'enes slew the', burning likewise at the sa'e ti'e, through irre&eren#e, the gro&e itsel$) For on#e, when Cleo'enes had sent to 5el%hi to #onsult the ora#le, it was %ro%hesied to hi' that he should take *rgos( u%on whi#h he went

out at the head o$ the "%artans, and led the' to the ri&er Erasinus) This strea' is re%orted to $low $ro' the "ty'%halian lake, the waters o$ whi#h e'%ty the'sel&es into a %it#h7dark #has', and then ;as they say< rea%%ear in *rgos, where the *rgi&es #all the' the Erasinus) Cleo'enes, ha&ing arri&ed u%on the banks o$ this ri&er, %ro#eeded to o$$er sa#ri$i#e to it, but, in s%ite o$ all that he #ould do, the &i#ti's were not $a&ourable to his #rossing) "o he said that he ad'ired the god $or re$using to betray his #ountry'en, but still the *rgi&es should not es#a%e hi' $or all that) He then withdrew his troo%s, and led the' down to Thyrea, where he sa#ri$i#ed a bull to the sea, and #on&eyed his 'en on shi%board to 3au%lia in the Tirynthian territory) The *rgi&es, when they heard o$ this, 'ar#hed down to the sea to de$end their #ountry( and arri&ing in the neighbourhood o$ Tiryns, at the %la#e whi#h bears the na'e o$ "e%eia, they %it#hed their #a'% o%%osite to the La#edae'onians, lea&ing no great s%a#e between the hosts) *nd now their $ear was not so 'u#h lest they should be worsted in o%en $ight as lest so'e tri#k should be %ra#tised on the'( $or su#h was the danger whi#h the ora#le gi&en to the' in #o''on with the -ilesians see'ed to inti'ate) The ora#le ran as $ollows07 Ti'e shall be when the $e'ale shall #on,uer the 'ale, and shall #hase hi' Far away7 gaining so great %raise and honour in *rgos( Then $ull 'any an *rgi&e wo'an her #heeks shall 'angle Hen#e, in the ti'es to #o'e 1twill be said by the 'en who are unborn, 9Ta'ed by the s%ear e.%ired the #oiled terrible ser%ent)9 *t the #oin#iden#e o$ all these things the *rgi&es were greatly #ast down( and so they resol&ed that they would $ollow the signals o$ the ene'y1s herald) Ha&ing 'ade this resol&e, they %ro#eeded to a#t as $ollows0 whene&er the herald o$ the La#edae'onians ga&e an order to the soldiers o$ his own ar'y, the *rgi&es did the like on their side) 3ow when Cleo'enes heard that the *rgi&es were a#ting thus, he #o''anded his troo%s that, so soon as the herald ga&e the word $or the soldiers to go to dinner, they should instantly sei/e their ar's and #harge the host o$ the ene'y) 4hi#h the La#edae'onians did a##ordingly, and $ell u%on the *rgi&es 2ust as, $ollowing the signal, they had begun their re%ast( whereby it #a'e to %ass that &ast nu'bers o$ the *rgi&es were slain, while the rest, who were 'ore than they whi#h died in the $ight, were dri&en to take re$uge in the gro&e o$ *rgus hard by, where they were surrounded, and wat#h ke%t u%on the') 4hen things were at this %ass Cleo'enes a#ted as $ollows0 Ha&ing learnt the na'es o$ the *rgi&es who were shut u% in the sa#red

%re#in#t $ro' #ertain deserters who had #o'e o&er to hi', he sent a herald to su''on the' one by one, on %reten#e o$ ha&ing re#ei&ed their ranso's) 3ow the ranso' o$ %risoners a'ong the +elo%onnesians is $i.ed at two 'inae the 'an) "o Cleo'enes had these %ersons #alled $orth se&erally, to the nu'ber o$ $i$ty, or thereabouts, and 'assa#red the') *ll this while they who re'ained in the en#losure knew nothing o$ what was ha%%ening( $or the gro&e was so thi#k that the %eo%le inside were unable to see what was taking %la#e without) But at last one o$ their nu'ber #li'bed u% into a tree and s%ied the trea#hery( a$ter whi#h none o$ those who were su''oned would go $orth) Then Cleo'enes ordered all the helots to bring brushwood, and hea% it around the gro&e( whi#h was done a##ordingly( and Cleo'enes set the gro&e on $ire) *s the $la'es s%read he asked a deserter 94ho was the god o$ the gro&e:9 whereto the other 'ade answer, 9*rgus)9 "o he, when he heard that, uttered a loud groan, and said07 9Greatly hast thou de#ei&ed 'e, *%ollo, god o$ %ro%he#y, in saying that should take *rgos) $ear 'e thy ora#le has now got its a##o'%lish'ent)9 Cleo'enes now sent ho'e the greater %art o$ his ar'y, while with a thousand o$ his best troo%s he %ro#eeded to the te'%le o$ 8uno, to o$$er sa#ri$i#e) 4hen howe&er he would ha&e slain the &i#ti' on the altar hi'sel$, the %riest $orbade hi', as it was not law$ul ;he said< $or a $oreigner to sa#ri$i#e in that te'%le) *t this Cleo'enes ordered his helots to drag the %riest $ro' the altar and s#ourge hi', while he %er$or'ed the sa#ri$i#e hi'sel$, a$ter whi#h he went ba#k to "%arta) Thereu%on his ene'ies brought hi' u% be$ore the E%hors, and 'ade it a #harge against hi' that he had allowed hi'sel$ to be bribed, and on that a##ount had not taken *rgos when he 'ight ha&e #a%tured it easily) To this he answered7 whether truly or $alsely #annot say with #ertainty7 but at any rate his answer to the #harge was that 9so soon as he dis#o&ered the sa#red %re#in#t whi#h he had taken to belong to *rgos, he dire#tly i'agined that the ora#le had re#ei&ed its a##o'%lish'ent( he there$ore thought it not good to atte'%t the town, at the least until he had in,uired by sa#ri$i#e, and as#ertained i$ the god 'eant to grant hi' the %la#e, or was deter'ined to o%%ose his taking it) "o he o$$ered in the te'%le o$ 8uno, and when the o'ens were %ro%itious, i''ediately there $lashed $orth a $la'e o$ $ire $ro' the breast o$ the i'age( whereby he knew o$ a surety that he was not to take *rgos) For i$ the $lash had #o'e $ro' the head, he would ha&e gained the town, #itadel and all( but as it shone $ro' the breast, he had done so 'u#h as the god intended)9 *nd his words see'ed to the "%artans so true and reasonable, that he #a'e #lear o$$ $ro' his ad&ersaries) *rgos howe&er was le$t so bare o$ 'en that the sla&es 'anaged the state, $illed the o$$i#es, and ad'inistered e&erything until the

sons o$ those who were slain by Cleo'enes grew u%) Then these latter #ast out the sla&es, and got the #ity ba#k under their own rule( while the sla&es who had been dri&en out $ought a battle and won Tiryns) *$ter this $or a ti'e there was %ea#e between the two( but a #ertain 'an, a soothsayer, na'ed Cleander, who was by ra#e a +higalean $ro' *r#adia, 2oined hi'sel$ to the sla&es, and stirred the' u% to 'ake a $resh atta#k u%on their lords) Then were they at war with one another by the s%a#e o$ 'any years( but at length the *rgi&es with 'u#h trouble gained the u%%er hand) The *rgi&es say that Cleo'enes lost his senses, and died so 'iserably, on a##ount o$ these doings) But his own #ountry'en de#lare that his 'adness %ro#eeded not $ro' any su%ernatural #ause whate&er, but only $ro' the habit o$ drinking wine un'i.ed with water, whi#h he learnt o$ the "#yths) These no'ads, $ro' the ti'e that 5arius 'ade his inroad into their #ountry, had always had a wish $or re&enge) They there$ore sent a'bassadors to "%arta to #on#lude a league, %ro%osing to endea&our the'sel&es to enter -edia by the +hasis, while the "%artans should 'ar#h inland $ro' E%hesus, and then the two ar'ies should 2oin together in one) 4hen the "#yths #a'e to "%arta on this errand Cleo'enes was with the' #ontinually( and growing so'ewhat too $a'iliar, learnt o$ the' to drink his wine without water, a %ra#ti#e whi#h is thought by the "%artans to ha&e #aused his 'adness) Fro' this distan#e o$ ti'e the "%artans, a##ording to their own a##ount, ha&e been a##usto'ed, when they want to drink %urer wine than #o''on, to gi&e the order to $ill 9"#ythian $ashion)9 The "%artans then s%eak thus #on#erning Cleo'enes( but $or 'y own %art think his death was a 2udg'ent on hi' $or wronging 5e'aratus) 3o sooner did the news o$ Cleo'enes1 death rea#h Egina than straightway the Eginetans sent a'bassadors to "%arta to #o'%lain o$ the #ondu#t o$ Leoty#hides in res%e#t o$ their hostages, who were still ke%t at *thens) "o they o$ La#edae'on asse'bled a #ourt o$ 2usti#e and ga&e senten#e u%on Leoty#hides, that whereas he had grossly a$$ronted the %eo%le o$ Egina, he should be gi&en u% to the a'bassadors, to be led away in %la#e o$ the 'en who' the *thenians had in their kee%ing) Then the a'bassadors were about to lead hi' away( but Theasides, the son o$ Leo%re%es, who was a 'an greatly estee'ed in "%arta, inter$ered, and said to the'07 94hat are ye 'inded to do, ye 'en o$ Egina: To lead away #a%ti&e the king o$ the "%artans, who' his #ountry'en ha&e gi&en into your hands: Though now in their anger they ha&e %assed this senten#e, yet belike the ti'e will #o'e when they will %unish you, i$ you a#t thus, by bringing utter destru#tion u%on your #ountry)9 The Eginetans, when they heard this, #hanged their %lan, and, instead o$ leading Leoty#hides away #a%ti&e, agreed with hi' that he should #o'e with the' to *thens, and gi&e the' ba#k their 'en) 4hen howe&er he rea#hed that #ity, and de'anded the restoration o$

his %ledge, the *thenians, being unwilling to #o'%ly, %ro#eeded to 'ake e.#uses, saying 9that two kings had #o'e and le$t the 'en with the', and they did not think it right to gi&e the' ba#k to the one without the other)9 "o when the *thenians re$used %lainly to restore the 'en, Leoty#hides said to the'07 9-en o$ *thens, a#t whi#h way you #hoose7 gi&e 'e u% the hostages, and be righteous, or kee% the', and be the #ontrary) wish, howe&er, to tell you what ha%%ened on#e in "%arta about a %ledge) The story goes a'ong us that three generations ba#k there li&ed in La#edae'on one Glau#us, the son o$ E%i#ydes, a 'an who in e&ery other res%e#t was on a %ar with the $irst in the kingdo', and whose #hara#ter $or 2usti#e was su#h as to %la#e hi' abo&e all the other "%artans) 3ow to this 'an at the a%%ointed season the $ollowing e&ents ha%%ened) * #ertain -ilesian #a'e to "%arta and, ha&ing desired to s%eak with hi', said7 1 a' o$ -iletus, and ha&e #o'e hither, Glau#us, in the ho%e o$ %ro$iting by thy honesty) For when heard 'u#h talk thereo$ in onia and through all the rest o$ Gree#e, and when obser&ed that whereas onia is always inse#ure, the +elo%onnese stands $ir' and unshaken, and noted likewise how wealth is #ontinually #hanging hands in our #ountry, took #ounsel with 'ysel$ and resol&ed to turn one7hal$ o$ 'y substan#e into 'oney, and %la#e it in thy hands, sin#e a' well assured that it will be sa$e in thy kee%ing) Here then is the sil&er7 take it7 and take likewise these tallies, and be #are$ul o$ the'( re'e'ber thou art to gi&e ba#k the 'oney to the %erson who shall bring you their $ellows)1 "u#h were the words o$ the -ilesian stranger( and Glau#us took the de%osit on the ter's e.%ressed to hi') -any years had gone by when the sons o$ the 'an by who' the 'oney was le$t #a'e to "%arta, and had an inter&iew with Glau#us, whereat they %rodu#ed the tallies, and asked to ha&e the 'oney returned to the') But Glau#us sought to re$use, and answered the'0 1 ha&e no re#olle#tion o$ the 'atter( nor #an bring to 'ind any o$ those %arti#ulars whereo$ ye s%eak) 4hen re'e'ber, will #ertainly do what is 2ust) $ had the 'oney, you ha&e a right to re#ei&e it ba#k( but i$ it was ne&er gi&en to 'e, shall %ut the Greek law in $or#e against you) For the %resent gi&e you no answer( but $our 'onths hen#e will settle the business)1 "o the -ilesians went away sorrow$ul, #onsidering that their 'oney was utterly lost to the') *s $or Glau#us, he 'ade a 2ourney to 5el%hi, and there #onsulted the ora#le) To his ,uestion i$ he should swear, and so 'ake %ri/e o$ the 'oney, the +ythoness returned $or answer these lines $ollowing07 Best $or the %resent it were, ! Glau#us, to do as thou wishest, "wearing an oath to %re&ail, and so to 'ake %ri/e o$ the 'oney) "wear then7 death is the lot e1en o$ those who ne&er swear $alsely)

=et hath the !ath7God a son who is na'eless, $ootless, and handless( -ighty in strength he a%%roa#hes to &engean#e, and whel's in destru#tion, *ll who belong to the ra#e, or the house o$ the 'an who is %er2ured) But oath7 kee%ing 'en lea&e behind the' a $lourishing o$$s%ring) Glau#us when he heard these words earnestly besought the god to %ardon his ,uestion( but the +ythoness re%lied that it was as bad to ha&e te'%ted the god as it would ha&e been to ha&e done the deed) Glau#us, howe&er, sent $or the -ilesian strangers, and ga&e the' ba#k their 'oney) *nd now will tell you, *thenians, what 'y %ur%ose has been in re#ounting to you this history) Glau#us at the %resent ti'e has not a single des#endant( nor is there any $a'ily known as his7 root and bran#h has he been re'o&ed $ro' "%arta) t is a good thing, there$ore, when a %ledge has been le$t with one, not e&en in thought to doubt about restoring it)9 Thus s%ake Leoty#hides( but, as he $ound that the *thenians would not hearken to hi', he le$t the' and went his way) The Eginetans had ne&er been %unished $or the wrongs whi#h, to %leasure the Thebans, they had #o''itted u%on *thens) 3ow, howe&er, #on#ei&ing that they were the'sel&es wronged, and had a $air ground o$ #o'%laint against the *thenians, they instantly %re%ared to re&enge the'sel&es) *s it #han#ed that the *thenian theoris, whi#h was a &essel o$ $i&e banks o$ oars, lay at "uniu', the Eginetans #ontri&ed an a'bush, and 'ade the'sel&es 'asters o$ the holy &essel, on board o$ whi#h were a nu'ber o$ *thenians o$ the highest rank, who' they took and threw into %rison) *t this outrage the *thenians no longer delayed, but set to work to s#he'e their worst against the Eginetans( and, as there was in Egina at that ti'e a 'an o$ 'ark, 3i#odro'us by na'e, the son o$ Cnoethus, who was on ill ter's with his #ountry'en be#ause on a $or'er o##asion they had dri&en hi' into banish'ent, they listened to o&ertures $ro' this 'an, who had heard how deter'ined they were to do the Eginetans a 'is#hie$, and agreed with hi' that on a #ertain day he should be ready to betray the island into their hands, and they would #o'e with a body o$ troo%s to his assistan#e) *nd 3i#odro'us, so'e ti'e a$ter, holding to the agree'ent, 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ what is #alled the old town) The *thenians, howe&er, did not #o'e to the day( $or their own $leet was not o$ $or#e su$$i#ient to engage the Eginetans, and while they were begging the Corinthians to lend the' so'e shi%s, the $ailure o$ the enter%rise took %la#e) n those days the Corinthians were on the best o$ ter's with the *thenians( and a##ordingly they now yielded to their re,uest, and $urnished the' with twenty shi%s( but, as

their law did not allow the shi%s to be gi&en $or nothing, they sold the' to the *thenians $or $i&e dra#h's a%ie#e) *s soon then as the *thenians had obtained this aid, and, by 'anning also their own shi%s, had e,ui%%ed a $leet o$ se&enty sail, they #rossed o&er to Egina, but arri&ed a day later than the ti'e agreed u%on) -eanwhile 3i#odro'us, when he $ound the *thenians did not #o'e to the ti'e a%%ointed, took shi% and 'ade his es#a%e $ro' the island) The Eginetans who a##o'%anied hi' were settled by the *thenians at "uniu', when#e they were wont to issue $orth and %lunder the Eginetans o$ the island) But this took %la#e at a later date) 4hen the wealthier Eginetans had thus obtained the &i#tory o&er the #o''on %eo%le who had re&olted with 3i#odro'us, they laid hands on a #ertain nu'ber o$ the', and led the' out to death) But here they were guilty o$ a sa#rilege, whi#h, notwithstanding all their e$$orts, they were ne&er able to atone, being dri&en $ro' the island be$ore they had a%%eased the goddess who' they now %ro&oked) "e&en hundred o$ the #o''on %eo%le had $allen ali&e into their hands( and they were all being led out to death, when one o$ the' es#a%ed $ro' his #hains, and $lying to the gateway o$ the te'%le o$ Ceres the Lawgi&er, laid hold o$ the doorhandles, and #lung to the') The others sought to drag hi' $ro' his re$uge( but, $inding the'sel&es unable to tear hi' away, they #ut o$$ his hands, and so took hi', lea&ing the hands still tightly gras%ing the handles) "u#h were the doings o$ the Eginetans a'ong the'sel&es) 4hen the *thenians arri&ed, they went out to 'eet the' with se&enty shi%s( and a battle took %la#e, wherein the Eginetans su$$ered a de$eat) Hereu%on they had re#ourse again to their old allies, the *rgi&es( but these latter re$used now to lend the' any aid, being angry be#ause so'e Eginetan shi%s, whi#h Cleo'enes had taken by $or#e, a##o'%anied hi' in his in&asion o$ *rgolis, and 2oined in the dise'barkation) The sa'e thing had ha%%ened at the sa'e ti'e 4ith #ertain &essels o$ the "i#yonians( and the *rgi&es had laid a $ine o$ a thousand talents u%on the 'isdoers, $i&e hundred u%on ea#h0 whereu%on they o$ "i#yon a#knowledged the'sel&es to ha&e sinned, and agreed with the *rgi&es to %ay the' a hundred talents, and so be ,uit o$ the debt( but the Eginetans would 'ake no a#knowledg'ent at all, and showed the'sel&es %roud and sti$$ne#ked) For this reason, when they now %rayed the *rgi&es $or aid, the state re$used to send the' a single soldier) 3otwithstanding, &olunteers 2oined the' $ro' *rgos to the nu'ber o$ a thousand, under a #a%tain, Eurybates, a 'an skilled in the %entathli# #ontests) !$ these 'en the greater %art ne&er returned, but were slain by the *thenians in Egina) Eurybates, their #a%tain, $ought a nu'ber o$ single #o'bats, and, a$ter killing three 'en in this way, was hi'sel$ slain by the $ourth, who was a 5e#elean, na'ed "o%hanes)

*$terwards the Eginetans $ell u%on the *thenian $leet when it was in so'e disorder and beat it, #a%turing $our shi%s with their #rews) Thus did war rage between the Eginetans and *thenians) -eanti'e the +ersian %ursued his own design, $ro' day to day e.horted by his ser&ant to 9re'e'ber the *thenians,9 and likewise urged #ontinually by the +isistratidae, who were e&er a##using their #ountry'en) -oreo&er it %leased hi' well to ha&e a %rete.t $or #arrying war into Gree#e, that so he 'ight redu#e all those who had re$used to gi&e hi' earth and water) *s $or -ardonius, sin#e his e.%edition had su##eeded so ill, 5arius took the #o''and o$ the troo%s $ro' hi', and a%%ointed other generals in his stead, who were to lead the host against Eretria and *thens( to wit, 5atis, who was by des#ent a -ede, and *rta%hernes, the son o$ *rta%hernes, his own ne%hew) These 'en re#ei&ed orders to #arry *thens and Eretria away #a%ti&e, and to bring the %risoners into his %resen#e) "o the new #o''anders took their de%arture $ro' the #ourt and went down to Cili#ia, to the *leian %lain, ha&ing with the' a nu'erous and wella%%ointed land ar'y) En#a'%ing here, they were 2oined by the sea $or#e whi#h had been re,uired o$ the se&eral states, and at the sa'e ti'e by the horsetrans%orts whi#h 5arius had, the year be$ore, #o''anded his tributaries to 'ake ready) *board these the horses were e'barked( and the troo%s were re#ei&ed by the shi%s o$ war( a$ter whi#h the whole $leet, a'ounting in all to si. hundred trire'es, 'ade sail $or onia) Then#e, instead o$ %ro#eeding with a straight #ourse along the shore to the Helles%ont and to Thra#e, they loosed $ro' "a'os and &oyaged a#ross the #arian sea through the 'idst o$ the islands( 'ainly, as belie&e, be#ause they $eared the danger o$ doubling -ount *thos, where the year be$ore they had su$$ered so grie&ously on their %assage( but a #onstraining #ause also was their $or'er $ailure to take 3a.os) 4hen the +ersians, there$ore, a%%roa#hing $ro' the #arian "ea, #ast an#hor at 3a.os, whi#h, re#olle#ting what there be$ell the' $or'erly, they had deter'ined to atta#k be$ore any other state, the 3a.ians, instead o$ en#ountering the', took to $light, and hurried o$$ to the hills) The +ersians howe&er su##eeded in laying hands on so'e, and the' they #arried away #a%ti&e, while at the sa'e ti'e they burnt all the te'%les together with the town) This done, they le$t 3a.os, and sailed away to the other islands) 4hile the +ersians were thus e'%loyed, the 5elians likewise ,uitted 5elos, and took re$uge in Tenos) *nd now the e.%edition drew near, when 5atis sailed $orward in ad&an#e o$ the other shi%s( #o''anding the', instead o$ an#horing at 5elos, to rende/&ous at Rhenea, o&er against 5elos, while he hi'sel$ %ro#eeded to dis#o&er whither the 5elians had $led( a$ter whi#h he sent a herald to the' with this 'essage0

94hy are ye $led, ! holy 'en: 4hy ha&e ye 2udged 'e so harshly and so wrong$ully: ha&e surely sense enough, e&en had not the king so ordered, to s%are the #ountry whi#h ga&e birth to the two gods7 to s%are, say, both the #ountry and its inhabitants) Co'e ba#k there$ore to your dwellings( and on#e 'ore inhabit your island)9 "u#h was the 'essage whi#h 5atis sent by his herald to the 5elians) He likewise %la#ed u%on the altar three hundred talents1 weight o$ $rankin#ense, and o$$ered it) *$ter this he sailed with his whole host against Eretria, taking with hi' both onians and *eolians) 4hen he was de%arted, 5elos ;as the 5elians told 'e< was shaken by an earth,uake, the $irst and last sho#k that has been $elt to this day) *nd truly this was a %rodigy whereby the god warned 'en o$ the e&ils that were #o'ing u%on the') For in the three $ollowing generations o$ 5arius the son o$ Hystas%es, Ber.es the son o$ 5arius, and *rta.er.es the son o$ Ber.es, 'ore woes be$ell Gree#e than in the twenty generations %re#eding 5arius7 woes #aused in %art by the +ersians, but in %art arising $ro' the #ontentions a'ong their own #hie$ 'en res%e#ting the su%re'e %ower) 4here$ore it is not sur%rising that 5elos, though it had ne&er be$ore been shaken, should at that ti'e ha&e $elt the sho#k o$ an earth,uake) *nd indeed there was an ora#le, whi#h said o$ 5elos7 5elo1s sel$ will shake, whi#h ne&er yet has been shaken !$ the abo&e na'es 5arius 'ay be rendered 94orker,9 Ber.es 94arrior,9 and *rta.er.es 9Great 4arrior)9 *nd so 'ight we #all these kings in our own language with %ro%riety) The barbarians, a$ter loosing $ro' 5elos, %ro#eeded to tou#h at the other islands, and took troo%s $ro' ea#h, and likewise #arried o$$ a nu'ber o$ the #hildren as hostages) Going thus $ro' one to another, they #a'e at last to Carystus( but here the hostages were re$used by the Carystians, who said they would neither gi&e any, nor #onsent to bear ar's against the #ities o$ their neighbours, 'eaning *thens and Eretria) Hereu%on the +ersians laid siege to Carystus, and wasted the #ountry round, until at length the inhabitants were brought o&er and agreed to do what was re,uired o$ the') -eanwhile the Eretrians, understanding that the +ersian ar'a'ent was #o'ing against the', besought the *thenians $or assistan#e) 3or did the *thenians re$use their aid, but assigned to the' as au.iliaries the $our thousand landholders to who' they had allotted the estates o$ the Chal#idean Hi%%obatae) *t Eretria, howe&er, things were in no healthy state( $or though they had #alled in the aid o$ the *thenians, yet they were not agreed a'ong the'sel&es how they should a#t( so'e o$ the' were 'inded to lea&e the #ity and to take re$uge in the heights o$ Euboea, while others, who looked to re#ei&ing

a reward $ro' the +ersians, were 'aking ready to betray their #ountry) "o when these things #a'e to the ears o$ *es#hines, the son o$ 3othon, one o$ the $irst 'en in Eretria, he 'ade known the whole state o$ a$$airs to the *thenians who were already arri&ed, and besought the' to return ho'e to their own land, and not %erish with his #ountry'en) *nd the *thenians hearkened to his #ounsel, and, #rossing o&er to !ro%us, in this way es#a%ed the danger) The +ersian $leet now drew near and an#hored at Ta'ynae, Choereae, and *egilia, three %la#es in the territory o$ Eretria) !n#e 'asters o$ these %osts, they %ro#eeded $orthwith to dise'bark their horses, and 'ade ready to atta#k the ene'y) But the Eretrians were not 'inded to sally $orth and o$$er battle( their only #are, a$ter it had been resol&ed not to ,uit the #ity, was, i$ %ossible, to de$end their walls) *nd now the $ortress was assaulted in good earnest, and $or si. days there $ell on both sides &ast nu'bers, but on the se&enth day Eu%horbus, the son o$ *l#i'a#hus, and +hilagrus, the son o$ Cyneas, who were both #iti/ens o$ good re%ute, betrayed the %la#e to the +ersians) These were no sooner entered within the walls than they %lundered and burnt all the te'%les that there were in the town, in re&enge $or the burning o$ their own te'%les at "ardis( 'oreo&er, they did a##ording to the orders o$ 5arius, and #arried away #a%ti&e all the inhabitants) The +ersians, ha&ing thus brought Eretria into sub2e#tion a$ter waiting a $ew days, 'ade sail $or *tti#a, greatly straitening the *thenians as they a%%roa#hed, and thinking to deal with the' as they had dealt with the %eo%le o$ Eretria) *nd, be#ause there was no +la#e in all *tti#a so #on&enient $or their horse as -arathon, and it lay 'oreo&er ,uite #lose to Eretria, there$ore Hi%%ias, the son o$ +isistratus, #ondu#ted the' thither) 4hen intelligen#e o$ this rea#hed the *thenians, they likewise 'ar#hed their troo%s to -arathon, and there stood on the de$ensi&e, ha&ing at their head ten generals, o$ who' one was -iltiades) 3ow this 'an1s $ather, Ci'on, the son o$ "tesagoras, was banished $ro' *thens by +isistratus, the son o$ Hi%%o#rates) n his banish'ent it was his $ortune to win the $our7horse #hariot7ra#e at !ly'%ia, whereby he gained the &ery sa'e honour whi#h had be$ore been #arried o$$ by -iltiades, his hal$7brother on the 'other1s side) *t the ne.t !ly'%iad he won the %ri/e again with the sa'e 'ares( u%on whi#h he #aused +isistratus to be %ro#lai'ed the winner, ha&ing 'ade an agree'ent with hi' that on yielding hi' this honour he should be allowed to #o'e ba#k to his #ountry) *$terwards, still with the sa'e 'ares, he won the %ri/e a third ti'e( whereu%on he was %ut to death by the sons o$ +isistratus, whose $ather was no longer li&ing) They set 'en to lie in wait $or hi' se#retly( and these 'en slew hi' near the go&ern'ent7house in the night7ti'e) He was buried outside the #ity, beyond what is #alled the @alley Road( and right

o%%osite his to'b were buried the 'ares whi#h had won the three %ri/es) The sa'e su##ess had likewise been a#hie&ed on#e %re&iously, to wit, by the 'ares o$ E&agoras the La#edae'onian, but ne&er e.#e%t by the') *t the ti'e o$ Ci'on1s death "tesagoras, the elder o$ his two sons, was in the Chersonese, where he li&ed with -iltiades his un#le( the younger, who was #alled -iltiades a$ter the $ounder o$ the Chersonesite #olony, was with his $ather in *thens) t was this -iltiades who now #o''anded the *thenians, a$ter es#a%ing $ro' the Chersonese, and twi#e nearly losing his li$e) First he was #hased as $ar as 'brus by the +hoeni#ians, who had a great desire to take hi' and #arry hi' u% to the king( and when he had a&oided this danger, and, ha&ing rea#hed his own #ountry, thought hi'sel$ to be altogether in sa$ety, he $ound his ene'ies waiting $or hi', and was #ited by the' be$ore a #ourt and i'%ea#hed $or his tyranny in the Chersonese) But he #a'e o$$ &i#torious here likewise, and was thereu%on 'ade general o$ the *thenians by the $ree #hoi#e o$ the %eo%le) *nd $irst, be$ore they le$t the #ity, the generals sent o$$ to "%arta a herald, one +heidi%%ides, who was by birth an *thenian, and by %ro$ession and %ra#ti#e a trained runner) This 'an, a##ording to the a##ount whi#h he ga&e to the *thenians on his return, when he was near -ount +artheniu', abo&e Tegea, $ell in with the god +an, who #alled hi' by his na'e, and bade hi' ask the *thenians 9where$ore they negle#ted hi' so entirely, when he was kindly dis%osed towards the', and had o$ten hel%ed the' in ti'es %ast, and would do so again in ti'e to #o'e:9 The *thenians, entirely belie&ing in the truth o$ this re%ort, as soon as their a$$airs were on#e 'ore in good order, set u% a te'%le to +an under the *#ro%olis, and, in return $or the 'essage whi#h ha&e re#orded, established in his honour yearly sa#ri$i#es and a tor#h7ra#e) !n the o##asion o$ whi#h we s%eak when +heidi%%ides was sent by the *thenian generals, and, a##ording to his own a##ount, saw +an on his 2ourney, he rea#hed "%arta on the &ery ne.t day a$ter ,uitting the #ity o$ *thens7 6%on his arri&al he went be$ore the rulers, and said to the'07 9-en o$ La#edae'on, the *thenians besee#h you to hasten to their aid, and not allow that state, whi#h is the 'ost an#ient in all Gree#e, to be ensla&ed by the barbarians) Eretria, look you, is already #arried away #a%ti&e( and Gree#e weakened by the loss o$ no 'ean #ity)9 Thus did +heidi%%ides deli&er the 'essage #o''itted to hi') *nd the "%artans wished to hel% the *thenians, but were unable to gi&e the' any %resent su##our, as they did not like to break their established law) t was then the ninth day o$ the $irst de#ade( and they #ould not 'ar#h out o$ "%arta on the ninth, when the 'oon had not rea#hed the $ull) "o they waited $or the $ull o$ the 'oon)

The barbarians were #ondu#ted to -arathon by Hi%%ias) the son o$ +isistratus, who the night be$ore had seen a strange &ision in his slee%) He drea't o$ lying in his 'other1s ar's, and #on2e#tured the drea' to 'ean that he would be restored to *thens, re#o&er the %ower whi#h he had lost, and a$terwards li&e to a good old age in his nati&e #ountry) "u#h was the sense in whi#h he inter%reted the &ision) He now %ro#eeded to a#t as guide to the +ersians( and, in the $irst %la#e, he landed the %risoners taken $ro' Eretria u%on the island that is #alled *egileia, a tra#t belonging to the "tyreans, a$ter whi#h he brought the $leet to an#hor o$$ -arathon, and 'arshalled the bands o$ the barbarians as they dise'barked) *s he was thus e'%loyed it #han#ed that he snee/ed and at the sa'e ti'e #oughed with 'ore &iolen#e than was his wont) 3ow, as he was a 'an ad&an#ed in years, and the greater nu'ber o$ his teeth were loose, it so ha%%ened that one o$ the' was dri&en out with the $or#e o$ the #ough, and $ell down into the sand) Hi%%ias took all the %ains he #ould to $ind it( but the tooth was nowhere to be seen0 whereu%on he $et#hed a dee% sigh, and said to the bystanders07 9*$ter all, the land is not ours( and we shall ne&er be able to bring it under) *ll 'y share in it is the %ortion o$ whi#h 'y tooth has %ossession)9 "o Hi%%ias belie&ed that in this way his drea' was $ul$illed) The *thenians were drawn u% in order o$ battle in a sa#red #lose belonging to Her#ules, when they were 2oined by the +lataeans, who #a'e in $ull $or#e to their aid) "o'e ti'e be$ore, the +lataeans had %ut the'sel&es under the rule o$ the *thenians( and these last had already undertaken 'any labours on their behal$) The o##asion o$ the surrender was the $ollowing) The +lataeans su$$ered grie&ous things at the hands o$ the 'en o$ Thebes( so, as it #han#ed that Cleo'enes, the son o$ *na.andridas, and the La#edae'onians were in their neighbourhood, they $irst o$ all o$$ered to surrender the'sel&es to the') But the La#edae'onians re$used to re#ei&e the', and said07 94e dwell too $ar o$$ $ro' you, and ours would be but #hill su##our) =e 'ight o$tenti'es be #arried into sla&ery be$ore one o$ us heard o$ it) 4e #ounsel you rather to gi&e yoursel&es u% to the *thenians, who are your ne.t neighbours, and well able to shelter you)9 This they said, not so 'u#h out o$ good will towards the +lataeans as be#ause they wished to in&ol&e the *thenians in trouble by engaging the' in wars with the Boeotians) The +lataeans, howe&er, when the La#edae'onians ga&e the' this #ounsel, #o'%lied at on#e( and when the sa#ri$i#e to the Twel&e Gods was being o$$ered at *thens, they #a'e and sat as su%%liants about the altar, and ga&e the'sel&es u% to the *thenians) The Thebans no sooner learnt what the +lataeans had done than instantly they 'ar#hed out against the', while the *thenians sent troo%s to their aid) *s the two ar'ies were about to

2oin battle, the Corinthians, who #han#ed to be at hand, would not allow the' to engage( both sides #onsented to take the' $or arbitrators, whereu%on they 'ade u% the ,uarrel, and $i.ed the boundary7line between the two states u%on this #ondition0 to wit, that i$ any o$ the Boeotians wished no longer to belong to Boeotia, the Thebans should allow the' to $ollow their own in#linations) The Corinthians, when they had thus de#reed, $orthwith de%arted to their ho'es0 the *thenians likewise set o$$ on their return( but the Boeotians $ell u%on the' during the 'ar#h, and a battle was $ought wherein they were worsted by the *thenians) Hereu%on these last would not be bound by the line whi#h the Corinthians had $i.ed, but ad&an#ed beyond those li'its, and 'ade the *so%us the boundary7line between the #ountry o$ the Thebans and that o$ the +lataeans and Hysians) 6nder su#h #ir#u'stan#es did the +lataeans gi&e the'sel&es u% to *thens( and now they were #o'e to -arathon to bear the *thenians aid) The *thenian generals were di&ided in their o%inions( and so'e ad&ised not to risk a battle, be#ause they were too $ew to engage su#h a host as that o$ the -edes, while others were $or $ighting at on#e( and a'ong these last was -iltiades) He there$ore, seeing that o%inions were thus di&ided, and that the less worthy #ounsel a%%eared likely to %re&ail, resol&ed to go to the +ole'ar#h, and ha&e a #on$eren#e with hi') For the 'an on who' the lot $ell to be +ole'ar#h at *thens was entitled to gi&e his &ote with the ten generals, sin#e an#iently the *thenians allowed hi' an e,ual right o$ &oting with the') The +ole'ar#h at this 2un#ture was Calli'a#hus o$ *%hidnae( to hi' there$ore -iltiades went, and said07 94ith thee it rests, Calli'a#hus, either to bring *thens to sla&ery, or, by se#uring her $reedo', to lea&e behind thee to all $uture generations a 'e'ory beyond e&en Har'odius and *ristogeiton) For ne&er sin#e the ti'e that the *thenians be#a'e a %eo%le were they in so great a danger as now) $ they bow their ne#ks beneath the yoke o$ the -edes, the woes whi#h they will ha&e to su$$er when gi&en into the %ower o$ Hi%%ias are already deter'ined on( i$, on the other hand, they $ight and o&er#o'e, *thens 'ay rise to be the &ery $irst #ity in Gree#e) How it #o'es to %ass that these things are likely to ha%%en, and how the deter'ining o$ the' in so'e sort rests with thee, will now %ro#eed to 'ake #lear) 4e generals are ten in nu'ber, and our &otes are di&ided( hal$ o$ us wish to engage, hal$ to a&oid a #o'bat) 3ow, i$ we do not $ight, look to see a great disturban#e at *thens whi#h will shake 'en1s resolutions, and then $ear they will sub'it the'sel&es( but i$ we $ight the battle be$ore any unsoundness show itsel$ a'ong our #iti/ens, let the gods but gi&e us $air %lay, and we are well able to o&er#o'e the ene'y) !n thee there$ore we de%end in this 'atter, whi#h lies wholly in thine own %ower) Thou hast only to add thy &ote to 'y side and thy #ountry

will be $ree, and not $ree only, but the $irst state in Gree#e) !r, i$ thou %re$errest to gi&e thy &ote to the' who would de#line the #o'bat, then the re&erse will $ollow)9 -iltiades by these words gained Calli'a#hus( and the addition o$ the +ole'ar#h1s &ote #aused the de#ision to be in $a&our o$ $ighting) Hereu%on all those generals who had been desirous o$ ha/arding a battle, when their turn #a'e to #o''and the ar'y, ga&e u% their right to -iltiades) He howe&er, though he a##e%ted their o$$ers, ne&ertheless waited, and would not $ight until his own day o$ #o''and arri&ed in due #ourse) Then at length, when his own turn was #o'e, the *thenian battle was set in array, and this was the order o$ it) Calli'a#hus the +ole'ar#h led the right wing( $or it was at that ti'e a rule with the *thenians to gi&e the right wing to the +ole'ar#h) *$ter this $ollowed the tribes, a##ording as they were nu'bered, in an unbroken line( while last o$ all #a'e the +lataeans, $or'ing the le$t wing) *nd e&er sin#e that day it has been a #usto' with the *thenians, in the sa#ri$i#es and asse'blies held ea#h $i$th year at *thens, $or the *thenian herald to i'%lore the blessing o$ the gods on the +lataeans #on2ointly with the *thenians) 3ow, as they 'arshalled the host u%on the $ield o$ -arathon, in order that the *thenian $ront 'ight he o$ e,ual length with the -edian, the ranks o$ the #entre were di'inished, and it be#a'e the weakest %art o$ the line, while the wings were both 'ade strong with a de%th o$ 'any ranks) "o when the battle was set in array, and the &i#ti's showed the'sel&es $a&ourable, instantly the *thenians, so soon as they were let go, #harged the barbarians at a run) 3ow the distan#e between the two ar'ies was little short o$ eight $urlongs) The +ersians, there$ore, when they saw the Greeks #o'ing on at s%eed, 'ade ready to re#ei&e the', although it see'ed to the' that the *thenians were bere$t o$ their senses, and bent u%on their own destru#tion( $or they saw a 'ere hand$ul o$ 'en #o'ing on at a run without either horse'en or ar#hers) "u#h was the o%inion o$ the barbarians( but the *thenians in #lose array $ell u%on the', and $ought in a 'anner worthy o$ being re#orded) They were the $irst o$ the Greeks, so $ar as know, who introdu#ed the #usto' o$ #harging the ene'y at a run, and they were likewise the $irst who dared to look u%on the -edian garb, and to $a#e 'en #lad in that $ashion) 6ntil this ti'e the &ery na'e o$ the -edes had been a terror to the Greeks to hear) The two ar'ies $ought together on the %lain o$ -arathon $or a length o$ ti'e( and in the 'id battle, where the +ersians the'sel&es and the "a#ae had their %la#e, the barbarians were &i#torious, and broke and %ursued the Greeks into the inner #ountry( but on the two wings the *thenians and the +lataeans de$eated the ene'y) Ha&ing so done, they su$$ered the routed barbarians to $ly at their ease, and 2oining the two wings in one, $ell u%on those who had broken their own

#entre, and $ought and #on,uered the') These likewise $led, and now the *thenians hung u%on the runaways and #ut the' down, #hasing the' all the way to the shore, on rea#hing whi#h they laid hold o$ the shi%s and #alled aloud $or $ire) t was in the struggle here that Calli'a#hus the +ole'ar#h, a$ter greatly distinguishing hi'sel$, lost his li$e( "tesilaus too, the son o$ Thrasilaus, one o$ the generals, was slain( and Cynaegirus, the son o$ Eu%horion, ha&ing sei/ed on a &essel o$ the ene'y1s by the orna'ent at the stern, had his hand #ut o$$ by the blow o$ an a.e, and so %erished( as likewise did 'any other *thenians o$ note and na'e) 3e&ertheless the *thenians se#ured in this way se&en o$ the &essels( while with the re'ainder the barbarians %ushed o$$, and taking aboard their Eretrian %risoners $ro' the island where they had le$t the', doubled Ca%e "uniu', ho%ing to rea#h *thens be$ore the return o$ the *thenians) The *l#'aeonidae were a##used by their #ountry'en o$ suggesting this #ourse to the'( they had, it was said, an understanding with the +ersians, and 'ade a signal to the', by raising a shield, a$ter they were e'barked in their shi%s) The +ersians a##ordingly sailed round "uniu') But the *thenians with all %ossible s%eed 'ar#hed away to the de$en#e o$ their #ity, and su##eeded in rea#hing *thens be$ore the a%%earan#e o$ the barbarians0 and as their #a'% at -arathon had been %it#hed in a %re#in#t o$ Her#ules, so now they en#a'%ed in another %re#in#t o$ the sa'e god at Cynosarges) The barbarian $leet arri&ed, and lay to o$$ +haleru', whi#h was at that ti'e the ha&en o$ *thens( but a$ter resting awhile u%on their oars, they de%arted and sailed away to *sia) There $ell in this battle o$ -arathon, on the side o$ the barbarians, about si. thousand and $our hundred 'en( on that o$ the *thenians, one hundred and ninety7two) "u#h was the nu'ber o$ the slain on the one side and the other) * strange %rodigy likewise ha%%ened at this $ight) E%i/elus, the son o$ Cu%hagoras, an *thenian, was in the thi#k o$ the $ray, and beha&ing hi'sel$ as a bra&e 'an should, when suddenly he was stri#ken with blindness, without blow o$ sword or dart( and this blindness #ontinued then#e$orth during the whole o$ his a$ter li$e) The $ollowing is the a##ount whi#h he hi'sel$, as ha&e heard, ga&e o$ the 'atter0 he said that a giganti# warrior, with a huge beard, whi#h shaded all his shield, stood o&er against hi'( but the ghostly se'blan#e %assed hi' by, and slew the 'an at his side) "u#h, as understand, was the tale whi#h E%i/elus told) 5atis 'eanwhile was on his way ba#k to *sia, and had rea#hed -y#onus, when he saw in his slee% a &ision) 4hat it was is not known( but no sooner was day #o'e than he #aused stri#t sear#h to be 'ade throughout the whole $leet, and $inding on board a +hoeni#ian &essel an i'age o$ *%ollo o&erlaid with gold, he in,uired $ro'

when#e it had been taken, and learning to what te'%le it belonged, he took it with hi' in his own shi% to 5elos, and %la#ed it in the te'%le there, en2oining the 5elians, who had now #o'e ba#k to their island, to restore the i'age to the Theban 5eliu', whi#h lies on the #oast o&er against Chal#is) Ha&ing le$t these in2un#tions, he sailed away( but the 5elians $ailed to restore the statue( and it was not till twenty years a$terwards that the Thebans, warned by an ora#le, the'sel&es brought it ba#k to 5eliu') *s $or the Eretrians, who' 5atis and *rta%hernes had #arried away #a%ti&e, when the $leet rea#hed *sia, they were taken u% to "usa) 3ow ?ing 5arius, be$ore they were 'ade his %risoners, nourished a $ier#e anger against these 'en $or ha&ing in2ured hi' without %ro&o#ation( but now that he saw the' brought into his %resen#e, and be#o'e his sub2e#ts, he did the' no other har', but only settled the' at one o$ his own stations in Cissia7 a %la#e #alled *rderi#ea7 two hundred and ten $urlongs distant $ro' "usa, and $orty $ro' the well whi#h yields %rodu#e o$ three di$$erent kinds) For $ro' this well they get bitu'en, salt, and oil, %ro#uring it in the way that will now des#ribe0 they draw with a swi%e, and instead o$ a bu#ket 'ake use o$ the hal$ o$ a wine7skin( with this the 'an di%s, and a$ter drawing, %ours the li,uid into a reser&oir, where$ro' it %asses into another, and there takes three di$$erent sha%es) The salt and the bitu'en $orthwith #olle#t and harden, while the oil is drawn o$$ into #asks) t is #alled by the +ersians 9rhadina#e,9 is bla#k, and has an un%leasant s'ell) Here then ?ing 5arius established the Eretrians( and here they #ontinued to 'y ti'e, and still s%oke their old language) "o thus it $ared with the Eretrians) *$ter the $ull o$ the 'oon two thousand La#edae'onians #a'e to *thens) "o eager had they been to arri&e in ti'e, that they took but three days to rea#h *tti#a $ro' "%arta) They #a'e, howe&er, too late $or the battle( yet, as they had a longing to behold the -edes, they #ontinued their 'ar#h to -arathon and there &iewed the slain) Then, a$ter gi&ing the *thenians all %raise $or their a#hie&e'ent, they de%arted and returned ho'e) But it $ills 'e with wonder'ent, and #an in no wise belie&e the re%ort, that the *l#'aeonidae had an understanding with the +ersians, and held the' u% a shield as a signal, wishing *thens to be brought under the yoke o$ the barbarians and o$ Hi%%ias7 the *l#'aeonidae, who ha&e shown the'sel&es at least as bitter haters o$ tyrants as was Callias, the son o$ +haeni%%us, and $ather o$ Hi%%oni#us) This Callias was the only %erson at *thens who, when the +isistratidae were dri&en out, and their goods were e.%osed $or sale by the &ote o$ the %eo%le, had the #ourage to 'ake %ur#hases, and likewise in 'any other ways to dis%lay the strongest hostility) He was a 'an &ery worthy to be had in re'e'bran#e by all, on se&eral a##ounts) For not only did he thus distinguish hi'sel$

beyond others in the #ause o$ his #ountry1s $reedo'( but likewise, by the honours whi#h he gained at the !ly'%i# Ga'es, where he #arried o$$ the %ri/e in the horse7ra#e, and was se#ond in the $our7horse #hariot7ra#e, and by his &i#tory at an earlier %eriod in the +ythian Ga'es, he showed hi'sel$ in the eyes o$ all the Greeks a 'an 'ost uns%aring in his e.%enditure) He was re'arkable too $or his #ondu#t in res%e#t o$ his daughters, three in nu'ber( $or when they #a'e to be o$ 'arriageable age, he ga&e to ea#h o$ the' a 'ost a'%le dowry, and %la#ed it at their own dis%osal, allowing the' to #hoose their husbands $ro' a'ong all the #iti/ens o$ *thens, and gi&ing ea#h in 'arriage to the 'an o$ her own #hoi#e) 3ow the *l#'aeonidae $ell not a whit short o$ this %erson in their hatred o$ tyrants, so that a' astonished at the #harge 'ade against the', and #annot bring 'ysel$ to belie&e that they held u% a shield( $or they were 'en who had re'ained in e.ile during the whole ti'e that the tyranny lasted, and they e&en #ontri&ed the tri#k by whi#h the +isistratidae were de%ri&ed o$ their throne) ndeed look u%on the' as the %ersons who in good truth ga&e *thens her $reedo' $ar 'ore than Har'odius and *ristogeiton) For these last did but e.as%erate the other +isistratidae by slaying Hi%%ar#hus, and were $ar $ro' doing anything towards %utting down the tyranny0 whereas the *l#'aeonidae were 'ani$estly the a#tual deli&erers o$ *thens, i$ at least it be true that the +ythoness was %re&ailed u%on by the' to bid the La#edae'onians set *thens $ree, as ha&e already related) But %erha%s they were o$$ended with the %eo%le o$ *thens( and there$ore betrayed their #ountry) 3ay, but on the #ontrary there were none o$ the *thenians who were held in su#h general estee', or who were so laden with honours) "o that it is not e&en reasonable to su%%ose that a shield was held u% by the' on this a##ount) * shield was shown, no doubt( that #annot be gainsaid( but who it was that showed it #annot any $urther deter'ine) 3ow the *l#'aeonidae were, e&en in days o$ yore, a $a'ily o$ note at *thens( but $ro' the ti'e o$ *l#'aeon, and again o$ -ega#les, they rose to s%e#ial e'inen#e) The $or'er o$ these two %ersonages, to wit, *l#'aeon, the son o$ -ega#les, when Croesus the Lydian sent 'en $ro' "ardis to #onsult the 5el%hi# ora#le, ga&e aid gladly to his 'essengers, assisted the' to a##o'%lish their task) Croesus, in$or'ed o$ *l#'aeon1s kindnesses by the Lydians who $ro' ti'e to ti'e #on&eyed his 'essages to the god, sent $or hi' to "ardis, and when he arri&ed, 'ade hi' a %resent o$ as 'u#h gold as he should be able to #arry at one ti'e about his %erson) Finding that this was the gi$t assigned hi', *l#'aeon took his 'easures, and %re%ared hi'sel$ to re#ei&e it in the $ollowing way) He #lothed hi'sel$ in a loose tuni#, whi#h he 'ade to bag greatly at the waist, and %la#ing u%on his $eet the widest buskins that he #ould anywhere $ind, $ollowed his guides into the treasure7house) Here he $ell to u%on a hea% o$

gold7dust, and in the $irst %la#e %a#ked as 'u#h as he #ould inside his buskins, between the' and his legs( a$ter whi#h he $illed the breast o$ his tuni# ,uite $ull o$ gold, and then s%rinkling so'e a'ong his hair, and taking so'e likewise in his 'outh, he #a'e $orth $ro' the treasure7house, s#ar#ely able to drag his legs along, like anything rather than a 'an, with his 'outh #ra''ed $ull, and his bulk in#reased e&ery way) !n seeing hi', Croesus burst into a laugh, and not only let hi' ha&e all that he had taken, but ga&e hi' %resents besides o$ $ully e,ual worth) Thus this house be#a'e one o$ great wealth( and *l#'aeon was able to kee% horses $or the #hariot7ra#e, and won the %ri/e at !ly'%ia) *$terwards, in the generation whi#h $ollowed, Clisthenes, king o$ "i#yon, raised the $a'ily to still greater e'inen#e a'ong the Greeks than e&en that to whi#h it had attained be$ore) For this Clisthenes, who was the son o$ *ristony'us, the grandson o$ -yron, and the great7grandson o$ *ndreas, had a daughter, #alled *garista, who' he wished to 'arry to the best husband that he #ould $ind in the whole o$ Gree#e) *t the !ly'%i# Ga'es, there$ore, ha&ing gained the %ri/e in the #hariot ra#e, he #aused %ubli# %ro#la'ation to be 'ade to the $ollowing e$$e#t07 94hoe&er a'ong the Greeks dee's hi'sel$ worthy to be#o'e the son7in7law o$ Clisthenes, let hi' #o'e, si.ty days hen#e, or, i$ he will, sooner, to "i#yon( $or within a year1s ti'e, #ounting $ro' the end o$ the si.ty days, Clisthenes will de#ide on the 'an to who' he shall #ontra#t his daughter)9 "o all the Greeks who were %roud o$ their own 'erit or o$ their #ountry $lo#ked to "i#yon as suitors( and Clisthenes had a $oot7#ourse and a wrestling7ground 'ade ready, to try their %owers) Fro' taly there #a'e "'indyrides, the son o$ Hi%%o#rates, a nati&e o$ "ybaris7 whi#h #ity about that ti'e was at the &ery height o$ its %ros%erity) He was a 'an who in lu.uriousness o$ li&ing e.#eeded all other %ersons) Likewise there #a'e 5a'asus, the son o$ *'yris, surna'ed the 4ise, a nati&e o$ "iris) These two were the only suitors $ro' taly) Fro' the onian Gul$ a%%eared *'%hi'nestus, the son o$ E%istro%hus, an E%ida'nian( $ro' *etolia, -ales, the brother o$ that Titor'us who e.#elled all the Greeks in strength, and who wishing to a&oid his $ellow7'en, withdrew hi'sel$ into the re'otest %arts o$ the *etolian territory) Fro' the +elo%onnese #a'e se&eral7 Leo#edes, son o$ that +heidon, king o$ the *rgi&es, who established weights and 'easures throughout the +elo%onnese, and was the 'ost insolent o$ all the Gre#ians7 the sa'e who dro&e out the Elean dire#tors o$ the Ga'es, and hi'sel$ %resided o&er the #ontests at !ly'%ia7 Leo#edes, say, a%%eared, this +heidon1s son( and likewise *'iantus, son o$ Ly#urgus, an *r#adian o$ the #ity o$ Tra%e/us( La%hanes, an */enian o$ +aeus, whose $ather, Eu%horion, as the story goes in *r#adia, entertained the 5ios#uri at his residen#e, and then#e$orth ke%t o%en house $or all #o'ers( and lastly,

!no'astus, the son o$ *gaeus, a nati&e o$ Elis) These $our #a'e $ro' the +elo%onnese) Fro' *thens there arri&ed -ega#les, the son o$ that *l#'aeon who &isited Croesus, and Tisander1s son, Hi%%o#lides, the wealthiest and handso'est o$ the *thenians) There was likewise one Euboean, Lysanias, who #a'e $ro' Eretria, then a $lourishing #ity) AFro' Thessaly #a'e 5ia#torides, a Cranonian, o$ the ra#e o$ the "#o%adae( and *l#on arri&ed $ro' the -olossians) This was the list o$ the suitors) 3ow when they were all #o'e, and the day a%%ointed had arri&ed, Clisthenes $irst o$ all in,uired o$ ea#h #on#erning his #ountry and his $a'ily( a$ter whi#h he ke%t the' with hi' a year, and 'ade trial o$ their 'anly bearing, their te'%er, their a##o'%lish'ents, and their dis%osition, so'eti'es drawing the' a%art $or #on&erse, so'eti'es bringing the' all together) "u#h as were still youths he took with hi' $ro' ti'e to ti'e to the gy'nasia( but the greatest trial o$ all was at the ban,uettable) 5uring the whole %eriod o$ their stay he li&ed with the' as ha&e said( and, $urther, $ro' $irst to last he entertained the' su'%tuously) "o'ehow or other the suitors who #a'e $ro' *thens %leased hi' the best o$ all( and o$ these Hi%%o#lides, Tisander1s son, was s%e#ially in $a&our, %artly on a##ount o$ his 'anly bearing, and %artly also be#ause his an#estors were o$ kin to the Corinthian Cy%selids) 4hen at length the day arri&ed whi#h had been $i.ed $or the es%ousals, and Clisthenes had to s%eak out and de#lare his #hoi#e, he $irst o$ all 'ade a sa#ri$i#e o$ a hundred o.en, and held a ban,uet, whereat he entertained all the suitors and the whole %eo%le o$ "i#yon) *$ter the $east was ended, the suitors &ied with ea#h other in 'usi# and in s%eaking on a gi&en sub2e#t) +resently, as the drinking ad&an#ed, Hi%%o#lides, who ,uite du'b$oundered the rest, #alled aloud to the $lute7%layer, and bade hi' strike u% a dan#e( whi#h the 'an did, and Hi%%o#lides dan#ed to it) *nd he $an#ied that he was dan#ing e.#ellently well( but Clisthenes, who was obser&ing hi', began to 'isdoubt the whole business) Then Hi%%o#lides, a$ter a %ause, told an attendant to bring in a table( and when it was brought, he 'ounted u%on it and dan#ed $irst o$ all so'e La#onian $igures, then so'e *tti# ones( a$ter whi#h he stood on his head u%on the table, and began to toss his legs about) Clisthenes, notwithstanding that he now loathed Hi%%o#lides $or a son7in7law, by reason o$ his dan#ing and his sha'elessness, still, as he wished to a&oid an outbreak, had restrained hi'sel$ during the $irst and likewise during the se#ond dan#e( when, howe&er, he saw hi' tossing his legs in the air, he #ould no longer #ontain hi'sel$, but #ried out, 9"on o$ Tisander, thou hast dan#ed thy wi$e away>9 94hat does Hi%%o#lides #are:9 was the other1s answer) *nd hen#e the %ro&erb arose) Then Clisthenes #o''anded silen#e, and s%ake thus be$ore the asse'bled #o'%any07

9"uitors o$ 'y daughter, well %leased a' with you all( and right willingly, i$ it were %ossible, would #ontent you all, and not by 'aking #hoi#e o$ one a%%ear to %ut a slight u%on the rest) But as it is out o$ 'y %ower, seeing that ha&e but one daughter, to grant to all their wishes, will %resent to ea#h o$ you who' 'ust needs dis'iss a talent o$ sil&er, $or the honour that you ha&e done 'e in seeking to ally yoursel&es with 'y house, and $or your long absen#e $ro' your ho'es) But 'y daughter, *garista, betroth to -ega#les, the son o$ *l#'aeon, to be his wi$e, a##ording to the usage and wont o$ *thens)9 Then -ega#les e.%ressed his readiness( and Clisthenes had the 'arriage sole'nised) Thus ended the a$$air o$ the suitors( and thus the *l#'aeonidae #a'e to be $a'ous throughout the whole o$ Gree#e) The issue o$ this 'arriage was the Clisthenes na'ed a$ter his grand$ather the "i#yonian7 who 'ade the tribes at *thens, and set u% the %o%ular go&ern'ent) -ega#les had likewise another son, #alled Hi%%o#rates, whose #hildren were a -ega#les and an *garista, the latter na'ed a$ter *garista the daughter o$ Clisthenes) "he 'arried Banthi%%us, the son o$ *ri%hron( and when she was with #hild by hi' had a drea', wherein she $an#ied that she was deli&ered o$ a lion( a$ter whi#h, within a $ew days, she bore Banthi%%us a son, to wit, +eri#les) *$ter the blow stru#k at -arathon, -iltiades, who was %re&iously held in high estee' by his #ountry'en, in#reased yet 'ore in in$luen#e) Hen#e, when he told the' that he wanted a $leet o$ se&enty shi%s, with an ar'ed $or#e, and 'oney, without in$or'ing the' what #ountry he was going to atta#k, but only %ro'ising to enri#h the' i$ they would a##o'%any hi', seeing that it was a right wealthy land, where they 'ight easily get as 'u#h gold as they #ared to ha&e7 when he told the' this, they were ,uite #arried away, and ga&e hi' the whole ar'a'ent whi#h he re,uired) "o -iltiades, ha&ing got the ar'a'ent, sailed against +aros, with the ob2e#t, as he alleged, o$ %unishing the +arians $or ha&ing gone to war with *thens, inas'u#h as a trire'e o$ theirs had #o'e with the +ersian $leet to -arathon) This, howe&er, was a 'ere %reten#e( the truth was, that -iltiades owed the +arians a grudge, be#ause Lysagoras, the son o$ Tisias, who was a +arian by birth, had told tales against hi' to Hydarnes the +ersian) *rri&ed be$ore the %la#e against whi#h his e.%edition was designed, he dro&e the +arians within their walls, and $orthwith laid siege to the #ity) *t the sa'e ti'e he sent a herald to the inhabitants, and re,uired o$ the' a hundred talents, threatening that, i$ they re$used, he would %ress the siege, and ne&er gi&e it o&er till the town was taken) But the +arians, without gi&ing his de'and a thought, %ro#eeded to use e&ery 'eans that they #ould de&ise $or the de$en#e o$ their #ity, and e&en in&ented new %lans $or the %ur%ose, one o$ whi#h was, by working at

night, to raise su#h %arts o$ the wall as were likely to be #arried by assault to double their $or'er height) Thus $ar all the Greeks agree in their a##ounts o$ this business( what $ollows is related u%on the testi'ony o$ the +arians only) -iltiades had #o'e to his wit1s end, when one o$ the %risoners, a wo'an na'ed Ti'o, who was by birth a +arian, and had held the o$$i#e o$ under7%riestess in the te'%le o$ the in$ernal goddesses, #a'e and #on$erred with hi') This wo'an, they say, being introdu#ed into the %resen#e o$ -iltiades, ad&ised hi', i$ he set great store by the #a%ture o$ the %la#e, to do so'ething whi#h she #ould suggest to hi') 4hen there$ore she had told hi' what it was she 'eant, he betook hi'sel$ to the hill whi#h lies in $ront o$ the #ity, and there lea%t the $en#e en#losing the %re#in#t o$ Ceres Thes'o%horus, sin#e he was not able to o%en the door) *$ter lea%ing into the %la#e he went straight to the san#tuary, intending to do so'ething within it7 either to re'o&e so'e o$ the holy things whi#h it was not law$ul to stir, or to %er$or' so'e a#t or other, #annot say what7 and had 2ust rea#hed the door, when suddenly a $eeling o$ horror #a'e u%on hi', and he returned ba#k the way he had #o'e( but in 2u'%ing down $ro' the outer wall, he strained his thigh, or, as so'e say, stru#k the ground with his knee) "o -iltiades returned ho'e si#k, without bringing the *thenians any 'oney, and without #on,uering +aros, ha&ing done no 'ore than to besiege the town $or si.7and7twenty days, and ra&age the re'ainder o$ the island) The +arians, howe&er, when it #a'e to their knowledge that Ti'o, the under7%riestess o$ the goddesses, had ad&ised -iltiades what he should do, were 'inded to %unish her $or her #ri'e( they there$ore sent 'essengers to 5el%hi, as soon as the siege was at an end, and asked the god i$ they should %ut the under7%riestess to death) 9"he had dis#o&ered,9 they said, 9to the ene'ies o$ her #ountry how they 'ight bring it into sub2e#tion, and had e.hibited to -iltiades 'ysteries whi#h it was not law$ul $or a 'an to know)9 But the +ythoness $orbade the', and said, 9Ti'o was not in $ault( 1twas de#reed that -iltiades should #o'e to an unha%%y end( and she was sent to lure hi' to his destru#tion)9 "u#h was the answer gi&en to the +arians by the +ythoness) The *thenians, u%on the return o$ -iltiades $ro' +aros, had 'u#h debate #on#erning hi'( and Banthi%%us, the son o$ *ri%hron, who s%oke 'ore $reely against hi' than all the rest, i'%leaded hi' be$ore the %eo%le, and brought hi' to trial $or his li$e, on the #harge o$ ha&ing dealt de#eit$ully with the *thenians) -iltiades, though he was %resent in #ourt, did not s%eak in his own de$en#e( $or his thigh had begun to 'orti$y, and disabled hi' $ro' %leading his #ause) He was $or#ed to lie on a #ou#h while his de$en#e was 'ade by his $riends, who dwelt at 'ost length on the $ight at -arathon, while they 'ade 'ention also o$ the #a%ture o$ Le'nos, telling how

-iltiades took the island, and, a$ter e.e#uting &engean#e on the +elasgians, ga&e u% his #on,uest to *thens) The 2udg'ent o$ the %eo%le was in his $a&our so $ar as to s%are his li$e( but $or the wrong he had done the' they $ined hi' $i$ty talents) "oon a$terwards his thigh #o'%letely gangrened and 'orti$ied0 and so -iltiades died( and the $i$ty talents were %aid by his son Ci'on) 3ow the way in whi#h -iltiades had 'ade hi'sel$ 'aster o$ Le'nos was the $ollowing) There were #ertain +elasgians who' the *thenians on#e dro&e out o$ *tti#a( whether they did it7 2ustly or un2ustly #annot say, sin#e only know what is re%orted #on#erning it, whi#h is the $ollowing0 He#ataeus, the son o$ Hegesander, says in his History that it was un2ustly) 9The *thenians,9 a##ording to hi', 9had gi&en to the +elasgi a tra#t o$ land at the $oot o$ Hy'ettus as %ay'ent $or the wall with whi#h the +elasgians had surrounded their #itadel) This land was barren, and little worth at the ti'e( but the +elasgians brought it into good #ondition( whereu%on the *thenians begrudged the' the tra#t, and desired to re#o&er it) *nd so, without any better e.#use, they took ar's and dro&e out the +elasgians)9 But the *thenians 'aintain that they were 2usti$ied in what they did) 9The +elasgians,9 they say, 9while they li&ed at the $oot o$ Hy'ettus, were wont to sally $orth $ro' that region and #o''it outrages on their #hildren) For the *thenians used at that ti'e to send their sons and daughters to draw water at the $ountain #alled 1the 3ine "%rings,1 inas'u#h as neither they nor the other Greeks had any household sla&es in those days( and the 'aidens, whene&er they #a'e, were used rudely and insolently by the +elasgians) 3or were they e&en #ontent thus( but at the last they laid a %lot, and were #aught by the *thenians in the a#t o$ 'aking an atte'%t u%on their #ity) Then did the *thenians gi&e a %roo$ how 'u#h better 'en they were than the +elasgians( $or whereas they 'ight 2ustly ha&e killed the' all, ha&ing #aught the' in the &ery a#t o$ rebelling, the( s%ared their li&es, and only re,uired that they should lea&e the #ountry) Hereu%on the +elasgians ,uitted *tti#a, and settled in Le'nos and other %la#es)9 "u#h are the a##ounts res%e#ti&ely o$ He#ataeus and the *thenians) These sa'e +elasgians, a$ter they were settled in Le'nos, #on#ei&ed the wish to be re&enged on the *thenians) "o, as they were well a#,uainted with the *thenian $esti&als, they 'anned so'e %ente#onters, and ha&ing laid an a'bush to #at#h the *thenian wo'en as they ke%t the $esti&al o$ 5iana at Brauron, they su##eeded in #arrying o$$ a large nu'ber, who' they took to Le'nos and there ke%t as #on#ubines) *$ter a while the wo'en bore #hildren, who' they taught to s%eak the language o$ *tti#a and obser&e the 'anners o$ the *thenians) These boys re$used to ha&e any #o''er#e with the sons o$ the +elasgian wo'en( and i$ a +elasgian boy stru#k one o$ their nu'ber, they all 'ade #o''on #ause, and 2oined in a&enging their #o'rade( nay, the Greek boys e&en set u% a #lai' to e.er#ise lordshi% o&er the others,

and su##eeded in gaining the u%%er hand) 4hen these things #a'e to the ears o$ the +elasgians, they took #ounsel together, and, on #onsidering the 'atter, they grew $rightened, and said one to another, 9 $ these boys e&en now are resol&ed to 'ake #o''on #ause against the sons o$ our law$ul wi&es, and seek to e.er#ise lordshi% o&er the', what 'ay we e.%e#t when they grow u% to be 'en:9 Then it see'ed good to the +elasgians to kill all the sons o$ the *tti# wo'en( whi#h they did a##ordingly, and at the sa'e ti'e slew likewise their 'others) Fro' this deed, and that $or'er #ri'e o$ the Le'nian wo'en, when they slew their husbands in the days o$ Thoas, it has #o'e to be usual throughout Gree#e to #all wi#ked a#tions by the na'e o$ 9Le'nian deeds)9 4hen the +elasgians had thus slain their #hildren and their wo'en, the earth re$used to bring $orth its $ruits $or the', and their wi&es bore $ewer #hildren, and their $lo#ks and herds in#reased 'ore slowly than be$ore, till at last, sore %ressed by $a'ine and berea&e'ent, they sent 'en to 5el%hi, and begged the god to tell the' how they 'ight obtain deli&eran#e $ro' their su$$erings) The +ythoness answered that 9they 'ust gi&e the *thenians whate&er satis$a#tion they 'ight de'and)9 Then the +elasgians went to *thens and de#lared their wish to gi&e the *thenians satis$a#tion $or the wrong whi#h they had done to the') "o the *thenians had a #ou#h %re%ared in their townhall, and adorned it with the $airest #o&erlets, and set by its side a table laden with all 'anner o$ good things, and then told the +elasgians they 'ust deli&er u% their #ountry to the' in a si'ilar #ondition) The +elasgians answered and said, 94hen a shi% #o'es with a north wind $ro' your #ountry to ours in a single day, then will we gi&e it u% to you)9 This they said be#ause they knew that what they re,uired was i'%ossible, $or *tti#a lies a long way to the south o$ Le'nos) 3o 'ore %assed at that ti'e) But &ery 'any years a$terwards, when the Helles%ontian Chersonese had been brought under the %ower o$ *thens, -iltiades, the son o$ Ci'on, sailed, during the %re&alen#e o$ the Etesian winds, $ro' Elaeus in the Chersonese to Le'nos, and #alled on the +elasgians to ,uit their island, re'inding the' o$ the %ro%he#y whi#h they had su%%osed it i'%ossible to $ul$il) The %eo%le o$ He%haestia obeyed the #all( but they o$ -yrina, not a#knowledging the Chersonese to be any %art o$ *tti#a, re$used and were besieged and brought o&er by $or#e) Thus was Le'nos gained by the *thenians and -iltiades) The "e&enth Book, Entitled +!L=-3 * 3ow when tidings o$ the battle that had been $ought at -arathon rea#hed the ears o$ ?ing 5arius, the son o$ Hystas%es, his anger against the *thenians, whi#h had been already roused by their atta#k

u%on "ardis, wa.ed still $ier#er, and he be#a'e 'ore than e&er eager to lead an ar'y against Gree#e) nstantly he sent o$$ 'essengers to 'ake %ro#la'ation through the se&eral states that $resh le&ies were to be raised, and these at an in#reased rate( while shi%s, horses, %ro&isions, and trans%orts were likewise to be $urnished) "o the 'en %ublished his #o''ands( and now all *sia was in #o''otion by the s%a#e o$ three years, while e&erywhere, as Gree#e was to be atta#ked, the best and bra&est were enrolled $or the ser&i#e, and had to 'ake their %re%arations a##ordingly) *$ter this, in the $ourth year, the Egy%tians who' Ca'byses had ensla&ed re&olted $ro' the +ersians( whereu%on 5arius was 'ore hot $or war than e&er, and earnestly desired to 'ar#h an ar'y against both ad&ersaries) 3ow, as he was about to lead $orth his le&ies against Egy%t and *thens, a $ier#e #ontention $or the so&ereign %ower arose a'ong his sons( sin#e the law o$ the +ersians was that a king 'ust not go out with his ar'y, until he has a%%ointed one to su##eed hi' u%on the throne) 5arius, be$ore he obtained the kingdo', had had three sons born to hi' $ro' his $or'er wi$e, who was a daughter o$ Gobryas( while, sin#e he began to reign, *tossa, the daughter o$ Cyrus, had borne hi' $our) *rtaba/anes was the eldest o$ the $irst $a'ily, and Ber.es o$ the se#ond) These two, there$ore, being the sons o$ di$$erent 'others, were now at &arian#e) *rtaba/anes #lai'ed the #rown as the eldest o$ all the #hildren, be#ause it was an established #usto' all o&er the world $or the eldest to ha&e the %re7e'inen#e( while Ber.es, on the other hand, urged that he was s%rung $ro' *tossa, the daughter o$ Cyrus, and that it was Cyrus who had won the +ersians their $reedo') Be$ore 5arius had %ronoun#ed on the 'atter, it ha%%ened that 5e'aratus, the son o$ *riston, who had been de%ri&ed o$ his #rown at "%arta, and had a$terwards, o$ his own a##ord, gone into banish'ent, #a'e u% to "usa, and there heard o$ the ,uarrel o$ the %rin#es) Hereu%on, as re%ort says, he went to Ber.es, and ad&ised hi', in addition to all that he had urged be$ore, to %lead7 that at the ti'e when he was born 5arius was already king, and bore rule o&er the +ersians( but when *rtaba/anes #a'e into the world, he was a 'ere %ri&ate %erson) t would there$ore be neither right nor see'ly that the #rown should go to another in %re$eren#e to hi'sel$) 9For at "%arta,9 said 5e'aratus, byway o$ suggestion, 9the law is that i$ a king has sons be$ore he #o'es to the throne, and another son is born to hi' a$terwards, the #hild so born is heir to his $ather1s kingdo')9 Ber.es $ollowed this #ounsel, and 5arius, %ersuaded that he had 2usti#e on his side, a%%ointed hi' his su##essor) For 'y own %art belie&e that, e&en without this, the #rown would ha&e gone to Ber.es( $or *tossa was all7%ower$ul) 5arius, when he had thus a%%ointed Ber.es his heir, was 'inded

to lead $orth his ar'ies( but he was %re&ented by death while his %re%arations were still %ro#eeding) He died in the year $ollowing the re&olt o$ Egy%t and the 'atters here related, a$ter ha&ing reigned in all si.7and7thirty years, lea&ing the re&olted Egy%tians and the *thenians alike un%unished) *t his death the kingdo' %assed to his son Ber.es) 3ow Ber.es, on $irst 'ounting the throne, was #oldly dis%osed towards the Gre#ian war, and 'ade it his business to #olle#t an ar'y against Egy%t) But -ardonius, the son o$ Gobryas, who was at the #ourt, and had 'ore in$luen#e with hi' than any o$ the other +ersians, being his own #ousin, the #hild o$ a sister o$ 5arius, %lied hi' with dis#ourses like the $ollowing07 9-aster, it is not $itting that they o$ *thens es#a%e s#ot7$ree, a$ter doing the +ersians su#h great in2ury) Co'%lete the work whi#h thou hast now in hand, and then, when the %ride o$ Egy%t is brought low, lead an ar'y against *thens) "o shalt thou thysel$ ha&e good re%ort a'ong 'en, and others shall $ear herea$ter to atta#k thy #ountry)9 Thus $ar it was o$ &engean#e that he s%oke( but so'eti'es he would &ary the the'e, and obser&e by the way, 9that Euro%e was a wondrous beauti$ul region, ri#h in all kinds o$ #ulti&ated trees, and the soil e.#ellent0 no one, sa&e the king, was worthy to own su#h a land)9 *ll this he said, be#ause he longed $or ad&entures, and ho%ed to be#o'e satra% o$ Gree#e under the king( and a$ter a while he had his way, and %ersuaded Ber.es to do a##ording to his desires) !ther things, howe&er, o##urring about the sa'e ti'e, hel%ed his %ersuasions) For, in the $irst %la#e, it #han#ed that 'essengers arri&ed $ro' Thessaly, sent by the *leuadae, Thessalian kings, to in&ite Ber.es into Gree#e, and to %ro'ise hi' all the assistan#e whi#h it was in their %ower to gi&e) *nd $urther, the +isistratidae, who had #o'e u% to "usa, held the sa'e language as the *leuadae, and worked u%on hi' e&en 'ore than they, by 'eans o$ !no'a#ritus o$ *thens, an ora#le7'onger, and the sa'e who set $orth the %ro%he#ies o$ -usaeus in their order) The +isistratidae had %re&iously been at en'ity with this 'an, but 'ade u% the ,uarrel be$ore they re'o&ed to "usa) He was banished $ro' *thens by Hi%%ar#hus, the son o$ +isistratus, be#ause he $oisted into the writings o$ -usaeus a %ro%he#y that the islands whi#h lie o$$ Le'nos would one day disa%%ear in the sea) Lasus o$ Her'ione #aught hi' in the a#t o$ so doing) For this #ause Hi%%ar#hus banished hi', though till then they had been the #losest o$ $riends) 3ow, howe&er, he went u% to "usa with the sons o$ +isistratus, and they talked &ery grandly o$ hi' to the king( while he, $or his %art, whene&er he was in the king1s #o'%any, re%eated to hi' #ertain o$ the ora#les( and while he took #are to %ass o&er all that s%oke o$ disaster to the barbarians, brought $orward the %assages whi#h %ro'ised the' the greatest su##ess) 91Twas $ated,9 he told Ber.es,

9that a +ersian should bridge the Helles%ont, and 'ar#h an ar'y $ro' *sia into Gree#e)9 4hile !no'a#ritus thus %lied Ber.es with his ora#les, the +isistratidae and *leuadae did not #ease to %ress on hi' their ad&i#e, till at last the king yielded, and agreed to lead $orth an e.%edition) First, howe&er, in the year $ollowing the death o$ 5arius, he 'ar#hed against those who had re&olted $ro' hi'( and ha&ing redu#ed the', and laid all Egy%t under a $ar harder yoke than e&er his $ather had %ut u%on it, he ga&e the go&ern'ent to *#haea'enes, who was his own brother, and son to 5arius) This *#haea'enes was a$terwards slain in his go&ern'ent by naros, the son o$ +sa''eti#hus, a Libyan) ;"" F)< *$ter Egy%t was subdued, Ber.es, being about to take in hand the e.%edition against *thens, #alled together an asse'bly o$ the noblest +ersians to learn their o%inions, and to lay be$ore the' his own designs) "o, when the 'en were 'et, the king s%ake thus to the'07 9+ersians, shall not be the $irst to bring in a'ong you a new #usto'7 shall but $ollow one whi#h has #o'e down to us $ro' our $ore$athers) 3e&er yet, as our old 'en assure 'e, has our ra#e re%osed itsel$, sin#e the ti'e when Cyrus o&er#a'e *styages, and so we +ersians wrested the s#e%tre $ro' the -edes) 3ow in all this God guides us( and we, obeying his guidan#e, %ros%er greatly) 4hat need ha&e to tell you o$ the deeds o$ Cyrus and Ca'byses, and 'y own $ather 5arius, how 'any nations they #on,uered, and added to our do'inions: =e know right well what great things they a#hie&ed) But $or 'ysel$, will say that, $ro' the day on whi#h 'ounted the throne, ha&e not #eased to #onsider by what 'eans 'ay ri&al those who ha&e %re#eded 'e in this %ost o$ honour, and in#rease the %ower o$ +ersia as 'u#h as any o$ the') *nd truly ha&e %ondered u%on this, until at last ha&e $ound out a way whereby we 'ay at on#e win glory, and likewise get %ossession o$ a land whi#h is as large and as ri#h as our own nay, whi#h is e&en 'ore &aried in the $ruits it bears7 while at the sa'e ti'e we obtain satis$a#tion and re&enge) For this #ause ha&e now #alled you together, that 'ay 'ake known to you what design to do) ;"" G)< -y intent is to throw a bridge o&er the Helles%ont and 'ar#h an ar'y through Euro%e against Gree#e, that thereby 'ay obtain &engean#e $ro' the *thenians $or the wrongs #o''itted by the' against the +ersians and against 'y $ather) =our own eyes saw the %re%arations o$ 5arius against these 'en( but death #a'e u%on hi', and balked his ho%es o$ re&enge) n his behal$, there$ore, and in behal$ o$ all the +ersians, undertake the war, and %ledge 'ysel$ not to rest till ha&e taken and burnt *thens, whi#h has dared, un%ro&oked, to in2ure 'e and 'y $ather) Long sin#e they #a'e to *sia with *ristagoras o$ -iletus, who was one o$ our sla&es, and, entering "ardis, burnt its te'%les and its sa#red gro&es( again, 'ore lately, when we 'ade a landing u%on their #oast under 5atis and *rta%hernes, how roughly they handled us ye do not need to

be told) ;"" E)< For these reasons, there$ore, a' bent u%on this war( and see likewise therewith united no $ew ad&antages) !n#e let us subdue this %eo%le, and those neighbours o$ theirs who hold the land o$ +elo%s the +hrygian, and we shall e.tend the +ersian territory as $ar as God1s hea&en rea#hes) The sun will then shine on no land beyond our borders( $or will %ass through Euro%e $ro' one end to the other, and with your aid 'ake o$ all the lands whi#h it #ontains one #ountry) For thus, i$ what hear be true, a$$airs stand0 the nations whereo$ ha&e s%oken, on#e swe%t away, there is no #ity, no #ountry le$t in all the world, whi#h will &enture so 'u#h as to withstand us in ar's) By this #ourse then we shall bring all 'ankind under our yoke, alike those who are guilty and those who are inno#ent o$ doing us wrong) ;"" 4)< For yoursel&es, i$ you wish to %lease 'e, do as $ollows0 when announ#e the ti'e $or the ar'y to 'eet together, hasten to the 'uster with a good will, e&ery one o$ you( and know that to the 'an who brings with hi' the 'ost gallant array will gi&e the gi$ts whi#h our %eo%le #onsider the 'ost honourable) This then is what ye ha&e to do) But to show that a' not sel$7willed in this 'atter, lay the business be$ore you, and gi&e you $ull lea&e to s%eak your 'inds u%on it o%enly)9 Ber.es, ha&ing so s%oken, held his %ea#e) ;"" F)< 4hereu%on -ardonius took the word, and said0 9!$ a truth, 'y lord, thou dost sur%ass, not only all li&ing +ersians, but likewise those yet unborn) -ost true and right is ea#h word that thou hast now uttered( but best o$ all thy resol&e not to let the onians who li&e in Euro%e7 a worthless #rew7 'o#k us any 'ore) t were indeed a 'onstrous thing i$, a$ter #on,uering and ensla&ing the "a#ae, the ndians, the Ethio%ians, the *ssyrians, and 'any other 'ighty nations, not $or any wrong that they had done us, but only to in#rease our e'%ire, we should then allow the Greeks, who ha&e done us su#h wanton in2ury, to es#a%e our &engean#e) 4hat is it that we $ear in the':7 not surely their nu'bers:7 not the greatness o$ their wealth: 4e know the 'anner o$ their battle7 we know how weak their %ower is( already ha&e we subdued their #hildren who dwell in our #ountry, the onians, *eolians, and 5orians) 'ysel$ ha&e had e.%erien#e o$ these 'en when 'ar#hed against the' by the orders o$ thy $ather( and though went as $ar as -a#edonia, and #a'e but a little short o$ rea#hing *thens itsel$, yet not a soul &entured to #o'e out against 'e to battle) ;"" G)< *nd yet, a' told, these &ery Greeks are wont to wage wars against one another in the 'ost $oolish way, through sheer %er&ersity and doltishness) For no sooner is war %ro#lai'ed than they sear#h out the s'oothest and $airest %lain that is to be $ound in all the land, and there they asse'ble and $ight( when#e it #o'es to %ass that e&en the #on,uerors de%art with great loss0 say nothing o$ the #on,uered, $or they are destroyed altogether) 3ow surely, as they are all o$ one s%ee#h, they ought to

inter#hange heralds and 'essengers, and 'ake u% their di$$eren#es by any 'eans rather than battle( or, at the worst, i$ they 'ust needs $ight one against another, they ought to %ost the'sel&es as strongly as %ossible, and so try their ,uarrels) But, notwithstanding that they ha&e so $oolish a 'anner o$ war$are, yet these Greeks, when led 'y ar'y against the' to the &ery borders o$ -a#edonia, did not so 'u#h as think o$ o$$ering 'e battle) ;"" E)< 4ho then will dare, ! king> to 'eet thee in ar's, when thou #o'est with all *sia1s warriors at thy ba#k, and with all her shi%s: For 'y %art do not belie&e the Greek %eo%le will be so $oolhardy) Grant, howe&er, that a' 'istaken herein, and that they are $oolish enough to 'eet us in o%en $ight( in that #ase they will learn that there are no su#h soldiers in the whole world as we) 3e&ertheless let us s%are no %ains( $or nothing #o'es without trouble( but all that 'en a#,uire is got by %ainstaking)9 4hen -ardonius had in this way so$tened the harsh s%ee#h o$ Ber.es, he too held his %ea#e) ;"" F)< The other +ersians were silent( all $eared to raise their &oi#e against the %lan %ro%osed to the') But *rtabanus, the son o$ Hystas%es, and un#le o$ Ber.es, trusting to his relationshi%, was bold to s%eak07 9! king>9 he said, 9it is i'%ossible, i$ no 'ore than one o%inion is uttered, to 'ake #hoi#e o$ the best0 a 'an is $or#ed then to $ollow whate&er ad&i#e 'ay ha&e been gi&en hi'( but i$ o%%osite s%ee#hes are deli&ered, then #hoi#e #an be e.er#ised) n like 'anner %ure gold is not re#ognised by itsel$( but when we test it along with baser ore, we %er#ei&e whi#h is the better) #ounselled thy $ather, 5arius, who was 'y own brother, not to atta#k the "#yths, a ra#e o$ %eo%le who had no town in their whole land) He thought howe&er to subdue those wandering tribes, and would not listen to 'e, but 'ar#hed an ar'y against the', and ere he returned ho'e lost 'any o$ his bra&est warriors) Thou art about, ! king> to atta#k a %eo%le $ar su%erior to the "#yths, a %eo%le distinguished abo&e others both by land and sea) 1Tis $it there$ore that should tell thee what danger thou in#urrest hereby) ;"" G)< Thou sayest that thou wilt bridge the Helles%ont, and lead thy troo%s through Euro%e against Gree#e) 3ow su%%ose so'e disaster be$all thee by land or sea, or by both) t 'ay be e&en so( $or the 'en are re%uted &aliant) ndeed one 'ay 'easure their %rowess $ro' what they ha&e already done( $or when 5atis and *rta%hernes led their huge ar'y against *tti#a, the *thenians singly de$eated the') But grant they are not su##ess$ul on both ele'ents) "till, i$ they 'an their shi%s, and, de$eating us by sea, sail to the Helles%ont, and there destroy our bridge7 that, sire, were a $ear$ul ha/ard) ;"" E)< *nd here 1tis not by 'y own 'other wit alone that #on2e#ture what will ha%%en( but re'e'ber how narrowly we es#a%ed disaster on#e, when thy $ather, a$ter throwing bridges o&er the Thra#ian Bos%horus and the ster, 'ar#hed against the

"#ythians, and they tried e&ery sort o$ %rayer to indu#e the onians, who had #harge o$ the bridge o&er the ster, to break the %assage) !n that day, i$ Histiaeus, the king o$ -iletus, had sided with the other %rin#es, and not set hi'sel$ to o%%ose their &iews, the e'%ire o$ the +ersians would ha&e #o'e to nought) "urely a dread$ul thing is this e&en to hear said, that the king1s $ortunes de%ended wholly on one 'an) ;"" 4)< 9Think then no 'ore o$ in#urring so great a danger when no need %resses, but $ollow the ad&i#e tender) Break u% this 'eeting, and when thou hast well #onsidered the 'atter with thysel$, and settled what thou wilt do, de#lare to us thy resol&e) know not o$ aught in the world that so %ro$its a 'an as taking good #ounsel with hi'sel$( $or e&en i$ things $all out against one1s ho%es, still one has #ounselled well, though $ortune has 'ade the #ounsel o$ none e$$e#t0 whereas i$ a 'an #ounsels ill and lu#k $ollows, he has gotten a wind$all, but his #ounsel is none the less silly) ;"" J)< "eest thou how God with his lightning s'ites always the bigger ani'als, and will not su$$er the' to wa. insolent, while those o$ a lesser bulk #ha$e hi' not: How likewise his bolts $all e&er on the highest houses and the tallest trees: "o %lainly does He lo&e to bring down e&erything that e.alts itsel$) Thus o$tti'es a 'ighty host is dis#o'$ited by a $ew 'en, when God in his 2ealousy sends $ear or stor' $ro' hea&en, and they %erish in a way unworthy o$ the') For God allows no one to ha&e high thoughts but Hi'sel$) ;"" D)< *gain, hurry always brings about disasters, $ro' whi#h huge su$$erings are wont to arise( but in delay lie 'any ad&antages, not a%%arent ;it 'ay be< at $irst sight, but su#h as in #ourse o$ ti'e are seen o$ all) "u#h then is 'y #ounsel to thee, ! king> ;"" M)< 9*nd thou, -ardonius, son o$ Gobryas, $orbear to s%eak $oolishly #on#erning the Greeks, who are 'en that ought not to be lightly estee'ed by us) For while thou re&ilest the Greeks, thou dost en#ourage the king to lead his own troo%s against the'( and this, as it see's to 'e, is what thou art s%e#ially stri&ing to a##o'%lish) Hea&en send thou su##eed not to thy wish> For slander is o$ all e&ils the 'ost terrible) n it two 'en do wrong, and one 'an has wrong done to hi') The slanderer does wrong, $oras'u#h as he abuses a 'an behind his ba#k( and the hearer, $oras'u#h as he belie&es what he has not sear#hed into thoroughly) The 'an slandered in his absen#e su$$ers wrong at the hands o$ both0 $or one brings against hi' a $alse #harge( and the other thinks hi' an e&ildoer) ;"" C)< $, howe&er, it 'ust needs be that we go to war with this %eo%le, at least allow the king to abide at ho'e in +ersia) Then let thee and 'e both stake our #hildren on the issue, and do thou #hoose out thy 'en, and, taking with thee whate&er nu'ber o$ troo%s thou likest, lead $orth our ar'ies to battle) $ things go well $or the king, as thou sayest they will, let 'e and 'y #hildren be %ut to death( but i$

they $all out as %ro%hesy, let thy #hildren su$$er, and thysel$ too, i$ thou shalt #o'e ba#k ali&e) But shouldest thou re$use this wager, and still resol&e to 'ar#h an ar'y against Gree#e, sure a' that so'e o$ those who' thou lea&est behind thee here will one day re#ei&e the sad tidings that -ardonius has brought a great disaster u%on the +ersian %eo%le, and lies a %rey to dogs and birds so'ewhere in the land o$ the *thenians, or else in that o$ the La#edae'onians( unless indeed thou shalt ha&e %erished sooner by the way, e.%erien#ing in thy own %erson the 'ight o$ those 'en on who' thou wouldest $ain indu#e the king to 'ake war)9 Thus s%ake *rtabanus) But Ber.es, $ull o$ wrath, re%lied to hi'07 9*rtabanus, thou art 'y $ather1s brother7 that shall sa&e thee $ro' re#ei&ing the due 'eed o$ thy silly words) !ne sha'e howe&er will lay u%on thee, #oward and $aint7hearted as thou art7 thou shalt not #o'e with 'e to $ight these Greeks, but shalt tarry here with the wo'en) 4ithout thy aid will a##o'%lish all o$ whi#h s%ake) For let 'e not be thought the #hild o$ 5arius, the son o$ Hystas%es, the son o$ *rsa'es, the son o$ *riara'nes, the son o$ Teis%es, the son o$ Cyrus, the son o$ Ca'byses, the son o$ Teis%es, the son o$ *#hae'enes, i$ take not &engean#e on the *thenians) Full well know that, were we to re'ain at rest, yet would not they, but would 'ost #ertainly in&ade our #ountry, i$ at least it be right to 2udge $ro' what they ha&e already done( $or, re'e'ber, it was they who $ired "ardis and atta#ked *sia) "o now retreat is on both sides i'%ossible, and the #hoi#e lies between doing and su$$ering in2ury( either our e'%ire 'ust %ass under the do'inion o$ the Greeks, or their land be#o'e the %rey o$ the +ersians( $or there is no 'iddle #ourse le$t in this ,uarrel) t is right then that we, who ha&e in ti'es %ast re#ei&ed wrong, should now a&enge it, and that should thereby dis#o&er what that great risk is whi#h run in 'ar#hing against these 'en7 'en who' +elo%s the +hrygian, a &assal o$ 'y $ore$athers, subdued so utterly, that to this day both the land, and the %eo%le who dwell therein, alike bear the na'e o$ the #on,ueror>9 Thus $ar did the s%eaking %ro#eed) *$terwards e&ening $ell( and Ber.es began to $ind the ad&i#e o$ *rtabanus greatly dis,uiet hi') "o he thought u%on it during the night, and #on#luded at last that it was not $or his ad&antage to lead an ar'y into Gree#e) 4hen he had thus 'ade u% his 'ind anew, he $ell aslee%) *nd now he saw in the night, as the +ersians de#lare, a &ision o$ this nature7 he thought a tall and beauti$ul 'an stood o&er hi' and said, 9Hast thou then #hanged thy 'ind, +ersian, and wilt thou not lead $orth thy host against the Greeks, a$ter #o''anding the +ersians to gather together their le&ies: Be sure thou doest not well to #hange( nor is there a 'an here who will a%%ro&e thy #ondu#t) The #ourse that thou didst deter'ine on during the day, let that be $ollowed)9 *$ter thus s%eaking the 'an see'ed to Ber.es to $ly away)

5ay dawned( and the king 'ade no a##ount o$ this drea', but #alled together the sa'e +ersians as be$ore, and s%ake to the' as $ollows07 9-en o$ +ersia, $orgi&e 'e i$ alter the resol&e to whi#h #a'e so lately) Consider that ha&e not yet rea#hed to the $ull growth o$ 'y wisdo', and that they who urge 'e to engage in this war lea&e 'e not to 'ysel$ $or a 'o'ent) 4hen heard the ad&i#e o$ *rtabanus, 'y young blood suddenly boiled( and s%ake words against hi' little be$itting his years0 now howe&er #on$ess 'y $ault, and a' resol&ed to $ollow his #ounsel) 6nderstand then that ha&e #hanged 'y intent with res%e#t to #arrying war into Gree#e, and #ease to trouble yoursel&es)9 4hen they heard these words, the +ersians were $ull o$ 2oy, and, $alling down at the $eet o$ Ber.es, 'ade obeisan#e to hi') But when night #a'e, again the sa'e &ision stood o&er Ber.es as he sle%t, and said, 9"on o$ 5arius, it see's thou hast o%enly be$ore all the +ersians renoun#ed the e.%edition, 'aking light o$ 'y words, as though thou hadst not heard the' s%oken) ?now there$ore and be well assured, that unless thou go $orth to the war, this thing shall ha%%en unto thee thou art grown 'ighty and %uissant in a short s%a#e, so likewise shalt thou within a little ti'e be brought low indeed)9 Then Ber.es, greatly $rightened at the &ision whi#h he had seen, s%rang $ro' his #ou#h, and sent a 'essenger to #all *rtabanus, who #a'e at the su''ons, when Ber.es s%oke to hi' in these words07 9*rtabanus, at the 'o'ent a#ted $oolishly, when ga&e thee ill words in return $or thy good ad&i#e) Howe&er it was not long ere re%ented, and was #on&in#ed that thy #ounsel was su#h as ought to $ollow) But 'ay not now a#t in this way, greatly as desire to do so) For e&er sin#e re%ented and #hanged 'y 'ind a drea' has haunted 'e, whi#h disa%%ro&es 'y intentions, and has now 2ust gone $ro' 'e with threats) 3ow i$ this drea' is sent to 'e $ro' God, and i$ it is indeed his will that our troo%s should 'ar#h against Gree#e, thou too wilt ha&e the sa'e drea' #o'e to thee and re#ei&e the sa'e #o''ands as 'ysel$) *nd this will be 'ost sure to ha%%en, think, i$ thou %uttest on the dress whi#h a' wont to wear, and then, a$ter taking thy seat u%on 'y throne, liest down to slee% on 'y bed)9 "u#h were the words o$ Ber.es) *rtabanus would not at $irst yield to the #o''and o$ the king( $or he dee'ed hi'sel$ unworthy to sit u%on the royal throne) *t the last howe&er he was $or#ed to gi&e way, and did as Ber.es bade hi'( but $irst he s%ake thus to the king ;"" F)<07 9To 'e, sire, it see's to 'atter little whether a 'an is wise hi'sel$ or willing to hearken to su#h as gi&e good ad&i#e) n thee truly are $ound both but the #ounsels o$ e&il 'en lead thee astray0 they are like the gales o$ wind whi#h &e. the sea7 else the 'ost use$ul thing $or 'an in the whole world7 and su$$er it not to $ollow the bent o$ its own nature) For 'ysel$, it irked 'e not so 'u#h to

be re%roa#hed by thee, as to obser&e that when two #ourses were %la#ed be$ore the +ersian %eo%le, one o$ a nature to in#rease their %ride, the other to hu'ble it, by showing the' how hurt$ul it is to allow one1s heart always to #o&et 'ore than one at %resent %ossesses, thou 'adest #hoi#e o$ that whi#h was the worse both $or thysel$ and $or the +ersians) ;"" G)< 3ow thou sayest that $ro' the ti'e when thou didst a%%ro&e the better #ourse, and gi&e u% the thought o$ warring against Gree#e, a drea' has haunted thee, sent by so'e god or other, whi#h will not su$$er thee to lay aside the e.%edition) But su#h things, 'y son, ha&e o$ a truth nothing di&ine in the') The drea's that wander to and $ro a'ong 'ankind, will tell thee o$ what nature they are7 who ha&e seen so 'any 'ore years than thou) 4hate&er a 'an has been thinking o$ during the day is wont to ho&er round hi' in the &isions o$ his drea's at night) 3ow we during these 'any days %ast ha&e had our hands $ull o$ this enter%rise) ;"" E)< $ howe&er the 'atter be not as su%%ose, but God has indeed so'e %art therein, thou hast in brie$ de#lared the whole that #an be said #on#erning it7 let it e1en a%%ear to 'e as it has to thee, and lay on 'e the sa'e in2un#tions) But it ought not to a%%ear to 'e any the 'ore i$ %ut on thy #lothes than i$ wear 'y own, nor i$ go to slee% in thy bed than i$ do so in 'ine7 su%%osing, 'ean, that it is about to a%%ear at all) For this thing, be it what it 'ay, that &isits thee in thy slee%, surely is not so $ar gone in $olly as to see 'e, and be#ause a' dressed in thy #lothes, straightway to 'istake 'e $or thee) 3ow howe&er our business is to see i$ it will regard 'e as o$ s'all a##ount, and not &ou#hsa$e to a%%ear to 'e, whether wear 'ine own #lothes or thine, while it kee%s on haunting thee #ontinually) $ it does so, and a%%ears o$ten, should 'ysel$ say that it was $ro' God) For the rest, i$ thy 'ind is $i.ed, and it is not %ossible to turn thee $ro' thy design, but 'ust needs go and slee% in thy bed, well and good, let it be e&en so( and when ha&e done as thou wishest, then let the drea' a%%ear to 'e) Till su#h ti'e, howe&er, shall kee% to 'y $or'er o%inion)9 Thus s%ake *rtabanus( and when he had so said, thinking to show Ber.es that his words were nought, he did a##ording to his orders) Ha&ing %ut on the gar'ents whi#h Ber.es was wont to wear and taken his seat u%on the royal throne, he lay down to slee% u%on the king1s own bed) *s he sle%t, there a%%eared to hi' the &ery sa'e drea' whi#h had been seen by Ber.es( it #a'e and stood o&er *rtabanus, and said07 9Thou art the 'an, then, who, $eigning to be tender o$ Ber.es, seekest to dissuade hi' $ro' leading his ar'ies against the Greeks> But thou shalt not es#a%e s#athless, either now or in ti'e to #o'e, be#ause thou hast sought to %re&ent that whi#h is $ated to ha%%en) *s $or Ber.es, it has been %lainly told to hi'sel$ what will be$all hi', i$ he re$uses to %er$or' 'y bidding)9 n su#h words, as *rtabanus thought, the &ision threatened hi',

and then endea&oured to burn out his eyes with red7hot irons) *t this he shrieked, and, lea%ing $ro' his #ou#h, hurried to Ber.es, and, sitting down at his side, ga&e hi' a $ull a##ount o$ the &ision( a$ter whi#h he went on to s%eak in the words whi#h $ollow07 9 , ! ?ing> a' a 'an who ha&e seen 'any 'ighty e'%ires o&erthrown by weaker ones( and there$ore it was that sought to hinder thee $ro' being ,uite #arried away by thy youth( sin#e knew how e&il a thing it is to #o&et 'ore than one %ossesses) #ould re'e'ber the e.%edition o$ Cyrus against the -assagetae, and what was the issue o$ it( #ould re#olle#t the 'ar#h o$ Ca'byses against the Ethio%s( had taken %art in the atta#k o$ 5arius u%on the "#yths7bearing there$ore all these things in 'ind, thought with 'ysel$ that i$ thou shouldst re'ain at %ea#e, all 'en would dee' thee $ortunate) But as this i'%ulse has %lainly #o'e $ro' abo&e, and a hea&en7sent destru#tion see's about to o&ertake the Greeks, behold, #hange to another 'ind, and alter 'y thoughts u%on the 'atter) 5o thou there$ore 'ake known to the +ersians what the god has de#lared, and bid the' $ollow the orders whi#h were $irst gi&en, and %re%are their le&ies) Be #are$ul to a#t so that the bounty o$ the god 'ay not be hindered by sla#kness on thy %art)9 Thus s%ake these two together( and Ber.es, being in good heart on a##ount o$ the &ision, when day broke, laid all be$ore the +ersians( while *rtabanus, who had $or'erly been the only %erson o%enly to o%%ose the e.%edition, now showed as o%enly that he $a&oured it) *$ter Ber.es had thus deter'ined to go $orth to the war, there a%%eared to hi' in his slee% yet a third &ision) The -agi were #onsulted u%on it, and said that its 'eaning rea#hed to the whole earth, and that all 'ankind would be#o'e his ser&ants) 3ow the &ision whi#h the king saw was this0 he drea't that he was #rowned with a bran#h o$ an oli&e tree, and that boughs s%read out $ro' the oli&e bran#h and #o&ered the whole earth( then suddenly the garland, as it lay u%on his brow, &anished) "o when the -agi had thus inter%reted the &ision, straightway all the +ersians who were #o'e together de%arted to their se&eral go&ern'ents, where ea#h dis%layed the greatest /eal, on the $aith o$ the king1s o$$ers) For all ho%ed to obtain $or the'sel&es the gi$ts whi#h had been %ro'ised) *nd so Ber.es gathered together his host, ransa#king e&ery #orner o$ the #ontinent) Re#koning $ro' the re#o&ery o$ Egy%t, Ber.es s%ent $our $ull years in #olle#ting his host and 'aking ready all things that were need$ul $or his soldiers) t was not till the #lose o$ the $i$th year that he set $orth on his 'ar#h, a##o'%anied by a 'ighty 'ultitude) For o$ all the ar'a'ents whereo$ any 'ention has rea#hed us, this was by $ar the greatest( inso'u#h that no other e.%edition #o'%ared to this see's o$ any a##ount, neither that whi#h 5arius undertook against the "#ythians, nor the e.%edition o$ the "#ythians ;whi#h the atta#k

o$ 5arius was designed to a&enge<, when they, being in %ursuit o$ the Ci''erians, $ell u%on the -edian territory, and subdued and held $or a ti'e al'ost the whole o$ 6%%er *sia( nor, again, that o$ the *tridae against Troy, o$ whi#h we hear in story( nor that o$ the -ysians and Teu#rians, whi#h was still earlier, wherein these nations #rossed the Bos%horus into Euro%e, and, a$ter #on,uering all Thra#e, %ressed $orward till they #a'e to the onian "ea, while southward they rea#hed as $ar as the ri&er +eneus) *ll these e.%editions, and others, i$ su#h there were, are as nothing #o'%ared with this) For was there a nation in all *sia whi#h Ber.es did not bring with hi' against Gree#e: !r was there a ri&er, e.#e%t those o$ unusual si/e, whi#h su$$i#ed $or his troo%s to drink: !ne nation $urnished shi%s( another was arrayed a'ong the $oot7soldiers( a third had to su%%ly horses( a $ourth, trans%orts $or the horse and 'en likewise $or the trans%ort ser&i#e( a $i$th, shi%s o$ war towards the bridges( a si.th, shi%s and %ro&isions) *nd in the $irst %la#e, be#ause the $or'er $leet had 'et with so great a disaster about *thos, %re%arations were 'ade, by the s%a#e o$ about three years, in that ,uarter) * $leet o$ trire'es lay at Elaeus in the Chersonese( and $ro' this station deta#h'ents were sent by the &arious nations whereo$ the ar'y was #o'%osed, whi#h relie&ed one another at inter&als, and worked at a tren#h beneath the lash o$ task'asters( while the %eo%le dwelling about *thos bore likewise a %art in the labour) Two +ersians, Bubares, the son o$ -egaba/us, and *rta#haees, the son o$ *rtaeus, su%erintended the undertaking) *thos is a great and $a'ous 'ountain, inhabited by 'en, and stret#hing $ar out into the sea) 4here the 'ountain ends towards the 'ainland it $or's a %eninsula( and in this %la#e there is a ne#k o$ land about twel&e $urlongs a#ross, the whole e.tent whereo$, $ro' the sea o$ the *#anthians to that o&er against Torone, is a le&el %lain, broken only by a $ew low hills) Here, u%on this isth'us where *thos ends, is "and, a Greek #ity) nside o$ "and, and u%on *thos itsel$, are a nu'ber o$ towns, whi#h Ber.es was now e'%loyed in dis2oining $ro' the #ontinent0 these are 5iu', !lo%hy.us, *#rothou', Thyssus, and Cleonae) *'ong these #ities *thos was di&ided) 3ow the 'anner in whi#h they dug was the $ollowing0 a line was drawn a#ross by the #ity o$ "and( and along this the &arious nations %ar#elled out a'ong the'sel&es the work to be done) 4hen the tren#h grew dee%, the work'en at the botto' #ontinued to dig, while others handed the earth, as it was dug out, to labourers %la#ed higher u% u%on ladders, and these taking it, %assed it on $arther, till it #a'e at last to those at the to%, who #arried it o$$ and e'%tied it away) *ll the other nations, there$ore, e.#e%t the +hoeni#ians, had double labour( $or the sides o$ the tren#h $ell in #ontinually, as #ould not but ha%%en, sin#e they 'ade the width no greater at the

to% than it was re,uired to be at the botto') But the +hoeni#ians showed in this the skill whi#h they are wont to e.hibit in all their undertakings) For in the %ortion o$ the work whi#h was allotted to the' they began by 'aking the tren#h at the to% twi#e as wide as the %res#ribed 'easure, and then as they dug downwards a%%roa#hed the sides nearer and nearer together, so that when they rea#hed the botto' their %art o$ the work was o$ the sa'e width as the rest) n a 'eadow near, there was a %la#e o$ asse'bly and a 'arket( and hither great ,uantities o$ #orn, ready ground, were brought $ro' *sia) t see's to 'e, when #onsider this work, that Ber.es, in 'aking it, was a#tuated by a $eeling o$ %ride, wishing to dis%lay the e.tent o$ his %ower, and to lea&e a 'e'orial behind hi' to %osterity) For notwithstanding that it was o%en to hi', with no trouble at all, to ha&e had his shi%s drawn a#ross the isth'us, yet he issued orders that a #anal should be 'ade through whi#h the sea 'ight $low, and that it should be o$ su#h a width as would allow o$ two trire'es %assing through it abreast with the oars in a#tion) He likewise ga&e to the sa'e %ersons who were set o&er the digging o$ the tren#h, the task o$ 'aking a bridge a#ross the ri&er "try'on) 4hile these things were in %rogress, he was ha&ing #ables %re%ared $or his bridges, so'e o$ %a%yrus and so'e o$ white $la., a business whi#h he entrusted to the +hoeni#ians and the Egy%tians) He likewise laid u% stores o$ %ro&isions in di&ers %la#es, to sa&e the ar'y and the beasts o$ burthen $ro' su$$ering want u%on their 'ar#h into Gree#e) He in,uired #are$ully about all the sites, and had the stores laid u% in su#h as were 'ost #on&enient, #ausing the' to be brought a#ross $ro' &arious %arts o$ *sia and in &arious ways, so'e in trans%orts and others in 'er#hant'en) The greater %ortion was #arried to Leu#e7*#te, u%on the Thra#ian #oast( so'e %art, howe&er, was #on&eyed to Tyrodi/a, in the #ountry o$ the +erinthians, so'e to 5oris#us, so'e to Eion u%on the "try'on, and so'e to -a#edonia) 5uring the ti'e that all these labours were in %rogress, the land ar'y whi#h had been #olle#ted was 'ar#hing with Ber.es towards "ardis, ha&ing started $ro' Critalla in Ca%%ado#ia) *t this s%ot all the host whi#h was about to a##o'%any the king in his %assage a#ross the #ontinent had been bidden to asse'ble) *nd here ha&e it not in 'y %ower to 'ention whi#h o$ the satra%s was ad2udged to ha&e brought his troo%s in the 'ost gallant array, and on that a##ount rewarded by the king a##ording to his %ro'ise( $or do not know whether this 'atter e&er #a'e to a 2udg'ent) But it is #ertain that the host o$ Ber.es, a$ter #rossing the ri&er Halys, 'ar#hed through +hrygia till it rea#hed the #ity o$ Celaenae) Here are the sour#es o$ the ri&er -aeander, and likewise o$ another strea' o$ no less si/e, whi#h bears the na'e o$ Catarrha#tes ;or the Catara#t<( the last7na'ed ri&er has its rise in the 'arket7%la#e o$ Celaenae, and e'%ties itsel$ into the -aeander) Here, too, in this 'arket7%la#e, is hung u% to &iew

the skin o$ the "ilenus -arsyas, whi#h *%ollo, as the +hrygian story goes, stri%%ed o$$ and %la#ed there) 3ow there li&ed in this #ity a #ertain +ythius, the son o$ *tys, a Lydian) This 'an entertained Ber.es and his whole ar'y in a 'ost 'agni$i#ent $ashion, o$$ering at the sa'e ti'e to gi&e hi' a su' o$ 'oney $or the war) Ber.es, u%on the 'ention o$ 'oney, turned to the +ersians who stood by, and asked o$ the', 94ho is this +ythius, and what wealth has he, that he should &enture on su#h an o$$er as this:9 They answered hi', 9This is the 'an, ! king> who ga&e thy $ather 5arius the golden %lane7tree, and likewise the golden &ine( and he is still the wealthiest 'an we know o$ in all the world, e.#e%ting thee)9 Ber.es 'ar&elled at these last words( and now, addressing +ythius with his own li%s, he asked hi' what the a'ount o$ his wealth really was) +ythius answered as $ollows07 9! king> will not hide this 'atter $ro' thee, nor 'ake %reten#e that do not know how ri#h a'( but as know %er$e#tly, will de#lare all $ully be$ore thee) For when thy 2ourney was noised abroad, and heard thou wert #o'ing down to the Gre#ian #oast, straightway, as wished to gi&e thee a su' o$ 'oney $or the war, 'ade #ount o$ 'y stores, and $ound the' to be two thousand talents o$ sil&er, and o$ gold $our 'illions o$ 5ari# staters, wanting se&en thousand) *ll this willingly 'ake o&er to thee as a gi$t( and when it is gone, 'y sla&es and 'y estates in land will be wealth enough $or 'y wants)9 This s%ee#h #har'ed Ber.es, and he re%lied, 95ear Lydian, sin#e le$t +ersia there is no 'an but thou who has either desired to entertain 'y ar'y, or #o'e $orward o$ his own $ree will to o$$er 'e a su' o$ 'oney $or the war) Thou hast done both the one and the other, $easting 'y troo%s 'agni$i#ently, and now 'aking o$$er o$ a right noble su') n return, this is what will bestow on thee) Thou shalt be 'y sworn $riend $ro' this day( and the se&en thousand staters whi#h are wanting to 'ake u% thy $our 'illions will su%%ly, so that the $ull tale 'ay be no longer la#king, and that thou 'ayest owe the #o'%letion o$ the round su' to 'e) Continue to en2oy all that thou hast a#,uired hitherto( and be sure to re'ain e&er su#h as thou now art) $ thou dost, thou wilt not re%ent o$ it so long as thy li$e endures)9 4hen Ber.es had so s%oken and had 'ade good his %ro'ises to +ythius, he %ressed $orward u%on his 'ar#h( and %assing *naua, a +hrygian #ity, and a lake $ro' whi#h salt is gathered, he #a'e to Colossae, a +hrygian #ity o$ great si/e, situated at a s%ot where the ri&er Ly#us %lunges into a #has' and disa%%ears) This ri&er, a$ter running under ground a distan#e o$ about $i&e $urlongs, rea%%ears on#e 'ore, and e'%ties itsel$, like the strea' abo&e 'entioned, into the -aeander) Lea&ing Colossae, the ar'y a%%roa#hed the borders o$ +hrygia

where it abuts on Lydia( and here they #a'e to a #ity #alled Cydrara, where was a %illar set u% by Croesus, ha&ing an ins#ri%tion on it, showing the boundaries o$ the two #ountries) 4here it ,uits +hrygia and enters Lydia the road se%arates( the way on the le$t leads into Caria, while that on the right #ondu#ts to "ardis) $ you $ollow this route, you 'ust #ross the -aeander, and then %ass by the #ity Callatebus, where the 'en li&e who 'ake honey out o$ wheat and the $ruit o$ the ta'arisk) Ber.es, who #hose this way, $ound here a %lane7tree so beauti$ul, that he %resented it with golden orna'ents, and %ut it under the #are o$ one o$ his ''ortals) The day a$ter, he entered the Lydian #a%ital) Here his $irst #are was to send o$$ heralds into Gree#e, who were to %re$er a de'and $or earth and water, and to re,uire that %re%arations should be 'ade e&erywhere to $east the king) To *thens indeed and to "%arta he sent no su#h de'and( but these #ities e.#e%ted, his 'essengers went e&erywhere) 3ow the reason why he sent $or earth and water to states whi#h had already re$used was this0 he thought that although they had re$used when 5arius 'ade the de'and, they would now be too $rightened to &enture to say hi' nay) "o he sent his heralds, wishing to know $or #ertain how it would be) Ber.es, a$ter this, 'ade %re%arations to ad&an#e to *bydos, where the bridge a#ross the Helles%ont $ro' *sia to Euro%e was lately $inished) -idway between "estos and -adytus in the Helles%ontine Chersonese, and right o&er against *bydos, there is a ro#ky tongue o$ land whi#h runs out $or so'e distan#e into the sea) This is the %la#e where no long ti'e a$terwards the Greeks under Banthi%%us, the son o$ *ri%hron, took *rtay#tes the +ersian, who was at that ti'e go&ernor o$ "estos, and nailed hi' li&ing to a %lank) He was the *rtay#tes who brought wo'en into the te'%le o$ +rotesilaus at Elaeus, and there was guilty o$ 'ost unholy deeds) Towards this tongue o$ land then, the 'en to who' the business was assigned #arried out a double bridge $ro' *bydos( and while the +hoeni#ians #onstru#ted one line with #ables o$ white $la., the Egy%tians in the other used ro%es 'ade o$ %a%yrus) 3ow it is se&en $urlongs a#ross $ro' *bydos to the o%%osite #oast) 4hen, there$ore, the #hannel had been bridged su##ess$ully, it ha%%ened that a great stor' arising broke the whole work to %ie#es, and destroyed all that had been done) "o when Ber.es heard o$ it he was $ull o$ wrath, and straightway ga&e orders that the Helles%ont should re#ei&e three hundred lashes, and that a %air o$ $etters should be #ast into it) 3ay, ha&e e&en heard it said that he bade the branders take their irons and therewith brand the Helles%ont) t is #ertain that he #o''anded those who s#ourged the waters to utter, as they lashed the', these barbarian and wi#ked words0 9Thou bitter water, thy lord lays on thee this %unish'ent be#ause thou hast wronged hi' without a #ause, ha&ing

su$$ered no e&il at his hands) @erily ?ing Ber.es will #ross thee, whether thou wilt or no) 4ell dost thou deser&e that no 'an should honour thee with sa#ri$i#e( $or thou art o$ a truth a trea#herous and unsa&oury ri&er)9 4hile the sea was thus %unished by his orders, he likewise #o''anded that the o&erseers o$ the work should lose their heads) Then they, whose business it was, e.e#uted the un%leasing task laid u%on the'( and other 'aster7builders were set o&er the work, who a##o'%lished it in the way whi#h will now des#ribe) They 2oined together trire'es and %ente#onters, ED0 to su%%ort the bridge on the side o$ the Eu.ine "ea, and EF4 to sustain the other( and these they %la#ed at right angles to the sea, and in the dire#tion o$ the #urrent o$ the Helles%ont, relie&ing by these 'eans the tension o$ the shore #ables) Ha&ing 2oined the &essels, they 'oored the' with an#hors o$ unusual si/e, that the &essels o$ the bridge towards the Eu.ine 'ight resist the winds whi#h blow $ro' within the straits, and that those o$ the 'ore western bridge $a#ing the Egean 'ight withstand the winds whi#h set in $ro' the south and $ro' the south7east) * ga% was le$t in the %ente#onters in no $ewer than three %la#es, to a$$ord a %assage $or su#h light #ra$t as #hose to enter or lea&e the Eu.ine) 4hen all this was done, they 'ade the #ables taut $ro' the shore by the hel% o$ wooden #a%stans) This ti'e, 'oreo&er, instead o$ using the two 'aterials se%arately, they assigned to ea#h bridge si. #ables, two o$ whi#h were o$ white $la., while $our were o$ %a%yrus) Both #ables were o$ the sa'e si/e and ,uality( but the $la.en were the hea&ier, weighing not less than a talent the #ubit) 4hen the bridge a#ross the #hannel was thus #o'%lete, trunks o$ trees were sawn into %lanks, whi#h were out to the width o$ the bridge, and these were laid side by side u%on the tightened #ables, and then $astened on the to%) This done, brushwood was brought, and arranged u%on the %lanks, a$ter whi#h earth was hea%ed u%on the brushwood, and the whole trodden down into a solid 'ass) Lastly a bulwark was set u% on either side o$ this #auseway, o$ su#h a height as to %re&ent the su'%ter7beasts and the horses $ro' seeing o&er it and taking $right at the water) *nd now when all was %re%ared7 the bridges, and the works at *thos, the breakwaters about the 'ouths o$ the #utting, whi#h were 'ade to hinder the sur$ $ro' blo#king u% the entran#es, and the #utting itsel$( and when the news #a'e to Ber.es that this last was #o'%letely $inished7 then at length the host, ha&ing $irst wintered at "ardis, began its 'ar#h towards *bydos, $ully e,ui%%ed, on the $irst a%%roa#h o$ s%ring) *t the 'o'ent o$ de%arture, the sun suddenly ,uitted his seat in the hea&ens, and disa%%eared, though there were no #louds in sight, but the sky was #lear and serene) 5ay was thus turned into night( whereu%on Ber.es, who saw and re'arked the %rodigy, was sei/ed with alar', and sending at on#e $or the -agians, in,uired o$

the' the 'eaning o$ the %ortent) They re%lied7 9God is $oreshowing to the Greeks the destru#tion o$ their #ities( $or the sun $oretells $or the', and the 'oon $or us)9 "o Ber.es, thus instru#ted, %ro#eeded on his way with great gladness o$ heart) The ar'y had begun its 'ar#h, when +ythius the Lydian, a$$righted at the hea&enly %ortent, and e'boldened by his gi$ts, #a'e to Ber.es and said7 9Grant 'e, ! 'y lord> a $a&our whi#h is to thee a light 'atter, but to 'e o$ &ast a##ount)9 Then Ber.es1 who looked $or nothing less than su#h a %rayer as +ythius in $a#t %re$erred, engaged to grant hi' whate&er he wished, and #o''anded hi' to tell his wish $reely) "o +ythius, $ull o$ boldness, went on to say07 9! 'y lord> thy ser&ant has $i&e sons( and it #han#es that all are #alled u%on to 2oin thee in this 'ar#h against Gree#e) besee#h thee, ha&e #o'%assion u%on 'y years( and let one o$ 'y sons, the eldest, re'ain behind, to be 'y %ro% and stay, and the guardian o$ 'y wealth) Take with thee the other $our( and when thou hast done all that is in thy heart, 'ayest thou #o'e ba#k in sa$ety)9 But Ber.es was greatly angered, and re%lied to hi'0 9Thou wret#h> darest thou s%eak to 'e o$ thy son, when a' 'ysel$ on the 'ar#h against Gree#e, with sons, and brothers, and kins$olk, and $riends: Thou, who art 'y bond7sla&e, and art in duty bound to $ollow 'e with all thy household, not e.#e%ting thy wi$e> ?now that 'an1s s%irit dwelleth in his ears, and when it hears good things, straightway it $ills all his body with delight( but no sooner does it hear the #ontrary than it hea&es and swells with %assion) *s when thou didst good deeds and 'adest good o$$ers to 'e, thou wert not able to boast o$ ha&ing outdone the king in bounti$ulness, so now when thou art #hanged and grown i'%udent, thou shalt not re#ei&e all thy deserts, but less) For thysel$ and $our o$ thy $i&e sons, the entertain'ent whi#h had o$ thee shall gain %rote#tion( but as $or hi' to who' thou #lingest abo&e the rest, the $or$eit o$ his li$e shall be thy %unish'ent)9 Ha&ing thus s%oken, $orthwith he #o''anded those to who' su#h tasks were assigned to seek out the eldest o$ the sons o$ +ythius, and ha&ing #ut his body asunder, to %la#e the two hal&es) one on the right, the other on the le$t, o$ the great road, so that the ar'y 'ight 'ar#h out between the') Then the king1s orders were obeyed( and the ar'y 'ar#hed out between the two hal&es o$ the #ar#ase) First o$ all went the baggage7bearers, and the su'%ter7beasts, and then a &ast #rowd o$ 'any nations 'ingled together without any inter&als, a'ounting to 'ore than one hal$ o$ the ar'y) *$ter these troo%s an e'%ty s%a#e was le$t, to se%arate between the' and the king) n $ront o$ the king went $irst a thousand horse'en, %i#ked 'en o$ the +ersian nation7 then s%ear'en a thousand, likewise #hosen troo%s, with their s%earheads %ointing towards the ground7 ne.t ten o$ the sa#red horses #alled 3isaean,

all daintily #a%arisoned) ;3ow these horses are #alled 3isaean, be#ause they #o'e $ro' the 3isaean %lain, a &ast $lat in -edia, %rodu#ing horses o$ unusual si/e)< *$ter the ten sa#red horses #a'e the holy #hariot o$ 8u%iter, drawn by eight 'ilk7white steeds, with the #harioteer on $oot behind the' holding the reins( $or no 'ortal is e&er allowed to 'ount into the #ar) 3e.t to this #a'e Ber.es hi'sel$, riding in a #hariot drawn by 3isaean horses, with his #harioteer, +atira'%hes, the son o$ !tanes, a +ersian, standing by his side) Thus rode $orth Ber.es $ro' "ardis7 but he was a##usto'ed e&ery now and then, when the $an#y took hi', to alight $ro' his #hariot and tra&el in a litter) ''ediately behind the king there $ollowed a body o$ a thousand s%ear'en, the noblest and bra&est o$ the +ersians, holding their lan#es in the usual 'anner7 then #a'e a thousand +ersian horse, %i#ked 'en7 then ten thousand, %i#ked also a$ter the rest, and ser&ing on $oot) !$ these last one thousand #arried s%ears with golden %o'egranates at their lower end instead o$ s%ikes( and these en#ir#led the other nine thousand, who bore on their s%ears %o'egranates o$ sil&er) The s%ear'en too who %ointed their lan#es towards the ground had golden %o'egranates( and the thousand +ersians who $ollowed #lose a$ter Ber.es had golden a%%les) Behind the ten thousand $oot'en #a'e a body o$ +ersian #a&alry, likewise ten thousand( a$ter whi#h there was again a &oid s%a#e $or as 'u#h as two $urlongs( and then the rest o$ the ar'y $ollowed in a #on$used #rowd) The 'ar#h o$ the ar'y, a$ter lea&ing Lydia, was dire#ted u%on the ri&er Cai#us and the land o$ -ysia) Beyond the Caius the road, lea&ing -ount Cana u%on the le$t, %assed through the *tarnean %lain, to the #ity o$ Carina) Iuitting this, the troo%s ad&an#ed a#ross the %lain o$ Thebe, %assing *dra'yttiu', and *ntandrus, the +elasgi# #ity( then, holding -ount da u%on the le$t hand, it entered the Tro2an territory) !n this 'ar#h the +ersians su$$ered so'e loss( $or as they bi&oua#ked during the night at the $oot o$ da, a stor' o$ thunder and lightning burst u%on the', and killed no s'all nu'ber) !n rea#hing the "#a'ander, whi#h was the $irst strea', o$ all that they had #rossed sin#e they le$t "ardis, whose water $ailed the' and did not su$$i#e to satis$y the thirst o$ 'en and #attle, Ber.es as#ended into the +erga'us o$ +ria', sin#e he had a longing to behold the %la#e) 4hen he had seen e&erything, and in,uired into all %arti#ulars, he 'ade an o$$ering o$ a thousand o.en to the Tro2an -iner&a, while the -agians %oured libations to the heroes who were slain at Troy) The night a$ter, a %ani# $ell u%on the #a'%0 but in the 'orning they set o$$ with daylight, and skirting on the le$t hand the towns Rhoeteu', !%hryneu', and 5ardanus ;whi#h borders on *bydos<, on the right the Teu#rians o$ Gergis, so rea#hed *bydos) *rri&ed here, Ber.es wished to look u%on all his host( so as there

was a throne o$ white 'arble u%on a hill near the #ity, whi#h they o$ *bydos had %re%ared be$orehand, by the king1s bidding, $or his es%e#ial use, Ber.es took his seat on it, and, ga/ing then#e u%on the shore below, beheld at one &iew all his land $or#es and all his shi%s) 4hile thus e'%loyed, he $elt a desire to behold a sailing7'at#h a'ong his shi%s, whi#h a##ordingly took %la#e, and was won by the +hoeni#ians o$ "idon, 'u#h to the 2oy o$ Ber.es, who was delighted alike with the ra#e and with his ar'y) *nd now, as he looked and saw the whole Helles%ont #o&ered with the &essels o$ his $leet, and all the shore and e&ery %lain about *bydos as $ull as %ossible o$ 'en, Ber.es #ongratulated hi'sel$ on his good $ortune( but a$ter a little while he we%t) Then *rtabanus, the king1s un#le ;the sa'e who at the $irst so $reely s%ake his 'ind to the king, and ad&ised hi' not to lead his ar'y against Gree#e<, when he heard that Ber.es was in tears, went to hi', and said07 9How di$$erent, sire, is what thou art now doing, $ro' what thou didst a little while ago> Then thou didst #ongratulate thysel$( and now, behold> thou wee%est)9 9There #a'e u%on 'e,9 re%lied he, 9a sudden %ity, when thought o$ the shortness o$ 'an1s li$e, and #onsidered that o$ all this host, so nu'erous as it is, not one will be ali&e when a hundred years are gone by)9 9*nd yet there are sadder things in li$e than that,9 returned the other) 9"hort as our ti'e is, there is no 'an, whether it be here a'ong this 'ultitude or elsewhere, who is so ha%%y, as not to ha&e $elt the wish7 will not say on#e, but $ull 'any a ti'e7 that he were dead rather than ali&e) Cala'ities $all u%on us( si#knesses &e. and harass us, and 'ake li$e, short though it be, to a%%ear long) "o death, through the wret#hedness o$ our li$e, is a 'ost sweet re$uge to our ra#e0 and God, who gi&es us the tastes that we en2oy o$ %leasant ti'es, is seen, in his &ery gi$t, to be en&ious)9 9True,9 said Ber.es( 9hu'an li$e is e&en su#h as thou hast %ainted it, ! *rtabanus> But $or this &ery reason let us turn our thoughts $ro' it, and not dwell on what is so sad, when %leasant things are in hand) Tell 'e rather, i$ the &ision whi#h we saw had not a%%eared so %lainly to thysel$, wouldst thou ha&e been still o$ the sa'e 'ind as $or'erly, and ha&e #ontinued to dissuade 'e $ro' warring against Gree#e, or wouldst thou at this ti'e think di$$erently: Co'e now, tell 'e this honestly)9 9! king>9 re%lied the other, 9'ay the drea' whi#h hath a%%eared to us ha&e su#h issue as we both desire> For 'y own %art, a' still $ull o$ $ear, and ha&e s#ar#ely %ower to #ontrol 'ysel$, when #onsider all our dangers, and es%e#ially when see that the two things whi#h are o$ 'ost #onse,uen#e are alike o%%osed to thee)9 9Thou strange 'an>9 said Ber.es in re%ly7 9what, %ray thee,

are the two things thou s%eakest o$: 5oes 'y land ar'y see' to thee too s'all in nu'ber, and will the Greeks, thinkest thou, bring into the $ield a 'ore nu'erous host: !r is it our $leet whi#h thou dee'est weaker than theirs: !r art thou $ear$ul on both a##ounts: $ in thy 2udg'ent we $all short in either res%e#t, it were easy to bring together with all s%eed another ar'a'ent)9 9! king>9 said *rtabanus, 9it is not %ossible that a 'an o$ understanding should $ind $ault with the si/e o$ thy ar'y or the nu'ber o$ thy shi%s) The 'ore thou addest to these, the 'ore hostile will those two things, whereo$ s%ake, be#o'e) Those two things are the land and the sea) n all the wide sea there is not, i'agine, anywhere a harbour large enough to re#ei&e thy &essels, in #ase a stor' arise, and a$$ord the' a sure %rote#tion) *nd yet thou wilt want, not one su#h harbour only, but 'any in su##ession, along the entire #oast by whi#h thou art about to 'ake thy ad&an#e) n de$ault then o$ su#h harbours, it is well to bear in 'ind that #han#es rule 'en, and not 'en #han#es) "u#h is the $irst o$ the two dangers( and now will s%eak to thee o$ the se#ond) The land will also be thine ene'y( $or i$ no one resists thy ad&an#e, as thou %ro#eedest $arther and $arther, insensibly allured onwards ;$or who is e&er sated with su##ess:<, thou wilt $ind it 'ore and 'ore hostile) 'ean this, that, should nothing else withstand thee, yet the 'ere distan#e, be#o'ing greater as ti'e goes on, will at last %rodu#e a $a'ine) -ethinks it is best $or 'en, when they take #ounsel, to be ti'orous, and i'agine all %ossible #ala'ities, but when the ti'e $or a#tion #o'es, then to deal boldly)9 4hereto Ber.es answered7 9There is reason, ! *rtabanus> in e&erything whi#h thou hast said( but %ray thee, $ear not all things alike, nor #ount u% e&ery risk) For i$ in ea#h 'atter that #o'es be$ore us thou wilt look to all %ossible #han#es, ne&er wilt thou a#hie&e anything) Far better is it to ha&e a stout heart always, and su$$er one1s share o$ e&ils, than to be e&er $earing what 'ay ha%%en, and ne&er in#ur a 'is#han#e) -oreo&er, i$ thou wilt o%%ose whate&er is said by others, without thysel$ showing us the sure #ourse whi#h we ought to take, thou art as likely to lead us into $ailure as they who ad&ise di$$erently( $or thou art but on a %ar with the') *nd as $or that sure #ourse, how #anst thou show it us when thou art but a 'an: do not belie&e thou #anst) "u##ess $or the 'ost %art attends those who a#t boldly, not those who weigh e&erything, and are sla#k to &enture) Thou seest to how great a height the %ower o$ +ersia has now rea#hed7 ne&er would it ha&e grown to this %oint i$ they who sate u%on the throne be$ore 'e had been like7'inded with thee, or e&en, though not like7'inded, had listened to #oun#illors o$ su#h a s%irit) 1Twas by bra&e &entures that they e.tended their sway( $or great e'%ires #an only be #on,uered by great risks) 4e $ollow then the e.a'%le o$ our $athers in 'aking this 'ar#h( and we

set $orward at the best season o$ the year( so, when we ha&e brought Euro%e under us, we shall return, without su$$ering $ro' want or e.%erien#ing any other #ala'ity) For while on the one hand we #arry &ast stores o$ %ro&isions with us, on the other we shall ha&e the grain o$ all the #ountries and nations that we atta#k( sin#e our 'ar#h is not dire#ted against a %astoral %eo%le, but against 'en who are tillers o$ the ground)9 Then said *rtabanus7 9 $, sire, thou art deter'ined that we shall not $ear anything, at least hearken to a #ounsel whi#h wish to o$$er( $or when the 'atters in hand are so 'any, one #annot but ha&e 'u#h to say) Thou knowest that Cyrus the son o$ Ca'byses redu#ed and 'ade tributary to the +ersians all the ra#e o$ the onians, e.#e%t only those o$ *tti#a) 3ow 'y ad&i#e is that thou on no a##ount lead $orth these 'en against their $athers( sin#e we are well able to o&er#o'e the' without su#h aid) Their #hoi#e, i$ we take the' with us to the war, lies between showing the'sel&es the 'ost wi#ked o$ 'en by hel%ing to ensla&e their $atherland, or the 'ost righteous by 2oining in the struggle to kee% it $ree) $ then they #hoose the side o$ in2usti#e, they will do us but s#ant good( while i$ they deter'ine to a#t 2ustly, they 'ay greatly in2ure our host) Lay thou to heart the old %ro&erb, whi#h says truly, 1The beginning and end o$ a 'atter are not always seen at on#e)1 9*rtabanus,9 answered Ber.es, 9there is nothing in all that thou hast said, wherein thou art so wholly wrong as in this, that thou sus%e#test the $aith o$ the onians) Ha&e they not gi&en us the surest %roo$ o$ their atta#h'ent7 a %roo$ whi#h thou didst thysel$ witness, and likewise all those who $ought with 5arius against the "#ythians: 4hen it lay wholly with the' to sa&e or to destroy the entire +ersian ar'y, they dealt by us honourably and with good $aith, and did us no hurt at all) Besides, they will lea&e behind the' in our #ountry their wi&es, their #hildren, and their %ro%erties7 #an it then be #on#ei&ed that they will atte'%t rebellion: Ha&e no $ear, there$ore, on this s#ore( but kee% a bra&e heart and u%hold 'y house and e'%ire) To thee, and thee only, do intrust 'y so&ereignty)9 *$ter Ber.es had thus s%oken, and had sent *rtabanus away to return to "usa, he su''oned be$ore hi' all the +ersians o$ 'ost re%ute, and when they a%%eared, addressed the' in these words07 9+ersians, ha&e brought you together be#ause wished to e.hort you to beha&e bra&ely, and not to sully with disgra#e the $or'er a#hie&e'ents o$ the +ersian %eo%le, whi#h are &ery great and $a'ous) Rather let us one and all, singly and 2ointly, e.ert oursel&es to the utter'ost( $or the 'atter wherein we are engaged #on#erns the #o''on weal) "train e&ery ner&e, then, besee#h you, in this war) Bra&e warriors are the 'en we 'ar#h against, i$ re%ort says true( and su#h that, i$ we #on,uer the', there is not a %eo%le in all the world whi#h will &enture therea$ter to with) stand our ar's) *nd now

let us o$$er %rayers to the gods who wat#h o&er the wel$are o$ +ersia, and then #ross the #hannel)9 *ll that day the %re%arations $or the %assage #ontinued( and on the 'orrow they burnt all kinds o$ s%i#es u%on the bridges, and strewed the way with 'yrtle boughs, while they waited an.iously $or the sun, whi#h they ho%ed to see as he rose) *nd now the sun a%%eared( and Ber.es took a golden goblet and %oured $ro' it a libation into the sea, %raying the while with his $a#e turned to the sun 9that no 'is$ortune 'ight be$all hi' su#h as to hinder his #on,uest o$ Euro%e, until he had %enetrated to its utter'ost boundaries)9 *$ter he had %rayed, he #ast the golden #u% into the Helles%ont, and with it a golden bowl, and a +ersian sword o$ the kind whi#h they #all a#ina#es) #annot say $or #ertain whether it was as an o$$ering to the sun7god that he threw these things into the dee%, or whether he had re%ented o$ ha&ing s#ourged the Helles%ont, and thought by his gi$ts to 'ake a'ends to the sea $or what he had done) 4hen, howe&er, his o$$erings were 'ade, the ar'y began to #ross( and the $oot7soldiers, with the horse'en, %assed o&er by one o$ the bridges7 that ;na'ely< whi#h lay towards the Eu.ine7 while the su'%ter7beasts and the #a'%7$ollowers %assed by the other, whi#h looked on the Egean) Fore'ost went the Ten Thousand +ersians, all wearing garlands u%on their heads( and a$ter the' a 'i.ed 'ultitude o$ 'any nations) These #rossed u%on the $irst day) !n the ne.t day the horse'en began the %assage( and with the' went the soldiers who #arried their s%ears with the %oint downwards, garlanded, like the Ten Thousand(7 then #a'e the sa#red horses and the sa#red #hariot( ne.t Ber.es with his lan#ers and the thousand horse( then the rest o$ the ar'y) *t the sa'e ti'e the shi%s sailed o&er to the o%%osite shore) *##ording, howe&er, to another a##ount whi#h ha&e heard, the king #rossed the last) *s soon as Ber.es had rea#hed the Euro%ean side, he stood to #onte'%late his ar'y as they #rossed under the lash) *nd the #rossing #ontinued during se&en days and se&en nights, without rest or %ause) 1Tis said that here, a$ter Ber.es had 'ade the %assage, a Helles%ontian e.#lai'ed7 94hy, ! 8o&e, dost thou, in the likeness o$ a +ersian 'an, and with the na'e o$ Ber.es instead o$ thine own, lead the whole ra#e o$ 'ankind to the destru#tion o$ Gree#e: t would ha&e been as easy $or thee to destroy it without their aid>9 4hen the whole ar'y had #rossed, and the troo%s were now u%on their 'ar#h, a strange %rodigy a%%eared to the', whereo$ the king 'ade no a##ount, though its 'eaning was not di$$i#ult to #on2e#ture) 3ow the %rodigy was this07 a 'are brought $orth a hare) Hereby it was shown %lainly enough, that Ber.es would lead $orth his host against Gree#e with 'ighty %o'% and s%lendour, but, in order to rea#h again the s%ot $ro' whi#h he set out, would ha&e to run $or his li$e)

There had also been another %ortent, while Ber.es was still at "ardis7 a 'ule dro%%ed a $oal, neither 'ale nor $e'ale( but this likewise was disregarded) "o Ber.es, des%ising the o'ens, 'ar#hed $orwards( and his land ar'y a##o'%anied hi') But the $leet held an o%%osite #ourse, and, sailing to the 'outh o$ the Helles%ont, 'ade its way along the shore) Thus the $leet %ro#eeded westward, 'aking $or Ca%e "ar%edon, where the orders were that it should await the #o'ing u% o$ the troo%s( but the land ar'y 'ar#hed eastward along the Chersonese, lea&ing on the right the to'b o$ Helle, the daughter o$ *tha'as, and on the le$t the #ity o$ Cardia) Ha&ing %assed through the town whi#h is #alled *gora, they skirted the shores o$ the Gul$ o$ -elas, and then #rossed the ri&er -elas, when#e the gul$ takes its na'e, the waters o$ whi#h they $ound too s#anty to su%%ly the host) Fro' this %oint their 'ar#h was to the west( and a$ter %assing *enos, an *eolian settle'ent, and likewise Lake "tentoris, they #a'e to 5oris#us) The na'e 5oris#us is gi&en to a bea#h and a &ast %lain u%on the #oast o$ Thra#e, through the 'iddle o$ whi#h $lows the strong strea' o$ the Hebrus) Here was the royal $ort whi#h is likewise #alled 5oris#us, where 5arius had 'aintained a +ersian garrison e&er sin#e the ti'e when he atta#ked the "#ythians) This %la#e see'ed to Ber.es a #on&enient s%ot $or re&iewing and nu'bering his soldiers( whi#h things a##ordingly he %ro#eeded to do) The sea7#a%tains, who had brought the $leet to 5oris#us, were ordered to take the &essels to the bea#h ad2oining, where "ale stands, a #ity o$ the "a'othra#ians, and Kone, another #ity) The bea#h e.tends to "errheu', the well7known %ro'ontory( the whole distri#t in $or'er ti'es was inhabited by the Ci#onians) Here then the #a%tains were to bring their shi%s, and to haul the' ashore $or re$itting, while Ber.es at 5oris#us was e'%loyed in nu'bering the soldiers) 4hat the e.a#t nu'ber o$ the troo%s o$ ea#h nation was #annot say with #ertainty7 $or it is not 'entioned by any one7 but the whole land ar'y together was $ound to a'ount to one 'illion se&en hundred thousand 'en) The 'anner in whi#h the nu'bering took %la#e was the $ollowing) * body o$ ten thousand 'en was brought to a #ertain %la#e, and the 'en were 'ade to stand as #lose together as %ossible( a$ter whi#h a #ir#le was drawn around the', and the 'en were let go0 then where the #ir#le had been, a $en#e was built about the height o$ a 'an1s 'iddle( and the en#losure was $illed #ontinually with $resh troo%s, till the whole ar'y had in this way been nu'bered) 4hen the nu'bering was o&er, the troo%s were drawn u% a##ording to their se&eral nations) 3ow these were the nations that took %art in this e.%edition) The +ersians, who wore on their heads the so$t hat #alled the tiara, and about their bodies, tuni#s with slee&es o$ di&ers #olours, ha&ing iron s#ales u%on the' like the s#ales o$ a $ish) Their legs

were %rote#ted by trousers( and they bore wi#ker shields $or bu#klers( their ,ui&ers hanging at their ba#ks, and their ar's being a short s%ear, a bow o$ un#o''on si/e, and arrows o$ reed) They had likewise daggers sus%ended $ro' their girdles along their right thighs) !tanes, the $ather o$ Ber.es1 wi$e, *'estris, was their leader) This %eo%le was known to the Greeks in an#ient ti'es by the na'e o$ Ce%henians( but they #alled the'sel&es and were #alled by their neighbours, *rtaeans) t was not till +erseus, the son o$ 8o&e and 5anae, &isited Ce%heus the son o$ Belus, and, 'arrying his daughter *ndro'eda, had by her a son #alled +erses ;who' he le$t behind hi' in the #ountry be#ause Ce%heus had no 'ale o$$s%ring<, that the nation took $ro' this +erses the na'e o$ +ersians) The -edes had e.a#tly the sa'e e,ui%'ent as the +ersians( and indeed the dress #o''on to both is not so 'u#h +ersian as -edian) They had $or #o''ander Tigranes, o$ the ra#e o$ the *#hae'enids) These -edes were #alled an#iently by all %eo%le *rians( but when -edia, the Col#hian, #a'e to the' $ro' *thens, they #hanged their na'e) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h they the'sel&es gi&e) The Cissians were e,ui%%ed in the +ersian $ashion, e.#e%t in one res%e#t07 they wore on their heads, instead o$ hats, $illets) *na%hes, the son o$ !tanes, #o''anded the') The Hyr#anians were likewise ar'ed in the sa'e way as the +ersians) Their leader was -ega%anus, the sa'e who was a$terwards satra% o$ Babylon) The *ssyrians went to the war with hel'ets u%on their heads 'ade o$ brass, and %laited in a strange $ashion whi#h it is not easy to des#ribe) They #arried shields, lan#es, and daggers &ery like the Egy%tian( but in addition, they had wooden #lubs knotted with iron, and linen #orselets) This %eo%le, who' the Greeks #all "yrians, are #alled *ssyrians by the barbarians) The Chaldaeans ser&ed in their ranks, and they had $or #o''ander !tas%es, the son o$ *rta#haeus) The Ba#trians went to the war wearing a head7dress &ery like the -edian, but ar'ed with bows o$ #ane, a$ter the #usto' o$ their #ountry, and with short s%ears) The "a#ae, or "#yths, were #lad in trousers, and had on their heads tall sti$$ #a%s rising to a %oint) They bore the bow o$ their #ountry and the dagger( besides whi#h they #arried the battle7a.e, or sagaris) They were in truth *'yrgian "#ythians, but the +ersians #alled the' "a#ae, sin#e that is the na'e whi#h they gi&e to all "#ythians) The Ba#trians and the "a#ae had $or leader Hystas%es, the son o$ 5arius and o$ *tossa, the daughter o$ Cyrus) The ndians wore #otton dresses, and #arried bows o$ #ane, and arrows also o$ #ane with iron at the %oint) "u#h was the e,ui%'ent o$ the ndians, and they 'ar#hed under the #o''and o$ +harna/athres the son o$ *rtabates) The *rians #arried -edian bows, but in other res%e#ts were

e,ui%%ed like the Ba#trians) Their #o''ander was "isa'nes the son o$ Hydarnes) The +arthians and Choras'ians, with the "ogdians, the Gandarians, and the 5adi#ae, had the Ba#trian e,ui%'ent in all res%e#ts) The +arthians and Choras'ians were #o''anded by *rtaba/us the son o$ +harna#es, the "ogdians by */anes the son o$ *rtaeus, and the Gandarians and 5adi#ae by *rty%hius the son o$ *rtabanus) The Cas%ians were #lad in #loaks o$ skin, and #arried the #ane bow o$ their #ountry and the s#y'itar) "o e,ui%%ed they went to the war( and they had $or #o''ander *rio'ardus the brother o$ *rty%hius) The "arangians had dyed gar'ents whi#h showed brightly, and buskins whi#h rea#hed to the knee0 they bore -edian bows, and lan#es) Their leader was +herendates, the son o$ -egaba/us) The +a#tyans wore #loaks o$ skin, and #arried the bow o$ their #ountry and the dagger) Their #o''ander was *rtyntes, the son o$ tha'atres) The 6tians, the -y#ians, and the +ari#anians were all e,ui%%ed like the +a#tyans) They had $or leaders, *rsa'enes, the son o$ 5arius, who #o''anded the 6tians and -y#ians( and "iro'itres, the son o$ !eoba/us, who #o''anded the +ari#anians) The *rabians wore the /eira, or long #loak, $astened about the' with a girdle( and #arried at their right side long bows, whi#h when unstrung bent ba#kwards) The Ethio%ians were #lothed in the skins o$ leo%ards and lions, and had long bows 'ade o$ the ste' o$ the %al'7lea$, not less than $our #ubits in length) !n these they laid short arrows 'ade o$ reed, and ar'ed at the ti%, not with iron, but with a %ie#e o$ stone, shar%ened to a %oint, o$ the kind used in engra&ing seals) They #arried likewise s%ears, the head o$ whi#h was the shar%ened horn o$ an antelo%e( and in addition they had knotted #lubs) 4hen they went into battle they %ainted their bodies, hal$ with #halk, and hal$ with &er'ilion) The *rabians, and the Ethio%ians who #a'e $ro' the region abo&e Egy%t, were #o''anded by *rsa'es, the son o$ 5arius and o$ *rtystone daughter o$ Cyrus) This *rtystone was the best7belo&ed o$ all the wi&es o$ 5arius( and it was she whose statue he #aused to be 'ade o$ gold wrought with the ha''er) Her son *rsa'es #o''anded these two nations) The eastern Ethio%ians7 $or two nations o$ this na'e ser&ed in the ar'y7 were 'arshalled with the ndians) They di$$ered in nothing $ro' the other Ethio%ians, sa&e in their language, and the #hara#ter o$ their hair) For the eastern Ethio%ians ha&e straight hair, while they o$ Libya are 'ore woolly7haired than any other %eo%le in the world) Their e,ui%'ent was in 'ost %oints like that o$ the ndians( but they wore u%on their heads the s#al%s o$ horses, with the ears and 'ane atta#hed( the ears were 'ade to stand u%right, and the 'ane ser&ed as a #rest) For shields this %eo%le 'ade use o$ the skins o$

#ranes) The Libyans wore a dress o$ leather, and #arried 2a&elins 'ade hard in the $ire) They had $or #o''ander -assages, the son o$ !ari/us) The +a%hlagonians went to the war with %laited hel'ets u%on their heads, and #arrying s'all shields and s%ears o$ no great si/e) They had also 2a&elins and daggers, and wore on their $eet the buskin o$ their #ountry, whi#h rea#hed hal$ way u% the shank) n the sa'e $ashion were e,ui%%ed the Ligyans, the -atienians, the -ariandynians, and the "yrians ;or Ca%%ado#ians, as they are #alled by the +ersians<) The +a%hlagonians and -atienians were under the #o''and o$ 5otus the son o$ -egasidrus( while the -ariandynians, the Ligyans, and the "yrians had $or leader Gobryas, the son o$ 5arius and *rtystone) The dress o$ the +hrygians #losely rese'bled the +a%hlagonian, only in a &ery $ew %oints di$$ering $ro' it) *##ording to the -a#edonian a##ount, the +hrygians, during the ti'e that they had their abode in Euro%e and dwelt with the' in -a#edonia, bore the na'e o$ Brigians( but on their re'o&al to *sia they #hanged their designation at the sa'e ti'e with their dwelling7%la#e) The *r'enians, who are +hrygian #olonists, were ar'ed in the +hrygian $ashion) Both nations were under the #o''and o$ *rto#h'es, who was 'arried to one o$ the daughters o$ 5arius) The Lydians were ar'ed &ery nearly in the Gre#ian 'anner) These Lydians in an#ient ti'es were #alled -aeonians, but #hanged their na'e, and took their %resent title $ro' Lydus the son o$ *tys) The -ysians wore u%on their heads a hel'et 'ade a$ter the $ashion o$ their #ountry, and #arried a s'all bu#kler( they used as 2a&elins sta&es with one end hardened in the $ire) The -ysians are Lydian #olonists, and $ro' the 'ountain7#hain o$ !ly'%us, are #alled !ly'%ieni) Both the Lydians and the -ysians were under the #o''and o$ *rta%hernes, the son o$ that *rta%hernes who, with 5atis, 'ade the landing at -arathon) The Thra#ians went to the war wearing the skins o$ $o.es u%on their heads, and about their bodies tuni#s, o&er whi#h was thrown a long #loak o$ 'any #olours) Their legs and $eet were #lad in buskins 'ade $ro' the skins o$ $awns( and they had $or ar's 2a&elins, with light targes, and short dirks) This %eo%le, a$ter #rossing into *sia, took the na'e o$ Bithynians( be$ore, they had been #alled "try'onians, while they dwelt u%on the "try'on( when#e, a##ording to their own a##ount, they had been dri&en out by the -ysians and Teu#rians) The #o''ander o$ these *siati# Thra#ians was Bassa#es the son o$ *rtabanus) N))) had 'ade s'all shields 'ade o$ the hide o$ the o., and #arried ea#h o$ the' two s%ears su#h as are used in wol$7hunting) Bra/en hel'ets %rote#ted their heads( and abo&e these they wore the ears and horns o$ an o. $ashioned in brass) They had also #rests on

their hel's( and their legs were bound round with %ur%le bands) There is an ora#le o$ -ars in the #ountry o$ this %eo%le) N There is a de$e#t here in the te.t o$ Herodotus( the na'e o$ the nation has been lost and #annot be satis$a#torily su%%lied) The Cabalians, who are -aeonians, but are #alled Lasonians, had the sa'e e,ui%'ent as the Cili#ians7 an e,ui%'ent whi#h shall des#ribe when #o'e in due #ourse to the Cili#ian #ontingent) The -ilyans bore short s%ears, and had their gar'ents $astened with bu#kles) "o'e o$ their nu'ber #arried Ly#ian bows) They wore about their heads skull7#a%s 'ade o$ leather) Badres the son o$ Hystanes led both nations to battle) The -os#hians wore hel'ets 'ade o$ wood, and #arried shields and s%ears o$ a s'all si/e0 their s%ear7heads, howe&er, were long) The -os#hian e,ui%'ent was that likewise o$ the Tibarenians, the -a#ronians, and the -osynoe#ians) The leaders o$ these nations were the $ollowing0 the -os#hians and Tibarenians were under the #o''and o$ *rio'ardus, who was the son o$ 5arius and o$ +ar'ys, daughter o$ "'erdis son o$ Cyrus( while the -a#ronians and -osynoe#ians) had $or leader *rtay#tes, the son o$ Cheras'is, the go&ernor o$ "estos u%on the Helles%ont) The -ares wore on their heads the %laited hel'et %e#uliar to their #ountry, and used s'all leathern bu#klers, and 2a&elins) The Col#hians wore wooden hel'ets, and #arried s'all shields o$ raw hide, and short s%ears( besides whi#h they had swords) Both -ares and Col#hians were under the #o''and o$ +harandates, the son o$ Teas%es) The *larodians and "as%irians were ar'ed like the Col#hians( their leader was -asistes, the son o$ "iro'itras) The slanders who #a'e $ro' the Erythraean "ea, where they inhabited the islands to whi#h the king sends those who' he banishes, wore a dress and ar's al'ost e.a#tly like the -edian) Their leader was -ardontes the son o$ Bagaeus, who the year a$ter %erished in the battle o$ -y#ale, where he was one o$ the #a%tains) "u#h were the nations who $ought u%on the dry land, and 'ade u% the in$antry o$ the +ersians) *nd they were #o''anded by the #a%tains whose na'es ha&e been abo&e re#orded) The 'arshalling and nu'bering o$ the troo%s had been #o''itted to the'( and by the' were a%%ointed the #a%tains o&er a thousand, and the #a%tains o&er ten thousand( but the leaders o$ ten 'en, or a hundred, were na'ed by the #a%tains o&er ten thousand) There were other o$$i#ers also, who ga&e the orders to the &arious ranks and nations( but those who' ha&e 'entioned abo&e were the #o''anders) !&er these #o''anders the'sel&es, and o&er the whole o$ the in$antry, there were set si. generals7 na'ely -ardonius, son o$

Gobryas( Tritantae#h'es, son o$ the *rtabanus who ga&e his ad&i#e against the war with Gree#e( "'erdo'enes, son o$ !tanes7 these two were the sons o$ 5arius1 brothers, and thus were #ousins o$ Ber.es7 -asistes, son o$ 5arius and *tossa( Gergis, son o$ *ri/us( and -egaby/us, son o$ Ko%yrus) The whole o$ the in$antry was under the #o''and o$ these generals, e.#e%ting the Ten Thousand) The Ten Thousand, who were all +ersians and all %i#ked 'en, were led by Hydarnes, the son o$ Hydarnes) They were #alled 9the ''ortals,9 $or the $ollowing reason) $ one o$ their body $ailed either by the stroke o$ death or o$ disease, $orthwith his %la#e was $illed u% by another 'an, so that their nu'ber was at no ti'e either greater or less than F0,000) !$ all the troo%s the +ersians were adorned with the greatest 'agni$i#en#e, and they were likewise the 'ost &aliant) Besides their ar's, whi#h ha&e been already des#ribed, they glittered all o&er with gold, &ast ,uantities o$ whi#h they wore about their %ersons) They were $ollowed by litters, wherein rode their #on#ubines, and by a nu'erous train o$ attendants handso'ely dressed) Ca'els and su'%ter7beasts #arried their %ro&ision, a%art $ro' that o$ the other soldiers) *ll these &arious nations $ight on horseba#k( they did not, howe&er, at this ti'e all $urnish horse'en, but only the $ollowing07 ;i)< The +ersians, who were ar'ed in the sa'e way as their own $oot'en, e.#e%ting that so'e o$ the' wore u%on their heads de&i#es $ashioned with the ha''er in brass or steel) ;ii)< The wandering tribe known by the na'e o$ "agartians7 a %eo%le +ersian in language, and in dress hal$ +ersian, hal$ +a#tyan, who $urnished to the ar'y as 'any as eight thousand horse) t is not the wont o$ this %eo%le to #arry ar's, either o$ bron/e or steel, e.#e%t only a dirk( but they use lassoes 'ade o$ thongs %laited together, and trust to these whene&er they go to the wars) 3ow the 'anner in whi#h they $ight is the $ollowing0 when they 'eet their ene'y, straightway they dis#harge their lassoes, whi#h end in a noose( then, whate&er the noose en#ir#les, be it 'an or be it horse, they drag towards the'( and the $oe, entangled in the toils, is $orthwith slain) "u#h is the 'anner in whi#h this %eo%le $ight( and now their horse'en were drawn u% with the +ersians) ;iii)< The -edes, and Cissians, who had the sa'e e,ui%'ent as their $oot7soldiers) ;i&)< The ndians, e,ui%%ed as their $oot) 'en, but so'e on horseba#k and so'e in #hariots7 the #hariots drawn either by horses, or by wild asses) ;&)< The Ba#trians and Cas%ians, arrayed as their $oot7soldiers) ;&i)< The Libyans, e,ui%%ed as their $oot7soldiers, like the rest( but all riding in #hariots) ;&ii)< The Cas%eirians and +ari#anians, e,ui%%ed as their

$oot7soldiers) ;&iii)< The *rabians, in the sa'e array as their $oot'en, but all riding on #a'els, not in$erior in $leetness to horses) These nations, and these only, $urnished horse to the ar'y0 and the nu'ber o$ the horse was eighty thousand, without #ounting #a'els or #hariots) *ll were 'arshalled in s,uadrons, e.#e%ting the *rabians( who were %la#ed last, to a&oid $rightening the horses, whi#h #annot endure the sight o$ the #a'el) The horse was #o''anded by *r'a'ithras and Tithaeus, sons o$ 5atis) The other #o''ander, +harnu#hes, who was to ha&e been their #olleague, had been le$t si#k at "ardis( sin#e at the 'o'ent that he was lea&ing the #ity, a sad 'is#han#e be$ell hi'07 a dog ran under the $eet o$ the horse u%on whi#h he was 'ounted( and the horse, not seeing it #o'ing, was startled, and, rearing bolt u%right, threw his rider) *$ter this $all +harnu#hes s%at blood, and $ell into a #onsu'%tion) *s $or the horse, he was treated at on#e as +harnu#hes ordered0 the attendants took hi' to the s%ot where he had thrown his 'aster, and there #ut o$$ his $our legs at the hough) Thus +harnu#hes lost his #o''and) The trire'es a'ounted in all to twel&e hundred and se&en( and were $urnished by the $ollowing nations07 ;i)< The +hoeni#ians, with the "yrians o$ +alestine, $urnished three hundred &essels, the #rews o$ whi#h were thus a##outred0 u%on their heads they wore hel'ets 'ade nearly in the Gre#ian 'anner( about their bodies they had breast%lates o$ linen( they #arried shields without ri's( and were ar'ed with 2a&elins) This nation, a##ording to their own a##ount, dwelt an#iently u%on the Erythraean "ea, but #rossing then#e, $i.ed the'sel&es on the sea#oast o$ "yria, where they still inhabit) This %art o$ "yria, and all the region e.tending $ro' hen#e to Egy%t, is known by the na'e o$ +alestine) ;ii)< The Egy%tians $urnished two hundred shi%s) Their #rews had %laited hel'ets u%on their heads, and bore #on#a&e shields with ri's o$ unusual si/e) They were ar'ed with s%ears suited $or a sea7$ight, and with huge %ole7a.es) The greater %art o$ the' wore breast%lates( and all had long #utlasses) ;iii)< The Cy%rians $urnished a hundred and $i$ty shi%s, and were e,ui%%ed in the $ollowing $ashion) Their kings had turbans bound about their heads, while the %eo%le wore tuni#s( in other res%e#ts they were #lad like the Greeks) They are o$ &arious ra#es( so'e are s%rung $ro' *thens and "ala'is, so'e $ro' *r#adia, so'e $ro' Cythnus, so'e $ro' +hoeni#ia, and a %ortion, a##ording to their own a##ount, $ro' Ethio%ia) ;i&)< The Cili#ians $urnished a hundred shi%s) The #rews wore u%on their heads the hel'et o$ their #ountry, and #arried instead o$ shields light targes 'ade o$ raw hide( they were #lad in woollen tuni#s, and were ea#h ar'ed with two 2a&elins, and a sword #losely

rese'bling the #utlass o$ the Egy%tians) This %eo%le bore an#iently the na'e o$ Hy%a#haeans, but took their %resent title $ro' Cili., the son o$ *genor, a +hoeni#ian) ;&)< The +a'%hylians $urnished thirty shi%s, the #rews o$ whi#h were ar'ed e.a#tly as the Greeks) This nation is des#ended $ro' those who on the return $ro' Troy were dis%ersed with *'%hilo#hus and Cal#has) ;&i)< The Ly#ians $urnished $i$ty shi%s) Their #rews wore grea&es and breast%lates, while $or ar's they had bows o$ #ornel wood, reed arrows without $eathers, and 2a&elins) Their outer gar'ent was the skin o$ a goat, whi#h hung $ro' their shoulders( their headdress a hat en#ir#led with %lu'es( and besides their other wea%ons they #arried daggers and $al#hions) This %eo%le #a'e $ro' Crete, and were on#e #alled Ter'ilae( they got the na'e whi#h they now bear $ro' Ly#us, the son o$ +andion, an *thenian) ;&ii)< The 5orians o$ *sia $urnished thirty shi%s) They were ar'ed in the Gre#ian $ashion, inas'u#h as their $ore$athers #a'e $ro' the +elo%onnese) ;&iii)< The Carians $urnished se&enty shi%s, and were e,ui%%ed like the Greeks, but #arried, in addition, $al#hions and daggers) 4hat na'e the Carians bore an#iently was de#lared in the $irst %art o$ this History) ;i.)< The onians $urnished a hundred shi%s, and were ar'ed like the Greeks) 3ow these onians, during the ti'e that they dwelt in the +elo%onnese and inhabited the land now #alled *#haea ;whi#h was be$ore the arri&al o$ 5anaus and Buthus in the +elo%onnese<, were #alled, a##ording to the Greek a##ount, *egialean +elasgi, or 9+elasgi o$ the "ea7shore9( but a$terwards, $ro' on the son o$ Buthus, they were #alled onians) The slanders $urnished se&enteen shi%s, and wore ar's like the Greeks) They too were a +elasgian ra#e, who in later ti'es took the, na'e o$ onians $or the sa'e reason 'e reason as those who inhabited the twel&e #ities $ounded $ro' *thens) The *eolians $urnished si.ty shi%s, and were e,ui%%ed in the Gre#ian $ashion) They too were an#iently #alled +elasgians, as the Greeks de#lare) The Helles%ontians $ro' the +ontus, who are #olonists o$ the onians and 5orians, $urnished a hundred shi%s, the #rews o$ whi#h wore the Gre#ian ar'our) This did not in#lude the *bydenians, who stayed in their own #ountry, be#ause the king had assigned the' the s%e#ial duty o$ guarding the bridges) !n board o$ e&ery shi% was a band o$ soldiers, +ersians, -edes, or "a#ans) The +hoeni#ian shi%s were the best sailers in the $leet, and the "idonian the best a'ong the +hoeni#ians) The #ontingent o$ ea#h nation, whether to the $leet or to the land ar'y, had at its head a nati&e leader( but the na'es o$ these leaders shall not 'ention,

as it is not ne#essary $or the #ourse o$ 'y History) For the leaders o$ so'e nations were not worthy to ha&e their na'es re#orded( and besides, there were in ea#h nation as 'any leaders as there were #ities) *nd it was not really as #o''anders that they a##o'%anied the ar'y, but as 'ere sla&es, like the rest o$ the host) For ha&e already 'entioned the +ersian generals who had the a#tual #o''and, and were at the head o$ the se&eral nations whi#h #o'%osed the ar'y) The $leet was #o''anded by the $ollowing7 *riabignes, the son o$ 5arius, +re.as%es, the son o$ *s%athines, -egaba/us, the son o$ -egabates, and *#hae'enes, the son o$ 5arius) *riabignes, who was the #hild o$ 5arius by a daughter o$ Gobryas, was leader o$ the onian and Carian shi%s( *#hae'enes, who was own brother to Ber.es, o$ the Egy%tian( the rest o$ the $leet was #o''anded by the other two) Besides the trire'es, there was an asse'blage o$ thirty7oared and $i$ty7oared galleys, o$ #er#uri, and trans%orts $or #on&eying horses, a'ounting in all to three thousand) 3e.t to the #o''anders, the $ollowing were the 'ost renowned o$ those who sailed aboard the $leet07 Tetra'nestus, the son o$ *nysus, the "idonian( -a%en, the son o$ "iro', the Tyrian( -erbal, the son o$ *gbal, the *radian( "yennesis, the son o$ !ro'edon, the Cili#ian( Cybernis#us, the son o$ "i#as, the Ly#ian( Gorgus, the son o$ Chersis, and Ti'ona., the son o$ Ti'agoras, the Cy%rians( and Histiaeus, the son o$ Ti'nes, +igres, the son o$ "eldo'us, and 5a'asithy'us, the son o$ Candaules, the Carians) !$ the other lower o$$i#ers shall 'ake no 'ention, sin#e no ne#essity is laid on 'e( but 'ust s%eak o$ a #ertain leader na'ed *rte'isia, whose %arti#i%ation in the atta#k u%on Gree#e, notwithstanding that she was a wo'an, 'o&es 'y s%e#ial wonder) "he had obtained the so&ereign %ower a$ter the death o$ her husband( and, though she had now a son grown u%, yet her bra&e s%irit and 'anly daring sent her $orth to the war, when no need re,uired her to ad&enture) Her na'e, as said, was *rte'isia, and she was the daughter o$ Lygda'is( by ra#e she was on his side a Hali#arnassian, though by her 'other a Cretan) "he ruled o&er the Hali#arnassians, the 'en o$ Cos, o$ 3isyrus, and o$ Calydna( and the $i&e trire'es whi#h she $urnished to the +ersians were, ne.t to the "idonian, the 'ost $a'ous shi%s in the $leet) "he likewise ga&e to Ber.es sounder #ounsel than any o$ his other allies) 3ow the #ities o&er whi#h ha&e 'entioned that she bore sway were one and all 5orian( $or the Hali#arnassians were #olonists $ro' Troe/en, while the re'ainder were $ro' E%idaurus) Thus 'u#h #on#erning the sea7$or#e) 3ow when the nu'bering and 'arshalling o$ the host was ended, Ber.es #on#ei&ed a wish to go hi'sel$ throughout the $or#es, and with his own eyes behold e&erything) *##ordingly he tra&ersed the ranks seated in his #hariot, and, going $ro' nation to nation, 'ade 'ani$old in,uiries, while his s#ribes wrote down the answers( till

at last he had %assed $ro' end to end o$ the whole land ar'y, both the horse'en and likewise the $oot) This done, he e.#hanged his #hariot $or a "idonian galley, and, seated beneath a golden awning, sailed along the %rows o$ all his &essels ;the &essels ha&ing now been hauled down and laun#hed into the sea<, while he 'ade in,uiries again, as he had done when he re&iewed the land7$or#e, and #aused the answers to be re#orded by his s#ribes) The #a%tains took their shi%s to the distan#e o$ about $our hundred $eet $ro' the shore, and there lay to, with their &essels in a single row, the %rows $a#ing the land, and with the $ighting7'en u%on the de#ks a##outred as i$ $or war, while the king sailed along in the o%en s%a#e between the shi%s and the shore, and so re&iewed the $leet) 3ow a$ter Ber.es had sailed down the whole line and was gone ashore, he sent $or 5e'aratus the son o$ *riston, who had a##o'%anied hi' in his 'ar#h u%on Gree#e, and bes%ake hi' thus07 95e'aratus, it is 'y %leasure at this ti'e to ask thee #ertain things whi#h wish to know) Thou art a Greek, and, as hear $ro' the other Greeks with who' #on&erse, no less than $ro' thine own li%s, thou art a nati&e o$ a #ity whi#h is not the 'eanest or the weakest in their land) Tell 'e, there$ore, what thinkest thou: 4ill the Greeks li$t a hand against us: -ine own 2udg'ent is, that e&en i$ all the Greeks and all the barbarians o$ the 4est were gathered together in one %la#e, they would not be able to abide 'y onset, not being really o$ one 'ind) But would $ain know what thou thinkest hereon)9 Thus Ber.es ,uestioned( and the other re%lied in his turn,7 9! king> is it thy will that gi&e thee a true answer, or dost thou wish $or a %leasant one:9 Then the king bade hi' s%eak the %lain truth, and %ro'ised that he would not on that a##ount hold hi' in less $a&our than hereto$ore) "o 5e'aratus, when he heard the %ro'ise, s%ake as $ollows07 9! king> sin#e thou biddest 'e at all risks s%eak the truth, and not say what will one day %ro&e 'e to ha&e lied to thee, thus answer) 4ant has at all ti'es been a $ellow7dweller with us in our land, while @alour is an ally who' we ha&e gained by dint o$ wisdo' and stri#t laws) Her aid enables us to dri&e out want and es#a%e thraldo') Bra&e are all the Greeks who dwell in any 5orian land( but what a' about to say does not #on#ern all, but only the La#edae'onians) First then, #o'e what 'ay, they will ne&er a##e%t thy ter's, whi#h would redu#e Gree#e to sla&ery( and $urther, they are sure to 2oin battle with thee, though all the rest o$ the Greeks should sub'it to thy will) *s $or their nu'bers, do not ask how 'any they are, that their resistan#e should be a %ossible thing( $or i$ a thousand o$ the' should take the $ield, they will 'eet thee in battle, and so will any nu'ber, be it less than this, or be it 'ore)9 4hen Ber.es heard this answer o$ 5e'aratus, he laughed and answered07

94hat wild words, 5e'aratus> * thousand 'en 2oin battle with su#h an ar'y as this> Co'e then, wilt thou7 who wert on#e, as thou sayest, their king7 engage to $ight this &ery day with ten 'en: trow not) *nd yet, i$ all thy $ellow7#iti/ens be indeed su#h as thou sayest they are, thou oughtest, as their king, by thine own #ountry1s usages, to be ready to $ight with twi#e the nu'ber) $ then ea#h one o$ the' be a 'at#h $or ten o$ 'y soldiers, 'ay well #all u%on thee to be a 'at#h $or twenty) "o wouldest thou assure the truth o$ what thou hast now said) $, howe&er, you Greeks, who &aunt yoursel&es so 'u#h, are o$ a truth 'en like those who' ha&e seen about 'y #ourt, as thysel$, 5e'aratus, and the others with who' a' wont to #on&erse7 i$, say, you are really 'en o$ this sort and si/e, how is the s%ee#h that thou hast uttered 'ore than a 'ere e'%ty boast: For, to go to the &ery &erge o$ likelihood7 how #ould a thousand 'en, or ten thousand, or e&en $i$ty thousand, %arti#ularly i$ they were all alike $ree, and not under one lord7 how #ould su#h a $or#e, say, stand against an ar'y like 'ine: Let the' be $i&e thousand, and we shall ha&e 'ore than a thousand 'en to ea#h one o$ theirs) $, indeed, like our troo%s, they had a single 'aster, their $ear o$ hi' 'ight 'ake the' #ourageous beyond their natural bent( or they 'ight be urged by lashes against an ene'y whi#h $ar outnu'bered the') But le$t to their own $ree #hoi#e, assuredly they will a#t di$$erently) For 'ine own %art, belie&e, that i$ the Greeks had to #ontend with the +ersians only, and the nu'bers were e,ual on both sides, the Greeks would $ind it hard to stand their ground) 4e too ha&e a'ong us su#h 'en as those o$ who' thou s%akest7 not 'any indeed, but still we %ossess a $ew) For instan#e, so'e o$ 'y bodyguard would be willing to engage singly with three Greeks) But this thou didst not know( and there$ore it was thou talkedst so $oolishly)9 5e'aratus answered hi'7 9 knew, ! king> at the outset, that i$ told thee the truth, 'y s%ee#h would dis%lease thine ears) But as thou didst re,uire 'e to answer thee with all %ossible truth$ulness, in$or'ed thee what the "%artans will do) *nd in this s%ake not $ro' any lo&e that bear the'7 $or none knows better than thou what 'y lo&e towards the' is likely to be at the %resent ti'e, when they ha&e robbed 'e o$ 'y rank and 'y an#estral honours, and 'ade 'e a ho'eless e.ile, who' thy $ather did re#ei&e, bestowing on 'e both shelter and sustenan#e) 4hat likelihood is there that a 'an o$ understanding should be unthank$ul $or kindness shown hi', and not #herish it in his heart: For 'ine own sel$, %retend not to #o%e with ten 'en, nor with two7 nay, had the #hoi#e, would rather not $ight e&en with one) But, i$ need a%%eared, or i$ there were any great #ause urging 'e on, would #ontend with right good will against one o$ those %ersons who boast the'sel&es a 'at#h $or any three Greeks) "o likewise the La#edae'onians, when they $ight singly, are as good 'en as any in the world, and when they $ight in a body, are the bra&est o$

all) For though they be $ree7'en, they are not in all res%e#ts $ree( Law is the 'aster who' they own( and this 'aster they $ear 'ore than thy sub2e#ts $ear thee) 4hate&er he #o''ands they do( and his #o''and'ent is always the sa'e0 it $orbids the' to $lee in battle, whate&er the nu'ber o$ their $oes, and re,uires the' to stand $ir', and either to #on,uer or die) $ in these words, ! king> see' to thee to s%eak $oolishly, a' #ontent $ro' this ti'e $orward e&er'ore to hold 'y %ea#e) had not now s%oken unless #o'%elled by thee) Certes, %ray that all 'ay turn out a##ording to thy wishes)9 "u#h was the answer o$ 5e'aratus( and Ber.es was not angry with hi' at all, but only laughed, and sent hi' away with words o$ kindness) *$ter this inter&iew, and a$ter he had 'ade -as#a'es the son o$ -egadostes go&ernor o$ 5oris#us, setting aside the go&ernor a%%ointed by 5arius, Ber.es started with his ar'y, and 'ar#hed u%on Gree#e through Thra#e) This 'an, -as#a'es, who' he le$t behind hi', was a %erson o$ su#h 'erit that gi$ts were sent hi' yearly by the king as a s%e#ial $a&our, be#ause he e.#elled all the other go&ernors that had been a%%ointed either by Ber.es or by 5arius) n like 'anner, *rta.er.es, the son o$ Ber.es, sent gi$ts yearly to the des#endants o$ -as#a'es) +ersian go&ernors had been established in Thra#e and about the Helles%ont be$ore the 'ar#h o$ Ber.es began( but these %ersons, a$ter the e.%edition was o&er, were all dri&en $ro' their towns by the Greeks, e.#e%t the go&ernor o$ 5oris#us0 no one su##eeded in dri&ing out -as#a'es, though 'any 'ade the atte'%t) For this reason the gi$ts are sent hi' e&ery year by the king who reigns o&er the +ersians) !$ the other go&ernors who' the Greeks dro&e out, there was not one who, in the 2udg'ent o$ Ber.es, showed hi'sel$ a bra&e 'an, e.#e%ting Boges, the go&ernor o$ Eion) Hi' Ber.es ne&er #ould %raise enough( and su#h o$ his sons as were le$t in +ersia, and sur&i&ed their $ather, he &ery s%e#ially honoured) *nd o$ a truth this Boges was worthy o$ great #o''endation( $or when he was besieged by the *thenians under Ci'on, the son o$ -iltiades, and it was o%en to hi' to retire $ro' the #ity u%on ter's, and return to *sia, he re$used, be#ause he $eared the king 'ight think he had %layed the #oward to sa&e his own li$e, where$ore, instead o$ surrendering, he held out to the last e.tre'ity) 4hen all the $ood in the $ortress was gone, he raised a &ast $uneral %ile, slew his #hildren, his wi$e, his #on#ubines, and his household sla&es, and #ast the' all into the $la'es) Then, #olle#ting whate&er gold and sil&er there was in the %la#e, he $lung it $ro' the walls into the "try'on( and, when that was done, to #rown all, he hi'sel$ lea%ed into the $ire) For this a#tion Boges is with reason %raised by the +ersians e&en at the %resent day) Ber.es, as ha&e said, %ursued his 'ar#h $ro' 5oris#us against

Gree#e( and on his way he $or#ed all the nations through whi#h he %assed to take %art in the e.%edition) For the whole #ountry as $ar as the $rontiers o$ Thessaly had been ;as ha&e already shown< ensla&ed and 'ade tributary to the king by the #on,uests o$ -egaba/us, and, 'ore lately, o$ -ardonius) *nd $irst, a$ter lea&ing 5oris#us, Ber.es %assed the "a'othra#ian $ortresses, whereo$ -esa'bria is the $arther'ost as one goes toward the west) The ne.t #ity is "try'e, whi#h belongs to Thasos) -idway between it and -esa'bria $lows the ri&er Lissus, whi#h did not su$$i#e to $urnish water $or the ar'y, but was drunk u% and $ailed) This region was $or'erly #alled Gallai#a( now it bears the na'e o$ Brianti#a( but in stri#t truth it likewise is really Ci#onian) *$ter #rossing the dry #hannel o$ the Lissus, Ber.es %assed the Gre#ian #ities o$ -aroneia, 5i#aea, and *bdera, and likewise the $a'ous lakes whi#h are in their neighbourhood, Lake s'aris between -aroneia and "try'e, and Lake Bistonis near 5i#aea, whi#h re#ei&es the waters o$ two ri&ers, the Tra&us and the Co'%satus) 3ear *bdera there was no $a'ous lake $or hi' to %ass( but he #rossed the ri&er 3estus, whi#h there rea#hes the sea) +ro#eeding $urther u%on his way, he %assed by se&eral #ontinental #ities, one o$ the' %ossessing a lake nearly thirty $urlongs in #ir#uit, $ull o$ $ish, and &ery salt, o$ whi#h the su'%ter7beasts only drank, and whi#h they drained dry) The na'e o$ this #ity was +istyrus) *ll these towns, whi#h were Gre#ian, and lay u%on the #oast, Ber.es ke%t u%on his le$t hand as he %assed along) The $ollowing are the Thra#ian tribes through whose #ountry he 'ar#hed0 the +aeti, the Ci#onians, the Bistonians, the "a%aeans, the 5ersaeans, the Edonians, and the "atrae) "o'e o$ these dwelt by the sea, and $urnished shi%s to the king1s $leet( while others li&ed in the 'ore inland %arts, and o$ these all the tribes whi#h ha&e 'entioned, e.#e%t the "atrae, were $or#ed to ser&e on $oot) The "atrae, so $ar as our knowledge goes, ha&e ne&er yet been brought under by any one, but #ontinue to this day a $ree and un#on,uered %eo%le, unlike the other Thra#ians) They dwell a'id lo$ty 'ountains #lothed with $orests o$ di$$erent trees and #a%%ed with snow, and are &ery &aliant in $ight) They are the Thra#ians who ha&e an ora#le o$ Ba##hus in their #ountry, whi#h is situated u%on their highest 'ountain7range) The Bessi, a "atrian ra#e, deli&er the ora#les( but the %ro%het, as at 5el%hi, is a wo'an( and her answers are not harder to read) 4hen Ber.es had %assed through the region 'entioned abo&e, he #a'e ne.t to the +ierian $ortresses, one o$ whi#h is #alled +hagres, and another +erga'us) Here his line o$ 'ar#h lay #lose by the walls, with the long high range o$ +angaeu' u%on his right, a tra#t in whi#h there are 'ines both o$ gold and sil&er, so'e worked by the +ierians and !do'antians, but the greater %art by the "atrae)

Ber.es then 'ar#hed through the #ountry o$ the +aeonian tribes7 the 5oberians and the +aeo%lae7 whi#h lay to the north o$ +angaeu', and, ad&an#ing westward, rea#hed the ri&er "try'on and the #ity Eion, whereo$ Boges, o$ who' s%oke a short ti'e ago, and who was then still ali&e, was go&ernor) The tra#t o$ land lying about -ount +angaeu' is #alled +hyllis( on the west it rea#hes to the ri&er *ngites, whi#h $lows into the "try'on, and on the south to the "try'on itsel$, where at this ti'e the -agi were sa#ri$i#ing white horses to 'ake the strea' $a&ourable) *$ter %ro%itiating the strea' by these and 'any other 'agi#al #ere'onies, the +ersians #rossed the "try'on, by bridges 'ade be$ore their arri&al, at a %la#e #alled 9The 3ine 4ays,9 whi#h was in the territory o$ the Edonians) *nd when they learnt that the na'e o$ the %la#e was 9The 3ine 4ays,9 they took nine o$ the youths o$ the land and as 'any o$ their 'aidens, and buried the' ali&e on the s%ot) Burying ali&e is a +ersian #usto') ha&e heard that *'estris, the wi$e o$ Ber.es, in her old age buried ali&e se&en %airs o$ +ersian youths, sons o$ illustrious 'en, as a thank7o$$ering to the god who is su%%osed to dwell underneath the earth) Fro' the "try'on the ar'y, %ro#eeding westward, #a'e to a stri% o$ shore, on whi#h there stands the Gre#ian town o$ *rgilus) This shore, and the whole tra#t abo&e it, is #alled Bisaltia) +assing this, and kee%ing on the le$t hand the Gul$ o$ +osideiu', Ber.es #rossed the "ylean %lain, as it is #alled, and %assing by "tagirus, a Greek #ity, #a'e to *#anthus) The inhabitants o$ these %arts, as well as those who dwelt about -ount +angaeu', were $or#ed to 2oin the ar'a'ent, like those others o$ who' s%oke be$ore( the dwellers along the #oast being 'ade to ser&e in the $leet, while those who li&ed 'ore inland had to $ollow with the land $or#es) The road whi#h the ar'y o$ Ber.es took re'ains to this day untou#hed0 the Thra#ians neither %lough nor sow it, but hold it in great honour) !n rea#hing *#anthus, the +ersian king, seeing the great /eal o$ the *#anthians $or his ser&i#e, and hearing what had been done about the #utting, took the' into the nu'ber o$ his sworn $riends, sent the' as a %resent a -edian dress, and besides #o''ended the' highly) t was while he re'ained here that *rta#haees, who %resided o&er the #anal, a 'an in high re%ute with Ber.es, and by birth an *#hae'enid, who was 'oreo&er the tallest o$ all the +ersians, being only $our $ingers short o$ $i&e #ubits, royal 'easure, and who had a stronger &oi#e than any other 'an in the world, $ell si#k and died) Ber.es there$ore, who was greatly a$$li#ted at the 'is#han#e, #arried hi' to the to'b and buried hi' with all 'agni$i#en#e( while the whole ar'y hel%ed to raise a 'ound o&er his gra&e) The *#anthians, in obedien#e to an ora#le, o$$er sa#ri$i#e to this *rta#haees as a hero, in&oking hi' in their %rayers by na'e) But ?ing Ber.es sorrowed greatly o&er his death)

3ow the Greeks who had to $eed the ar'y, and to entertain Ber.es, were brought thereby to the &ery e.tre'ity o$ distress, inso'u#h that so'e o$ the' were $or#ed e&en to $orsake house and ho'e) 4hen the Thasians re#ei&ed and $easted the host, on a##ount o$ their %ossessions u%on the 'ainland, *nti%ater, the son o$ !rges, one o$ the #iti/ens o$ best re%ute, and the 'an to who' the business was assigned, %ro&ed that the #ost o$ the 'eal was $our hundred talents o$ sil&er) *nd esti'ates al'ost to the sa'e a'ount were 'ade by the su%erintendents in other #ities) For the entertain'ent, whi#h had been ordered long be$orehand and was re#koned to be o$ 'u#h #onse,uen#e, was, in the 'anner o$ it, su#h as will now des#ribe) 3o sooner did the heralds who brought the orders gi&e their 'essage, than in e&ery #ity the inhabitants 'ade a di&ision o$ their stores o$ #orn, and %ro#eeded to grind $lour o$ wheat and o$ barley $or 'any 'onths together) Besides this, they %ur#hased the best #attle that they #ould $ind, and $attened the'( and $ed %oultry and water7$owl in %onds and buildings, to be in readiness $or the ar'y( while they likewise %re%ared gold and sil&er &ases and drinking7#u%s, and whatsoe&er else is needed $or the ser&i#e o$ the table) These last %re%arations were 'ade $or the king only, and those who sat at 'eat with hi'( $or the rest o$ the ar'y nothing was 'ade ready beyond the $ood $or whi#h orders had been gi&en) !n the arri&al o$ the +ersians, a tent ready %it#hed $or the %ur%ose re#ei&ed Ber.es, who took his rest therein, while the soldiers re'ained under the o%en hea&en) 4hen the dinner hour #a'e, great was the toil o$ those who entertained the ar'y( while the guests ate their $ill, and then, a$ter %assing the night at the %la#e, tore down the royal tent ne.t 'orning, and sei/ing its #ontents, #arried the' all o$$, lea&ing nothing behind) !n one o$ these o##asions -ega#reon o$ *bdera wittily re#o''ended his #ountry'en 9to go to the te'%les in a body, 'en and wo'en alike, and there take their station as su%%liants, and besee#h the gods that they would in $uture always s%are the' one7hal$ o$ the woes whi#h 'ight threaten their %ea#e7 thanking the' at the sa'e ti'e &ery war'ly $or their %ast goodness in that they had #aused Ber.es to be #ontent with one 'eal in the day)9 For had the order been to %ro&ide break$ast $or the king as well as dinner, the *bderites 'ust either ha&e $led be$ore Ber.es #a'e, or, i$ they awaited his #o'ing, ha&e been brought to absolute ruin) *s it was, the nations, though su$$ering hea&y %ressure, #o'%lied ne&ertheless with the dire#tions that had been gi&en) *t *#anthus, Ber.es se%arated $ro' his $leet, bidding the #a%tains sail on ahead and await his #o'ing at Ther'a, on the Ther'ai# Gul$, the %la#e $ro' whi#h the bay takes its na'e) Through this town lay, he understood, his shortest road) +re&iously, his order o$ 'ar#h had been the $ollowing07 $ro' 5oris#us to *#anthus his land $or#e had %ro#eeded

in three bodies, one o$ whi#h took the way along the sea7shore in #o'%any with the $leet, and was #o''anded by -ardonius and -asistes, while another %ursued an inland tra#k under Tritantae#h'es and Gergis( the third, with whi#h was Ber.es hi'sel$ 'ar#hing 'idway between the other two, and ha&ing $or its leaders "'erdo'enes and -egaby/us) The $leet, there$ore, a$ter lea&ing the king, sailed through the #hannel whi#h had been #ut $or it by -ount *thos, and #a'e into the bay whereon lie the #ities o$ *ssa, +ilorus, "ingus, and "arta( $ro' all whi#h it re#ei&ed #ontingents) Then#e it stood on $or the Ther'ai# Gul$, and rounding Ca%e *'%elus, the %ro'ontory o$ the Toronaeans, %assed the Gre#ian #ities Torone, Gale%sus, "er'yla, -e#yberna, and !lynthus, re#ei&ing $ro' ea#h a nu'ber o$ shi%s and 'en) This region is #alled "ithonia) Fro' Ca%e *'%elus the $leet stret#hed a#ross by a short #ourse to Ca%e Canastraeu', whi#h is the %oint o$ the %eninsula o$ +alline that runs out $arthest into the sea, and gathered $resh su%%lies o$ shi%s and 'en $ro' +otidaea, *%hytis, 3ea%olis, *ega, Thera'bus, "#ione, -ende, and "ane) These are the #ities o$ the tra#t #alled an#iently +hlegra, but now +alline) Hen#e they again $ollowed the #oast, still ad&an#ing towards the %la#e a%%ointed by the king, and had a##essions $ro' all the #ities that lie near +allene, and border on the Ther'ai# Gul$, whereo$ the na'es are Li%a.us, Co'breia, Lisae, Gigonus, Ca'%sa, "'ila, and *enea) The tra#t where these towns lie still retains its old na'e o$ Crossaea) *$ter %assing *enea, the #ity whi#h last na'ed, the $leet $ound itsel$ arri&ed in the Ther'ai# Gul$, o$$ the land o$ -ygdonia) *nd so at length they rea#hed Ther'a, the a%%ointed %la#e, and #a'e likewise to "indus and Chalestra u%on the ri&er *.ius, whi#h se%arates Bottiaea $ro' -ygdonia) Bottiaea has a s#anty sea7board, whi#h is o##u%ied by the two #ities #hnae and +ella) "o the $leet an#hored o$$ the *.ius, and o$$ Ther'a, and the towns that lay between, waiting the king1s #o'ing) Ber.es 'eanwhile with his land $or#e le$t *#anthus, and started $or Ther'a, taking his way a#ross the land) This road led hi' through +aeonia and Crestonia to the ri&er E#heidorus, whi#h rising in the #ountry o$ the Crestonians, $lows through -ygdonia, and rea#hes the sea near the 'arsh u%on the *.ius) 6%on this 'ar#h the #a'els that #arried the %ro&isions o$ the ar'y were set u%on by lions, whi#h le$t their lairs and #a'e down by night, but s%ared the 'en and the su'%ter7beasts, while they 'ade the #a'els their %rey) 'ar&el what 'ay ha&e been the #ause whi#h #o'%elled the lions to lea&e the other ani'als untou#hed and atta#k the #a'els, when they had ne&er seen that beast be$ore, nor had any e.%erien#e o$ it) That whole region is $ull o$ lions and wild bulls, with giganti# horns, whi#h are brought into Gree#e) The lions are #on$ined within

the tra#t lying between the ri&er 3estus ;whi#h $lows through *bdera< on the one side, and the *#helous ;whi#h waters *#arnania< on the other) 3o one e&er sees a lion in the $ore %art o$ Euro%e east o$ the 3estus, nor through the entire #ontinent west o$ the *#helous( but in the s%a#e between these bounds lions are $ound) !n rea#hing Ther'a Ber.es halted his ar'y, whi#h en#a'%ed along the #oast, beginning at the #ity o$ Ther'a in -ygdonia, and stret#hing out as $ar as the ri&ers Lydias and Halia#'on, two strea's whi#h, 'ingling their waters in one, $or' the boundary between Bottiaea and -a#edonia) "u#h was the e.tent o$ #ountry through whi#h the barbarians en#a'%ed) The ri&ers here 'entioned were all o$ the' su$$i#ient to su%%ly the troo%s, e.#e%t the E#heidorus, whi#h was drunk dry) Fro' Ther'a Ber.es beheld the Thessalian 'ountains, !ly'%us and !ssa, whi#h are o$ a wonder$ul height) Here, learning that there lay between these 'ountains a narrow gorge through whi#h the ri&er +eneus ran, and where there was a road that ga&e an entran#e into Thessaly, he $or'ed the wish to go by sea hi'sel$, and e.a'ine the 'outh o$ the ri&er) His design was to lead his ar'y by the u%%er road through the #ountry o$ the inland -a#edonians, and so to enter +errhaebia, and #o'e down by the #ity o$ Gonnus( $or he was told that that way was the 'ost se#ure) 3o sooner there$ore had he $or'ed this wish than he a#ted a##ordingly) E'barking, as was his wont on all su#h o##asions, aboard a "idonian &essel, he ga&e the signal to the rest o$ the $leet to get under weigh, and ,uitting his land ar'y, set sail and %ro#eeded to the +eneus) Here the &iew o$ the 'outh #aused hi' to wonder greatly( and sending $or his guides, he asked the' whether it were %ossible to turn the #ourse o$ the strea', and 'ake it rea#h the sea at any other %oint) 3ow there is a tradition that Thessaly was in an#ient ti'es a lake, shut in on e&ery side by huge hills) !ssa and +elion7 ranges whi#h 2oin at the $oot7 do in $a#t in#lose it u%on the east, while !ly'%us $or's a barrier u%on the north, +indus u%on the west, and !thrys towards the south) The tra#t #ontained within these 'ountains, whi#h is a dee% basin, is #alled Thessaly) -any ri&ers %our their waters into it( but $i&e o$ the' are o$ 'ore note than the rest, na'ely, the +eneus, the *%idanus, the !no#honus, the Eni%eus, and the +a'isus) These strea's $low down $ro' the 'ountains whi#h surround Thessaly, and, 'eeting in the %lain, 'ingle their waters together, and dis#harge the'sel&es into the sea by a single outlet, whi#h is a gorge o$ e.tre'e narrowness) *$ter the 2un#tion all the other na'es disa%%ear, and the ri&er is known as the +eneus) t is said that o$ old the gorge whi#h allows the waters an outlet did not e.ist( a##ordingly the ri&ers, whi#h were then as well as the Lake Boebeis, without na'es but $lowed with as 'u#h water as at %resent, 'ade Thessaly a sea) The Thessalians tell us that the gorge through whi#h the water es#a%es was #aused by 3e%tune( and this0 is likely enough(

at least any 'an who belie&es that 3e%tune #auses earth,uakes, and that #has's so %rodu#ed are his handiwork, would say, u%on seeing this rent, that 3e%tune did it) For it %lainly a%%eared to 'e that the hills had been torn asunder by an earth,uake) 4hen Ber.es there$ore asked the guides i$ there were any other outlet by whi#h the waters #ould rea#h the sea, they, being 'en well a#,uainted with the nature o$ their #ountry, 'ade answer07 9! king> there is no other %assage by whi#h this strea' #an e'%ty itsel$ into the sea sa&e that whi#h thine eye beholds) For Thessaly is girt about with a #ir#let o$ hills)9 Ber.es is said to ha&e obser&ed u%on this7 94ise 'en truly are they o$ Thessaly, and good reason had they to #hange their 'inds in ti'e and #onsult $or their own sa$ety) For, to %ass by others 'atters, they 'ust ha&e $elt that they li&ed in a #ountry whi#h 'ay easily be brought under and subdued) 3othing 'ore is needed than to turn the ri&er u%on their lands by an e'bank'ent)whi#h should $ill u% the gorge and $or#e the strea' $ro' its %resent #hannel, and lo> all Thessaly, e.#e%t the 'ountains, would at on#e be laid under water)9 The king ai'ed in this s%ee#h at the sons o$ *leuas, who were Thessalians, and had been the $irst o$ all the Greeks to 'ake sub'ission to hi') He thought that they had 'ade their $riendly o$$ers in the na'e o$ the whole %eo%le) "o Ber.es, when he had &iewed the %la#e, and 'ade the abo&e s%ee#h, went ba#k to Ther'a) The stay o$ Ber.es in +ieria lasted $or se&eral days, during whi#h a third %art o$ his ar'y was e'%loyed in #utting down the woods on the -a#edonian 'ountain7range to gi&e his $or#es $ree %assage into +errhaebia) *t this ti'e the heralds who had been sent into Gree#e to re,uire earth $or the king returned to the #a'%, so'e o$ the' e'%ty7handed, others with earth and water) *'ong the nu'ber o$ those $ro' who' earth and water were brought were the Thessalians, 5olo%ians, Enianians, +errhaebians, Lo#rians, -agnetians, -alians, *#haeans o$ +hthiotis, Thebans, and Boeotians generally, e.#e%t those o$ +lataea and Thes%iae) These are the nations against who' the Greeks that had taken u% ar's to resist the barbarians swore the oath, whi#h ran thus7 9Fro' all those o$ Greek blood who deli&ered the'sel&es u% to the +ersians without ne#essity, when their a$$airs were in good #ondition, we will take a tithe o$ their goods, and gi&e it to the god at 5el%hi)9 "o ran the words o$ the Greek oath) ?ing Ber.es had sent no heralds either to *thens or "%arta to ask earth and water, $or a reason whi#h will now relate) 4hen 5arius so'e ti'e be$ore sent 'essengers $or the sa'e %ur%ose, they were thrown, at *thens, into the %it o$ %unish'ent, at "%arta into a well, and bidden to take there$ro' earth and water $or the'sel&es, and #arry it to their king) !n this a##ount Ber.es did not send to ask

the') 4hat #ala'ity #a'e u%on the *thenians to %unish the' $or their treat'ent o$ the heralds #annot say, unless it were the laying waste o$ their #ity and territory( but that belie&e was not on a##ount o$ this #ri'e) !n the La#edae'onians, howe&er, the wrath o$ Talthybius, *ga'e'non1s herald, $ell with &iolen#e) Talthybius has a te'%le at "%arta( and his des#endants, who are #alled Talthybiadae, still li&e there, and ha&e the %ri&ilege o$ being the only %ersons who dis#harge the o$$i#e o$ herald) 4hen there$ore the "%artans had done the deed o$ whi#h we s%eak, the &i#ti's at their sa#ri$i#es $ailed to gi&e good tokens( and this $ailure lasted $or a &ery long ti'e) Then the "%artans were troubled( and, regarding what had be$allen the' as a grie&ous #ala'ity, they held $re,uent asse'blies o$ the %eo%le, and 'ade %ro#la'ation through the town, 94as any La#edae'onian willing to gi&e his li$e $or "%arta:9 6%on this two "%artans, "%erthias, the son *neristus, and Bulis, the son o$ 3i#olaus, both 'en o$ noble birth, and a'ong the wealthiest in the %la#e, #a'e $orward and $reely o$$ered the'sel&es as an atone'ent to Ber.es $or the heralds o$ 5arius slain at "%arta) "o the "%artans sent the' away to the -edes to undergo death) 3or is the #ourage whi#h these 'en hereby dis%layed alone worthy o$ wonder( but so likewise are the $ollowing s%ee#hes whi#h were 'ade by the') !n their road to "usa they %resented the'sel&es be$ore Hydarnes) This Hydarnes was a +ersian by birth, and had the #o''and o$ all the nations that dwelt along the sea7#oast o$ *sia) He a##ordingly showed the' hos%itality, and in&ited the' to a ban,uet, where, as they $easted, he said to the'07 9-en o$ La#edae'on, why will ye not #onsent to be $riends with the king: =e ha&e but to look at 'e and 'y $ortune to see that the king knows well how to honour 'erit) n like 'anner ye yoursel&es, were ye to 'ake your sub'ission to hi', would re#ei&e at his hands, seeing that he dee's you 'en o$ 'erit, so'e go&ern'ent in Gree#e)9 9Hydarnes,9 they answered, 9thou art a one7sided #ounsellor) Thou hast e.%erien#e o$ hal$ the 'atter( but the other hal$ is beyond thy knowledge) * sla&e1s li$e thou understandest( but, ne&er ha&ing tasted liberty, thou #anst not tell whether it be sweet or no) *h> hadst thou known what $reedo' is, thou wouldst ha&e bidden us $ight $or it, not with the s%ear only, but with the battle7a.e)9 "o they answered Hydarnes) *nd a$terwards, when they were #o'e to "usa into the king1s %resen#e, and the guards ordered the' to $all down and do obeisan#e, and went so $ar as to use $or#e to #o'%el the', they re$used, and said they would ne&er do any su#h thing, e&en were their heads thrust down to the ground( $or it was not their #usto' to worshi% 'en, and they had not #o'e to +ersia $or that %ur%ose) "o they $ought o$$ the #ere'ony( and ha&ing done so, addressed the king in words 'u#h like

the $ollowing07 9! king o$ the -edes> the La#edae'onians ha&e sent us hither, in the %la#e o$ those heralds o$ thine who were slain in "%arta, to 'ake atone'ent to thee on their a##ount)9 Then Ber.es answered with true greatness o$ soul 9that he would not a#t like the La#edae'onians, who, by killing the heralds, had broken the laws whi#h all 'en hold in #o''on) *s he had bla'ed su#h #ondu#t in the', he would ne&er be guilty o$ it hi'sel$) *nd besides, he did not wish, by %utting the two 'en to death, to $ree the La#edae'onians $ro' the stain o$ their $or'er outrage)9 This #ondu#t on the %art o$ the "%artans #aused the anger o$ Talthybius to #ease $or a while, notwithstanding that "%erthias and Bulis returned ho'e ali&e) But 'any years a$terwards it awoke on#e 'ore, as the La#edae'onians the'sel&es de#lare, during the war between the +elo%onnesians and the *thenians) n 'y 2udg'ent this was a #ase wherein the hand o$ Hea&en was 'ost %lainly 'ani$est) That the wrath o$ Talthybius should ha&e $allen u%on a'bassadors and not sla#ked till it had $ull &ent, so 'u#h 2usti#e re,uired( but that it should ha&e #o'e u%on the sons o$ the &ery 'en who were sent u% to the +ersian king on its a##ount7 u%on 3i#olaus, the son o$ Bulis, and *neristus, the son o$ "%erthias ;the sa'e who #arried o$$ $isher'en $ro' Tiryns, when #ruising in a well7'anned 'er#hant7shi%<7 this does see' to 'e to be %lainly a su%ernatural #ir#u'stan#e) =et #ertain it is that these two 'en, ha&ing been sent to *sia as a'bassadors by the La#edae'onians, were betrayed by "ital#es, the son o$ Teres, king o$ Thra#e, and 3y'%hodorus, the son o$ +ythes, a nati&e o$ *bdera, and being 'ade %risoners at Bisanthe, u%on the Helles%ont, were #on&eyed to *tti#a, and there %ut to death by the *thenians, at the sa'e ti'e as *risteas, the son o$ *dei'antus, the Corinthian) *ll this ha%%ened, howe&er, &ery 'any years a$ter the e.%edition o$ Ber.es) To return, howe&er, to 'y 'ain sub2e#t7 the e.%edition o$ the +ersian king, though it was in na'e dire#ted against *thens, threatened really the whole o$ Gree#e) *nd o$ this the Greeks were aware so'e ti'e be$ore( but they did not all &iew the 'atter in the sa'e light) "o'e o$ the' had gi&en the +ersian earth and water, and were bold on this a##ount, dee'ing the'sel&es thereby se#ured against su$$ering hurt $ro' the barbarian ar'y( while others, who had re$used #o'%lian#e, were thrown into e.tre'e alar') For whereas they #onsidered all the shi%s in Gree#e too $ew to engage the ene'y, it was %lain that the greater nu'ber o$ states would take no %art in the war, but war'ly $a&oured the -edes) *nd here $eel #onstrained to deli&er an o%inion, whi#h 'ost 'en, know, will 'is7like, but whi#h, as it see's to 'e to be true, a' deter'ined not to withhold) Had the *thenians, $ro' $ear o$ the a%%roa#hing danger, ,uitted their #ountry, or had they without

,uitting it sub'itted to the %ower o$ Ber.es, there would #ertainly ha&e been no atte'%t to resist the +ersians by sea( in whi#h #ase the #ourse o$ e&ents by land would ha&e been the $ollowing) Though the +elo%onnesians 'ight ha&e #arried e&er so 'any breastworks a#ross the sth'us, yet their allies would ha&e $allen o$$ $ro' the La#edae'onians, not by &oluntary desertion, but be#ause town a$ter town 'ust ha&e been taken by the $leet o$ the barbarians( and so the La#edae'onians would at last ha&e stood alone, and, standing alone, would ha&e dis%layed %rodigies o$ &alour and died nobly) Either they would ha&e done thus, or else, be$ore it #a'e to that e.tre'ity, seeing one Greek state a$ter another e'bra#e the #ause o$ the -edes, they would ha&e #o'e to ter's with ?ing Ber.es7 and thus, either way Gree#e would ha&e been brought under +ersia) For #annot understand o$ what %ossible use the walls a#ross the sth'us #ould ha&e been, i$ the king had had the 'astery o$ the sea) $ then a 'an should now say that the *thenians were the sa&iours o$ Gree#e, he would not e.#eed the truth) For they truly held the s#ales( and whi#he&er side they es%oused 'ust ha&e #arried the day) They too it was who, when they had deter'ined to 'aintain the $reedo' o$ Gree#e, roused u% that %ortion o$ the Greek nation whi#h had not gone o&er to the -edes( and so, ne.t to the gods, they re%ulsed the in&ader) E&en the terrible ora#les whi#h rea#hed the' $ro' 5el%hi, and stru#k $ear into their hearts, $ailed to %ersuade the' to $ly $ro' Gree#e) They had the #ourage to re'ain $aith$ul to their land, and await the #o'ing o$ the $oe) 4hen the *thenians, an.ious to #onsult the ora#le, sent their 'essengers to 5el%hi, hardly had the en&oys #o'%leted the #usto'ary rites about the sa#red %re#in#t, and taken their seats inside the san#tuary o$ the god, when the +ythoness, *ristoni#e by na'e, thus %ro%hesied7 4ret#hes, why sit ye here: Fly, $ly to the ends o$ #reation, Iuitting your ho'es, and the #rags whi#h your #ity #rowns with her #ir#let) 3either the head, nor the body is $ir' in its %la#e, nor at botto' Fir' the $eet, nor the hands( nor resteth the 'iddle unin2ur1d) *ll7 all ruined and lost) "in#e $ire, and i'%etuous *res, "%eeding along in a "yrian #hariot, hastes to destroy her) 3ot alone shalt thou su$$er( $ull 'any the towers he will le&el, -any the shrines o$ the gods he will gi&e to a $iery destru#tion) E&en now they stand with dark sweat horribly dri%%ing, Tre'bling and ,uaking $or $ear( and lo> $ro' the high roo$s tri#kleth Bla#k blood, sign %ro%heti# o$ hard distresses i'%ending) Get ye away $ro' the te'%le( and brood on the ills that await ye>

4hen the *thenian 'essengers heard this re%ly, they were $illed with the dee%est a$$li#tion0 whereu%on Ti'on, the son o$ *ndrobulus, one o$ the 'en o$ 'ost 'ark a'ong the 5el%hians, seeing how utterly #ast down they were at the gloo'y %ro%he#y, ad&ised the' to take an oli&e7bran#h, and entering the san#tuary again, #onsult the ora#le as su%%liants) The *thenians $ollowed this ad&i#e, and going in on#e 'ore, said7 9! king> we %ray thee re&eren#e these boughs o$ su%%li#ation whi#h we bear in our hands, and deli&er to us so'ething 'ore #o'$orting #on#erning our #ountry) Else we will not lea&e thy san#tuary, but will stay here till we die)9 6%on this the %riestess ga&e the' a se#ond answer, whi#h was the $ollowing07 +allas has not been able to so$ten the lord o$ !ly'%us, Though she has o$ten %rayed hi', and urged hi' with e.#ellent #ounsel) =et on#e 'ore address thee in words than ada'ant $ir'er) 4hen the $oe shall ha&e taken whate&er the li'it o$ Ce#ro%s Holds within it, and all whi#h di&ine Cithaeron, shelters, Then $ar7seeing 8o&e grants this to the %rayers o$ *thene( "a$e shall the wooden wall #ontinue $or thee and thy #hildren) 4ait not the tra'% o$ the horse, nor the $oot'en 'ightily 'o&ing !&er the land, but turn your ha#k to the $oe, and retire ye) =et shall a day arri&e when ye shall 'eet hi' in battle) Holy "ala'is, thou shalt destroy the o$$s%ring o$ wo'en, 4hen 'en s#atter the seed, or when they gather the har&est) This answer see'ed, as indeed it was, gentler than the $or'er one( so the en&oys wrote it down, and went ba#k with it to *thens) 4hen, howe&er, u%on their arri&al, they %rodu#ed it be$ore the %eo%le, and in,uiry began to be 'ade into its true 'eaning, 'any and &arious were the inter%retations whi#h 'en %ut on it( two, 'ore es%e#ially, see'ed to be dire#tly o%%osed to one another) Certain o$ the old 'en were o$ o%inion that the god 'eant to tell the' the #itadel would es#a%e( $or this was an#iently de$ended by a %alisade( and they su%%osed that barrier to be the 9wooden wall9 o$ the ora#le) !thers 'aintained that the $leet was what the god %ointed at( and their ad&i#e was that nothing should be thought o$ e.#e%t the shi%s, whi#h had best be at on#e got ready) "till su#h as said the 9wooden wall9 'eant the $leet, were %er%le.ed by the last two lines o$ the ora#le7 Holy "ala'is, thou shall destroy the o$$s%ring o$ wo'en, 4hen 'en s#atter the seed, or when they gather the har&est) These words #aused great disturban#e a'ong those who took the wooden wall to be the shi%s( sin#e the inter%reters understood the' to 'ean

that, i$ they 'ade %re%arations $or a sea7$ight, they would su$$er a de$eat o$$ "ala'is) 3ow there was at *thens a 'an who had lately 'ade his way into the $irst rank o$ #iti/ens0 his true na'e was The'isto#les( but he was known 'ore generally as the son o$ 3eo#les) This 'an #a'e $orward and said that the inter%reters had not e.%lained the ora#le altogether aright7 9$or i$,9 he argued, 9the #lause in ,uestion had really res%e#ted the *thenians, it would not ha&e been e.%ressed so 'ildly( the %hrase used would ha&e been 1Lu#kless "ala'is,1rather than 1Holy "ala'is,1 had those to who' the island belonged been about to %erish in its neighbourhood) Rightly taken, the res%onse o$ the god threatened the ene'y, 'u#h 'ore than the *thenians)9 He there$ore #ounselled his #ountry'en to 'ake ready to $ight on board their shi%s, sin#e they were the wooden wall in whi#h the god told the' to trust) 4hen The'isto#les had thus #leared the 'atter, the *thenians e'bra#ed his &iew, %re$erring it to that o$ the inter%reters) The ad&i#e o$ these last had been against engaging in a sea7$ight( 9all the *thenians #ould do,9 they said, 9was, without li$ting a hand in their de$en#e, to ,uit *tti#a, and 'ake a settle'ent in so'e other #ountry)9 The'isto#les had be$ore this gi&en a #ounsel whi#h %re&ailed &ery seasonably) The *thenians, ha&ing a large su' o$ 'oney in their treasury, the %rodu#e o$ the 'ines at Laureiu', were about to share it a'ong the $ull7grown #iti/ens, who would ha&e re#ei&ed ten dra#h'as a%ie#e, when The'isto#les %ersuaded the' to $orbear the distribution, and build with the 'oney two hundred shi%s, to hel% the' in their war against the Eginetans) t was the breaking out o$ the Eginetan war whi#h was at this ti'e the sa&ing o$ Gree#e( $or hereby were the *thenians $or#ed to be#o'e a 'ariti'e %ower) The new shi%s were not used $or the %ur%ose $or whi#h they had been built, but be#a'e a hel% to Gree#e in her hour o$ need) *nd the *thenians had not only these &essels ready be$ore the war, but they likewise set to work to build 'ore( while they deter'ined, in a #oun#il whi#h was held a$ter the debate u%on the ora#le, that, a##ording to the ad&i#e o$ the god, they would e'bark their whole $or#e aboard their shi%s, and, with su#h Greeks as #hose to 2oin the', gi&e battle to the barbarian in&ader) "u#h, then, were the ora#les whi#h had been re#ei&ed by the *thenians) The Greeks who were well a$$e#ted to the Gre#ian #ause, ha&ing asse'bled in one %la#e, and there #onsulted together, and inter#hanged %ledges with ea#h other, agreed that, be$ore any other ste% was taken, the $euds and en'ities whi#h e.isted between the di$$erent nations should $irst o$ all be a%%eased) -any su#h there were( but one was o$ 'ore i'%ortan#e than the rest, na'ely, the war whi#h was still going on between the *thenians and the Eginetans) 4hen this business was #on#luded, understanding that Ber.es had rea#hed "ardis with his

ar'y, they resol&ed to des%at#h s%ies into *sia to take note o$ the king1s a$$airs) *t the sa'e ti'e they deter'ined to send a'bassadors to the *rgi&es, and #on#lude a league with the' against the +ersians( while they likewise des%at#hed 'essengers to Gelo, the son o$ 5eino'enes, in "i#ily, to the %eo%le o$ Cor#yra, and to those o$ Crete, e.horting the' to send hel% to Gree#e) Their wish was to unite, i$ %ossible, the entire Greek na'e in one, and so to bring all to 2oin in the sa'e %lan o$ de$en#e, inas'u#h as the a%%roa#hing dangers threatened all alike) 3ow the %ower o$ Gelo was said to be &ery great, $ar greater than that o$ any single Gre#ian %eo%le) "o when these resolutions had been agreed u%on, and the ,uarrels between the states 'ade u%, $irst o$ all they sent into *sia three 'en as s%ies) These 'en rea#hed "ardis, and took note o$ the king1s $or#es, but, being dis#o&ered, were e.a'ined by order o$ the generals who #o''anded the land ar'y, and, ha&ing been #onde'ned to su$$er death, were led out to e.e#ution) Ber.es, howe&er, when the news rea#hed hi', disa%%ro&ing the senten#e o$ the generals, sent so'e o$ his bodyguard with instru#tions, i$ they $ound the s%ies still ali&e, to bring the' into his %resen#e) The 'essengers $ound the s%ies ali&e, and brought the' be$ore the king, who, when he heard the %ur%ose $or whi#h they had #o'e, ga&e orders to his guards to take the' round the #a'%, and show the' all the $oot'en and all the horse, letting the' ga/e at e&erything to their hearts1 #ontent( then, when they were satis$ied, to send the' away unhar'ed to whate&er #ountry they desired) For these orders Ber.es ga&e a$terwards the $ollowing reasons) 9Had the s%ies been %ut to death,9 he said, 9the Greeks would ha&e #ontinued ignorant o$ the &astness o$ his ar'y, whi#h sur%assed the #o''on re%ort o$ it( while he would ha&e done the' a &ery s'all in2ury by killing three o$ their 'en) !n the other hand, by the return o$ the s%ies to Gree#e, his %ower would be#o'e known( and the Greeks,9 he e.%e#ted, 9would 'ake surrender o$ their $reedo' be$ore he began his 'ar#h, by whi#h 'eans his troo%s would be sa&ed all the trouble o$ an e.%edition)9 This reasoning was like to that whi#h he used u%on another o##asion) 4hile he was staying at *bydos, he saw so'e #orn7shi%s, whi#h were %assing through the Helles%ont $ro' the Eu.ine, on their way to Egina and the +elo%onnese) His attendants, hearing that they were the ene'y1s, were ready to #a%ture the', and looked to see when Ber.es would gi&e the signal) He, howe&er, 'erely asked 9whither the shi%s were bound:9 and when they answered, 9For thy $oes, 'aster, with #orn on board, 94e too are bound thither,9 he re2oined, 9laden, a'ong other things, with #orn) 4hat har' is it, i$ they #arry our %ro&isions $or us:9 "o the s%ies, when they had seen e&erything, were dis'issed, and #a'e ba#k to Euro%e) The Greeks who had banded the'sel&es together against the

+ersian king, a$ter des%at#hing the s%ies into *sia, sent ne.t a'bassadors to *rgos) The a##ount whi#h the *rgi&es gi&e o$ their own %ro#eedings is the $ollowing) They say that they had in$or'ation $ro' the &ery $irst o$ the %re%arations whi#h the barbarians were 'aking against Gree#e) "o, as they e.%e#ted that the Greeks would #o'e u%on the' $or aid against the assailant, they sent en&oys to 5el%hi to in,uire o$ the god what it would be best $or the' to do in the 'atter) They had lost, not long be$ore, si. thousand #iti/ens, who had been slain by the La#edae'onians under Cleo'enes the son o$ *na.andridas( whi#h was the reason why they now sent to 5el%hi) 4hen the +ythoness heard their ,uestion, she re%lied7 Hated o$ all thy neighbors, belo&ed o$ the blessed ''ortals, "it thou still, with thy lan#e drawn inward, %atiently wat#hing( 4arily guard thine head, and the head will take #are o$ the body) This %ro%he#y had been gi&en the' so'e ti'e be$ore the en&oys #a'e( but still, when they a$terwards arri&ed, it was %er'itted the' to enter the #oun#il7house, and there deli&er their 'essage) *nd this answer was returned to their de'ands7 9*rgos is ready to do as ye re,uire, i$ the La#edae'onians will $irst 'ake a tru#e $or thirty years, and will $urther di&ide with *rgos the leadershi% o$ the allied ar'y) *lthough in stri#t right the whole #o''and should be hers, she will be #ontent to ha&e the leadershi% di&ided e,ually)9 "u#h, they say, was the re%ly 'ade by the #oun#il, in s%ite o$ the ora#le whi#h $orbade the' to enter into a league with the Greeks) For, while not without $ear o$ disobeying the ora#le, they were greatly desirous o$ obtaining a thirty years1 tru#e, to gi&e ti'e $or their sons to grow to 'an1s estate) They re$le#ted, that i$ no su#h tru#e were #on#luded, and it should be their lot to su$$er a se#ond #ala'ity at the hands o$ the +ersians, it was likely they would $all ho%elessly under the %ower o$ "%arta) But to the de'ands o$ the *rgi&e #oun#il the La#edae'onian en&oys 'ade answer7 9They would bring be$ore the %eo%le the ,uestion o$ #on#luding a tru#e) 4ith regard to the leadershi%, they had re#ei&ed orders what to say, and the re%ly was that "%arta had two kings, *rgos but one7 it was not %ossible that either o$ the two "%artans should be stri%%ed o$ his dignity7 but they did not o%%ose the *rgi&e king ha&ing one &ote like ea#h o$ the')9 The *rgi&es say that they #ould not brook this arrogan#e on the %art o$ "%arta, and rather than yield one 2ot to it, they %re$erred to be under the rule o$ the barbarians) "o they told the en&oys to be gone, be$ore sunset, $ro' their territory, or they should be treated as ene'ies) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h is gi&en o$ these 'atters by the *rgi&es the'sel&es) There is another story, whi#h is told generally through Gree#e, o$ a di$$erent tenor) Ber.es, it is said, be$ore he set

$orth on his e.%edition against Gree#e, sent a herald to *rgos, who on his arri&al s%oke as $ollows0 9-en o$ *rgos, ?ing Ber.es s%eaks thus to you) 4e +ersians dee' that the +erses $ro' who' we des#end was the #hild o$ +erseus the son o$ 5anae, and o$ *ndro'eda the daughter o$ Ce%heus) Hereby it would see' that we #o'e o$ your sto#k and lineage) "o then it neither be$its us to 'ake war u%on those $ro' who' we s%ring( nor #an it be right $or you to $ight, on behal$ o$ others, against us) =our %la#e is to kee% ,uiet and hold yoursel$ aloo$) !nly let 'atters %ro#eed as wish, and there is no %eo%le who' shall ha&e in higher estee' than you)9 This address, says the story, was highly &alued by the *rgi&es, who there$ore at the $irst neither ga&e a %ro'ise to the Greeks nor yet %ut $orward a de'and) *$terwards, howe&er, when the Greeks #alled u%on the' to gi&e their aid, they 'ade the #lai' whi#h has been 'entioned, be#ause they knew well that the La#edae'onians would ne&er yield it, and so they would ha&e a %rete.t $or taking no %art in the war) "o'e o$ the Greeks say that this a##ount agrees re'arkably with what ha%%ened 'any years a$terwards) Callias, the son o$ Hi%%oni#us, and #ertain others with hi', had gone u% to "usa, the #ity o$ -e'non, as a'bassadors o$ the *thenians, u%on a business ,uite distin#t $ro' this) 4hile they were there, it ha%%ened that the *rgi&es likewise sent a'bassadors to "usa, to ask *rta.er.es, the son o$ Ber.es, 9i$ the $riendshi% whi#h they had $or'ed with his $ather still #ontinued, or i$ he looked u%on the' as his ene'ies:97 to whi#h ?ing *rta.er.es re%lied, 9-ost #ertainly it #ontinues( and there is no #ity whi#h re#kon 'ore 'y $riend than *rgos)9 For 'y own %art #annot %ositi&ely say whether Ber.es did send the herald to *rgos or not( nor whether *rgi&e a'bassadors at "usa did really %ut this ,uestion to *rta.er.es about the $riendshi% between the' and hi'( neither do deli&er any o%inion hereu%on other than that o$ the *rgi&es the'sel&es) This, howe&er, know7 that i$ e&ery nation were to bring all its e&il deeds to a gi&en %la#e, in order to 'ake an e.#hange with so'e other nation, when they had all looked #are$ully at their neighbours1 $aults, they would be truly glad to #arry their own ba#k again) "o, a$ter all, the #ondu#t o$ the *rgi&es was not %erha%s 'ore disgra#e$ul than that o$ others) For 'ysel$, 'y duty is to re%ort all that is said( but a' not obliged to belie&e it all alike7 a re'ark whi#h 'ay be understood to a%%ly to 'y whole History) "o'e e&en go so $ar as to say that the *rgi&es $irst in&ited the +ersians to in&ade Gree#e, be#ause o$ their ill su##ess in the war with La#edae'on, sin#e they %re$erred anything to the s'art o$ their a#tual su$$erings) Thus 'u#h #on#erning the *rgi&es) !ther a'bassadors, a'ong who' was "yagrus $ro' La#edae'on, were sent by the allies into "i#ily, with instru#tions to #on$er with Gelo) The an#estor o$ this Gelo, who $irst settled at Gela, was a nati&e

o$ the isle o$ Telos, whi#h lies o$$ Trio%iu') 4hen Gela was #olonised by *nti%he'us and the Lindians o$ Rhodes, he likewise took %art in the e.%edition) n #ourse o$ ti'e his des#endants be#a'e the high7%riests o$ the gods who dwell below7 an o$$i#e whi#h they held #ontinually, $ro' the ti'e that Telines, one o$ Gelo1s an#estors, obtained it in the way whi#h will now 'ention) Certain #iti/ens o$ Gela, worsted in a sedition, had $ound a re$uge at -a#toriu', a town situated on the heights abo&e Gela) Telines reinstated these 'en, without any hu'an hel%, solely by 'eans o$ the sa#red rites o$ these deities) Fro' who' he re#ei&ed the', or how he hi'sel$ a#,uired the', #annot say( but #ertain it is that relying on their %ower he brought the e.iles ba#k) For this his reward was to be the o$$i#e o$ high7%riest o$ those gods $or hi'sel$ and his seed $or e&er) t sur%rises 'e es%e#ially that su#h a $eat should ha&e been %er$or'ed by Telines( $or ha&e always looked u%on a#ts o$ this nature as beyond the abilities o$ #o''on 'en, and only to be a#hie&ed by su#h as are o$ a bold and 'anly s%irit( whereas Telines is said by those who dwell about "i#ily to ha&e been a so$t7hearted and wo'anish %erson) He howe&er obtained this o$$i#e in the 'anner abo&e des#ribed) *$terwards, on the death o$ Cleander the son o$ +antares, who was slain by "abyllus, a #iti/en o$ Gela, a$ter he had held the tyranny $or se&en years, Hi%%o#rates, Cleander1s brother, 'ounted the throne) 5uring his reign, Gelo, a des#endant o$ the high7%riest Telines, ser&ed with 'any others7 o$ who' *eneside'us, son o$ +atai#us, was one7 in the king1s bodyguard) 4ithin a little ti'e his 'erit #aused hi' to be raised to the #o''and o$ all the horse) For when Hi%%o#rates laid siege to Calli%olis, and a$terwards to 3a.os, to Kan#le, to Leontini, and 'oreo&er to "yra#use, and 'any #ities o$ the barbarians, Gelo in e&ery war distinguished hi'sel$ abo&e all the #o'batants) !$ the &arious #ities abo&e na'ed, there was none but "yra#use whi#h was not redu#ed to sla&ery) The "yra#usans were sa&ed $ro' this $ate, a$ter they had su$$ered de$eat on the ri&er Elorus, by the Corinthians and Cor#yraeans, who 'ade %ea#e between the' and Hi%%o#rates, on #ondition o$ their #eding Ca'arina to hi'( $or that #ity an#iently belonged to "yra#use) 4hen, howe&er, Hi%%o#rates, a$ter a reign o$ the sa'e length as that o$ Cleander his brother, %erished near the #ity Hybla, as he was warring with the nati&e "i#ilians, then Gelo, %retending to es%ouse the #ause o$ the two sons o$ Hi%%o#rates, Eu#leides and Cleander, de$eated the #iti/ens who were seeking to re#o&er their $reedo', and ha&ing so done, set aside the #hildren, and hi'sel$ took the kingly %ower) *$ter this %ie#e o$ good $ortune, Gelo likewise be#a'e 'aster "yra#use, in the $ollowing 'anner) The "yra#usan landholders, as they were #alled, had been dri&en $ro' their #ity by the #o''on %eo%le assisted by their own sla&es, the Cyllyrians, and had $led to Cas'enae) Gelo brought the' ba#k to "yra#use, and so got

%ossession o$ the town( $or the %eo%le surrendered the'sel&es, and ga&e u% their #ity on his a%%roa#h) Being now 'aster o$ "yra#use, Gelo #ared less to go&ern Gela, whi#h he there$ore entrusted to his brother Hiero, while he strengthened the de$en#es o$ his new #ity, whi#h indeed was now all in all to hi') *nd "yra#use s%rang u% ra%idly to %ower and be#a'e a $lourishing %la#e) For Gelo ra/ed Ca'arina to the ground, and brought all the inhabitants to "yra#use, and 'ade the' #iti/ens( he also brought thither 'ore than hal$ the #iti/ens o$ Gela, and ga&e the' the sa'e rights as the Ca'arinaeans) "o likewise with the -egarians o$ "i#ily7 a$ter besieging their town and $or#ing the' to surrender, he took the ri#h 'en, who, ha&ing 'ade the war, looked now $or nothing less than death at his hands, and #arrying the' to "yra#use, established the' there as #iti/ens( while the #o''on %eo%le, who, as they had not taken any share in the struggle, $elt se#ure that no har' would be done to the', he #arried likewise to "yra#use, where he sold the' all as sla&es to be #on&eyed abroad) He did the like also by the Euboeans o$ "i#ily, 'aking the sa'e di$$eren#e) His #ondu#t towards both nations arose $ro' his belie$ that a 9%eo%le9 was a 'ost un%leasant #o'%anion) n this way Gelo be#a'e a great king) 4hen the Greek en&oys rea#hed "yra#use, and were ad'itted to an audien#e, they s%oke as $ollows7 94e ha&e been sent hither by the La#edae'onians and *thenians, with their res%e#ti&e allies, to ask thee to 2oin us against the barbarian) 5oubtless thou hast heard o$ his in&asion, and art aware that a +ersian is about to throw a bridge o&er the Helles%ont, and, bringing with hi' out o$ *sia all the $or#es o$ the East, to #arry war into Gree#e7 %ro$essing indeed that he only seeks to atta#k *thens, but really bent on bringing all the Greeks into sub2e#tion) 5o thou there$ore, we besee#h thee, aid those who would 'aintain the $reedo' o$ Gree#e, and thysel$ assist to $ree her( sin#e the %ower whi#h thou wieldest is great, and thy %ortion in Gree#e, as lord o$ "i#ily, is no s'all one) For i$ all Gree#e 2oin together in one, there will be a 'ighty host #olle#ted, and we shall be a 'at#h $or our assailants( but i$ so'e turn traitors, and others re$use their aid, and only a s'all %art o$ the whole body re'ains sound, then there is reason to $ear that all Gree#e 'ay %erish) For do not thou #herish a ho%e that the +ersian, when he has #on,uered our #ountry, will be #ontent and not ad&an#e against thee) Rather take thy 'easures be$orehand, and #onsider that thou de$endest thysel$ when thou gi&est aid to us) 4ise #ounsels, be sure, $or the 'ost %art ha&e %ros%erous issues)9 Thus s%ake the en&oys( and Gelo re%lied with &ehe'en#e07 9Greeks, ye ha&e had the $a#e to #o'e here with sel$ish words, and e.hort 'e to 2oin in league with you against the barbarian) =et when erewhile asked you to 2oin with 'e in $ighting barbarians, what ti'e

the ,uarrel broke out between 'e and Carthage( and when earnestly besought you to re&enge on the 'en o$ Egesta their 'urder o$ 5orieus, the son o$ *na.andridas, %ro'ising to assist you in setting $ree the trading %la#es $ro' whi#h you re#ei&e great %ro$its and ad&antages, you neither #a'e hither to gi&e 'e su##our, nor yet to re&enge 5orieus( but, $or any e$$orts on your %art to hinder it, these #ountries 'ight at this ti'e ha&e been entirely under the barbarians) 3ow, howe&er, that 'atters ha&e %ros%ered and gone well with 'e, while the danger has shi$ted its ground and at %resent threatens yoursel&es, lo> you #all Gelo to 'ind) But though ye slighted 'e then, will not i'itate you now0 a' ready to gi&e you aid, and to $urnish as 'y #ontribution two hundred trire'es, twenty thousand 'en7at7ar's, two thousand #a&alry, and an e,ual nu'ber o$ ar#hers, slingers, and light horse'en, together with #orn $or the whole Gre#ian ar'y so long as the war shall last) These ser&i#es, howe&er, %ro'ise on one #ondition7 that ye a%%oint 'e #hie$ #a%tain and #o''ander o$ the Gre#ian $or#es during the war with the barbarian) 6nless ye agree to this, will neither send su##ours, nor #o'e 'ysel$)9 "yagrus, when he heard these words, was unable to #ontain hi'sel$, and e.#lai'ed07 9"urely a groan would burst $ro' +elo%s1 son, *ga'e'non, did he hear that her leadershi% was snat#hed $ro' "%arta by Gelo and the 'en o$ "yra#use) "%eak then no 'ore o$ any su#h #ondition, as that we should yield thee the #hie$ #o''and( but i$ thou art 'inded to #o'e to the aid o$ Gree#e, %re%are to ser&e under La#edae'onian generals) 4ilt thou not ser&e under a leader:7 then, %rithee, withhold thy su##ours)9 Hereu%on Gelo, seeing the indignation whi#h showed itsel$ in the wolds o$ "yagrus, deli&ered to the en&oys his $inal o$$er07 9"%artan stranger,9 he said, 9re%roa#hes #ast $orth against a 'an are wont to %ro&oke hi' to anger( but the insults whi#h thou hast uttered in thy s%ee#h shall not %ersuade 'e to outste% good breeding in 'y answer) "urely i$ you 'aintain so stoutly your right to the #o''and, it is reasonable that should be still 'ore sti$$ in 'aintaining 'ine, $oras'u#h as a' at the head o$ a $ar larger $leet and ar'y) "in#e, howe&er, the #lai' whi#h ha&e %ut $orward is so dis%leasing to you, will yield, and be #ontent with less) Take, i$ it %lease you, the #o''and o$ the land7$or#e, and will be ad'iral o$ the $leet( or assu'e, i$ you %re$er it, the #o''and by sea, and will be leader u%on the land) 6nless you are satis$ied with these ter's, you 'ust return ho'e by yoursel&es, and lose this great allian#e)9 "u#h was the o$$er whi#h Gelo 'ade) Hereat broke in the *thenian en&oy, be$ore the "%artan #ould answer, and thus addressed Gelo7 9?ing o$ the "yra#usans> Gree#e sent us here to thee to ask $or an

ar'y, and not to ask $or a general) Thou, howe&er, dost not %ro'ise to send us any ar'y at all, i$ thou art not 'ade leader o$ the Greeks( and this #o''and is what alone thou sti#klest $or) 3ow when thy re,uest was to ha&e the whole #o''and, we were #ontent to kee% silen#e( $or well we knew that we 'ight trust the "%artan en&oy to 'ake answer $or us both) But sin#e, a$ter $ailing in thy #lai' to lead the whole ar'a'ent, thou hast now %ut $orward a re,uest to ha&e the #o''and o$ the $leet, know that, e&en should the "%artan en&oy #onsent to this, we will not #onsent) The #o''and by sea, i$ the La#edae'onians do not wish $or it, belongs to us) 4hile they like to kee% this #o''and, we shall raise no dis%ute( but we will not yield our right to it in $a&our o$ any one else) 4here would be the ad&antage o$ our ha&ing raised u% a na&al $or#e greater than that o$ any other Greek %eo%le, i$ ne&ertheless we should su$$er "yra#usans to take the #o''and away $ro' us:7 $ro' us, say, who are *thenians, the 'ost an#ient nation in Gree#e, the only Greeks who ha&e ne&er #hanged their abode7 the %eo%le who are said by the %oet Ho'er to ha&e sent to Troy the 'an best able o$ all the Greeks to array and 'arshal an ar'y7 so that we 'ay be allowed to boast so'ewhat)9 Gelo re%lied7 9*thenian stranger, ye ha&e, it see's, no la#k o$ #o''anders( but ye are likely to la#k 'en to re#ei&e their orders) *s ye are resol&ed to yield nothing and #lai' e&erything, ye had best 'ake haste ba#k to Gree#e, and say that the s%ring o$ her year is lost to her)9 The 'eaning o$ this e.%ression was the $ollowing0 as the s%ring is 'ani$estly the $inest season o$ the year, so ;he 'eant to say< were his troo%s the $inest o$ the Greek ar'y7 Gree#e, there$ore, de%ri&ed o$ his allian#e, would be like a year with the s%ring taken $ro' it) Then the Greek en&oys, without ha&ing any $urther dealings with Gelo, sailed away ho'e) *nd Gelo, who $eared that the Greeks would be too weak to withstand the barbarians, and yet #ould not any how bring hi'sel$ to go to the +elo%onnese, and there, though king o$ "i#ily, ser&e under the La#edae'onians, le$t o$$ altogether to #onte'%late that #ourse o$ a#tion, and betook hi'sel$ to ,uite a di$$erent %lan) *s soon as e&er tidings rea#hed hi' o$ the %assage o$ the Helles%ont by the +ersians, he sent o$$ three %ente#onters, under the #o''and o$ Cad'us, the son o$ "#ythas, a nati&e o$ Cos, who was to go to 5el%hi, taking with hi' a large su' o$ 'oney and a sto#k o$ $riendly words0 there he was to wat#h the war, and see what turn it would take0 i$ the barbarians %re&ailed, he was to gi&e Ber.es the treasure, and with it earth and water $or the lands whi#h Gelo ruled7 i$ the Greeks won the day, he was to #on&ey the treasure ba#k) This Cad'us had at an earlier ti'e re#ei&ed $ro' his $ather the kingly %ower at Cos in a right good #ondition, and had o$ his own $ree will and without the a%%roa#h o$ any danger, $ro' %ure lo&e o$ 2usti#e, gi&en u% his %ower into the hands o$ the %eo%le at large, and

de%arted to "i#ily( where he assisted in the "a'ian sei/ure and settle'ent o$ Kan#le, or -essana, as it was a$terwards #alled) 6%on this o##asion Gelo #hose hi' to send into Gree#e, be#ause he was a#,uainted with the %roo$s o$ honesty whi#h he had gi&en) *nd now he added to his $or'er honourable deeds an a#tion whi#h is not the least o$ his 'erits) 4ith a &ast su' entrusted to hi' and #o'%letely in his %ower, so that he 'ight ha&e ke%t it $or his own use i$ he had liked, he did not tou#h it( but when the Greeks gained the sea7$ight and Ber.es $led away with his ar'y, he brought the whole treasure ba#k with hi' to "i#ily) They, howe&er, who dwell in "i#ily, say that Gelo, though he knew that he 'ust ser&e under the La#edae'onians, would ne&ertheless ha&e #o'e to the aid o$ the Greeks, had not it been $or Terillus, the son o$ Crini%%us, king o$ Hi'era( who, dri&en $ro' his #ity by Thero, the son o$ *eneside'us, king o$ *grigentu', brought into "i#ily at this &ery ti'e an ar'y o$ three hundred thousand 'en, +hoeni#ians, Libyans, berians, Ligurians, Helisy#ians, "ardinians, and Corsi#ans, under the #o''and o$ Ha'il#ar the son o$ Hanno, king o$ the Carthaginians) Terillus %re&ailed u%on Ha'il#ar, %artly as his sworn $riend, but 'ore through the /ealous aid o$ *na.ilaus the son o$ Cretines, king o$ Rhegiu'( who, by gi&ing his own sons to Ha'il#ar as hostages, indu#ed hi' to 'ake the e.%edition) *na.ilaus herein ser&ed his own $ather7in7law( $or he was 'arried to a daughter o$ Terillus, by na'e Cydi%%e) "o, as Gelo #ould not gi&e the Greeks any aid, he sent ;they say< the su' o$ 'oney to 5el%hi) They say too, that the &i#tory o$ Gelo and Thero in "i#ily o&er Ha'il#ar the Carthaginian $ell out u%on the &ery day that the Greeks de$eated the +ersians at "ala'is) Ha'il#ar, who was a Carthaginian on his $ather1s side only, but on his 'other1s a "yra#usan, and who had been raised by his 'erit to the throne o$ Carthage, a$ter the battle and the de$eat, as a' in$or'ed, disa%%eared $ro' sight0 Gelo 'ade the stri#test sear#h $or hi', but he #ould not be $ound anywhere, either dead or ali&e) The Carthaginians, who take %robability $or their guide, gi&e the $ollowing a##ount o$ this 'atter07 Ha'il#ar, they say, during all the ti'e that the battle raged between the Greeks and the barbarians, whi#h was $ro' early dawn till e&ening, re'ained in the #a'%, sa#ri$i#ing and seeking $a&ourable o'ens, while he burned on a huge %yre the entire bodies o$ the &i#ti's whi#h he o$$ered) Here, as he %oured libations u%on the sa#ri$i#es, he saw the rout o$ his ar'y( whereu%on he #ast hi'sel$ headlong into the $la'es, and so was #onsu'ed and disa%%eared) But whether Ha'il#ar1s disa%%earan#e ha%%ened, as the +hoeni#ians tell us, in this way, or, as the "yra#usans 'aintain, in so'e other, #ertain it is that the Carthaginians o$$er hi' sa#ri$i#e, and in all their #olonies ha&e 'onu'ents ere#ted to his honour, as well as one, whi#h is the grandest

o$ all, at Carthage) Thus 'u#h #on#erning the a$$airs o$ "i#ily) *s $or the Cor#yraeans, who' the en&oys that &isited "i#ily took in their way, and to who' they deli&ered the sa'e 'essage as to Gelo7 their answers and a#tions were the $ollowing) 4ith great readiness they %ro'ised to #o'e and gi&e their hel% to the Greeks( de#laring that 9the ruin o$ Gree#e was a thing whi#h they #ould not ta'ely stand by to see( $or should she $all, they 'ust the &ery ne.t day sub'it to sla&ery( so that they were bound to assist her to the &ery utter'ost o$ their %ower)9 But notwithstanding that they answered so s'oothly, yet when the ti'e #a'e $or the su##ours to be sent, they were o$ ,uite a di$$erent 'ind( and though they 'anned si.ty shi%s, it was long ere they %ut to sea with the'( and when they had so done, they went no $urther than the +elo%onnese, where they lay to with their $leet, o$$ the La#edae'onian #oast, about +ylos and Taenaru'7 like Gelo, wat#hing to see what turn the war would take) For they des%aired altogether o$ the Greeks gaining the day, and e.%e#ted that the +ersian would win a great battle, and then be 'aster o$ the whole o$ Gree#e) They there$ore a#ted as ha&e said, in order that they 'ight be able to address Ber.es in words like these0 9! king> though the Greeks sought to obtain our aid in their war with thee, and though we had a $or#e o$ no s'all si/e, and #ould ha&e $urnished a greater nu'ber o$ shi%s than any Greek state e.#e%t *thens, yet we re$used, sin#e we would not $ight against thee, nor do aught to #ause thee annoyan#e)9 The Cor#yraeans ho%ed that a s%ee#h like this would gain the' better treat'ent $ro' the +ersians than the rest o$ the Greeks( and it would ha&e done so, in 'y 2udg'ent) *t the sa'e ti'e, they had an e.#use ready to gi&e their #ountry'en, whi#h they used when the ti'e #a'e) Re%roa#hed by the' $or sending no su##ours, they re%lied 9that they had $itted out a $leet o$ si.ty trire'es, but that the Etesian winds did not allow the' to double Ca%e -alea, and this hindered the' $ro' rea#hing "ala'is7 it was not $ro' any bad 'oti&e that they had 'issed the sea7$ight)9 n this way the Cor#yraeans eluded the re%roa#hes o$ the Greeks) The Cretans, when the en&oys sent to ask aid $ro' the' #a'e and 'ade their re,uest, a#ted as $ollows) They des%at#hed 'essengers in the na'e o$ their state to 5el%hi, and asked the god, whether it would 'ake $or their wel$are i$ they should lend su##our to Gree#e) 9Fools>9 re%lied the +ythoness, 9do ye not still #o'%lain o$ the woes whi#h the assisting o$ -enelaus #ost you at the hands o$ angry -inos: How wroth was he, when, in s%ite o$ their ha&ing lent you no aid towards a&enging his death at Ca'i#us, you hel%ed the' to a&enge the #arrying o$$ by a barbarian o$ a wo'an $ro' "%arta>9 4hen this answer was brought $ro' 5el%hi to the Cretans, they thought no 'ore o$ assisting the Greeks) -inos, a##ording to tradition, went to "i#ania, or "i#ily, as it is now #alled, in sear#h o$ 5aedalus, and there %erished by a

&iolent death) *$ter a while the Cretans, warned by so'e god or other, 'ade a great e.%edition into "i#ania, all e.#e%t the +oli#hnites and the +raesians, and besieged Ca'i#us ;whi#h in 'y ti'e belonged to *grigentu'< by the s%a#e o$ $i&e years) *t last, howe&er, $ailing in their e$$orts to take the %la#e, and unable to #arry on the siege any longer $ro' the %ressure o$ hunger, they de%arted and went their way) @oyaging ho'ewards they had rea#hed a%ygia, when a $urious stor' arose and threw the' u%on the #oast) *ll their &essels were broken in %ie#es( and so, as they saw no 'eans o$ returning to Crete, they $ounded the town o$ Hyria, where they took u% their abode, #hanging their na'e $ro' Cretans to -essa%ian a%ygians, and at the sa'e ti'e be#o'ing inhabitants o$ the 'ainland instead o$ islanders) Fro' Hyria they a$terwards $ounded those other towns whi#h the Tarentines at a 'u#h later %eriod endea&oured to take, but #ould not, being de$eated signally) ndeed so dread$ul a slaughter o$ Greeks ne&er ha%%ened at any other ti'e, so $ar as 'y knowledge e.tends0 nor was it only the Tarentines who su$$ered( but the 'en o$ Rhegiu' too, who had been $or#ed to go to the aid o$ the Tarentines by -i#ythus the son o$ Choerus, lost here three thousand o$ their #iti/ens( while the nu'ber o$ the Tarentines who $ell was beyond all #ount) This -i#ythus had been a household sla&e o$ *na.ilaus, and was by hi' le$t in #harge o$ Rhegiu'0 he is the sa'e 'an who was a$terwards $or#ed to lea&e Rhegiu', when he settled at Tegea in *r#adia, $ro' whi#h %la#e he 'ade his 'any o$$erings o$ statues to the shrine at !ly'%ia) This a##ount o$ the Rhegians and the Tarentines is a digression $ro' the story whi#h was relating) To return7 the +raesians say that 'en o$ &arious nations now $lo#ked to Crete, whi#h was stri%t o$ its inhabitants( but none #a'e in su#h nu'bers as the Gre#ians) Three generations a$ter the death o$ -inos the Tro2an war took %la#e( and the Cretans were not the least distinguished a'ong the hel%ers o$ -enelaus) But on this a##ount, when they #a'e ba#k $ro' Troy, $a'ine and %estilen#e $ell u%on the', and destroyed both the 'en and the #attle) Crete was a se#ond ti'e stri%t o$ its inhabitants, a re'nant only being le$t( who $or', together with $resh settlers, the third 9Cretan9 %eo%le by who' the island has been inhabited) These were the e&ents o$ whi#h the +ythoness now re'inded the 'en o$ Crete( and thereby she %re&ented the' $ro' gi&ing the Greeks aid, though they wished to ha&e gone to their assistan#e) The Thessalians did not e'bra#e the #ause o$ the -edes until they were $or#ed to do so( $or they ga&e %lain %roo$ that the intrigues o$ the *leuadae were not at all to their liking) 3o sooner did they hear that the +ersian was about to #ross o&er into Euro%e than they des%at#hed en&oys to the Greeks who were 'et to #onsult together at the sth'us, whither all the states whi#h were well in#lined to the Gre#ian #ause had sent their delegates) These en&oys

on their arri&al thus addressed their #ountry'en07 9-en o$ Gree#e, it beho&es you to guard the %ass o$ !ly'%us( $or thus will Thessaly be %la#ed in sa$ety, as well as the rest o$ Gree#e) 4e $or our %arts are ,uite ready to take our share in this work( but you 'ust likewise send us a strong $or#e0 otherwise we gi&e you $air warning that we shall 'ake ter's with the +ersians) For we ought not to be le$t, e.%osed as we are in $ront o$ all the rest o$ Gree#e, to die in your de$en#e alone and unassisted) $ howe&er you do not #hoose to send us aid, you #annot $or#e us to resist the ene'y( $or there is no $or#e so strong as inability) 4e shall there$ore do our best to se#ure our own sa$ety)9 "u#h was the de#laration o$ the Thessalians) Hereu%on the Greeks deter'ined to send a body o$ $oot to Thessaly by sea, whi#h should de$end the %ass o$ !ly'%us) *##ordingly a $or#e was #olle#ted, whi#h %assed u% the Euri%us, and dise'barking at *lus, on the #oast o$ *#haea, le$t the shi%s there, and 'ar#hed by land into Thessaly) Here they o##u%ied the de$ile o$ Te'%e( whi#h leads $ro' Lower -a#edonia into Thessaly along the #ourse o$ the +eneus, ha&ing the range o$ !ly'%us on the one hand and !ssa u%on the other) n this %la#e the Greek $or#e that had been #olle#ted, a'ounting to about F0,000 hea&y7ar'ed 'en, %it#hed their #a'%( and here they were 2oined by the Thessalian #a&alry) The #o''anders were, on the %art o$ the La#edae'onians, E&aenetus, the son o$ Carenus, who had been #hosen out o$ the +ole'ar#hs, but did not belong to the blood royal( and on the %art o$ the *thenians The'isto#les, the son o$ 3eo#les) They did not howe&er 'aintain their station $or 'ore than a $ew days( sin#e en&oys #a'e $ro' *le.ander, the son o$ *'yntas, the -a#edonian, and #ounselled the' to de#a'% $ro' Te'%e, telling the' that i$ they re'ained in the %ass they would be trodden under $oot by the in&ading ar'y, whose nu'bers they re#ounted, and likewise the 'ultitude o$ their shi%s) "o when the en&oys thus #ounselled the', and the #ounsel see'ed to be good, and the -a#edonian who sent it $riendly, they did e&en as he ad&ised) n 'y o%inion what #hie$ly wrought on the' was the $ear that the +ersians 'ight enter by another %ass, whereo$ they now heard, whi#h led $ro' 6%%er -a#edonia into Thessaly through the territory o$ the +errhaebi, and by the town o$ Gonnus7 the %ass by whi#h soon a$terwards the ar'y o$ Ber.es a#tually 'ade its entran#e) The Greeks there$ore went ba#k to their shi%s and sailed away to the sth'us) "u#h were the #ir#u'stan#es o$ the e.%edition into Thessaly( they took %la#e when the king was at *bydos, %re%aring to %ass $ro' *sia into Euro%e) The Thessalians, when their allies $orsook the', no longer wa&ered, but war'ly es%oused the side o$ the -edes( and a$terwards, in the #ourse o$ the war, they were o$ the &ery greatest ser&i#e to Ber.es) The Greeks, on their return to the sth'us, took #ounsel

together #on#erning the words o$ *le.ander, and #onsidered where they should $i. the war, and what %la#es they should o##u%y) The o%inion whi#h %re&ailed was that they should guard the %ass o$ Ther'o%ylae( sin#e it was narrower than the Thessalian de$ile, and at the sa'e ti'e nearer to the') !$ the %athway, by whi#h the Greeks who $ell at Ther'o%ylae were inter#e%ted, they had no knowledge, until, on their arri&al at Ther'o%ylae, it was dis#o&ered to the' by the Tra#hinians) This %ass then it was deter'ined that they should guard, in order to %re&ent the barbarians $ro' %enetrating into Gree#e through it( and at the sa'e ti'e it was resol&ed that the $leet should %ro#eed to *rte'isiu', in the region o$ Histiaeotis, $or, as those %la#es are near to one another, it would be easy $or the $leet and ar'y to hold #o''uni#ation) The two %la#es 'ay be thus des#ribed) *rte'isiu' is where the sea o$ Thra#e #ontra#ts into a narrow #hannel, running between the isle o$ "#iathus and the 'ainland o$ -agnesia) 4hen this narrow strait is %assed you #o'e to the line o$ #oast #alled *rte'isiu'( whi#h is a %ortion o$ Euboea, and #ontains a te'%le o$ *rte'is ;5iana<) *s $or the entran#e into Gree#e by Tra#his, it is, at its narrowest %oint, about $i$ty $eet wide) This howe&er is not the %la#e where the %assage is 'ost #ontra#ted( $or it is still narrower a little abo&e and a little below Ther'o%ylae) *t *l%ini, whi#h is lower down than that %la#e, it is only wide enough $or a single #arriage( and u% abo&e, at the ri&er +hoeni., near the town #alled *nthela, it is the sa'e) 4est o$ Ther'o%ylae rises a lo$ty and %re#i%itous hill, i'%ossible to #li'b, whi#h runs u% into the #hain o$ !eta( while to the east the road is shut in by the sea and by 'arshes) n this %la#e are the war' s%rings, whi#h the nati&es #all 9The Cauldrons9( and abo&e the' stands an altar sa#red to Her#ules) * wall had on#e been #arried a#ross the o%ening( and in this there had o$ old ti'es been a gateway) These works were 'ade by the +ho#ians, through $ear o$ the Thessalians, at the ti'e when the latter #a'e $ro' Thes%rotia to establish the'sel&es in the land o$ *eolis, whi#h they still o##u%y) *s the Thessalians stro&e to redu#e +ho#is, the +ho#ians raised the wall to %rote#t the'sel&es, and likewise turned the hot s%rings u%on the %ass, that so the ground 'ight be broken u% by water#ourses, using thus all %ossible 'eans to hinder the Thessalians $ro' in&ading their #ountry) The old wall had been built in &ery re'ote ti'es( and the greater %art o$ it had gone to de#ay through age) 3ow howe&er the Greeks resol&ed to re%air its brea#hes, and here 'ake their stand against the barbarian) *t this %oint there is a &illage &ery nigh the road, *l%eni by na'e, $ro' whi#h the Greeks re#koned on getting #orn $or their troo%s) These %la#es, there$ore, see'ed to the Greeks $it $or their %ur%ose) 4eighing well all that was likely to ha%%en, and #onsidering that in this region the barbarians #ould 'ake no use o$ their &ast nu'bers, nor o$ their #a&alry, they resol&ed to await

here the in&ader o$ Gree#e) *nd when news rea#hed the' o$ the +ersians being in +ieria, straightway they broke u% $ro' the sth'us, and %ro#eeded, so'e on $oot to Ther'o%ylae, others by sea to *rte'isiu') The Greeks now 'ade all s%eed to rea#h the two stations( and about the sa'e ti'e7 the 5el%hians, alar'ed both $or the'sel&es and $or their #ountry, #onsulted the god, and re#ei&ed $or answer a #o''and to 9%ray to the winds, $or the winds would do Gree#e good ser&i#e)9 "o when this answer was gi&en the', $orthwith the 5el%hians sent word o$ the %ro%he#y to those Greeks who were /ealous $or $reedo', and, #heering the' thereby a'id the $ears whi#h they entertained with res%e#t to the barbarian, earned their e&erlasting gratitude) This done, they raised an altar to the winds at Thyia ;where Thyia, the daughter o$ Ce%hissus, $ro' who' the region takes its na'e, has a %re#in#t<, and worshi%%ed the' with sa#ri$i#es) *nd e&en to the %resent day the 5el%hians sa#ri$i#e to the winds, be#ause o$ this ora#le) The $leet o$ Ber.es now de%arted $ro' Ther'a( and ten o$ the swi$test sailing shi%s &entured to stret#h a#ross dire#t $or "#iathus, at whi#h %la#e there were u%on the look7out three &essels belonging to the Greeks, one a shi% o$ Troe/en, another o$ Egina, and the third $ro' *thens) These &essels no sooner saw $ro' a distan#e the barbarians a%%roa#hing than they all hurriedly took to $light) The barbarians at on#e %ursued, and the Troe/enian shi%, whi#h was #o''anded by +re.inus, $ell into their hands) Hereu%on the +ersians took the handso'est o$ the 'en7at7ar's, and drew hi' to the %row o$ the &essel, where they sa#ri$i#ed hi'( $or they thought the 'an a good o'en to their #ause, seeing that he was at on#e so beauti$ul, and likewise the $irst #a%ti&e they had 'ade) The 'an who was slain in this way was #alled Leo( and it 'ay be that the na'e he bore hel%ed hi' to his $ate in so'e 'easure) The Eginetan trire'e, under its #a%tain, *sonides, ga&e the +ersians no little trouble, one o$ the 'en7at7ar's, +ythes, the son o$ s#henous, distinguishing hi'sel$ beyond all the others who $ought that day) *$ter the shi% was taken this 'an #ontinued to resist, and did not #ease $ighting till he $ell ,uite #o&ered with wounds) The +ersians who ser&ed as 'en7at7ar's in the s,uadron, $inding that he was not dead, but still breathed, and being &ery an.ious to sa&e his li$e, sin#e he had beha&ed so &aliantly, dressed his wounds with 'yrrh, and bound the' u% with bandages o$ #otton) Then, when they were returned to their own station, they dis%layed their %risoner ad'iringly to the whole host, and beha&ed towards hi' with 'u#h kindness( but all the rest o$ the shi%1s #rew were treated 'erely as sla&es) Thus did the +ersians su##eed in taking two o$ the &essels) The third, a trire'e #o''anded by +hor'us o$ *thens, took to $light and ran aground at the 'outh o$ the ri&er +eneus) The barbarians got

%ossession o$ the bark but not o$ the 'en) For the *thenians had no sooner run their &essel aground than they lea%t out, and 'ade their way through Thessaly ba#k to *thens) 4hen the Greeks stationed at *rte'isiu' learnt what had ha%%ened by $ire7signals $ro' "#iathus, so terri$ied were they, that, ,uitting their an#horage7ground at *rte'isiu', and lea&ing s#outs to wat#h the $oe on the highlands o$ Euboea, they re'o&ed to Chal#is, intending to guard the Euri%us) -eanti'e three o$ the ten &essels sent $orward by the barbarians ad&an#ed as $ar as the sunken ro#k between "#iathus and -agnesia, whi#h is #alled 9The *nt,9 and there set u% a stone %illar whi#h they had brought with the' $or that %ur%ose) *$ter this, their #ourse being now #lear, the barbarians set sail with all their shi%s $ro' Ther'a, ele&en days $ro' the ti'e that the king ,uitted the town) The ro#k, whi#h lay dire#tly in their #ourse, had been 'ade known to the' by +a''on o$ "#yros) * day1s &oyage without a sto% brought the' to "e%ias in -agnesia, and to the stri% o$ #oast whi#h lies between the town o$ Casthanaea and the %ro'ontory o$ "e%ias) *s $ar as this %oint then, and on land, as $ar as Ther'o%ylae, the ar'a'ent o$ Ber.es had been $ree $ro' 'is#han#e( and the nu'bers were still, a##ording to 'y re#koning, o$ the $ollowing a'ount) First there was the an#ient #o'%le'ent o$ the twel&e hundred and se&en &essels whi#h #a'e with the king $ro' *sia7 the #ontingents o$ the nations se&erally7 a'ounting, i$ we allow to ea#h shi% a #rew o$ two hundred 'en, to G4F,4007 Ea#h o$ these &essels had on board, besides nati&e soldiers, thirty $ighting 'en, who were either +ersians, -edes, or "a#ans( whi#h gi&es an addition o$ ED,GF0) To these two nu'bers shall $urther add the #rews o$ the %ente#onters( whi#h 'ay be re#koned, one with another, at $ours#ore 'en ea#h) !$ su#h &essels there were ;as said be$ore< three thousand( and the 'en on board the' a##ordingly would be G40,000) This was the sea $or#e brought by the king $ro' *sia( and it a'ounted in all to JFM,DF0 'en) The nu'ber o$ the $oot soldiers was F,M00,000( that o$ the horse'en C0,000( to whi#h 'ust be added the *rabs who rode on #a'els, and the Libyans who $ought in #hariots, who' re#kon at G0,000) The whole nu'ber, there$ore, o$ the land and sea $or#es added together a'ounts to G,EFM,DF0 'en) "u#h was the $or#e brought $ro' *sia, without in#luding the #a'% $ollowers, or taking any a##ount o$ the %ro&ision7 shi%s and the 'en who' they had on board) To the a'ount thus rea#hed we ha&e still to add the $or#es gathered in Euro%e, #on#erning whi#h #an only s%eak $ro' #on2e#ture) The Greeks dwelling in Thra#e, and in the islands o$$ the #oast o$ Thra#e, $urnished to the $leet one hundred and twenty shi%s( the #rews o$ whi#h would a'ount to G4,000 'en) Besides these, $oot'en were $urnished by the Thra#ians, the +aeonians, the Eordians, the Bottiaeans, by the Chal#idean tribes, by the Brygians, the +ierians,

the -a#edonians, the +errhaebians the Enianians, the 5olo%ians, the -agnesians, the *#haeans and by all the dwellers u%on the Thra#ian sea7board( and the $or#es o$ these nations a'ounted, belie&e, to three hundred thousand 'en) These nu'bers, added to those o$ the $or#e whi#h #a'e out o$ *sia, 'ake the su' o$ the $ighting 'en G,D4F,DF0) "u#h then being the nu'ber o$ the $ighting 'en, it is 'y belie$ that the attendants who $ollowed the #a'%, together with the #rews o$ the #orn7barks, and o$ the other #ra$t a##o'%anying the ar'y, 'ade u% an a'ount rather abo&e than below that o$ the $ighting 'en) Howe&er will not re#kon the' as either $ewer or 'ore, but take the' at an e,ual nu'ber) 4e ha&e there$ore to add to the su' already rea#hed an e.a#tly e,ual a'ount) This will gi&e J,GCE,GG0 as the whole nu'ber o$ 'en brought by Ber.es, the son o$ 5arius, as $ar as "e%ias and Ther'o%ylae) "u#h then was the a'ount o$ the entire host o$ Ber.es) *s $or the nu'ber o$ the wo'en who ground the #orn, o$ the #on#ubines, and the eunu#hs, no one #an gi&e any sure a##ount o$ it( nor #an the baggage7horses and other su'%ter7beasts, nor the ndian hounds whi#h $ollowed the ar'y, be #al#ulated, by reason o$ their 'ultitude) Hen#e a' not at all sur%rised that the water o$ the ri&ers was $ound too s#ant $or the ar'y in so'e instan#es( rather it is a 'ar&el to 'e how the %ro&isions did not $ail, when the nu'bers were so great) For $ind on #al#ulation that i$ ea#h 'an #onsu'ed no 'ore than a #hoeni. o$ #orn a day, there 'ust ha&e been used daily by the ar'y FF0,E40 'edi'ni, and this without #ounting what was eaten by the wo'en, the eunu#hs, the su'%ter7beasts, and the hounds) *'ong all this 'ultitude o$ 'en there was not one who, $or beauty and stature, deser&ed 'ore than Ber.es hi'sel$ to wield so &ast a %ower) The $leet then, as said, on lea&ing Ther'a, sailed to the -agnesian territory, and there o##u%ied the stri% o$ #oast between the #ity o$ Casthanaea and Ca%e "e%ias) The shi%s o$ the $irst row were 'oored to the land, while the re'ainder swung at an#hor $urther o$$) The bea#h e.tended but a &ery little way, so that they had to an#hor o$$ the shore, row u%on row, eight dee%) n this 'anner they %assed the night) But at dawn o$ day #al' and stillness ga&e %la#e to a raging sea, and a &iolent stor', whi#h $ell u%on the' with a strong gale $ro' the east7 a wind whi#h the %eo%le in those %arts #all Helles%ontias) "u#h o$ the' as %er#ei&ed the wind rising, and were so 'oored as to allow o$ it, $orestalled the te'%est by dragging their shi%s u% on the bea#h, and in this way sa&ed both the'sel&es and their &essels) But the shi%s whi#h the stor' #aught out at sea were dri&en ashore, so'e o$ the' near the %la#e #alled %ni, or 9The !&ens,9 at the $oot o$ +elion( others on the strand itsel$( others again about Ca%e "e%ias( while a %ortion were dashed to %ie#es near the #ities o$ -eliboea and Casthanaea) There was no resisting the te'%est) t is said that the *thenians had #alled u%on Boreas to aid the

Greeks, on a##ount o$ a $resh ora#le whi#h had rea#hed the', #o''anding the' to 9seek hel% $ro' their son7in7law)9 For Boreas, a##ording to the tradition o$ the Greeks, took to wi$e a wo'an o$ *tti#a, &i/), !rithyia, the daughter o$ Ere#htheus) "o the *thenians, as the tale goes, #onsidering that this 'arriage 'ade Boreas their son7in7law, and %er#ei&ing, while they lay with their shi%s at Chal#is o$ Euboea, that the wind was rising, or, it 'ay be, e&en be$ore it $reshened, o$$ered sa#ri$i#e both to Boreas and likewise to !rithyia, entreating the' to #o'e to their aid and to destroy the shi%s o$ the barbarians, as they did on#e be$ore o$$ -ount *thos) 4hether it was owing to this that Boreas $ell with &iolen#e on the barbarians at their an#horage #annot say( but the *thenians de#lare that they had re#ei&ed aid $ro' Boreas be$ore, and that it was he who now #aused all these disasters) They there$ore, on their return ho'e, built a te'%le to this god on the banks o$ the lissus) "u#h as %ut the loss o$ the +ersian $leet in this stor' at the lowest say that $our hundred o$ their shi%s were destroyed, that a #ountless 'ultitude o$ 'en were slain, and a &ast treasure engul$ed) *'eino#les, the son o$ Cretines, a -agnesian, who $ar'ed land near Ca%e "e%ias, $ound the wre#k o$ these &essels a sour#e o$ great gain to hi'( 'any were the gold and sil&er drinking7#u%s, #ast u% long a$terwards by the sur$, whi#h he gathered( while treasure7bo.es too whi#h had belonged to the +ersians, and golden arti#les o$ all kinds and beyond #ount, #a'e into his %ossession) *'eino#les grew to be a 'an o$ great wealth in this way( but in other res%e#ts things did not go o&er well with hi'0 he too, like other 'en, had his own grie$7 the #ala'ity o$ losing his o$$s%ring) *s $or the nu'ber o$ the %ro&ision #ra$t and other 'er#hant shi%s whi#h %erished, it was beyond #ount) ndeed, su#h was the loss, that the #o''anders o$ the sea $or#e, $earing lest in their shattered #ondition the Thessalians should &enture on an atta#k, raised a lo$ty barri#ade around their station out o$ the wre#k o$ the &essels #ast ashore) The stor' lasted three days) *t length the -agians, by o$$ering &i#ti's to the 4inds, and #har'ing the' with the hel% o$ #on2urers, while at the sa'e ti'e they sa#ri$i#ed to Thetis and the 3ereids, su##eeded in laying the stor' $our days a$ter it $irst began( or %erha%s it #eased o$ itsel$) The reason o$ their o$$ering sa#ri$i#e to Thetis was this0 they were told by the onians that here was the %la#e when#e +eleus #arried her o$$, and that the whole %ro'ontory was sa#red to her and to her sister 3ereids) "o the stor' lulled u%on the $ourth day) The s#outs le$t by the Greeks about the highlands o$ Euboea hastened down $ro' their stations on the day $ollowing that whereon the stor' began, and a#,uainted their #ountry'en with all that had be$allen the +ersian $leet) These no sooner heard what had ha%%ened than straightway they returned thanks to 3e%tune the "a&iour, and

%oured libations in his honour( a$ter whi#h they hastened ba#k with all s%eed to *rte'isiu', e.%e#ting to $ind a &ery $ew shi%s le$t to o%%ose the', and arri&ing there $or the se#ond ti'e, took u% their station on that stri% o$ #oast0 nor $ro' that day to the %resent ha&e they #eased to address 3e%tune by the na'e then gi&en hi', o$ 9"a&iour)9 The barbarians, when the wind lulled and the sea grew s'ooth, drew their shi%s down to the water, and %ro#eeded to #oast along the 'ainland) Ha&ing then rounded the e.tre'e %oint o$ -agnesia, they sailed straight into the bay that runs u% to +agasae) There is a %la#e in this bay, belonging to -agnesia, where Her#ules is said to ha&e been %ut ashore to $et#h water by 8ason and his #o'%anions( who then deserted hi' and went on their way to *ea in Col#his, on board the shi% *rgo, in ,uest o$ the golden $lee#e) Fro' the #ir#u'stan#e that they intended, a$ter watering their &essel at this %la#e, to ,uit the shore and laun#h $orth into the dee%, it re#ei&ed the na'e o$ *%hetae) Here then it was that the $leet o$ Ber.es #a'e to an an#hor) Fi$teen shi%s, whi#h had lagged greatly behind the rest, ha%%ening to #at#h sight o$ the Greek $leet at *rte'isiu', 'istook it $or their own, and sailing down into the 'idst o$ it, $ell into the hands o$ the ene'y) The #o''ander o$ this s,uadron was "ando#es, the son o$ Tha'asius, go&ernor o$ Cy'e, in *eolis) He was o$ the nu'ber o$ the royal 2udges, and had been #ru#i$ied by 5arius so'e ti'e be$ore, on the #harge o$ taking a bribe to deter'ine a #ause wrongly( but while he yet hung on the #ross, 5arius bethought hi' that the good deeds o$ "ando#es towards the king1s house were 'ore nu'erous than his e&il deeds( and so, #on$essing that he had a#ted with 'ore haste than wisdo', he ordered hi' to be taken down and set at large) Thus "ando#es es#a%ed destru#tion at the hands o$ 5arius, and was ali&e at this ti'e( but he was not $ated to #o'e o$$ so #hea%ly $ro' his se#ond %eril( $or as soon as the Greeks saw the shi%s 'aking towards the', they guessed their 'istake, and %utting to sea, took the' without di$$i#ulty) *ridolis, tyrant o$ *labanda in Caria, was on board one o$ the shi%s, and was 'ade %risoner( as also was the +a%hian general, +enthylus, the son o$ 5o'onous, who was on board another) This %erson had brought with hi' twel&e shi%s $ro' +a%hos, and, a$ter losing ele&en in the stor' o$$ "e%ias, was taken in the re'aining one as he sailed towards *rte'isiu') The Greeks, a$ter ,uestioning their %risoners as 'u#h as they wished #on#erning the $or#es o$ Ber.es, sent the' away in #hains to the sth'us o$ Corinth) The sea $or#e o$ the barbarians, with the e.#e%tion o$ the $i$teen shi%s #o''anded ;as said< by "ando#es, #a'e sa$e to *%hetae) Ber.es 'eanwhile, with the land ar'y, had %ro#eeded through Thessaly and *#haea, and three days earlier, had entered the territory o$ the -alians) n Thessaly, he 'at#hed his own horses against the

Thessalian, whi#h he heard were the best in Gree#e, but the Greek #oursers were le$t $ar behind in the ra#e) *ll the ri&ers in this region had water enough to su%%ly his ar'y, e.#e%t only the !no#honus( but in *#haea, the largest o$ the strea's, the *%idanus, barely held out) !n his arri&al at *lus in *#haea, his guides, wishing to in$or' hi' o$ e&erything, told hi' the tale known to the dwellers in those %arts #on#erning the te'%le o$ the La%hystian 8u%iter7 how that *tha'as the son o$ *eolus took #ounsel with no and %lotted the death o$ +hri.us( and how that a$terwards the *#haeans, warned by an ora#le, laid a $or$eit u%on his %osterity, $orbidding the eldest o$ the ra#e e&er to enter into the #ourt7house ;whi#h they #all the %eo%le1s house<, and kee%ing wat#h the'sel&es to see the law obeyed) $ one #o'es within the doors, he #an ne&er go out again e.#e%t to be sa#ri$i#ed) Further, they told hi' how that 'any %ersons, when on the %oint o$ being slain, are sei/ed with su#h $ear that they $lee away and take re$uge in so'e other #ountry( and that these, i$ they #o'e ba#k long a$terwards, and are $ound to be the %ersons who entered the #ourt7house, are led $orth #o&ered with #ha%lets, and in a grand %ro#ession, and are sa#ri$i#ed) This $or$eit is %aid by the des#endants o$ Cytissorus the son o$ +hri.us, be#ause, when the *#haeans, in obedien#e to an ora#le, 'ade *tha'as the son o$ *eolus their sin7o$$ering, and were about to slay hi', Cytissorus #a'e $ro' *ea in Col#his and res#ued *tha'us( by whi#h deed he brought the anger o$ the god u%on his own %osterity) Ber.es, there$ore, ha&ing heard this story, when he rea#hed the gro&e o$ the god, a&oided it, and #o''anded his ar'y to do the like) He also %aid the sa'e res%e#t to the house and %re#in#t o$ the des#endants o$ *tha'as) "u#h were the doing o$ Ber.es in Thessaly and in *#haea, Fro' hen#e he %assed on into -alis, along the shores o$ a bay, in whi#h there is an ebb and $low o$ the tide daily) By the side o$ this bay lies a %ie#e o$ $lat land, in one %art broad, but in another &ery narrow indeed, around whi#h runs a range o$ lo$ty hills, i'%ossible to #li'b, en#losing all -alis within the', and #alled the Tra#hinian #li$$s) The $irst #ity u%on the bay, as you #o'e $ro' *#haea, is *nti#yra, near whi#h the ri&er "%er#heius, $lowing down $ro' the #ountry o$ the Enianians, e'%ties itsel$ into the sea) *bout twenty $urlongs $ro' this strea' there is a se#ond ri&er, #alled the 5yras, whi#h is said to ha&e a%%eared $irst to hel% Her#ules when he was burning) *gain, at the distan#e o$ twenty $urlongs, there is a strea' #alled the -elas, near whi#h, within about $i&e $urlongs, stands the #ity o$ Tra#his) *t the %oint where this #ity is built, the %lain between the hills and the sea is broader than at any other, $or it there 'easures GG,000 %lethra) "outh o$ Tra#his there is a #le$t in the 'ountain7range whi#h shuts in the territory o$ Tra#hinia( and the ri&er *so%us issuing $ro'

this #le$t $lows $or a while along the $oot o$ the hills) Further to the south, another ri&er, #alled the +hoeni., whi#h has no great body o$ water, $lows $ro' the sa'e hills, and $alls into the *so%us) Here is the narrowest %la#e o$ all( $or in this %art there is only a #auseway wide enough $or a single #arriage) Fro' the ri&er +hoeni. to Ther'o%ylae is a distan#e o$ $i$teen $urlongs( and in this s%a#e is situate the &illage #alled *nthela, whi#h the ri&er *so%us %asses ere it rea#hes the sea) The s%a#e about *nthela is o$ so'e width, and #ontains a te'%le o$ *'%hi#tyonian Ceres, as well as the seats o$ the *'%hi#tyoni# de%uties, and a te'%le o$ *'%hi#tyon hi'sel$) ?ing Ber.es %it#hed his #a'% in the region o$ -alis #alled Tra#hinia, while on their side the Greeks o##u%ied the straits) These straits the Greeks in general #all Ther'o%ylae ;the Hot Gates<( but the nati&es, and those who dwell in the neighbourhood, #all the' +ylae ;the Gates<) Here then the two ar'ies took their stand( the one 'aster o$ all the region lying north o$ Tra#his, the other o$ the #ountry e.tending southward o$ that %la#e to the &erge o$ the #ontinent) The Greeks who at this s%ot awaited the #o'ing o$ Ber.es were the $ollowing07 Fro' "%arta, three hundred 'en7at7ar's( $ro' *r#adia, a thousand Tegeans and -antineans, $i&e hundred o$ ea#h %eo%le( a hundred and twenty !r#ho'enians, $ro' the *r#adian !r#ho'enus( and a thousand $ro' other #ities0 $ro' Corinth, $our hundred 'en( $ro' +hlius, two hundred( and $ro' -y#enae eighty) "u#h was the nu'ber $ro' the +elo%onnese) There were also %resent, $ro' Boeotia, se&en hundred Thes%ians and $our hundred Thebans) Besides these troo%s, the Lo#rians o$ !%us and the +ho#ians had obeyed the #all o$ their #ountry'en, and sent, the $or'er all the $or#e they had, the latter a thousand 'en) For en&oys had gone $ro' the Greeks at Ther'o%ylae a'ong the Lo#rians and +ho#ians, to #all on the' $or assistan#e, and to say7 9They were the'sel&es but the &anguard o$ the host, sent to %re#ede the 'ain body, whi#h 'ight e&ery day be e.%e#ted to $ollow the') The sea was in good kee%ing, wat#hed by the *thenians, the Eginetans, and the rest o$ the $leet) There was no #ause why they should $ear( $or a$ter all the in&ader was not a god but a 'an( and there ne&er had been, and ne&er would be, a 'an who was not liable to 'is$ortunes $ro' the &ery day o$ his birth, and those 'is$ortunes greater in %ro%ortion to his own greatness) The assailant there$ore, being only a 'ortal, 'ust needs $all $ro' his glory)9 Thus urged, the Lo#rians and the +ho#ians had #o'e with their troo%s to Tra#his) The &arious nations had ea#h #a%tains o$ their own under who' they ser&ed( but the one to who' all es%e#ially looked u%, and who had the #o''and o$ the entire $or#e, was the La#edae'onian, Leonidas) 3ow Leonidas was the son o$ *na.andridas, who was the son o$ Leo,

who was the son o$ Eury#ratidas, who was the son o$ *na.ander, who was the son o$ Eury#rates, who was the son o$ +olydorus, who was the son o$ *l#a'enes, who was the son o$ Tele#les, who was the son o$ *r#helaus, who was the son o$ *gesilaus, who was the son o$ 5oryssus, who was the son o$ Labotas, who was the son o$ E#hestratus, who was the son o$ *gis, who was the son o$ Eurysthenes, who was the son o$ *ristode'us, who was the son o$ *risto'a#hus, who was the son o$ Cleodaeus, who was the son o$ Hyllus, who was the son o$ Her#ules) Leonidas had #o'e to be king o$ "%arta ,uite une.%e#tedly) Ha&ing two elder brothers, Cleo'enes and 5orieus, he had no thought o$ e&er 'ounting the throne) Howe&er, when Cleo'enes died without 'ale o$$s%ring, as 5orieus was likewise de#eased, ha&ing %erished in "i#ily, the #rown $ell to Leonidas, who was older than Cleo'brotus, the youngest o$ the sons o$ *na.andridas, and, 'oreo&er, was 'arried to the daughter o$ Cleo'enes) He had now #o'e to Ther'o%ylae, a##o'%anied by the three hundred 'en whi#h the law assigned hi', who' he had hi'sel$ #hosen $ro' a'ong the #iti/ens, and who were all o$ the' $athers with sons li&ing) !n his way he had taken the troo%s $ro' Thebes, whose nu'ber ha&e already 'entioned, and who were under the #o''and o$ Leontiades the son o$ Eury'a#hus) The reason why he 'ade a %oint o$ taking troo%s $ro' Thebes, and Thebes only, was that the Thebans were strongly sus%e#ted o$ being well in#lined to the -edes) Leonidas there$ore #alled on the' to #o'e with hi' to the war, wishing to see whether they would #o'%ly with his de'and, or o%enly re$use, and dis#lai' the Greek allian#e) They, howe&er, though their wishes leant the other way, ne&ertheless sent the 'en) The $or#e with Leonidas was sent $orward by the "%artans in ad&an#e o$ their 'ain body, that the sight o$ the' 'ight en#ourage the allies to $ight, and hinder the' $ro' going o&er to the -edes, as it was likely they 'ight ha&e done had they seen that "%arta was ba#kward) They intended %resently, when they had #elebrated the Carneian $esti&al, whi#h was what now ke%t the' at ho'e, to lea&e a garrison in "%arta, and hasten in $ull $or#e to 2oin the ar'y) The rest o$ the allies also intended to a#t si'ilarly( $or it ha%%ened that the !ly'%i# $esti&al $ell e.a#tly at this sa'e %eriod) 3one o$ the' looked to see the #ontest at Ther'o%ylae de#ided so s%eedily( where$ore they were #ontent to send $orward a 'ere ad&an#ed guard) "u#h a##ordingly were the intentions o$ the allies) The Greek $or#es at Ther'o%ylae, when the +ersian ar'y drew near to the entran#e o$ the %ass, were sei/ed with $ear( and a #oun#il was held to #onsider about a retreat) t was the wish o$ the +elo%onnesians generally that the ar'y should $all ba#k u%on the +elo%onnese, and there guard the sth'us) But Leonidas, who saw with what indignation the +ho#ians and Lo#rians heard o$ this %lan, ga&e

his &oi#e $or re'aining where they were, while they sent en&oys to the se&eral #ities to ask $or hel%, sin#e they were too $ew to 'ake a stand against an ar'y like that o$ the -edes) 4hile this debate was going on, Ber.es sent a 'ounted s%y to obser&e the Greeks, and note how 'any they were, and see what they were doing) He had heard, be$ore he #a'e out o$ Thessaly, that a $ew 'en were asse'bled at this %la#e, and that at their head were #ertain La#edae'onians, under Leonidas, a des#endant o$ Her#ules) The horse'an rode u% to the #a'%, and looked about hi', but did not see the whole ar'y( $or su#h as were on the $urther side o$ the wall ;whi#h had been rebuilt and was now #are$ully guarded< it was not %ossible $or hi' to behold( but he obser&ed those on the outside, who were en#a'%ed in $ront o$ the ra'%art) t #han#ed that at this ti'e the La#edae'onians held the outer guard, and were seen by the s%y, so'e o$ the' engaged in gy'nasti# e.er#ises, others #o'bing their long hair) *t this the s%y greatly 'ar&elled, but he #ounted their nu'ber, and when he had taken a##urate note o$ e&erything, he rode ba#k ,uietly( $or no one %ursued a$ter hi', nor %aid any heed to his &isit) "o he returned, and told Ber.es all that he had seen) 6%on this, Ber.es, who had no 'eans o$ sur'ising the truth7 na'ely, that the "%artans were %re%aring to do or die 'an$ully7 but thought it laughable that they should be engaged in su#h e'%loy'ents, sent and #alled to his %resen#e 5e'aratus the son o$ *riston, who still re'ained with the ar'y) 4hen he a%%eared, Ber.es told hi' all that he had heard, and ,uestioned hi' #on#erning the news, sin#e he was an.ious to understand the 'eaning o$ su#h beha&iour on the %art o$ the "%artans) Then 5e'aratus said7 9 s%ake to thee, ! king> #on#erning these 'en long sin#e, when we had but 2ust begun our 'ar#h u%on Gree#e( thou, howe&er, didst only laugh at 'y words, when told thee o$ all this, whi#h saw would #o'e to %ass) Earnestly do struggle at all ti'es to s%eak truth to thee, sire( and now listen to it on#e 'ore) These 'en ha&e #o'e to dis%ute the %ass with us( and it is $or this that they are now 'aking ready) 1Tis their #usto', when they are about to ha/ard their li&es, to adorn their heads with #are) Be assured, howe&er, that i$ thou #anst subdue the 'en who are here and the La#edae'onians who re'ain in "%arta, there is no other nation in all the world whi#h will &enture to li$t a hand in their de$en#e) Thou hast now to deal with the $irst kingdo' and town in Gree#e, and with the bra&est 'en)9 Then Ber.es, to who' what 5e'aratus said see'ed altogether to sur%ass belie$, asked $urther 9how it was %ossible $or so s'all an ar'y to #ontend with his:9 9! king>9 5e'aratus answered, 9let 'e be treated as a liar, i$ 'atters $all not out as say)9 But Ber.es was not %ersuaded any the 'ore) Four whole days he su$$ered to go by, e.%e#ting that the Greeks would run away) 4hen,

howe&er, he $ound on the $i$th that they were not gone, thinking that their $ir' stand was 'ere i'%uden#e and re#klessness, he grew wroth, and sent against the' the -edes and Cissians, with orders to take the' ali&e and bring the' into his %resen#e) Then the -edes rushed $orward and #harged the Greeks, but $ell in &ast nu'bers0 others howe&er took the %la#es o$ the slain, and would not be beaten o$$, though they su$$ered terrible losses) n this way it be#a'e #lear to all, and es%e#ially to the king, that though he had %lenty o$ #o'batants, he had but &ery $ew warriors) The struggle, howe&er, #ontinued during the whole day) Then the -edes, ha&ing 'et so rough a re#e%tion, withdrew $ro' the $ight( and their %la#e was taken by the band o$ +ersians under Hydarnes, who' the king #alled his 9 ''ortals90 they, it was thought, would soon $inish the business) But when they 2oined battle with the Greeks, 1twas with no better su##ess than the -edian deta#h'ent7 things went 'u#h as be$ore7 the two ar'ies $ighting in a narrow s%a#e, and the barbarians using shorter s%ears than the Greeks, and ha&ing no ad&antage $ro' their nu'bers) The La#edae'onians $ought in a way worthy o$ note, and showed the'sel&es $ar 'ore skil$ul in $ight than their ad&ersaries, o$ten turning their ba#ks, and 'aking as though they were all $lying away, on whi#h the barbarians would rush a$ter the' with 'u#h noise and shouting, when the "%artans at their a%%roa#h would wheel round and $a#e their %ursuers, in this way destroying &ast nu'bers o$ the ene'y) "o'e "%artans likewise $ell in these en#ounters, but only a &ery $ew) *t last the +ersians, $inding that all their e$$orts to gain the %ass a&ailed nothing, and that, whether they atta#ked by di&isions or in any other way, it was to no %ur%ose, withdrew to their own ,uarters) 5uring these assaults, it is said that Ber.es, who was wat#hing the battle, thri#e lea%ed $ro' the throne on whi#h he sate, in terror $or his ar'y) 3e.t day the #o'bat was renewed, but with no better su##ess on the %art o$ the barbarians) The Greeks were so $ew that the barbarians ho%ed to $ind the' disabled, by reason o$ their wounds, $ro' o$$ering any $urther resistan#e( and so they on#e 'ore atta#ked the') But the Greeks were drawn u% in deta#h'ents a##ording to their #ities, and bore the brunt o$ the battle in turns7 all e.#e%t the +ho#ians, who had been stationed on the 'ountain to guard the %athway) "o, when the +ersians $ound no di$$eren#e between that day and the %re#eding, they again retired to their ,uarters) 3ow, as the king was in great strait, and knew not how he should deal with the e'ergen#y, E%hialtes, the son o$ Euryde'us, a 'an o$ -alis, #a'e to hi' and was ad'itted to a #on$eren#e) "tirred by the ho%e o$ re#ei&ing a ri#h reward at the king1s hands, he had #o'e to tell hi' o$ the %athway whi#h led a#ross the 'ountain to Ther'o%ylae( by whi#h dis#losure he brought destru#tion on the band o$

Greeks who had there withstood the barbarians) This E%hialtes a$terwards, $ro' $ear o$ the La#edae'onians, $led into Thessaly( and during his e.ile, in an asse'bly o$ the *'%hi#tyons held at +ylae, a %ri#e was set u%on his head by the +ylagorae) 4hen so'e ti'e had gone by, he returned $ro' e.ile, and went to *nti#yra, where he was slain by *thenades, a nati&e o$ Tra#his) *thenades did not slay hi' $or his trea#hery, but $or another reason, whi#h shall 'ention in a later %art o$ 'y history0 yet still the La#edae'onians honoured hi' none the less) Thus then did E%hialtes %erish a long ti'e a$terwards) Besides this there is another story told, whi#h do not at all belie&e7 to wit, that !netas the son o$ +hanagoras, a nati&e o$ Carystus, and Corydallus, a 'an o$ *nti#yra, were the %ersons who s%oke on this 'atter to the king, and took the +ersians a#ross the 'ountain) !ne 'ay guess whi#h story is true, $ro' the $a#t that the de%uties o$ the Greeks, the +ylagorae, who 'ust ha&e had the best 'eans o$ as#ertaining the truth, did not o$$er the reward $or the heads o$ !netas and Corydallus, but $or that o$ E%hialtes o$ Tra#his( and again $ro' the $light o$ E%hialtes, whi#h we know to ha&e been on this a##ount) !netas, allow, although he was not a -alian, 'ight ha&e been a#,uainted with the %ath, i$ he had li&ed 'u#h in that %art o$ the #ountry( but as E%hialtes was the %erson who a#tually led the +ersians round the 'ountain by the %athway, lea&e his na'e on re#ord as that o$ the 'an who did the deed) Great was the 2oy o$ Ber.es on this o##asion( and as he a%%ro&ed highly o$ the enter%rise whi#h E%hialtes undertook to a##o'%lish, he $orthwith sent u%on the errand Hydarnes, and the +ersians under hi') The troo%s le$t the #a'% about the ti'e o$ the lighting o$ the la'%s) The %athway along whi#h they went was $irst dis#o&ered by the -alians o$ these %arts, who soon a$terwards led the Thessalians by it to atta#k the +ho#ians, at the ti'e when the +ho#ians $orti$ied the %ass with a wall, and so %ut the'sel&es under #o&ert $ro' danger) *nd e&er sin#e, the %ath has always been %ut to an ill use by the -alians) The #ourse whi#h it takes is the $ollowing07 Beginning at the *so%us, where that strea' $lows through the #le$t in the hills, it runs along the ridge o$ the 'ountain ;whi#h is #alled, like the %athway o&er it, *no%aea<, and ends at the #ity o$ *l%enus7 the $irst Lo#rian town as you #o'e $ro' -alis7 by the stone #alled -ela'%ygus and the seats o$ the Cer#o%ians) Here it is as narrow as at any other %oint) The +ersians took this %ath, and, #rossing the *so%us, #ontinued their 'ar#h through the whole o$ the night, ha&ing the 'ountains o$ !eta on their right hand, and on their le$t those o$ Tra#his) *t dawn o$ day they $ound the'sel&es #lose to the su''it) 3ow the hill was guarded, as ha&e already said, by a thousand +ho#ian

'en7at7ar's, who were %la#ed there to de$end the %athway, and at the sa'e ti'e to se#ure their own #ountry) They had been gi&en the guard o$ the 'ountain %ath, while the other Greeks de$ended the %ass below, be#ause they had &olunteered $or the ser&i#e, and had %ledged the'sel&es to Leonidas to 'aintain the %ost) The as#ent o$ the +ersians be#a'e known to the +ho#ians in the $ollowing 'anner07 5uring all the ti'e that they were 'aking their way u%, the Greeks re'ained un#ons#ious o$ it, inas'u#h as the whole 'ountain was #o&ered with gro&es o$ oak( but it ha%%ened that the air was &ery still, and the lea&es whi#h the +ersians stirred with their $eet 'ade, as it was likely they would, a loud rustling, whereu%on the +ho#ians 2u'%ed u% and $lew to sei/e their ar's) n a 'o'ent the barbarians #a'e in sight, and, %er#ei&ing 'en ar'ing the'sel&es, were greatly a'a/ed( $or they had $allen in with an ene'y when they e.%e#ted no o%%osition) Hydarnes, alar'ed at the sight, and $earing lest the +ho#ians 'ight be La#edae'onians, in,uired o$ E%hialtes to what nation these troo%s belonged) E%hialtes told hi' the e.a#t truth, whereu%on he arrayed his +ersians $or battle) The +ho#ians, galled by the showers o$ arrows to whi#h they were e.%osed, and i'agining the'sel&es the s%e#ial ob2e#t o$ the +ersian atta#k, $led hastily to the #rest o$ the 'ountain, and there 'ade ready to 'eet death( but while their 'istake #ontinued, the +ersians, with E%hialtes and Hydarnes, not thinking it worth their while to delay on a##ount o$ +ho#ians, %assed on and des#ended the 'ountain with all %ossible s%eed) The Greeks at Ther'o%ylae re#ei&ed the $irst warning o$ the destru#tion whi#h the dawn would bring on the' $ro' the seer -egistias, who read their $ate in the &i#ti's as he was sa#ri$i#ing) *$ter this deserters #a'e in, and brought the news that the +ersians were 'ar#hing round by the hills0 it was still night when these 'en arri&ed) Last o$ all, the s#outs #a'e running down $ro' the heights, and brought in the sa'e a##ounts, when the day was 2ust beginning to break) Then the Greeks held a #oun#il to #onsider what they should do, and here o%inions were di&ided0 so'e were strong against ,uitting their %ost, while others #ontended to the #ontrary) "o when the #oun#il had broken u%, %art o$ the troo%s de%arted and went their ways ho'eward to their se&eral states( %art howe&er resol&ed to re'ain, and to stand by Leonidas to the last) t is said that Leonidas hi'sel$ sent away the troo%s who de%arted, be#ause he tendered their sa$ety, but thought it unsee'ly that either he or his "%artans should ,uit the %ost whi#h they had been es%e#ially sent to guard) For 'y own %art, in#line to think that Leonidas ga&e the order, be#ause he %er#ei&ed the allies to be out o$ heart and unwilling to en#ounter the danger to whi#h his own 'ind was 'ade u%) He there$ore #o''anded the' to retreat, but said that he hi'sel$ #ould not draw ba#k with honour( knowing that, i$ he

stayed, glory awaited hi', and that "%arta in that #ase would not lose her %ros%erity) For when the "%artans, at the &ery beginning o$ the war, sent to #onsult the ora#le #on#erning it, the answer whi#h they re#ei&ed $ro' the +ythoness was 9that either "%arta 'ust be o&erthrown by the barbarians, or one o$ her kings 'ust %erish)9 The %ro%he#y was deli&ered in he.a'eter &erse, and ran thus07 ! ye 'en who dwell in the streets o$ broad La#edae'on> Either your glorious town shall be sa#ked by the #hildren o$ +erseus, !r, in e.#hange, 'ust all through the whole La#onian #ountry -ourn $or the loss o$ a king, des#endant o$ great Hera#les) He #annot be withstood by the #ourage o$ bulls nor o$ lions, "tri&e as they 'ay( he is 'ighty as 8o&e( there is nought that shall stay hi', Till he ha&e got $or his %rey your king, or your glorious #ity) The re'e'bran#e o$ this answer, think, and the wish to se#ure the whole glory $or the "%artans, #aused Leonidas to send the allies away) This is 'ore likely than that they ,uarrelled with hi', and took their de%arture in su#h unruly $ashion) To 'e it see's no s'all argu'ent in $a&our o$ this &iew, that the seer also who a##o'%anied the ar'y, -egistias, the *#arnanian7 said to ha&e been o$ the blood o$ -ela'%us, and the sa'e who was led by the a%%earan#e o$ the &i#ti's to warn the Greeks o$ the danger whi#h threatened the'7 re#ei&ed orders to retire ;as it is #ertain he did< $ro' Leonidas, that he 'ight es#a%e the #o'ing destru#tion) -egistias, howe&er, though bidden to de%art, re$used, and stayed with the ar'y( but he had an only son %resent with the e.%edition, who' he now sent away) "o the allies, when Leonidas ordered the' to retire, obeyed hi' and $orthwith de%arted) !nly the Thes%ians and the Thebans re'ained with the "%artans( and o$ these the Thebans were ke%t ba#k by Leonidas as hostages, &ery 'u#h against their will) The Thes%ians, on the #ontrary, stayed entirely o$ their own a##ord, re$using to retreat, and de#laring that they would not $orsake Leonidas and his $ollowers) "o they abode with the "%artans, and died with the') Their leader was 5e'o%hilus, the son o$ 5iadro'es) *t sunrise Ber.es 'ade libations, a$ter whi#h he waited until the ti'e when the $oru' is wont to $ill, and then began his ad&an#e) E%hialtes had instru#ted hi' thus, as the des#ent o$ the 'ountain is 'u#h ,ui#ker, and the distan#e 'u#h shorter, than the way round the hills, and the as#ent) "o the barbarians under Ber.es began to draw nigh( and the Greeks under Leonidas, as they now went $orth deter'ined to die, ad&an#ed 'u#h $urther than on %re&ious days, until they rea#hed the 'ore o%en %ortion o$ the %ass) Hitherto they had held

their station within the wall, and $ro' this had gone $orth to $ight at the %oint where the %ass was the narrowest) 3ow they 2oined battle beyond the de$ile, and #arried slaughter a'ong the barbarians, who $ell in hea%s) Behind the' the #a%tains o$ the s,uadrons, ar'ed with whi%s, urged their 'en $orward with #ontinual blows) -any were thrust into the sea, and there %erished( a still greater nu'ber were tra'%led to death by their own soldiers( no one heeded the dying) For the Greeks, re#kless o$ their own sa$ety and des%erate, sin#e they knew that, as the 'ountain had been #rossed, their destru#tion was nigh at hand, e.erted the'sel&es with the 'ost $urious &alour against the barbarians) By this ti'e the s%ears o$ the greater nu'ber were all shi&ered, and with their swords they hewed down the ranks o$ the +ersians( and here, as they stro&e, Leonidas $ell $ighting bra&ely, together with 'any other $a'ous "%artans, whose na'es ha&e taken #are to learn on a##ount o$ their great worthiness, as indeed ha&e those o$ all the three hundred) There $ell too at the sa'e ti'e &ery 'any $a'ous +ersians0 a'ong the', two sons o$ 5arius, *bro#o'es and Hy%eranthes, his #hildren by +hratagune, the daughter o$ *rtanes) *rtanes was brother o$ ?ing 5arius, being a son o$ Hystas%es, the son o$ *rsa'es( and when he ga&e his daughter to the king, he 'ade hi' heir likewise o$ all his substan#e( $or she was his only #hild) Thus two brothers o$ Ber.es here $ought and $ell) *nd now there arose a $ier#e struggle between the +ersians and the La#edae'onians o&er the body o$ Leonidas, in whi#h the Greeks $our ti'es dro&e ba#k the ene'y, and at last by their great bra&ery su##eeded in bearing o$$ the body) This #o'bat was s#ar#ely ended when the +ersians with E%hialtes a%%roa#hed( and the Greeks, in$or'ed that they drew nigh, 'ade a #hange in the 'anner o$ their $ighting) 5rawing ba#k into the narrowest %art o$ the %ass, and retreating e&en behind the #ross wall, they %osted the'sel&es u%on a hillo#k, where they stood all drawn u% together in one #lose body, e.#e%t only the Thebans) The hillo#k whereo$ s%eak is at the entran#e o$ the straits, where the stone lion stands whi#h was set u% in honour o$ Leonidas) Here they de$ended the'sel&es to the last, su#h as still had swords using the', and the others resisting with their hands and teeth( till the barbarians, who in %art had %ulled down the wall and atta#ked the' in $ront, in %art had gone round and now en#ir#led the' u%on e&ery side, o&erwhel'ed and buried the re'nant whi#h was le$t beneath showers o$ 'issile wea%ons) Thus nobly did the whole body o$ La#edae'onians and Thes%ians beha&e( but ne&ertheless one 'an is said to ha&e distinguished hi'sel$ abo&e all the rest, to wit, 5iene#es the "%artan) * s%ee#h whi#h he 'ade be$ore the Greeks engaged the -edes, re'ains on re#ord) !ne o$ the Tra#hinians told hi', 9"u#h was the nu'ber o$ the barbarians, that when they shot $orth their arrows the sun would be darkened by their

'ultitude)9 5iene#es, not at all $rightened at these words, but 'aking light o$ the -edian nu'bers, answered 9!ur Tra#hinian $riend brings us e.#ellent tidings) $ the -edes darken the sun, we shall ha&e our $ight in the shade)9 !ther sayings too o$ a like nature are re%orted to ha&e been le$t on re#ord by this sa'e %erson) 3e.t to hi' two brothers, La#edae'onians, are re%uted to ha&e 'ade the'sel&es #ons%i#uous0 they were na'ed *l%heus and -aro, and were the sons o$ !rsi%hantus) There was also a Thes%ian who gained greater glory than any o$ his #ountry'en0 he was a 'an #alled 5ithyra'bus, the son o$ Har'atidas) The slain were buried where they $ell( and in their honour, nor less in honour o$ those who died be$ore Leonidas sent the allies away, an ins#ri%tion was set u%, whi#h said07 Here did $our thousand 'en $ro' +elo%s1 land *gainst three hundred 'yriads bra&ely stand) This was in honour o$ all) *nother was $or the "%artans alone07 Go, stranger, and to La#edae'on tell That here, obeying her behests, we $ell) This was $or the La#edae'onians) The seer had the $ollowing07 The great -egistias1 to'b you here 'ay &iew, 4ho' slew the -edes, $resh $ro' "%er#heius1 $ords) 4ell the wise seer the #o'ing death $oreknew, =et s#orned he to $orsake his "%artan lords) These ins#ri%tions, and the %illars likewise, were all set u% by the *'%hi#tyons, e.#e%t that in honour o$ -egistias, whi#h was ins#ribed to hi' ;on a##ount o$ their sworn $riendshi%< by "i'onides, the son o$ Leo%re%es) Two o$ the three hundred, it is said, *ristode'us and Eurytus, ha&ing been atta#ked by a disease o$ the eyes, had re#ei&ed orders $ro' Leonidas to ,uit the #a'%( and both lay at *l%eni in the worst stage o$ the 'alady) These two 'en 'ight, had they been so 'inded, ha&e agreed together to return ali&e to "%arta( or i$ they did not like to return, they 'ight ha&e gone both to the $ield and $allen with their #ountry'en) But at this ti'e, when either way was o%en to the', unha%%ily they #ould not agree, but took #ontrary #ourses) Eurytus no sooner heard that the +ersians had #o'e round the 'ountain than straightway he #alled $or his ar'our, and ha&ing bu#kled it on, bade his helot lead hi' to the %la#e where his $riends were $ighting) The helot did so, and then turned and $led( but Eurytus %lunged into the thi#k o$ the battle, and so %erished) *ristode'us, on

the other hand, was $aint o$ heart, and re'ained at *l%eni) t is 'y belie$ that i$ *ristode'us only had been si#k and returned, or i$ both had #o'e ba#k together, the "%artans would ha&e been #ontent and $elt no anger( but when there were two 'en with the &ery sa'e e.#use, and one o$ the' was #hary o$ his li$e, while the other $reely ga&e it, they #ould not but be &ery wroth with the $or'er) This is the a##ount whi#h so'e gi&e o$ the es#a%e o$ *ristode'us) !thers say that he, with another, had been sent on a 'essage $ro' the ar'y, and, ha&ing it in his %ower to return in ti'e $or the battle, %ur%osely loitered on the road, and so sur&i&ed his #o'rades( while his $ellow7'essenger #a'e ba#k in ti'e, and $ell in the battle) 4hen *ristode'us returned to La#edae'on, re%roa#h and disgra#e awaited hi'( disgra#e, inas'u#h as no "%artan would gi&e hi' a light to kindle his $ire, or so 'u#h as address a word to hi'( and re%roa#h, sin#e all s%oke o$ hi' as 9the #ra&en)9 Howe&er he wi%ed away all his sha'e a$terwards at the battle o$ +lataea) *nother o$ the three hundred is likewise said to ha&e sur&i&ed the battle, a 'an na'ed +antites, who' Leonidas had sent on an e'bassy into Thessaly) He, they say, on his return to "%arta, $ound hi'sel$ in su#h disestee' that he hanged hi'sel$) The Thebans under the #o''and o$ Leontiades re'ained with the Greeks, and $ought against the barbarians, only so long as ne#essity #o'%elled the') 3o sooner did they see &i#tory in#lining to the +ersians, and the Greeks under Leonidas hurrying with all s%eed towards the hillo#k, than they 'o&ed away $ro' their #o'%anions, and with hands u%raised ad&an#ed towards the barbarians, e.#lai'ing, as was indeed 'ost true7 9that they $or their %art wished well to the -edes, and had been a'ong the $irst to gi&e earth and water to the king( $or#e alone had brought the' to Ther'o%ylae( and so they 'ust not be bla'ed $or the slaughter whi#h had be$allen the king1s ar'y)9 These words, the truth o$ whi#h was attested by the Thessalians, su$$i#ed to obtain the Thebans the grant o$ their li&es) Howe&er, their good $ortune was not without so'e drawba#k( $or se&eral o$ the' were slain by the barbarians on their $irst a%%roa#h( and the rest, who were the greater nu'ber, had the royal 'ark branded u%on their bodies by the #o''and o$ Ber.es7 Leontiades, their #a%tain, being the $irst to su$$er) ;This 'an1s son, Eury'a#hus, was a$terwards slain by the +lataeans, when he #a'e with a band !$ 400 Thebans, and sei/ed their #ity)< Thus $ought the Greeks at Ther'o%ylae) *nd Ber.es, a$ter the $ight was o&er, #alled $or 5e'aratus to ,uestion hi'( and began as $ollows07 95e'aratus, thou art a worthy 'an( thy true7s%eaking %ro&es it) *ll has ha%%ened as thou didst $orewarn) 3ow then, tell 'e, how 'any La#edae'onians are there le$t, and o$ those le$t how 'any are su#h bra&e warriors as these: !r are they all alike:9

9! king>9 re%lied the other, 9the whole nu'ber o$ the La#edae'onians is &ery great( and 'any are the #ities whi#h they inhabit) But will tell thee what thou really wishest to learn) There is a town o$ La#edae'on #alled "%arta, whi#h #ontains within it about eight thousand $ull7grown 'en) They are, one and all, e,ual to those who ha&e $ought here) The other La#edae'onians are bra&e 'en, but not su#h warriors as these)9 9Tell 'e now, 5e'aratus,9 re2oined Ber.es, 9how we 'ay with least trouble subdue these 'en) Thou 'ust know all the %aths o$ their #ounsels, as thou wert on#e their king)9 Then 5e'aratus answered7 9! king> sin#e thou askest 'y ad&i#e so earnestly, it is $itting that should in$or' thee what #onsider to be the best #ourse) 5eta#h three hundred &essels $ro' the body o$ thy $leet, and send the' to atta#k the shores o$ La#onia) There is an island #alled Cythera in those %arts, not $ar $ro' the #oast, #on#erning whi#h Chilon, one o$ our wisest 'en, 'ade the re'ark that "%arta would gain i$ it were sunk to the botto' o$ the sea7 so #onstantly did he e.%e#t that it would gi&e o##asion to so'e %ro2e#t like that whi#h now re#o''end to thee) 'ean not to say that he had a $oreknowledge o$ thy atta#k u%on Gree#e( but in truth he $eared all ar'a'ents) "end thy shi%s then to this island, and then#e a$$right the "%artans) $ on#e they ha&e a war o$ their own #lose to their doors, $ear not their gi&ing any hel% to the rest o$ the Greeks while thy land $or#e is engaged in #on,uering the') n this way 'ay all Gree#e be subdued( and then "%arta, le$t to hersel$, will be %owerless) But i$ thou wilt not take this ad&i#e, will tell thee what thou 'ayest look to see) 4hen thou #o'est to the +elo%onnese, thou wilt $ind a narrow ne#k o$ land, where all the +elo%onnesians who are leagued against thee will be gathered together( and there thou wilt ha&e to $ight bloodier battles than any whi#h thou hast yet witnessed) $, howe&er, thou wilt $ollow 'y %lan, the sth'us and the #ities o$ +elo%onnese will yield to thee without a battle)9 *#haea'enes, who was %resent, now took the word, and s%oke7 he was brother to Ber.es, and, ha&ing the #o''and o$ the $leet, $eared lest Ber.es 'ight be %re&ailed u%on to do as 5e'aratus ad&ised 9 %er#ei&e, ! king9 ;he said<, 9that thou art listening to the words o$ a 'an who is en&ious o$ thy good $ortune, and seeks to betray thy #ause) This is indeed the #o''on te'%er o$ the Gre#ian %eo%le7 they en&y good $ortune, and hate %ower greater than their own) $ in this %osture o$ our a$$airs, a$ter we ha&e lost $our hundred &essels by shi%wre#k, three hundred 'ore be sent away to 'ake a &oyage round the +elo%onnese, our ene'ies will be, #o'e a 'at#h $or us) But let us kee% our whole $leet in one body, and it will be dangerous $or the' to &enture on an atta#k, as they will #ertainly be no 'at#h $or us then) Besides, while our sea and land $or#es ad&an#e together, the $leet and ar'y #an ea#h hel% the other( but i$ they be %arted, no

aid will #o'e either $ro' thee to the $leet, or $ro' the $leet to thee) !nly order thy own 'atters well, and trouble not thysel$ to in,uire #on#erning the ene'y7 where they will $ight, or what they will do, or how 'any they are) "urely they #an 'anage their own #on#erns without us, as we #an ours without the') $ the La#edae'onians #o'e out against the +ersians to battle, they will s#ar#e re%air the disaster whi#h has be$allen the' now)9 Ber.es re%lied7 9*#haea'enes, thy #ounsel %leases 'e well, and will do as thou sayest) But 5e'aratus ad&ised what he thought best7 only his 2udg'ent was not so good as thine) 3e&er will belie&e that he does not wish well to 'y #ause( $or that is dis%ro&ed both by his $or'er #ounsels, and also by the #ir#u'stan#es o$ the #ase) * #iti/en does indeed en&y any $ellow7#iti/en who is 'ore lu#ky than hi'sel$, and o$ten hates hi' se#retly( i$ su#h a 'an be #alled on $or #ounsel, he will not gi&e his best thoughts, unless indeed he be a 'an o$ &ery e.alted &irtue( and su#h are but rarely $ound) But a $riend o$ another #ountry delights in the good $ortune o$ his $oreign bond7$riend, and will gi&e hi', when asked, the best ad&i#e in his %ower) There$ore warn all 'en to abstain hen#e$orth $ro' s%eaking ill o$ 5e'aratus, who is 'y bond7$riend)9 4hen Ber.es had thus s%oken, he %ro#eeded to %ass through the slain( and $inding the body o$ Leonidas, who' he knew to ha&e been the La#edae'onian king and #a%tain, he ordered that the head should be stru#k o$$, and the trunk $astened to a #ross) This %ro&es to 'e 'ost #learly, what is %lain also in 'any other ways7 na'ely, that ?ing Ber.es was 'ore angry with Leonidas, while he was still in li$e, than with any other 'ortal) Certes, he would not else ha&e used his body so sha'e$ully) For the +ersians are wont to honour those who show the'sel&es &aliant in $ight 'ore highly than any nation that know) They, howe&er, to who' the orders were gi&en, did a##ording to the #o''ands o$ the king) return now to a %oint in 'y History, whi#h at the ti'e le$t in#o'%lete) The La#edae'onians were the $irst o$ the Greeks to hear o$ the king1s design against their #ountry( and it was at this ti'e that they sent to #onsult the 5el%hi# ora#le, and re#ei&ed the answer o$ whi#h s%oke a while ago) The dis#o&ery was 'ade to the' in a &ery strange way) 5e'aratus, the son o$ *riston, a$ter he took re$uge with the -edes, was not, in 'y 2udg'ent, whi#h is su%%orted by %robability, a well7wisher to the La#edae'onians) t 'ay be ,uestioned, there$ore, whether he did what a' about to 'ention $ro' good7will or $ro' insolent triu'%h) t ha%%ened that he was at "usa at the ti'e when Ber.es deter'ined to lead his ar'y into Gree#e( and in this way be#o'ing a#,uainted with his design, he resol&ed to send tidings o$ it to "%arta) "o as there was no other way o$ e$$e#ting his %ur%ose, sin#e the danger o$ being dis#o&ered was great, 5e'aratus $ra'ed the $ollowing #ontri&an#e) He took a %air o$

tablets, and, #learing the wa. away $ro' the', wrote what the king was %ur%osing to do u%on the wood whereo$ the tablets were 'ade( ha&ing done this, he s%read the wa. on#e 'ore o&er the writing, and so sent it) By these 'eans, the guards %la#ed to wat#h the roads, obser&ing nothing but a blank tablet, were sure to gi&e no trouble to the bearer) 4hen the tablet rea#hed La#edae'on, there was no one, understand, who #ould $ind out the se#ret, till Gorgo, the daughter o$ Cleo'enes and wi$e o$ Leonidas, dis#o&ered it, and told the others) 9 $ they would s#ra%e the wa. o$$ the tablet,9 she said, 9they would be sure to $ind the writing u%on the wood)9 The La#edae'onians took her ad&i#e, $ound the writing, and read it( a$ter whi#h they sent it round to the other Greeks) "u#h then is the a##ount whi#h is gi&en o$ this 'atter) The Eighth Book, Entitled 6R*3 * THE Greeks engaged in the sea7ser&i#e were the $ollowing) The *thenians $urnished a hundred and twenty7se&en &essels to the $leet, whi#h were 'anned in %art by the +lataeans, who, though unskilled in su#h 'atters, were led by their a#ti&e and daring s%irit to undertake this duty( the Corinthians $urnished a #ontingent o$ $orty &essels( the -egarians sent twenty( the Chal#ideans also 'anned twenty, whi#h had been $urnished to the' by the *thenians( the Eginetans #a'e with eighteen( the "i#yonians with twel&e( the La#edae'onians with ten( the E%idaurians with eight( the Eretrians with se&en( the Troe/enians with $i&e( the "tyreans with two( and the Ceans with two trire'es and two %ente#onters) Last o$ all, the Lo#rians o$ !%us #a'e in aid with a s,uadron o$ se&en %ente#onters) "u#h were the nations whi#h $urnished &essels to the $leet now at *rte'isiu'( and in 'entioning the' ha&e gi&en the nu'ber o$ shi%s $urnished by ea#h) The total nu'ber o$ the shi%s thus brought together, without #ounting the %ente#onters, was two hundred and se&enty7one( and the #a%tain, who had the #hie$ #o''and o&er the whole $leet, was Eurybiades the son o$ Eury#leides) He was $urnished by "%arta, sin#e the allies had said that 9i$ a La#edae'onian did not take the #o''and, they would break u% the $leet, $or ne&er would they ser&e under the *thenians)9 Fro' the $irst, e&en earlier than the ti'e when the e'bassy went to "i#ily to soli#it allian#e, there had been a talk o$ intrusting the *thenians with the #o''and at sea( but the allies were a&erse to the %lan, where$ore the *thenians did not %ress it( $or there was nothing they had so 'u#h at heart as the sal&ation o$ Gree#e, and they knew that, i$ they ,uarrelled a'ong the'sel&es about the #o''and, Gree#e would be brought to ruin) Herein they 2udged rightly( $or internal stri$e is a thing as 'u#h worse than war #arried on by a united %eo%le, as war itsel$ is worse than %ea#e) The *thenians

there$ore, being so %ersuaded, did not %ush their #lai's, but wai&ed the', so long as they were in su#h great need o$ aid $ro' the other Greeks) *nd they a$terwards showed their 'oti&e( $or at the ti'e when the +ersians had been dri&en $ro' Gree#e, and were now threatened by the Greeks in their own #ountry, they took o##asion o$ the insolen#e o$ +ausanias to de%ri&e the La#edae'onians o$ their leadershi%) This, howe&er, ha%%ened a$terwards) *t the %resent ti'e the Greeks, on their arri&al at *rte'isiu', when they saw the nu'ber o$ the shi%s whi#h lay at an#hor near *%hetae, and the abundan#e o$ troo%s e&erywhere, $eeling disa%%ointed that 'atters had gone with the barbarians so $ar otherwise than they had e.%e#ted, and $ull o$ alar' at what they saw, began to s%eak o$ drawing ba#k $ro' *rte'isiu' towards the inner %arts o$ their #ountry) "o when the Euboeans heard what was in debate, they went to Eurybiades, and besought hi' to wait a $ew days, while they re'o&ed their #hildren and their sla&es to a %la#e o$ sa$ety) But, as they $ound that they %re&ailed nothing, they le$t hi' and went to The'isto#les, the *thenian #o''ander, to who' they ga&e a bribe o$ thirty talents, on his %ro'ise that the $leet should re'ain and risk a battle in de$en#e o$ Euboea) *nd The'isto#les su##eeded in detaining the $leet in the way whi#h will now relate) He 'ade o&er to Eurybiades $i&e talents out o$ the thirty %aid hi', whi#h he ga&e as i$ they #a'e $ro' hi'sel$( and ha&ing in this way gained o&er the ad'iral, he addressed hi'sel$ to *dei'antus, the son o$ !#ytus, the Corinthian leader, who was the only re'onstrant now, and who still threatened to sail away $ro' *rte'isiu' and not wait $or the other #a%tains) *ddressing hi'sel$ to this 'an, The'isto#les said with an oath7 9Thou $orsake us: By no 'eans> will %ay thee better $or re'aining than the -ede would $or lea&ing thy $riends97 and straightway he sent on board the shi% o$ *dei'antus a %resent o$ three talents o$ sil&er) "o these two #a%tains were won by gi$ts, and #a'e o&er to the &iews o$ The'isto#les, who was thereby enabled to grati$y the wishes o$ the Euboeans) He likewise 'ade his own gain on the o##asion( $or he ke%t the rest o$ the 'oney, and no one knew o$ it) The #o''anders who took the gi$ts thought that the su's were $urnished by *thens, and had been sent to be used in this way) Thus it #a'e to %ass that the Greeks stayed at Euboea and there ga&e battle to the ene'y) 3ow the battle was on this wise) The barbarians rea#hed *%hetae early in the a$ternoon, and then saw ;as they had %re&iously heard re%orted< that a $leet o$ Greek shi%s, weak in nu'ber, lay at *rte'isiu') *t on#e they were eager to engage, $earing that the Greeks would $ly, and ho%ing to #a%ture the' be$ore they should get away) They did not howe&er think it wise to 'ake straight $or the Greek station, lest the ene'y should see the' as they bore down, and

betake the'sel&es to $light i''ediately( in whi#h #ase night 'ight #lose in be$ore they #a'e u% with the $ugiti&es, and so they 'ight get #lean o$$ and 'ake their es#a%e $ro' the'( whereas the +ersians were 'inded not to let a single soul sli% through their hands) They there$ore #ontri&ed a %lan, whi#h was the $ollowing07 They deta#hed two hundred o$ their shi%s $ro' the rest, and7 to %re&ent the ene'y $ro' seeing the' start7 sent the' round outside the island o$ "#iathos, to 'ake the #ir#uit o$ Euboea by Ca%hareus and Geraestus, and so to rea#h the Euri%us) By this %lan they thought to en#lose the Greeks on e&ery side( $or the shi%s deta#hed would blo#k u% the only way by whi#h they #ould retreat, while the others would %ress u%on the' in $ront) 4ith these designs there$ore they dis%at#hed the two hundred shi%s, while they the'sel&es waited7 sin#e they did not 'ean to atta#k the Greeks u%on that day, or until they knew, by signal, o$ the arri&al o$ the deta#h'ent whi#h had been ordered to sail round Euboea) -eanwhile they 'ade a 'uster o$ the other shi%s at *%hetae) 3ow the +ersians had with the' a 'an na'ed "#yllias, a nati&e o$ "#ione, who was the 'ost e.%ert di&er o$ his day) *t the ti'e o$ the shi%wre#k o$$ -ount +elion he had re#o&ered $or the +ersians a great %art o$ what they lost( and at the sa'e ti'e he had taken #are to obtain $or hi'sel$ a good share o$ the treasure) He had $or so'e ti'e been wishing to go o&er to the Greeks( but no good o%%ortunity had o$$ered till now, when the +ersians were 'aking the 'uster o$ their shi%s) n what way he #ontri&ed to rea#h the Greeks a' not able to say $or #ertain0 'ar&el 'u#h i$ the tale that is #o''only told be true) 1Tis said he di&ed into the sea at *%hetae, and did not on#e #o'e to the sur$a#e till he rea#hed *rte'isiu', a distan#e o$ nearly eighty $urlongs) 3ow 'any things are related o$ this 'an whi#h are %lainly $alse( but so'e o$ the stories see' to be true) -y own o%inion is that on this o##asion he 'ade the %assage to *rte'isiu' in a boat) Howe&er this 'ight be, "#yllias no sooner rea#hed *rte'isiu' than he ga&e the Greek #a%tains a $ull a##ount o$ the da'age done by the stor', and likewise told the' o$ the shi%s sent to 'ake the #ir#uit o$ Euboea) "o the Greeks on re#ei&ing these tidings held a #oun#il, whereat, a$ter 'u#h debate, it was resol&ed that they should stay ,uiet $or the %resent where they were, and re'ain at their 'oorings, but that a$ter 'idnight they should %ut out to sea, and en#ounter the shi%s whi#h were on their way round the island) Later in the day, when they $ound that no one 'eddled with the', they $or'ed a new %lan, whi#h was to wait till near e&ening, and then sail out against the 'ain body o$ the barbarians, $or the %ur%ose o$ trying their 'ode o$ $ight and skill in 'anoeu&ring) 4hen the +ersian #o''anders and #rews saw the Greeks thus boldly

sailing towards the' with their $ew shi%s, they thought the' %ossessed with 'adness, and went out to 'eet the', e.%e#ting ;as indeed see'ed likely enough< that they would take all their &essels with the greatest ease) The Greek shi%s were so $ew, and their own so $ar outnu'bered the', and sailed so 'u#h better, that they resol&ed, seeing their ad&antage, to en#o'%ass their $oe on e&ery side) *nd now su#h o$ the onians as wished well to the Gre#ian #ause and ser&ed in the +ersian $leet unwillingly, seeing their #ountry'en surrounded, were sorely distressed( $or they $elt sure that not one o$ the' would e&er 'ake his es#a%e, so %oor an o%inion had they o$ the strength o$ the Greeks) !n the other hand, su#h as saw with %leasure the atta#k on Gree#e, now &ied eagerly with ea#h other whi#h should be the $irst to 'ake %ri/e o$ an *thenian shi%, and thereby to se#ure hi'sel$ a ri#h reward $ro' the king) For through both the hosts none were so 'u#h a##ounted o$ as the *thenians) The Greeks, at a signal, brought the sterns o$ their shi%s together into a s'all #o'%ass, and turned their %rows on e&ery side towards the barbarians( a$ter whi#h, at a se#ond signal, although in#losed within a narrow s%a#e, and #losely %ressed u%on by the $oe, yet they $ell bra&ely to work, and #a%tured thirty shi%s o$ the barbarians, at the sa'e ti'e taking %risoner +hilaon, the son o$ Chersis, and brother o$ Gorgus king o$ "ala'is, a 'an o$ 'u#h re%ute in the $leet) The $irst who 'ade %ri/e o$ a shi% o$ the ene'y was Ly#o'edes the son o$ *es#hreas, an *thenian, who was a$terwards ad2udged the 'eed o$ &alour) @i#tory howe&er was still doubt$ul when night #a'e on, and %ut a sto% to the #o'bat) The Greeks sailed ba#k to *rte'isiu'( and the barbarians returned to *%hetae, 'u#h sur%rised at the result, whi#h was $ar other than they had looked $or) n this battle only one o$ the Greeks who $ought on the side o$ the king deserted and 2oined his #ountry'en) This was *ntidorus o$ Le'nos, who' the *thenians rewarded $or his desertion by the %resent o$ a %ie#e o$ land in "ala'is) E&ening had barely #losed in when a hea&y rain7 it was about 'idsu''er7 began to $all, whi#h #ontinued the whole night, with terrible thunderings and lightnings $ro' -ount +elion0 the bodies o$ the slain and the broken %ie#es o$ the da'aged shi%s were dri$ted in the dire#tion o$ *%hetae, and $loated about the %rows o$ the &essels there, disturbing the a#tion o$ the oars) The barbarians, hearing the stor', were greatly dis'ayed, e.%e#ting #ertainly to %erish, as they had $allen into su#h a 'ultitude o$ 'is$ortunes) For be$ore they were well re#o&ered $ro' the te'%est and the wre#k o$ their &essels o$$ -ount +elion, they had been sur%rised by a sea7$ight whi#h had ta.ed all their strength, and now the sea7$ight was s#ar#ely o&er when they were e.%osed to $loods o$ rain, and the rush o$ swollen strea's into the sea, and &iolent thunderings) $, howe&er, they who lay at *%hetae %assed a #o'$ortless night,

$ar worse were the su$$erings o$ those who had been sent to 'ake the #ir#uit o$ Euboea( inas'u#h as the stor' $ell on the' out at sea, whereby the issue was indeed #ala'itous) They were sailing along near the Hollows o$ Euboea, when the wind began to rise and the rain to %our0 o&er%owered by the $or#e o$ the gale, and dri&en they knew not whither, at the last they $ell u%on ro#ks7 Hea&en so #ontri&ing, in order that the +ersian $leet 'ight not greatly e.#eed the Greek, but be brought nearly to its le&el) This s,uadron, there$ore, was entirely lost about the Hollows o$ Euboea) The barbarians at *%hetae were glad when day dawned, and re'ained in ,uiet at their station, #ontent i$ they 'ight en2oy a little %ea#e a$ter so 'any su$$erings) -eanwhile there #a'e to the aid o$ the Greeks a rein$or#e'ent o$ $i$ty7three shi%s $ro' *tti#a) Their arri&al, and the news ;whi#h rea#hed *rte'isiu' about the sa'e ti'e< o$ the #o'%lete destru#tion by the stor' o$ the shi%s sent to sail round Euboea, greatly #heered the s%irits o$ the Greek sailors) "o they waited again till the sa'e hour as the day be$ore, and, on#e 'ore %utting out to sea, atta#ked the ene'y) This ti'e they $ell in with so'e Cili#ian &essels, whi#h they sank( when night #a'e on, they withdrew to *rte'isiu') The third day was now #o'e, and the #a%tains o$ the barbarians, asha'ed that so s'all a nu'ber o$ shi%s should harass their $leet, and a$raid o$ the anger o$ Ber.es, instead o$ waiting $or the others to begin the battle, weighed an#hor the'sel&es, and ad&an#ed against the Greeks about the hour o$ noon, with shouts en#ouraging one another) 3ow it ha%%ened that these sea7$ights took %la#e on the &ery sa'e days with the #o'bats at Ther'o%ylae( and as the ai' o$ the struggle was in the one #ase to 'aintain the %ass, so in the other it was to de$end the Euri%us) 4hile the Greeks, there$ore, e.horted one another not to let the barbarians burst in u%on Gree#e, these latter shouted to their $ellows to destroy the Gre#ian $leet, and get %ossession o$ the #hannel) *nd now the $leet o$ Ber.es ad&an#ed in good order to the atta#k, while the Greeks on their side re'ained ,uite 'otionless at *rte'isiu') The +ersians there$ore s%read the'sel&es, and #a'e $orward in a hal$7'oon, seeking to en#ir#le the Greeks on all sides, and thereby %re&ent the' $ro' es#a%ing) The Greeks, when they saw this, sailed out to 'eet their assailants( and the battle $orthwith began) n this engage'ent the two $leets #ontended with no #lear ad&antage to either7 $or the ar'a'ent o$ Ber.es in2ured itsel$ by its own greatness, the &essels $alling into disorder, and o$t7ti'es running $oul o$ one another( yet still they did not gi&e way, but 'ade a stout $ight, sin#e the #rews $elt it would indeed be a disgra#e to turn and $ly $ro' a $leet so in$erior in nu'ber) The Greeks there$ore su$$ered 'u#h, both in shi%s and 'en( but the barbarians e.%erien#ed a $ar larger loss o$ ea#h) "o the $leets se%arated a$ter su#h a #o'bat

as ha&e des#ribed) !n the side o$ Ber.es the Egy%tians distinguished the'sel&es abo&e all the #o'batants( $or besides %er$or'ing 'any other noble deeds, they took $i&e &essels $ro' the Greeks with their #rews on board) !n the side o$ the Greeks the *thenians bore o$$ the 'eed o$ &alour( and a'ong the' the 'ost distinguished was Clinias, the son o$ *l#ibiades, who ser&ed at his own #harge with two hundred 'en, on board a &essel whi#h he had hi'sel$ $urnished) The two $leets, on se%arating, hastened &ery gladly to their an#horage7grounds) The Greeks, indeed, when the battle was o&er, be#a'e 'asters o$ the bodies o$ the slain and the wre#ks o$ the &essels( but they had been so roughly handled, es%e#ially the *thenians, one7hal$ o$ whose &essels had su$$ered da'age, that they deter'ined to break u% $ro' their station, and withdraw to the inner %arts o$ their #ountry) Then The'isto#les, who thought that i$ the onian and Carian shi%s #ould be deta#hed $ro' the barbarian $leet, the Greeks 'ight be well able to de$eat the rest, #alled the #a%tains together) They 'et u%on the seashore, where the Euboeans were now asse'bling their $lo#ks and herds( and here The'isto#les told the' he thought that he knew o$ a %lan whereby he #ould deta#h $ro' the king those who were o$ 'ost worth a'ong his allies) This was all that he dis#losed to the' o$ his %lan at that ti'e) -eanwhile, looking to the #ir#u'stan#es in whi#h they were, he ad&ised the' to slaughter as 'any o$ the Euboean #attle7 they liked7 $or it was better ;he said< that their own troo%s should en2oy the' than the ene'y7 and to gi&e orders to their 'en to kindle the $ires as usual) 4ith regard to the retreat, he said that he would take u%on hi'sel$ to wat#h the %ro%er 'o'ent, and would 'anage 'atters so that they should return to Gree#e without loss) These words %leased the #a%tains( so they had the $ires lighted, and began the slaughter o$ the #attle) The Euboeans, until now, had 'ade light o$ the ora#le o$ Ba#is, as though it had been &oid o$ all signi$i#an#y, and had neither re'o&ed their goods $ro' the island, nor yet taken the' into their strong %la#es( as they would 'ost #ertainly ha&e done i$ they had belie&ed that war was a%%roa#hing) By this negle#t they had brought their a$$airs into the &ery greatest danger) 3ow the ora#le o$ whi#h s%eak ran as $ollows07 4hen o1er the 'ain shall be thrown a byblus yoke by a stranger, Be thou ware, and dri&e $ro' Euboea the goats1 loud7bleating) "o, as the Euboeans had %aid no regard to this ora#le when the e&ils a%%roa#hed and i'%ended, now that they had arri&ed, the worst was likely to be$all the') 4hile the Greeks were e'%loyed in the way des#ribed abo&e, the

s#out who had been on the wat#h at Tra#his arri&ed at *rte'isiu') For the Greeks had e'%loyed two wat#hers07 +olyas, a nati&e o$ *nti#yra, had been stationed o$$ *rte'isiu', with a row7boat at his #o''and ready to sail at any 'o'ent, his orders being that, i$ an engage'ent took %la#e by sea, he should #on&ey the news at on#e to the Greeks at Ther'o%ylae( and in like 'anner *brony#hus the son o$ Lysi#les, an *thenian, had been stationed with a tria#onter near Leonidas, to be ready, in #ase o$ disaster be$alling the land $or#e, to #arry tidings o$ it to *rte'isiu') t was this *brony#hus who now arri&ed with news o$ what had be$allen Leonidas and those who were with hi') 4hen the Greeks heard the tidings they no longer delayed to retreat, but withdrew in the order wherein they had been stationed, the Corinthians leading, and the *thenians sailing last o$ all) *nd now The'isto#les #hose out the swi$test sailers $ro' a'ong the *thenian &essels, and, %ro#eeding to the &arious watering7%la#es along the #oast, #ut ins#ri%tions on the ro#ks, whi#h were read by the onians the day $ollowing, on their arri&al at *rte'isiu') The ins#ri%tions ran thus07 9-en o$ onia, ye do wrong to $ight against your own $athers, and to gi&e your hel% to ensla&e Gree#e) 4e besee#h you there$ore to #o'e o&er, i$ %ossible, to our side0 i$ you #annot do this, then, we %ray you, stand aloo$ $ro' the #ontest yoursel&es, and %ersuade the Carians to do the like) $ neither o$ these things be %ossible, and you are hindered, by a $or#e too strong to resist, $ro' &enturing u%on desertion, at least when we #o'e to blows $ight ba#kwardly, re'e'bering that you are s%rung $ro' us, and that it was through you we $irst %ro&oked the hatred o$ the barbarian)9 The'isto#les, in %utting u% these ins#ri%tions, looked, belie&e, to two #han#es7 either Ber.es would not dis#o&er the', in whi#h #ase they 'ight bring o&er the onians to the side o$ the Greeks( or they would be re%orted to hi' and 'ade a ground o$ a##usation against the onians, who would thereu%on be distrusted, and would not be allowed to take %art in the sea7$ights) "hortly a$ter the #utting o$ the ins#ri%tions, a 'an o$ Histiaea went in a 'er#hantshi% to *%hetae, and told the +ersians that the Greeks had $led $ro' *rte'isiu') 5isbelie&ing his re%ort, the +ersians ke%t the 'an a %risoner, while they sent so'e o$ their $astest &essels to see what had ha%%ened) These brought ba#k word how 'atters stood( whereu%on at sunrise the whole $leet ad&an#ed together in a body, and sailed to *rte'isiu', where they re'ained till 'id7day( a$ter whi#h they went on to Histiaea) That #ity $ell into their hands i''ediately( and they shortly o&erran the &arious &illages u%on the #oast in the distri#t o$ Hello%ia, whi#h was %art o$ the Histiaean territory) t was while they were at this station that a herald rea#hed the' $ro' Ber.es, who' he had sent a$ter 'aking the $ollowing dis%ositions with res%e#t to the bodies o$ those who $ell at

Ther'o%ylae) !$ the twenty thousand who had been slain on the +ersian side, he le$t one thousand u%on the $ield while he buried the rest in tren#hes( and these he #are$ully $illed u% with earth, and hid with $oliage, that the sailors 'ight not see any signs o$ the') The herald, on rea#hing Histiaea, #aused the whole $or#e to be #olle#ted together, and s%ake thus to the'0 9Co'rades, ?ing Ber.es gi&es %er'ission to all who %lease, to ,uit their %osts, and see how he $ights with the senseless 'en who think to o&erthrow his ar'ies)9 3o sooner had these words been uttered, than it be#a'e di$$i#ult to get a boat, so great was the nu'ber o$ those who desired to see the sight) "u#h as went #rossed the strait, and %assing a'ong the hea%s o$ dead, in this way &iewed the s%e#ta#le) -any helots were in#luded in the slain, but e&ery one i'agined that the bodies were all either La#edae'onians or Thes%ians) Howe&er, no one was de#ei&ed by what Ber.es had done with his own dead) t was indeed 'ost truly a laughable de&i#e7 on the one side a thousand 'en were seen lying about the $ield, on the other $our thousand #rowded together into one s%ot) This day then was gi&en u% to sight7seeing( on the ne.t the sea'en e'barked on board their shi%s and sailed ba#k to Histiaea, while Ber.es and his ar'y %ro#eeded u%on their 'ar#h) There #a'e now a $ew deserters $ro' *r#adia to 2oin the +ersians7 %oor 'en who had nothing to li&e on, and were in want o$ e'%loy'ent) The +ersians brought the' into the king1s %resen#e, and there in,uired o$ the', by a 'an who a#ted as their s%okes'an, 9what the Greeks were doing:9 The *r#adians answered7 9They are holding the !ly'%i# Ga'es, seeing the athleti# s%orts and the #hariot7ra#es)9 9*nd what,9 said the 'an, 9is the %ri/e $or whi#h they #ontend:9 9*n oli&e7wreath,9 returned the others, 9whi#h is gi&en to the 'an who wins)9 !n hearing this, Tritantae#h'es, the son o$ *rtabanus, uttered a s%ee#h whi#h was in truth 'ost noble, but whi#h #aused hi' to be ta.ed with #owardi#e by ?ing Ber.es) Hearing the 'en say that the %ri/e was not 'oney but a wreath o$ oli&e, he #ould not $orbear $ro' e.#lai'ing be$ore the' all0 9Good hea&ens> -ardonius, what 'anner o$ 'en are these against who' thou hast brought us to $ight:7 'en who #ontend with one another, not $or 'oney, but $or honour>9 * little be$ore this, and 2ust a$ter the blow had been stru#k at Ther'o%ylae, a herald was sent into +ho#is by the Thessalians, who had always been on bad ter's with the +ho#ians, and es%e#ially sin#e their last o&erthrow) For it was not 'any years %re&ious to this in&asion o$ Gree#e by the king, that the Thessalians, with their allies, entered +ho#is in $ull $or#e, but were de$eated by the +ho#ians in an engage'ent wherein they were &ery roughly handled) The +ho#ians, who had with the' as soothsayer Tellias o$ Elis, were blo#ked u% in the 'ountain o$ +arnassus, when the $ollowing stratage' was #ontri&ed

$or the' by their Elean ally) He took si. hundred o$ their bra&est 'en, and whitened their bodies and their ar's with #halk( then instru#ting the' to slay e&ery one who' they should 'eet that was not whitened like the'sel&es, he 'ade a night atta#k u%on the Thessalians) 3o sooner did the Thessalian sentries, who were the $irst to see the', behold this strange sight, than, i'agining it to be a %rodigy, they were all $illed with a$$right) Fro' the sentries the alar' s%read to the ar'y, whi#h was sei/ed with su#h a %ani# that the +ho#ians killed $our thousand o$ the', and be#a'e 'asters o$ their dead bodies and shields) !$ the shields one hal$ were sent as an o$$ering to the te'%le at *bae, the other hal$ were de%osited at 5el%hi( while $ro' the tenth %art o$ the booty gained in the battle, were 'ade the giganti# $igures whi#h stand round the tri%od in $ront o$ the 5el%hi# shrine, and likewise the $igures o$ the sa'e si/e and #hara#ter at *bae) Besides this slaughter o$ the Thessalian $oot when it was blo#kading the', the +ho#ians had dealt a blow to their horse u%on its in&ading their territory, $ro' whi#h they had ne&er re#o&ered) There is a %ass near the #ity o$ Hya'%olis, where the +ho#ians, ha&ing dug a broad tren#h, $illed u% the &oid with e'%ty wine72ars, a$ter whi#h they #o&ered the %la#e with 'ould, so that the ground all looked alike, and then awaited the #o'ing o$ the Thessalians) These, thinking to destroy the +ho#ians at one swee%, rushed ra%idly $orward, and be#a'e entangled in the wine72ars, whi#h broke the legs o$ their horses) The Thessalians had there$ore a double #ause o$ ,uarrel with the +ho#ians, when they dis%at#hed the herald abo&e 'entioned, who thus deli&ered his 'essage07 9*t length a#knowledge, ye 'en o$ +ho#is, that ye 'ay not think to 'at#h with us) n ti'es %ast, when it %leased us to hold with the Greeks, we had always the &antage o&er you( and now our in$luen#e is su#h with the barbarian, that, i$ we #hoose it, you will lose your #ountry, and ;what is e&en worse< you will be sold as sla&es) Howe&er, though we #an now do with you e.a#tly as we like, we are willing to $orget our wrongs) Iuit the' with a %ay'ent o$ $i$ty talents o$ sil&er, and we undertake to ward o$$ the e&ils whi#h threaten your #ountry)9 "u#h was the 'essage whi#h the Thessalians sent) The +ho#ians were the only %eo%le in these %arts who had not es%oused the #ause o$ the -edes( and it is 'y deliberate o%inion that the 'oti&e whi#h swayed the' was none other7 neither 'ore nor less7 than their hatred o$ the Thessalians0 $or had the Thessalians de#lared in $a&our o$ the Greeks, belie&e that the 'en o$ +ho#is would ha&e 2oined the -edian side) *s it was, when the 'essage arri&ed, the +ho#ians 'ade answer, that 9they would not %ay anything7 it was o%en to the', e,ually with the Thessalians, to 'ake #o''on #ause with the -edes, i$ they only #hose

so to do7 but they would ne&er o$ their own $ree will be#o'e traitors to Gree#e)9 !n the return o$ this answer, the Thessalians, $ull o$ wrath against the +ho#ians, o$$ered the'sel&es as guides to the barbarian ar'y, and led the' $orth $ro' Tra#hinia into 5oris) n this %la#e there is a narrow tongue o$ 5orian territory, not 'ore than thirty $urlongs a#ross, inter%osed between -alis and +ho#is( it is the tra#t in an#ient ti'es #alled 5ryo%is( and the land, o$ whi#h it is a %art, is the 'other7#ountry o$ the 5orians in the +elo%onnese) This territory the barbarians did not %lunder, $or the inhabitants had es%oused their side( and besides, the Thessalians wished that they should be s%ared) Fro' 5oris they 'ar#hed $orward into +ho#is( but here the inhabitants did not $all into their %ower0 $or so'e o$ the' had taken re$uge in the high grounds o$ +arnassus7 one su''it o$ whi#h, #alled Tithorea, standing ,uite by itsel$, not $ar $ro' the #ity o$ 3eon, is well $itted to gi&e shelter to a large body o$ 'en, and had now re#ei&ed a nu'ber o$ the +ho#ians with their 'o&ables( while the greater %ortion had $led to the #ountry o$ the !/olian Lo#rians, and %la#ed their goods in the #ity #alled *'%hissa, whi#h lies abo&e the Crissaean %lain) The land o$ +ho#is, howe&er, was entirely o&errun, $or the Thessalians led the +ersian ar'y through the whole o$ it( and where&er they went, the #ountry was wasted with $ire and sword, the #ities and e&en the te'%les being wil$ully set alight by the troo%s) The 'ar#h o$ the ar'y lay along the &alley o$ the Ce%hissus( and here they ra&aged $ar and wide, burning the towns o$ 5ry'us, Charadra, Ero#hus, Tethroniu', *'%hi#aea, 3eon, +edieis, Triteis, Elateia, Hya'%olis, +ara%ota'ii, and *bae) *t the last7na'ed %la#e there was a te'%le o$ *%ollo, &ery ri#h, and adorned with a &ast nu'ber o$ treasures and o$$erings) There was likewise an ora#le there in those days, as indeed there is at the %resent ti'e) This te'%le the +ersians %lundered and burnt( and here they #a%tured a nu'ber o$ the +ho#ians be$ore they #ould rea#h the hills, and #aused the death o$ so'e o$ their wo'en by ill7usage) *$ter %assing +ara%ota'ii, the barbarians 'ar#hed to +ano%eis( and now the ar'y se%arated into two bodies, whereo$ one, whi#h was the 'ore nu'erous and the stronger o$ the two, 'ar#hed, under Ber.es hi'sel$, towards *thens, entering Boeotia by the #ountry o$ the !r#ho'enians) The Boeotians had one and all e'bra#ed the #ause o$ the -edes( and their towns were in the %ossession o$ -a#edonian garrisons, who' *le.ander had sent there, to 'ake it 'ani$est to Ber.es that the Boeotians were on the -edian side) "u#h then was the road $ollowed by one di&ision o$ the barbarians) The other di&ision took guides, and %ro#eeded towards the te'%le o$ 5el%hi, kee%ing -ount +arnassus on their right hand) They too

laid waste su#h %arts o$ +ho#is as they %assed through, burning the #ity o$ the +ano%eans, together with those o$ the 5aulians and o$ the *eolidae) This body had been deta#hed $ro' the rest o$ the ar'y, and 'ade to 'ar#h in this dire#tion, $or the %ur%ose o$ %lundering the 5el%hian te'%le and #on&eying to ?ing Ber.es the ri#hes whi#h were there laid u%) For Ber.es, as a' in$or'ed, was better a#,uainted with what there was worthy o$ note at 5el%hi, than e&en with what he had le$t in his own house( so 'any o$ those about hi' were #ontinually des#ribing the treasures7 'ore es%e#ially the o$$erings 'ade by Croesus the son o$ *lyattes) 3ow when the 5el%hians heard what danger they were in, great $ear $ell on the') n their terror they #onsulted the ora#le #on#erning the holy treasures, and in,uired i$ they should bury the' in the ground, or #arry the' away to so'e other #ountry) The god, in re%ly, bade the' lea&e the treasures untou#hed7 9He was able,9 he said, 9without hel% to %rote#t his own)9 "o the 5el%hians, when they re#ei&ed this answer, began to think about sa&ing the'sel&es) *nd $irst o$ all they sent their wo'en and #hildren a#ross the gul$ into *#haea( a$ter whi#h the greater nu'ber o$ the' #li'bed u% into the to%s o$ +arnassus, and %la#ed their goods $or sa$ety in the Cory#ian #a&e( while so'e e$$e#ted their es#a%e to *'%hissa in Lo#ris) n this way all the 5el%hians ,uitted the #ity, e.#e%t si.ty 'en, and the +ro%het) 4hen the barbarian assailants drew near and were in sight o$ the %la#e, the +ro%het, who was na'ed *#eratus, beheld, in $ront o$ the te'%le, a %ortion o$ the sa#red ar'our, whi#h it was not law$ul $or any 'ortal hand to tou#h, lying u%on the ground, re'o&ed $ro' the inner shrine where it was wont to hang) Then went he and told the %rodigy to the 5el%hians who had re'ained behind) -eanwhile the ene'y %ressed $orward briskly, and had rea#hed the shrine o$ -iner&a +ronaia, when they were o&ertaken by other %rodigies still 'ore wonder$ul than the $irst) Truly it was 'ar&el enough, when warlike harness was seen lying outside the te'%le, re'o&ed there by no %ower but its own( what $ollowed, howe&er, e.#eeded in strangeness all %rodigies that had e&er be$ore been seen) The barbarians had 2ust rea#hed in their ad&an#e the #ha%el o$ -iner&a +ronaia, when a stor' o$ thunder burst suddenly o&er their heads7 at the sa'e ti'e two #rags s%lit o$$ $ro' -ount +arnassus, and rolled down u%on the' with a loud noise, #rushing &ast nu'bers beneath their weight7 while $ro' the te'%le o$ -iner&a there went u% the war7#ry and the shout o$ &i#tory) *ll these things together stru#k terror into the barbarians, who $orthwith turned and $led) The 5el%hians, seeing this, #a'e down $ro' their hiding7%la#es, and s'ote the' with a great slaughter, $ro' whi#h su#h as es#a%ed $led straight into Boeotia) These 'en, on their return, de#lared ;as a' told< that besides the 'ar&els 'entioned abo&e, they witnessed also other su%ernatural sights) Two

ar'ed warriors, they said, o$ a stature 'ore than hu'an, %ursued a$ter their $lying ranks, %ressing the' #lose and slaying the') These 'en, the 5el%hians 'aintain, were two Heroes belonging to the %la#e7 by na'e +hyla#us and *utonous7 ea#h o$ who' has a sa#red %re#in#t near the te'%le( one, that o$ +hyla#us, hard by the road whi#h runs abo&e the te'%le o$ +ronaia( the other, that o$ *utonous, near the Castalian s%ring, at the $oot o$ the %eak #alled Hya'%eia) The blo#ks o$ stone whi#h $ell $ro' +arnassus 'ight still be seen in 'y day( they lay in the %re#in#t o$ +ronaia, where they sto%%ed, a$ter rolling through the host o$ the barbarians) Thus was this body o$ 'en $or#ed to retire $ro' the te'%le) -eanwhile, the Gre#ian $leet, whi#h had le$t *rte'isiu', %ro#eeded to "ala'is, at the re,uest o$ the *thenians, and there #ast an#hor) The *thenians had begged the' to take u% this %osition, in order that they 'ight #on&ey their wo'en and #hildren out o$ *tti#a, and $urther 'ight deliberate u%on the #ourse whi#h it now beho&ed the' to $ollow) 5isa%%ointed in the ho%es whi#h they had %re&iously entertained, they were about to hold a #oun#il #on#erning the %resent %osture o$ their a$$airs) For they had looked to see the +elo%onnesians drawn u% in $ull $or#e to resist the ene'y in Boeotia, but $ound nothing o$ what they had e.%e#ted( nay, they learnt that the Greeks o$ those %arts, only #on#erning the'sel&es about their own sa$ety, were building a wall a#ross the sth'us, and intended to guard the +elo%onnese, and let the rest o$ Gree#e take its #han#e) These tidings #aused the' to 'ake the re,uest whereo$ s%oke, that the #o'bined $leet should an#hor at "ala'is) "o while the rest o$ the $leet lay to o$$ this island, the *thenians #ast an#hor along their own #oast) ''ediately u%on their arri&al, %ro#la'ation was 'ade that e&ery *thenian should sa&e his #hildren and household as he best #ould( whereu%on so'e sent their $a'ilies to Egina, so'e to "ala'is, but the greater nu'ber to Troe/en) This re'o&al was 'ade with all %ossible haste, %artly $ro' a desire to obey the ad&i#e o$ the ora#le, but still 'ore $or another reason) The *thenians say that they ha&e in their *#ro%olis a huge ser%ent, whi#h li&es in the te'%le, and is the guardian o$ the whole %la#e) 3or do they only say this, but, as i$ the ser%ent really dwelt there, e&ery 'onth they lay out its $ood, whi#h #onsists o$ a honey7#ake) 6% to this ti'e the honey7#ake had always been #onsu'ed( but now it re'ained untou#hed) "o the %riestess told the %eo%le what had ha%%ened( whereu%on they le$t *thens the 'ore readily, sin#e they belie&ed that the goddess had already abandoned the #itadel) *s soon as all was re'o&ed, the *thenians sailed ba#k to their station) *nd now, the re'ainder o$ the Gre#ian sea7$or#e, hearing that the $leet whi#h had been at *rte'isiu', was #o'e to "ala'is, 2oined it at that island $ro' Troe/en7 orders ha&ing been issued %re&iously that the shi%s should 'uster at +ogon, the %ort o$ the Troe/enians) The

&essels #olle#ted were 'any 'ore in nu'ber than those whi#h had $ought at *rte'isiu', and were $urnished by 'ore #ities) The ad'iral was the sa'e who had #o''anded be$ore, to wit, Eurybiades, the son o$ Eury#leides, who was a "%artan, but not o$ the $a'ily o$ the kings0 the #ity, howe&er, whi#h sent by $ar the greatest nu'ber o$ shi%s, and the best sailers, was *thens) 3ow these were the nations who #o'%osed the Gre#ian $leet) Fro' the +elo%onnese, the $ollowing7 the La#edae'onians with si., teen shi%s( the Corinthians with the sa'e nu'ber as at *rte'isiu'( the "i#yonians with $i$teen( the E%idaurians with ten( the Troe/enians with $i&e( and the Her'ionians with three) These were 5orians and -a#edonians all o$ the' ;e.#e%t those $ro' Her'ione<, and had e'igrated last $ro' Erineus, +indus, and 5ryo%is) The Her'ionians were 5ryo%ians, o$ the ra#e whi#h Her#ules and the -alians dro&e out o$ the land now #alled 5oris) "u#h were the +elo%onnesian nations) Fro' the 'ainland o$ Gree#e beyond the +elo%onnese, #a'e the *thenians with a hundred and eighty shi%s, a greater nu'ber than that $urnished by any other %eo%le( and these were now 'anned wholly by the'sel&es( $or the +lataeans did not ser&e aboard the *thenian shi%s at "ala'is, owing to the $ollowing reason) 4hen the Greeks, on their withdrawal $ro' *rte'isiu', arri&ed o$$ Chal#is, the +lataeans dise'barked u%on the o%%osite shore o$ Boeotia, and set to work to re'o&e their households, whereby it ha%%ened that they were le$t behind) ;The *thenians, when the region whi#h is now #alled Gree#e was held by the +elasgi, were +elasgians, and bore the na'e o$ Cranaans( but under their king Ce#ro%s, they were #alled Ce#ro%idae( when Ere#htheus got the so&ereignty, they #hanged their na'e to *thenians( and when on, the son o$ Buthus, be#a'e their general, they were na'ed a$ter hi' onians)< The -egarians ser&ed with the sa'e nu'ber o$ shi%s as at *rte'isiu'( the *'bra#iots #a'e with se&en( the Leu#adians ;who were 5orians $ro' Corinth< with three) !$ the islanders, the Eginetans $urnished thirty shi%s7 they had a larger nu'ber e,ui%%ed( but so'e were ke%t ba#k to guard their own #oasts, and only thirty, whi#h howe&er were their best sailers, took %art in the $ight at "ala'is) ;The Eginetans are 5orians $ro' E%idaurus( their island was #alled $or'erly !enone<) The Chal#ideans #a'e ne.t in order( they $urnished the twenty shi%s with whi#h they had ser&ed at *rte'isiu') The Eretrians likewise $urnished their se&en) These ra#es are onian) Ceos ga&e its old nu'ber7 the Ceans are onians $ro' *tti#a) 3a.os $urnished $our0 this deta#h'ent, like those $ro' the other islands, had been sent by the #iti/ens at ho'e to 2oin the -edes( but they 'ade light o$ the orders gi&en the', and 2oined the Greeks, at the instigation o$ 5e'o#ritus, a #iti/en o$ good re%ort, who was at that ti'e #a%tain o$ a trire'e) The 3a.ians are onians, o$ the *thenian sto#k) The "tyreans ser&ed with the sa'e

shi%s as be$ore( the Cythnians #ontributed one, and likewise a %ente#onter7 these two nations are 5ryo%ians0 the "eri%hians, "i%hnians, and -elians, also ser&ed( they were the only islanders who had not gi&en earth and water to the barbarian) *ll these nations dwelt inside the ri&er *#heron and the #ountry inhabited by the Thes%rotians( $or that %eo%le borders on the *'bra#iots and Leu#adians, who are the 'ost re'ote o$ all those by who' the $leet was $urnished) Fro' the #ountries beyond, there was only one %eo%le whi#h ga&e hel% to the Greeks in their danger) This was the %eo%le o$ Crotona, who #ontributed a single shi%, under the #o''and o$ +hayllus, a 'an who had thri#e #arried o$$ the %ri/e at the +ythian Ga'es) The Crotoniats are, by des#ent, *#haeans) -ost o$ the allies #a'e with trire'es( but the -elians, "i%hnians, and "eri%hians, brought %ente#onters) The -elians, who draw their ra#e $ro' La#edae'on, $urnished two( the "i%hnians and "eri%hians, who are onians o$ the *thenian sto#k, one ea#h) The whole nu'ber o$ the shi%s, without #ounting the %ente#onters, was three hundred and se&enty7eight) 4hen the #a%tains $ro' these &arious nations were #o'e together at "ala'is, a #oun#il o$ war was su''oned( and Eurybiades %ro%osed that any one who liked to ad&ise, should say whi#h %la#e see'ed to hi' the $ittest, a'ong those still in the %ossession o$ the Greeks, to be the s#ene o$ a na&al #o'bat) *tti#a, he said, was not to be thought o$ now( but he desired their #ounsel as to the re'ainder) The s%eakers 'ostly ad&ised that the $leet should sail away to the sth'us, and there gi&e battle in de$en#e o$ the +elo%onnese( and they urged as a reason $or this, that i$ they were worsted in a sea7$ight at "ala'is, they would be shut u% in an island where they #ould get no hel%( but i$ they were beaten near the sth'us, they #ould es#a%e to their ho'es) *s the #a%tains $ro' the +elo%onnese were thus ad&ising, there #a'e an *thenian to the #a'%, who brought word that the barbarians had entered *tti#a, and were ra&aging and burning e&erything) For the di&ision o$ the ar'y under Ber.es was 2ust arri&ed at *thens $ro' its 'ar#h through Boeotia, where it had burnt Thes%iae and +lataea7 both whi#h #ities were $orsaken by their inhabitants, who had $led to the +elo%onnese7 and now it was laying waste all the %ossessions o$ the *thenians) Thes%iae and +lataea had been burnt by the +ersians, be#ause they knew $ro' the Thebans that neither o$ those #ities had es%oused their side) "in#e the %assage o$ the Helles%ont and the #o''en#e'ent o$ the 'ar#h u%on Gree#e, a s%a#e o$ $our 'onths had gone by( one, while the ar'y 'ade the #rossing, and delayed about the region o$ the Helles%ont( and three while they %ro#eeded then#e to *tti#a, whi#h they entered in the ar#honshi% o$ Calliades) They $ound the #ity $orsaken( a $ew %eo%le only re'ained in the te'%le, either kee%ers

o$ the treasures, or 'en o$ the %oorer sort) These %ersons ha&ing $orti$ied the #itadel with %lanks and boards, held out against the ene'y) t was in so'e 'easure their %o&erty whi#h had %re&ented the' $ro' seeking shelter in "ala'is( but there was likewise another reason whi#h in %art indu#ed the' to re'ain) They i'agined the'sel&es to ha&e dis#o&ered the true 'eaning o$ the ora#le uttered by the +ythoness, whi#h %ro'ised that 9the wooden wall9 should ne&er be taken7 the wooden wall, they thought, did not 'ean the shi%s, but the %la#e where they had taken re$uge) The +ersians en#a'%ed u%on the hill o&er against the #itadel, whi#h is #alled -ars1 hill by the *thenians, and began the siege o$ the %la#e, atta#king the Greeks with arrows whereto %ie#es o$ lighted tow were atta#hed, whi#h they shot at the barri#ade) *nd now those who were within the #itadel $ound the'sel&es in a 'ost woe$ul #ase( $or their wooden ra'%art betrayed the'( still, howe&er, they #ontinued to resist) t was in &ain that the +isistratidae #a'e to the' and o$$ered ter's o$ surrender7 they stoutly re$used all %arley, and a'ong their other 'odes o$ de$en#e, rolled down huge 'asses o$ stone u%on the barbarians as they were 'ounting u% to the gates0 so that Ber.es was $or a long ti'e &ery greatly %er%le.ed, and #ould not #ontri&e any way to take the') *t last, howe&er, in the 'idst o$ these 'any di$$i#ulties, the barbarians 'ade dis#o&ery o$ an a##ess) For &erily the ora#le had s%oken truth( and it was $ated that the whole 'ainland o$ *tti#a should $all beneath the sway o$ the +ersians) Right in $ront o$ the #itadel, but behind the gates and the #o''on as#ent7 where no wat#h was ke%t, and no one would ha&e thought it %ossible that any $oot o$ 'an #ould #li'b7 a $ew soldiers 'ounted $ro' the san#tuary o$ *glaurus, Ce#ro%s1 daughter, notwithstanding the stee%ness o$ the %re#i%i#e) *s soon as the *thenians saw the' u%on the su''it, so'e threw the'sel&es headlong $ro' the wall, and so %erished( while others $led $or re$uge to the inner %art o$ the te'%le) The +ersians rushed to the gates and o%ened the', a$ter whi#h they 'assa#red the su%%liants, 4hen all were slain, they %lundered the te'%le, and $ired e&ery %art o$ the #itadel) Ber.es, thus #o'%letely 'aster o$ *thens, des%at#hed a horse'an to "usa, with a 'essage to *rtabanus, in$or'ing hi' o$ his su##ess hitherto) The day a$ter, he #olle#ted together all the *thenian e.iles who had #o'e into Gree#e in his train, and bade the' go u% into the #itadel, and there o$$er sa#ri$i#e a$ter their own $ashion) know not whether he had had a drea' whi#h 'ade hi' gi&e this order, or whether he $elt so'e re'orse on a##ount o$ ha&ing set the te'%le on $ire) Howe&er this 'ay ha&e been, the e.iles were not slow to obey the #o''and gi&en the') will now e.%lain why ha&e 'ade 'ention o$ this #ir#u'stan#e0 there is a te'%le o$ Ere#htheus the Earth7born, as he is #alled, in

this #itadel, #ontaining within it an oli&e7tree and a sea) The tale goes a'ong the *thenians, that they were %la#ed there as witnesses by 3e%tune and -iner&a, when they had their #ontention about the #ountry) 3ow this oli&e7tree had been burnt with the rest o$ the te'%le when the barbarians took the %la#e) But when the *thenians, who' the king had #o''anded to o$$er sa#ri$i#e, went u% into the te'%le $or the %ur%ose, they $ound a $resh shoot, as 'u#h as a #ubit in length, thrown out $ro' the old trunk) "u#h at least was the a##ount whi#h these %ersons ga&e) -eanwhile, at "ala'is, the Greeks no sooner heard what had be$allen the *thenian #itadel, than they $ell into su#h alar' that so'e o$ the #a%tains did not e&en wait $or the #oun#il to #o'e to a &ote, but e'barked hastily on board their &essels, and hoisted sail as though they would take to $light i''ediately) The rest, who stayed at the #oun#il board, #a'e to a &ote that the $leet should gi&e battle at the sth'us) 3ight now drew on( and the #a%tains, dis%ersing $ro' the 'eeting, %ro#eeded on board their res%e#ti&e shi%s) The'isto#les, as he entered his own &essel, was 'et by -nesi%hilus, an *thenian, who asked hi' what the #oun#il had resol&ed to do) !n learning that the resol&e was to stand away $or the sth'us, and there gi&e battle on behal$ o$ the +elo%onnese, -nesi%hilus e.#lai'ed07 9 $ these 'en sail away $ro' "ala'is, thou wilt ha&e no $ight at all $or the one $atherland( $or they will all s#atter the'sel&es to their own ho'es( and neither Eurybiades nor any one else will be able to hinder the', nor to sto% the breaking u% o$ the ar'a'ent) Thus will Gree#e be brought to ruin through e&il #ounsels) But haste thee now( and, i$ there be any %ossible way, seek to unsettle these resol&es7 'ayha% thou 'ightest %ersuade Eurybiades to #hange his 'ind, and #ontinue here)9 The suggestion greatly %leased The'isto#les( and without answering a word, he went straight to the &essel o$ Eurybiades) *rri&ed there, he let hi' know that he wanted to s%eak with hi' on a 'atter tou#hing the %ubli# ser&i#e) "o Eurybiades bade hi' #o'e on board, and say whate&er he wished) Then The'isto#les, seating hi'sel$ at his side, went o&er all the argu'ents whi#h he had heard $ro' -nesi%hilus, %retending as i$ they were his own, and added to the' 'any new ones besides( until at last he %ersuaded Eurybiades, by his i'%ortunity, to ,uit his shi% and again #olle#t the #a%tains to #oun#il) *s soon as they were #o'e, and be$ore Eurybiades had o%ened to the' his %ur%ose in asse'bling the' together, The'isto#les, as 'en are wont to do when they are &ery an.ious, s%oke 'u#h to di&ers o$ the'( whereu%on the Corinthian #a%tain, *dei'antus, the son o$ !#ytus, obser&ed7 9The'isto#les, at the Ga'es they who start too soon are s#ourged)9 9True,9 re2oined the other in his e.#use, 9but they who wait too late are not #rowned)9

Thus he ga&e the Corinthian at this ti'e a 'ild answer( and towards Eurybiades hi'sel$ he did not now use any o$ those argu'ents whi#h he had urged be$ore, or say aught o$ the allies betaking the'sel&es to $light i$ on#e they broke u% $ro' "ala'is( it would ha&e been ungra#e$ul $or hi', when the #on$ederates were %resent, to 'ake a##usation against any0 but he had re#ourse to ,uite a new sort o$ reasoning, and addressed hi' as $ollows07 94ith thee it rests, ! Eurybiades> to sa&e Gree#e, i$ thou wilt only hearken unto 'e, and gi&e the ene'y battle here, rather than yield to the ad&i#e o$ those a'ong us, who would ha&e the $leet withdrawn to the sth'us) Hear now, besee#h thee, and 2udge between the two #ourses) *t the sth'us thou wilt $ight in an o%en sea, whi#h is greatly to our disad&antage, sin#e our shi%s are hea&ier and $ewer in nu'ber than the ene'y1s( and $urther, thou wilt in any #ase lose "ala'is, -egara, and Egina, e&en i$ all the rest goes well with us) The land and sea $or#e o$ the +ersians will ad&an#e together( and thy retreat will but draw the' towards the +elo%onnese, and so bring all Gree#e into %eril) $, on the other hand, thou doest as ad&ise, these are the ad&antages whi#h thou wilt so se#ure0 in the $irst %la#e, as we shall $ight in a narrow sea with $ew shi%s against 'any, i$ the war $ollows the #o''on #ourse, we shall gain a great &i#tory( $or to $ight in a narrow s%a#e is $a&ourable to us7 in an o%en sea, to the') *gain, "ala'is will in this #ase be %reser&ed, where we ha&e %la#ed our wi&es and #hildren) 3ay, that &ery %oint by whi#h ye set 'ost store, is se#ured as 'u#h by this #ourse as by the other( $or whether we $ight here or at the sth'us, we shall e,ually gi&e battle in de$en#e o$ the +elo%onnese) *ssuredly ye will not do wisely to draw the +ersians u%on that region) For i$ things turn out as anti#i%ate, and we beat the' by sea, then we shall ha&e ke%t your sth'us $ree $ro' the barbarians, and they will ha&e ad&an#ed no $urther than *tti#a, but $ro' then#e ha&e $led ba#k in disorder( and we shall, 'oreo&er, ha&e sa&ed -egara, Egina, and "ala'is itsel$, where an ora#le has said that we are to o&er#o'e our ene'ies) 4hen 'en #ounsel reasonably, reasonable su##ess ensues( but when in their #ounsels they re2e#t reason, God does not #hoose to $ollow the wanderings o$ hu'an $an#ies)9 4hen The'isto#les had thus s%oken, *dei'antus the Corinthian again atta#ked hi', and bade hi' be silent, sin#e he was a 'an without a #ity( at the sa'e ti'e he #alled on Eurybiades not to %ut the ,uestion at the instan#e o$ one who had no #ountry, and urged that The'isto#les should show o$ what state he was en&oy, be$ore he ga&e his &oi#e with the rest) This re%roa#h he 'ade, be#ause the #ity o$ *thens had been taken, and was in the hands o$ the barbarians) Hereu%on The'isto#les s%ake 'any bitter things against *dei'antus and the Corinthians generally( and $or %roo$ that he had a #ountry, re'inded the #a%tains, that with two hundred shi%s at his #o''and, all $ully

'anned $or battle, he had both #ity and territory as good as theirs( sin#e there was no Gre#ian state whi#h #ould resist his 'en i$ they were to 'ake a des#ent) *$ter this de#laration, he turned to Eurybiades, and addressing hi' with still greater war'th and earnestness7 9 $ thou wilt stay here,9 he said, 9and beha&e like a bra&e 'an, all will be well7 i$ not, thou wilt bring Gree#e to ruin) For the whole $ortune o$ the war de%ends on our shi%s) Be thou %ersuaded by 'y words) $ not, we will take our $a'ilies on board, and go, 2ust as we are, to "iris, in taly, whi#h is ours $ro' o$ old, and whi#h the %ro%he#ies de#lare we are to #olonise so'e day or other) =ou then, when you ha&e lost allies like us, will herea$ter #all to 'ind what ha&e now said)9 *t these words o$ The'isto#les, Eurybiades #hanged his deter'ination( %rin#i%ally, as belie&e, be#ause he $eared that i$ he withdrew the $leet to the sth'us, the *thenians would sail away, and knew that without the *thenians, the rest o$ their shi%s #ould be no 'at#h $or the $leet o$ the ene'y) He there$ore de#ided to re'ain, and gi&e battle at "ala'is) *nd now, the di$$erent #hie$s, notwithstanding their skir'ish o$ words, on learning the de#ision o$ Eurybiades, at on#e 'ade ready $or the $ight) -orning broke( and, 2ust as the sun rose, the sho#k o$ an earth,uake was $elt both on shore and at sea0 whereu%on the Greeks resol&ed to a%%roa#h the gods with %rayer, and likewise to send and in&ite the *ea#ids to their aid) *nd this they did, with as 'u#h s%eed as they had resol&ed on it) +rayers were o$$ered to all the gods( and Tela'on and *2a. were in&oked at on#e $ro' "ala'is, while a shi% was sent to Egina to $et#h *ea#us hi'sel$, and the other *ea#ids) The $ollowing is a tale whi#h was told by 5i#aeus, the son o$ Theo#ydes, an *thenian, who was at this ti'e an e.ile, and had gained a good re%ort a'ong the -edes) He de#lared that a$ter the ar'y o$ Ber.es had, in the absen#e o$ the *thenians, wasted *tti#a, he #han#ed to be with 5e'aratus the La#edae'onian in the Thriasian %lain, and that while there, he saw a #loud o$ dust ad&an#ing $ro' Eleusis, su#h as a host o$ thirty thousand 'en 'ight raise) *s he and his #o'%anion were wondering who the 'en, $ro' who' the dust arose, #ould %ossibly be, a sound o$ &oi#es rea#hed his ear, and he thought that he re#ognised the 'ysti# hy'n to Ba##hus) 3ow 5e'aratus was una#,uainted with the rites o$ Eleusis, and so he in,uired o$ 5i#aeus what the &oi#es were saying) 5i#aeus 'ade answer7 9! 5e'aratus> beyond a doubt so'e 'ighty #ala'ity is about to be$all the king1s ar'y> For it is 'ani$est, inas'u#h as *tti#a is deserted by its inhabitants, that the sound whi#h we ha&e heard is an unearthly one, and is now u%on its way $ro' Eleusis to aid the *thenians and their #on$ederates) $ it des#ends u%on the +elo%onnese, danger will

threaten the king hi'sel$ and his land ar'y7 i$ it 'o&es towards the shi%s at "ala'is, 1twill go hard but the king1s $leet there su$$ers destru#tion) E&ery year the *thenians #elebrate this $east to the -other and the 5aughter( and all who wish, whether they be *thenians or any other Greeks, are initiated) The sound thou hearest is the Ba##hi# song, whi#h is wont to be sung at that $esti&al)9 9Hush now,9 re2oined the other( 9and see thou tell no 'an o$ this 'atter) For i$ thy words be brought to the king1s ear, thou wilt assuredly lose thy head be#ause o$ the'( neither nor any 'an li&ing #an then sa&e thee) Hold thy %ea#e there$ore) The gods will see to the king1s ar'y)9 Thus 5e'aratus #ounselled hi'( and they looked, and saw the dust, $ro' whi#h the sound arose, be#o'e a #loud, and the #loud rise u% into the air and sail away to "ala'is, 'aking $or the station o$ the Gre#ian $leet) Then they knew that it was the $leet o$ Ber.es whi#h would su$$er destru#tion) "u#h was the tale told by 5i#aeus the son o$ Theo#ydes( and he a%%ealed $or its truth to 5e'aratus and other eye7witnesses) The 'en belonging to the $leet o$ Ber.es, a$ter they had seen the "%artan dead at Ther'o%ylae, and #rossed the #hannel $ro' Tra#his to Histiaea, waited there by the s%a#e o$ three days, and then sailing down through the Euri%us, in three 'ore #a'e to +haleru') n 'y 2udg'ent, the +ersian $or#es both by land and sea when they in&aded *tti#a were not less nu'erous than they had been on their arri&al at "e%ias and Ther'o%ylae) For against the +ersian loss in the stor' and at Ther'o%ylae, and again in the sea7$ights o$$ *rte'isiu', set the &arious nations whi#h had sin#e 2oined the king7 as the -alians, the 5orians, the Lo#rians, and the Boeotians7 ea#h ser&ing in $ull $or#e in his ar'y e.#e%t the last, who did not nu'ber in their ranks either the Thes%ians or the +lataeans( and together with these, the Carystians, the *ndrians, the Tenians, and the other %eo%le o$ the islands, who all $ought on this side e.#e%t the $i&e states already 'entioned) For as the +ersians %enetrated $urther into Gree#e, they were 2oined #ontinually by $resh nations) Rein$or#ed by the #ontingents o$ all these &arious states, e.#e%t +aros, the barbarians rea#hed *thens) *s $or the +arians, they tarried at Cythnus, waiting to see how the war would go) The rest o$ the sea $or#es #a'e sa$e to +haleru'( where they were &isited by Ber.es, who had #on#ei&ed a desire to go aboard and learn the wishes o$ the $leet) "o he #a'e and sate in a seat o$ honour( and the so&ereigns o$ the nations, and the #a%tains o$ the shi%s, were sent $or, to a%%ear be$ore hi', and as they arri&ed took their seats a##ording to the rank assigned the' by the king) n the $irst seat sate the king o$ "idon( a$ter hi', the king o$ Tyre( then the rest in their order) 4hen the whole had taken their %la#es, one a$ter another, and were set down in orderly array, Ber.es, to try the', sent -ardonius and ,uestioned ea#h, whether a sea7$ight should be risked or

no) -ardonius a##ordingly went round the entire asse'blage, beginning with the "idonian 'onar#h, and asked this ,uestion( to whi#h all ga&e the sa'e answer, ad&ising to engage the Greeks, e.#e%t only *rte'isia, who s%ake as $ollows ;"" F)<07 9"ay to the king, -ardonius, that these are 'y words to hi'0 was not the least bra&e o$ those who $ought at Euboea, nor were 'y a#hie&e'ents there a'ong the 'eanest( it is 'y right, there$ore, ! 'y lord, to tell thee %lainly what think to be 'ost $or thy ad&antage now) This then is 'y ad&i#e) "%are thy shi%s, and do not risk a battle( $or these %eo%le are as 'u#h su%erior to thy %eo%le in sea'anshi%, as 'en to wo'en) 4hat so great need is there $or thee to in#ur ha/ard at sea: *rt thou not 'aster o$ *thens, $or whi#h thou didst undertake thy e.%edition: s not Gree#e sub2e#t to thee: 3ot a soul now resists thy ad&an#e) They who on#e resisted, were handled e&en as they deser&ed) ;"" G)< 3ow learn how e.%e#t that a$$airs will go with thy ad&ersaries) $ thou art not o&er7hasty to engage with the' by sea, but wilt kee% thy $leet near the land, then whether thou abidest as thou art, or 'ar#hest $orward towards the +elo%onnese, thou wilt easily a##o'%lish all $or whi#h thou art #o'e hither) The Greeks #annot hold out against thee &ery long( thou wilt soon %art the' asunder, and s#atter the' to their se&eral ho'es) n the island where they lie, hear they ha&e no $ood in store( nor is it likely, i$ thy land $or#e begins its 'ar#h towards the +elo%onnese, that they will re'ain ,uietly where they are7 at least su#h as #o'e $ro' that region) !$ a surety they will not greatly trouble the'sel&es to gi&e battle on behal$ o$ the *thenians) ;"" E)< !n the other hand, i$ thou art hasty to $ight, tre'ble lest the de$eat o$ thy sea $or#e bring har' likewise to thy land ar'y) This, too, thou shouldst re'e'ber, ! king( good 'asters are a%t to ha&e bad ser&ants, and bad 'asters good ones) 3ow, as thou art the best o$ 'en, thy ser&ants 'ust needs be a sorry set) These Egy%tians, Cy%rians, Cili#ians, and +a'%hylians, who are #ounted in the nu'ber o$ thy sub2e#t7allies, o$ how little ser&i#e are they to thee>9 *s *rte'isia s%ake, they who wished her well were greatly troubled #on#erning her words, thinking that she would su$$er so'e hurt at the king1s hands, be#ause she e.horted hi' not to risk a battle( they, on the other hand, who disliked and en&ied her, $a&oured as she was by the king abo&e all the rest o$ the allies, re2oi#ed at her de#laration, e.%e#ting that her li$e would be the $or$eit) But Ber.es, when the words o$ the se&eral s%eakers were re%orted to hi', was %leased beyond all others with the re%ly o$ *rte'isia( and whereas, e&en be$ore this, he had always estee'ed her 'u#h, he now %raised her 'ore than e&er) 3e&ertheless, he ga&e orders that the ad&i#e o$ the greater nu'ber should be $ollowed( $or he thought that at Euboea the $leet had not done its best, be#ause he hi'sel$ was not there to

see7 whereas this ti'e he resol&ed that he would be an eye7witness o$ the #o'bat) !rders were now gi&en to stand out to sea( and the shi%s %ro#eeded towards "ala'is, and took u% the stations to whi#h they were dire#ted, without let or hindran#e $ro' the ene'y) The day, howe&er, was too $ar s%ent $or the' to begin the battle, sin#e night already a%%roa#hed0 so they %re%ared to engage u%on the 'orrow) The Greeks, 'eanwhile, were in great distress and alar', 'ore es%e#ially those o$ the +elo%onnese, who were troubled that they had been ke%t at "ala'is to $ight on behal$ o$ the *thenian territory, and $eared that, i$ they should su$$er de$eat, they would be %ent u% and besieged in an island, while their own #ountry was le$t un%rote#ted) The sa'e night the land ar'y o$ the barbarians began its 'ar#h towards the +elo%onnese, where, howe&er, all that was %ossible had been done to %re&ent the ene'y $ro' $or#ing an entran#e by land) *s soon as e&er news rea#hed the +elo%onnese o$ the death o$ Leonidas and his #o'%anions at Ther'o%ylae, the inhabitants $lo#ked together $ro' the &arious #ities, and en#a'%ed at the sth'us, under the #o''and o$ Cleo'brotus, son o$ *na.andridas, and brother o$ Leonidas) Here their $irst #are was to blo#k u% the "#ironian 4ay( a$ter whi#h it was deter'ined in #oun#il to build a wall a#ross the sth'us) *s the nu'ber asse'bled a'ounted to 'any tens o$ thousands, and there was not one who did not gi&e hi'sel$ to the work, it was soon $inished) "tones, bri#ks, ti'ber, baskets $illed $ull o$ sand, were used in the building( and not a 'o'ent was lost by those who ga&e their aid( $or they laboured without #easing either by night or day) 3ow the nations who ga&e their aid, and who had $lo#ked in $ull $or#e to the sth'us, were the $ollowing0 the La#edae'onians, all the tribes o$ the *r#adians, the Eleans, the Corinthians, the "i#yonians, the E%idaurians, the +hliasians, the Troe/enians, and the Her'ionians) These all ga&e their aid, being greatly alar'ed at the danger whi#h threatened Gree#e) But the other inhabitants o$ the +elo%onnese took no %art in the 'atter( though the !ly'%i# and Carneian $esti&als were now o&er) "e&en nations inhabit the +elo%onnese) Two o$ the' are aboriginal, and still #ontinue in the regions where they dwelt at the $irst7 to wit, the *r#adians and the Cynurians) * third, that o$ the *#haeans, has ne&er le$t the +elo%onnese, but has been dislodged $ro' its own %ro%er #ountry, and inhabits a distri#t whi#h on#e belonged to others) The re'aining nations, $our out o$ the se&en, are all i''igrants7 na'ely, the 5orians, the *etolians, the 5ryo%ians, and the Le'nians) To the 5orians belong se&eral &ery $a'ous #ities( to the *etolians one only, that is, Elis( to the 5ryo%ians, Her'ione and that *sine whi#h lies o&er against Carda'yle in La#onia( to the Le'nians, all the towns o$ the +aroreats) The aboriginal Cynurians alone see' to be onians( e&en they, howe&er, ha&e, in #ourse o$ ti'e, grown to be 5orians,

under the go&ern'ent o$ the *rgi&es, whose !rneats and &assals they were) *ll the #ities o$ these se&en nations, e.#e%t those 'entioned abo&e, stood aloo$ $ro' the war( and by so doing, i$ 'ay s%eak $reely, they in $a#t took %art with the -edes) "o the Greeks at the sth'us toiled un#easingly, as though in the greatest %eril( sin#e they ne&er i'agined that any great su##ess would be gained by the $leet) The Greeks at "ala'is, on the other hand, when they heard what the rest were about, $elt greatly alar'ed( but their $ear was not so 'u#h $or the'sel&es as $or the +elo%onnese) *t $irst they #on&ersed together in low tones, ea#h 'an with his $ellow, se#retly, and 'ar&elled at the $olly shown by Eurybiades( but %resently the s'othered $eeling broke out, and another asse'bly was held( whereat the old sub2e#ts %ro&oked 'u#h talk $ro' the s%eakers, one side 'aintaining that it was best to sail to the +elo%onnese and risk battle $or that, instead o$ abiding at "ala'is and $ighting $or a land already taken by the ene'y( while the other, whi#h #onsisted o$ the *thenians, Eginetans, and -egarians, was urgent to re'ain and ha&e the battle $ought where they were) Then The'isto#les, when he saw that the +elo%onnesians would #arry the &ote against hi', went out se#retly $ro' the #oun#il, and, instru#ting a #ertain 'an what he should say, sent hi' on board a 'er#hant shi% to the $leet o$ the -edes) The 'an1s na'e was "i#innus( he was one o$ The'isto#les1 household sla&es, and a#ted as tutor to his sons( in a$ter ti'es, when the Thes%ians were ad'itting %ersons to #iti/enshi%, The'isto#les 'ade hi' a Thes%ian, and a ri#h 'an to boot) The shi% brought "i#innus to the +ersian $leet, and there he deli&ered his 'essage to the leaders in these words07 9The *thenian #o''ander has sent 'e to you %ri&ily, without the knowledge o$ the other Greeks) He is a well7wisher to the king1s #ause, and would rather su##ess should attend on you than on his #ountry'en( where$ore he bids 'e tell you that $ear has sei/ed the Greeks and they are 'editating a hasty $light) 3ow then it is o%en to you to a#hie&e the best work that e&er ye wrought, i$ only ye will hinder their es#a%ing) They no longer agree a'ong the'sel&es, so that they will not now 'ake any resistan#e7 nay, 1tis likely ye 'ay see a $ight already begun between su#h as $a&our and su#h as o%%ose your #ause)9 The 'essenger, when he had thus e.%ressed hi'sel$, de%arted and was seen no 'ore) Then the #a%tains, belie&ing all that the 'essenger had said, %ro#eeded to land a large body o$ +ersian troo%s on the islet o$ +syttaleia, whi#h lies between "ala'is and the 'ainland( a$ter whi#h, about the hour o$ 'idnight, they ad&an#ed their western wing towards "ala'is, so as to in#lose the Greeks) *t the sa'e ti'e the $or#e stationed about Ceos and Cynosura 'o&ed $orward, and $illed the whole strait as $ar as -uny#hia with their shi%s) This ad&an#e was 'ade to %re&ent the Greeks $ro' es#a%ing by $light, and to blo#k

the' u% in "ala'is, where it was thought that &engean#e 'ight be taken u%on the' $or the battles $ought near *rte'isiu') The +ersian troo%s were landed on the islet o$ +syttaleia, be#ause, as soon as the battle began, the 'en and wre#ks were likely to be dri$ted thither, as the isle lay in the &ery %ath o$ the #o'ing $ight7 and they would thus be able to sa&e their own 'en and destroy those o$ the ene'y) *ll these 'o&e'ents were 'ade in silen#e, that the Greeks 'ight ha&e no knowledge o$ the'( and they o##u%ied the whole night, so that the 'en had no ti'e to get their slee%) #annot say that there is no truth in %ro%he#ies, or $eel in#lined to #all in ,uestion those whi#h s%eak with #learness, when think o$ the $ollowing07 4hen they shall bridge with their shi%s to the sa#red strand o$ 5iana Girt with the golden $al#hion, and eke to 'arine Cynosura, -ad ho%e swelling their hearts at the down$all o$ beauti$ul *thens Then shall godlike Right e.tinguish haughty +resu'%tion, nsult1s $urious o$$s%ring, who thinketh to o&erthrow all things) Brass with brass shall 'ingle, and -ars with blood shall e'%ur%le !#ean1s wa&es) Then7 then shall the day o$ Gre#ia1s $reedo' Co'e $ro' @i#tory $air, and "aturn1s son all7seeing) 4hen look to this, and %er#ei&e how #learly Ba#is s%oke, neither &enture 'ysel$ to say anything against %ro%he#ies, nor do a%%ro&e o$ others i'%ugning the') -eanwhile, a'ong the #a%tains at "ala'is, the stri$e o$ words grew $ier#e) *s yet they did not know that they were en#o'%assed, but i'agined that the barbarians re'ained in the sa'e %la#es where they had seen the' the day be$ore) n the 'idst o$ their #ontention, *ristides, the son o$ Lysi'a#hus, who had #rossed $ro' Egina, arri&ed in "ala'is) He was an *thenian, and had been ostra#ised by the #o''onalty( yet belie&e, $ro' what ha&e heard #on#erning his #hara#ter, that there was not in all *thens a 'an so worthy or so 2ust as he) He now #a'e to the #oun#il, and, standing outside, #alled $or The'isto#les) 3ow The'isto#les was not his $riend, but his 'ost deter'ined ene'y) Howe&er, under the %ressure o$ the great dangers i'%ending, *ristides $orgot their $eud, and #alled The'isto#les out o$ the #oun#il, sin#e he wished to #on$er with hi') He had heard be$ore his arri&al o$ the i'%atien#e o$ the +elo%onnesians to withdraw the $leet to the sth'us) *s soon there$ore as The'isto#les #a'e $orth, *ristides addressed hi' in these words07 9!ur ri&alry at all ti'es, and es%e#ially at the %resent season, ought to be a struggle, whi#h o$ us shall 'ost ad&antage our

#ountry) Let 'e then say to thee, that so $ar as regards the de%arture o$ the +elo%onnesians $ro' this %la#e, 'u#h talk and little will be $ound %re#isely alike) ha&e seen with 'y own eyes that whi#h now re%ort0 that, howe&er 'u#h the Corinthians or Eurybiades hi'sel$ 'ay wish it, they #annot now retreat( $or we are en#losed on e&ery side by the ene'y) Go in to the', and 'ake this known)9 9Thy ad&i#e is e.#ellent,9 answered the other( 9and thy tidings are also good) That whi#h earnestly desired to ha%%en, thine eyes ha&e beheld a##o'%lished) ?now that what the -edes ha&e now done was at 'y instan#e( $or it was ne#essary, as our 'en would not $ight here o$ their own $ree will, to 'ake the' $ight whether they would or no) But #o'e now, as thou hast brought the good news, go in and tell it) For i$ s%eak to the', they will think it a $eigned tale, and will not belie&e that the barbarians ha&e in#losed us around) There$ore do thou go to the', and in$or' the' how 'atters stand) $ they belie&e thee, 1twill be $or the best( but i$ otherwise, it will not har') For it is i'%ossible that they should now $lee away, i$ we are indeed shut in on all sides, as thou sayest)9 Then *ristides entered the asse'bly, and s%oke to the #a%tains0 he had #o'e, he told the', $ro' Egina, and had but barely es#a%ed the blo#kading &essels7 the Greek $leet was entirely in#losed by the shi%s o$ Ber.es7 and he ad&ised the' to get the'sel&es in readiness to resist the $oe) Ha&ing said so 'u#h, he withdrew) *nd now another #ontest arose( $or the greater %art o$ the #a%tains would not belie&e the tidings) But while they still doubted, a Tenian trire'e, #o''anded by +anaetius the son o$ "osi'enes, deserted $ro' the +ersians and 2oined the Greeks, bringing $ull intelligen#e) For this reason the Tenians were ins#ribed u%on the tri%od at 5el%hi a'ong those who o&erthrew the barbarians) 4ith this shi%, whi#h deserted to their side at "ala'is, and the Le'nian &essel whi#h #a'e o&er be$ore at *rte'isiu', the Greek $leet was brought to the $ull nu'ber o$ EC0 shi%s( otherwise it $ell short by two o$ that a'ount) The Greeks now, not doubting what the Tenians told the', 'ade ready $or the #o'ing $ight) *t the dawn o$ day, all the 'en7at7ar's were asse'bled together, and s%ee#hes were 'ade to the', o$ whi#h the best was that o$ The'isto#les( who throughout #ontrasted what was noble with what was base, and bade the', in all that #a'e within the range o$ 'an1s nature and #onstitution, always to 'ake #hoi#e o$ the nobler %art) Ha&ing thus wound u% his dis#ourse, he told the' to go at on#e on board their shi%s, whi#h they a##ordingly did( and about his ti'e the trire'e, that had been sent to Egina $or the *ea#idae, returned( whereu%on the Greeks %ut to sea with all their $leet) The $leet had s#ar#e le$t the land when they were atta#ked by the barbarians) *t on#e 'ost o$ the Greeks began to ba#k water, and were about tou#hing the shore, when *'einias o$ +alline, one o$ the

*thenian #a%tains, darted $orth in $ront o$ the line, and #harged a shi% o$ the ene'y) The two &essels be#a'e entangled, and #ould not se%arate, whereu%on the rest o$ the $leet #a'e u% to hel% *'einias, and engaged with the +ersians) "u#h is the a##ount whi#h the *thenians gi&e o$ the way in whi#h the battle began( but the Eginetans 'aintain that the &essel whi#h had been to Egina $or the *ea#idae, was the one that brought on the $ight) t is also re%orted, that a %hanto' in the $or' o$ a wo'an a%%eared to the Greeks, and, in a &oi#e that was heard $ro' end to end o$ the $leet, #heered the' on to the $ight( $irst, howe&er, rebuking the', and saying7 9"trange 'en, how long are ye going to ba#k water:9 *gainst the *thenians, who held the western e.tre'ity o$ the line towards Eleusis, were %la#ed the +hoeni#ians( against the La#edae'onians, whose station was eastward towards the +iraeus, the onians) !$ these last a $ew only $ollowed the ad&i#e o$ The'isto#les, to $ight ba#kwardly( the greater nu'ber did $ar otherwise) #ould 'ention here the na'es o$ 'any trierar#hs who took &essels $ro' the Greeks, but shall %ass o&er all e.#e%ting Theo'estor, the son o$ *ndroda'as, and +hyla#us, the son o$ Histiaeus, both "a'ians) show this %re$eren#e to the', inas'u#h as $or this ser&i#e Theo'estor was 'ade tyrant o$ "a'os by the +ersians, whi#h +hyla#us was enrolled a'ong the king1s bene$a#tors, and %resented with a large estate in land) n the +ersian tongue the king1s bene$a#tors are #alled !rosangs) Far the greater nu'ber o$ the +ersian shi%s engaged in this battle were disabled, either by the *thenians or by the Eginetans) For as the Greeks $ought in order and ke%t their line, while the barbarians were in #on$usion and had no %lan in anything that they did, the issue o$ the battle #ould s#ar#e be other than it was) =et the +ersians $ought $ar 'ore bra&ely here than at Euboea, and indeed sur%assed the'sel&es( ea#h did his ut'ost through $ear o$ Ber.es, $or ea#h thought that the king1s eye was u%on hi'sel$) 4hat %art the se&eral nations, whether Greek or barbarian, took in the #o'bat, a' not able to say $or #ertain( *rte'isia, howe&er, know, distinguished hersel$ in su#h a way as raised her e&en higher than she stood be$ore in the estee' o$ the king) For a$ter #on$usion had s%read throughout the whole o$ the king1s $leet, and her shi% was #losely %ursued by an *thenian trire'e, she, ha&ing no way to $ly, sin#e in $ront o$ her were a nu'ber o$ $riendly &essels, and she was nearest o$ all the +ersians to the ene'y, resol&ed on a 'easure whi#h in $a#t %ro&ed her sa$ety) +ressed by the *thenian %ursuer, she bore straight against one o$ the shi%s o$ her own %arty, a Calyndian, whi#h had 5a'asithy'us, the Calyndian king, hi'sel$ on board) #annot say whether she had had any ,uarrel with the 'an while the $leet was at the Helles%ont, or no7 neither #an de#ide whether she o$ set %ur%ose atta#ked his &essel, or whether it 'erely #han#ed

that the Calyndian shi% #a'e in her way7 but #ertain it is that she bore down u%on his &essel and sank it, and that thereby she had the good $ortune to %ro#ure hersel$ a double ad&antage) For the #o''ander o$ the *thenian trire'e, when he saw her bear down on one o$ the ene'y1s $leet, thought i''ediately that her &essel was a Greek, or else had deserted $ro' the +ersians, and was now $ighting on the Greek side( he there$ore ga&e u% the #hase, and turned away to atta#k others) Thus in the $irst %la#e she sa&ed her li$e by the a#tion, and was enabled to get #lear o$$ $ro' the battle( while $urther, it $ell out that in the &ery a#t o$ doing the king an in2ury she raised hersel$ to a greater height than e&er in his estee') For as Ber.es beheld the $ight, he re'arked ;it is said< the destru#tion o$ the &essel, whereu%on the bystanders obser&ed to hi'7 9"eest thou, 'aster, how well *rte'isia $ights, and how she has 2ust sunk a shi% o$ the ene'y:9 Then Ber.es asked i$ it were really *rte'isia1s doing( and they answered, 9Certainly( $or they knew her ensign90 while all 'ade sure that the sunken &essel belonged to the o%%osite side) E&erything, it is said, #ons%ired to %ros%er the ,ueen7 it was es%e#ially $ortunate $or her that not one o$ those on board the Calyndian shi% sur&i&ed to be#o'e her a##user) Ber.es, they say, in re%ly to the re'arks 'ade to hi', obser&ed7 9-y 'en ha&e beha&ed like wo'en, 'y wo'en like 'en>9 There $ell in this #o'bat *riabignes, one o$ the #hie$ #o''anders o$ the $leet, who was son o$ 5arius and brother o$ Ber.es( and with hi' %erished a &ast nu'ber o$ 'en o$ high re%ute, +ersians, -edes, and allies) !$ the Greeks there died only a $ew( $or, as they were able to swi', all those that were not slain outright by the ene'y es#a%ed $ro' the sinking &essels and swa' a#ross to "ala'is) But on the side o$ the barbarians 'ore %erished by drowning than in any other way, sin#e they did not know how to swi') The great destru#tion took %la#e when the shi%s whi#h had been $irst engaged began to $ly( $or they who were stationed in the rear, an.ious to dis%lay their &alour be$ore the eyes o$ the king, 'ade e&ery e$$ort to $or#e their way to the $ront, and thus be#a'e entangled with su#h o$ their own &essels as were retreating) n this #on$usion the $ollowing e&ent o##urred0 #ertain +hoeni#ians belonging to the shi%s whi#h had thus %erished 'ade their a%%earan#e be$ore the king, and laid the bla'e o$ their loss on the onians, de#laring that they were traitors, and had wil$ully destroyed the &essels) But the u%shot o$ this #o'%laint was that the onian #a%tains es#a%ed the death whi#h threatened the', while their +hoeni#ian a##users re#ei&ed death as their reward) For it ha%%ened that, e.a#tly as they s%oke, a "a'othra#ian &essel bore down on an *thenian and sank it, but was atta#ked and #ri%%led i''ediately by one o$ the Eginetan s,uadron) 3ow the "a'othra#ians were e.%ert with the

2a&elin, and ai'ed their wea%ons so well, that they #leared the de#k o$ the &essel whi#h had disabled their own, a$ter whi#h they s%rang on board, and took it) This sa&ed the onians) Ber.es, when he saw the e.%loit, turned $ier#ely on the +hoeni#ians7 ;he was ready, in his e.tre'e &e.ation, to $ind $ault with any one<7 and ordered their heads to be #ut o$$, to %re&ent the', he said, $ro' #asting the bla'e o$ their own 'is#ondu#t u%on bra&er 'en) 5uring the whole ti'e o$ the battle Ber.es sate at the base o$ the hill #alled *egaleos, o&er against "ala'is( and whene&er he saw any o$ his own #a%tains %er$or' any worthy e.%loit he in,uired #on#erning hi'( and the 'an1s na'e was taken down by his s#ribes, together with the na'es o$ his $ather and his #ity) *riara'nes too, a +ersian, who was a $riend o$ the onians, and %resent at the ti'e whereo$ s%eak, had a share in bringing about the %unish'ent o$ the +hoeni#ians) 4hen the rout o$ the barbarians began, and they sought to 'ake their es#a%e to +haleru', the Eginetans, awaiting the' in the #hannel, %er$or'ed e.%loits worthy to be re#orded) Through the whole o$ the #on$used struggle the *thenians e'%loyed the'sel&es in destroying su#h shi%s as either 'ade resistan#e or $led to shore, while the Eginetans dealt with those whi#h endea&oured to es#a%e down the strait( so that the +ersian &essels were no sooner #lear o$ the *thenians than $orthwith they $ell into the hands o$ the Eginetan s,uadron) t #han#ed here that there was a 'eeting between the shi% o$ The'isto#les, whi#h was hasting in %ursuit o$ the ene'y, and that o$ +oly#ritus, son o$ Crius the Eginetan, whi#h had 2ust #harged a "idonian trire'e) The "idonian &essel was the sa'e that #a%tured the Eginetan guard7shi% o$$ "#iathus, whi#h had +ythias, the son o$ s#henous, on board7 that +ythias, 'ean, who $ell #o&ered with wounds, and who' the "idonians ke%t on board their shi%, $ro' ad'iration o$ his gallantry) This 'an a$terwards returned in sa$ety to Egina( $or when the "idonian &essel with its +ersian #rew $ell into the hands o$ the Greeks, he was still $ound on board) +oly#ritus no sooner saw the *thenian trire'e than, knowing at on#e whose &essel it was, as he obser&ed that it bore the ensign o$ the ad'iral, he shouted to The'isto#les 2eeringly, and asked hi', in a tone o$ re%roa#h, i$ the Eginetans did not show the'sel&es rare $riends to the -edes) *t the sa'e ti'e, while he thus re%roa#hed The'isto#les, +oly#ritus bore straight down on the "idonian) "u#h o$ the barbarian &essels as es#a%ed $ro' the battle $led to +haleru', and there sheltered the'sel&es under the %rote#tion o$ the land ar'y) The Greeks who gained the greatest glory o$ all in the sea7$ight o$$ "ala'is were the Eginetans, and a$ter the' the *thenians) The indi&iduals o$ 'ost distin#tion were +oly#ritus the Eginetan, and two *thenians, Eu'enes o$ *nagyrus, and *'einias o$ +alline( the latter o$ who' had %ressed *rte'isia so hard) *nd assuredly, i$ he had

known that the &essel #arried *rte'isia on board, he would ne&er ha&e gi&en o&er the #hase till he had either su##eeded in taking her, or else been taken hi'sel$) For the *thenian #a%tains had re#ei&ed s%e#ial orders tou#hing the ,ueen( and 'oreo&er a reward o$ ten thousand dra#h'as had been %ro#lai'ed $or any one who should 'ake her %risoner( sin#e there was great indignation $elt that a wo'an should a%%ear in ar's against *thens) Howe&er, as said be$ore, she es#a%ed( and so did so'e others whose shi%s sur&i&ed the engage'ent( and these were all now asse'bled at the %ort o$ +haleru') The *thenians say that *dei'antus, the Corinthian #o''ander, at the 'o'ent when the two $leets 2oined battle, was sei/ed with $ear, and being beyond 'easure alar'ed, s%read his sails, and hasted to $ly away( on whi#h the other Corinthians, seeing their leader1s shi% in $ull $light, sailed o$$ likewise) They had rea#hed in their $light that %art o$ the #oast o$ "ala'is where stands the te'%le o$ -iner&a "#iras, when they 'et a light bark, a &ery strange a%%arition0 it was ne&er dis#o&ered that any one had sent it to the'( and till it a%%eared they were altogether ignorant how the battle was going) That there was so'ething beyond nature in the 'atter they 2udged $ro' this7 that when the 'en in the bark drew near to their shi%s they addressed the', saying7 9*dei'antus, while thou %layest the traitor1s %art, by withdrawing all these shi%s, and $lying away $ro' the $ight, the Greeks who' thou hast deserted are de$eating their $oes as #o'%letely as they e&er wished in their %rayers)9 *dei'antus, howe&er, would not belie&e what the 'en said( whereu%on they told hi' 9he 'ight take the' with hi' as hostages, and %ut the' to death i$ he did not $ind the Greeks winning)9 Then *dei'antus %ut about, both he and those who were with hi'( and they re72oined the $leet when the &i#tory was already gained) "u#h is the tale whi#h the *thenians tell #on#erning the' o$ Corinth( these latter howe&er do not allow its truth) !n the #ontrary, they de#lare that they were a'ong those who distinguished the'sel&es 'ost in the $ight) *nd the rest o$ Gree#e bears witness in their $a&our) n the 'idst o$ the #on$usion *ristides, the son o$ Lysi'a#hus, the *thenian, o$ who' lately s%oke as a 'an o$ the greatest e.#ellen#e, %er$or'ed the $ollowing ser&i#e) He took a nu'ber o$ the *thenian hea&y7ar'ed troo%s, who had %re&iously been stationed along the shore o$ "ala'is, and, landing with the' on the islet o$ +syttaleia, slew all the +ersians by who' it was o##u%ied) *s soon as the sea7$ight was ended, the Greeks drew together to "ala'is all the wre#ks that were to be $ound in that ,uarter, and %re%ared the'sel&es $or another engage'ent, su%%osing that the king would renew the $ight with the &essels whi#h still re'ained to hi') -any o$ the wre#ks had been #arried away by a westerly wind to the #oast o$ *tti#a, where they were thrown u%on the stri% o$ shore #alled Colias) Thus not only were the %ro%he#ies o$ Ba#is and -usaeus

#on#erning this battle $ul$illed #o'%letely, but likewise, by the %la#e to whi#h the wre#ks were dri$ted, the %redi#tion o$ Lysistratus, an *thenian soothsayer, uttered 'any years be$ore these e&ents, and ,uite $orgotten at the ti'e by all the Greeks, was $ully a##o'%lished) The words were7 Then shall the sight o$ the oars $ill Colian da'es with a'a/e'ent) 3ow this 'ust ha&e ha%%ened as soon as the king was de%arted) Ber.es, when he saw the e.tent o$ his loss, began to be a$raid lest the Greeks 'ight be #ounselled by the onians, or without their ad&i#e 'ight deter'ine to sail straight to the Helles%ont and break down the bridges there( in whi#h #ase he would be blo#ked u% in Euro%e, and run great risk o$ %erishing) He there$ore 'ade u% his 'ind to $ly( but, as he wished to hide his %ur%ose alike $ro' the Greeks and $ro' his own %eo%le, he set to work to #arry a 'ound a#ross the #hannel to "ala'is, and at the sa'e ti'e began $astening a nu'ber o$ +hoeni#ian 'er#hant shi%s together, to ser&e at on#e $or a bridge and a wall) He likewise 'ade 'any warlike %re%arations, as i$ he were about to engage the Greeks on#e 'ore at sea) 3ow, when these things were seen, all grew $ully %ersuaded that the king was bent on re'aining, and intended to %ush the war in good earnest) -ardonius, howe&er, was in no res%e#t de#ei&ed( $or long a#,uaintan#e enabled hi' to read all the king1s thoughts) -eanwhile, Ber.es, though engaged in this way, sent o$$ a 'essenger to #arry intelligen#e o$ his 'is$ortune to +ersia) 3othing 'ortal tra&els so $ast as these +ersian 'essengers) The entire %lan is a +ersian in&ention( and this is the 'ethod o$ it) *long the whole line o$ road there are 'en ;they say< stationed with horses, in nu'ber e,ual to the nu'ber o$ days whi#h the 2ourney takes, allowing a 'an and horse to ea#h day( and these 'en will not be hindered $ro' a##o'%lishing at their best s%eed the distan#e whi#h they ha&e to go, either by snow, or rain, or heat, or by the darkness o$ night) The $irst rider deli&ers his des%at#h to the se#ond and the se#ond %asses it to the third( and so it is borne $ro' hand to hand along the whole line, like the light in the tor#h7ra#e, whi#h the Greeks #elebrate to @ul#an) The +ersians gi&e the riding %ost in this 'anner, the na'e o$ 9*ngaru')9 *t "usa, on the arri&al o$ the $irst 'essage, whi#h said that Ber.es was 'aster o$ *thens, su#h was the delight o$ the +ersians who had re'ained behind, that they $orthwith strewed all the streets with 'yrtle boughs, and burnt in#ense, and $ell to $easting and 'erri'ent) n like 'anner, when the se#ond 'essage rea#hed the', so sore was their dis'ay, that they all with one a##ord rent their gar'ents, and #ried aloud, and we%t and wailed without stint) They

laid the bla'e o$ the disaster on -ardonius( and their grie$ on the o##asion was less on a##ount o$ the da'age done to their shi%s, than owing to the alar' whi#h they $elt about the sa$ety o$ the king) Hen#e their trouble did not #ease till Ber.es hi'sel$, by his arri&al, %ut an end to their $ears) *nd now -ardonius, %er#ei&ing that Ber.es took the de$eat o$ his $leet greatly to heart, and sus%e#ting that he had 'ade u% his 'ind to lea&e *thens and $ly away, began to think o$ the likelihood o$ his being &isited with %unish'ent $or ha&ing %ersuaded the king to undertake the war) He there$ore #onsidered that it would be the best thing $or hi' to ad&enture $urther, and either be#o'e the #on,ueror o$ Gree#e7 whi#h was the result he rather e.%e#ted7 or else die gloriously a$ter as%iring to a noble a#hie&e'ent) "o with these thoughts in his 'ind, he said one day to the king07 95o not grie&e, 'aster, or take so greatly to heart thy late loss) !ur ho%es hang not altogether on the $ate o$ a $ew %lanks, but on our bra&e steeds and horse'en) These $ellows, who' thou i'aginest to ha&e ,uite #on,uered us, will not &enture7 no, not one o$ the'7 to #o'e ashore and #ontend with our land ar'y( nor will the Greeks who are u%on the 'ainland $ight our troo%s( su#h as did so ha&e re#ei&ed their %unish'ent) $ thou so %leasest, we 'ay at on#e atta#k the +elo%onnese( i$ thou wouldst rather wait a while, that too is in our %ower) !nly be not disheartened) For it is not %ossible that the Greeks #an a&oid being brought to a##ount, alike $or this and $or their $or'er in2uries( nor #an they anyhow es#a%e being thy sla&es) Thou shouldst there$ore do as ha&e said) $, howe&er, thy 'ind is 'ade u%, and thou art resol&ed to retreat and lead away thy ar'y, listen to the #ounsel whi#h, in that #ase, ha&e to o$$er) -ake not the +ersians, ! king> a laughing7sto#k to the Greeks) $ thy a$$airs ha&e su##eeded ill, it has not been by their $ault( thou #anst not say that thy +ersians ha&e e&er shown the'sel&es #owards) 4hat 'atters it i$ +hoeni#ians and Egy%tians, Cy%rians and Cili#ians, ha&e 'isbeha&ed:7 their 'is#ondu#t tou#hes not us) "in#e then thy +ersians are without $ault, be ad&ised by 'e) 5e%art ho'e, i$ thou art so 'inded, and take with thee the bulk o$ thy ar'y( but $irst let 'e #hoose out E00,000 troo%s, and let it be 'y task to bring Gree#e beneath thy sway)9 Ber.es, when he heard these words, $elt a sense o$ 2oy and delight, like a 'an who is relie&ed $ro' #are) *nswering -ardonius, there$ore, 9that he would #onsider his #ounsel, and let hi' know whi#h #ourse he 'ight %re$er,9 Ber.es %ro#eeded to #onsult with the #hie$ 'en a'ong the +ersians( and be#ause *rte'isia on the $or'er o##asion had shown hersel$ the only %erson who knew what was best to be done, he was %leased to su''on her to ad&ise hi' now) *s soon as she arri&ed, he %ut $orth all the rest, both #oun#illors and bodyguards, and said to her07

9-ardonius wishes 'e to stay and atta#k the +elo%onnese) -y +ersians, he says, and 'y other land $or#es, are not to bla'e $or the disasters whi#h ha&e be$allen our ar's( and o$ this he de#lares they would &ery gladly gi&e 'e the %roo$) He there$ore e.horts 'e, either to stay and a#t as ha&e said, or to let hi' #hoose !ut E00,000 o$ 'y troo%s7 wherewith he undertakes to redu#e Gree#e beneath 'y sway7 while 'ysel$ retire with the rest o$ 'y $or#es, and withdraw into 'y own #ountry) 5o thou, there$ore, as thou didst #ounsel 'e so wisely to de#line the sea7$ight, now also ad&ise 'e in this 'atter, and say, whi#h #ourse o$ the twain ought to take $or 'y own good)9 Thus did the king ask *rte'isia1s #ounsel( and the $ollowing are the words wherewith she answered hi'07 91Tis a hard thing, ! king> to gi&e the best %ossible ad&i#e to one who asks our #ounsel) 3e&ertheless, as thy a$$airs now stand, it see'eth to 'e that thou wilt do right to return ho'e) *s $or -ardonius, i$ he %re$ers to re'ain, and undertakes to do as he has said, lea&e hi' behind by all 'eans, with the troo%s whi#h he desires) $ his design su##eeds, and he subdues the Greeks, as he %ro'ises, thine is the #on,uest, 'aster( $or thy sla&es will ha&e a##o'%lished it) $, on the other hand, a$$airs run #ounter to his wishes, we #an su$$er no great loss, so long as thou art sa$e, and thy house is in no danger) The Greeks, too, while thou li&est, and thy house $lourishes, 'ust be %re%ared to $ight $ull 'any a battle $or their $reedo'( whereas i$ -ardonius $all, it 'atters nothing7 they will ha&e gained but a %oor triu'%h7 a &i#tory o&er one o$ thy sla&es> Re'e'ber also, thou goest ho'e ha&ing gained the %ur%ose o$ thy e.%edition( $or thou hast burnt *thens>9 The ad&i#e o$ *rte'isia %leased Ber.es well( $or she had e.a#tly uttered his own thoughts) , $or 'y %art, do not belie&e that he would ha&e re'ained had all his #ounsellors, both 'en and wo'en, united to urge his stay, so great was the alar' that he $elt) *s it was, he ga&e %raise to *rte'isia, and entrusted #ertain o$ his #hildren to her #are, ordering her to #on&ey the' to E%hesus( $or he had been a##o'%anied on the e.%edition by so'e o$ his natural sons) He likewise sent away at this ti'e one o$ the %rin#i%al o$ his eunu#hs, a 'an na'ed Her'oti'us, a +edasian, who was bidden to take #harge o$ these sons) 3ow the +edasians inhabit the region abo&e Hali#arnassus( and it is related o$ the', that in their #ountry the $ollowing #ir#u'stan#e ha%%ens0 when a 'is#han#e is about to be$all any o$ their neighbours within a #ertain ti'e, the %riestess o$ -iner&a in their #ity grows a long beard) This has already taken %la#e on two o##asions) The Her'oti'us o$ who' s%oke abo&e was, as said, a +edasian( and he, o$ all 'en who' we know, took the 'ost #ruel &engean#e on the %erson who had done hi' an in2ury) He had been 'ade a %risoner

o$ war, and when his #a%tors sold hi', he was bought by a #ertain +anionius, a nati&e o$ Chios, who 'ade his li&ing by a 'ost ne$arious tra$$i#) 4hene&er he #ould get any boys o$ unusual beauty, he 'ade the' eunu#hs, and, #arrying the' to "ardis or E%hesus, sold the' $or large su's o$ 'oney) For the barbarians &alue eunu#hs 'ore than others, sin#e they regard the' as 'ore trustworthy) -any were the sla&es that +anionius, who 'ade his li&ing by the %ra#ti#e, had thus treated( and a'ong the' was this Her'oti'us o$ who' ha&e here 'ade 'ention) Howe&er, he was not without his share o$ good $ortune( $or a$ter a while he was sent $ro' "ardis, together with other gi$ts, as a %resent to the king) 3or was it long be$ore he #a'e to be estee'ed by Ber.es 'ore highly than all his eunu#hs) 4hen the king was on his way to *thens with the +ersian ar'y, and abode $or a ti'e at "ardis, Her'oti'us ha%%ened to 'ake a 2ourney u%on business into -ysia( and there, in a distri#t whi#h is #alled *tarneus, but belongs to Chios, he #han#ed to $all in with +anionius) Re#ognising hi' at on#e, he entered into a long and $riendly talk with hi', wherein he #ounted u% the nu'erous blessings he en2oyed through his 'eans, and %ro'ised hi' all 'anner o$ $a&ours in return, i$ he would bring his household to "ardis and li&e there) +anionius was o&er2oyed, and, a##e%ting the o$$er 'ade hi', #a'e %resently, and brought with hi' his wi$e and #hildren) Then Her'oti'us, when he had got +anionius and all his $a'ily into his %ower, addressed hi' in these words07 9Thou 'an, who gettest a li&ing by &iler deeds than any one else in the whole world, what wrong to thee or thine had or any o$ 'ine done, that thou shouldst ha&e 'ade 'e the nothing that now a': *h> surely thou thoughtest that the gods took no note o$ thy #ri'es) But they in their 2usti#e ha&e deli&ered thee, the doer o$ unrighteousness, into 'y hands( and now thou #anst not #o'%lain o$ the &engean#e whi#h a' resol&ed to take on thee)9 *$ter these re%roa#hes, Her'oti'us #o''anded the $our sons o$ +anionius to be brought, and $or#ed the $ather to 'ake the' eunu#hs with his own hand) 6nable to resist, he did as Her'oti'us re,uired( and then his sons were 'ade to treat hi' in the sel$7sa'e way) "o in this way there #a'e to +anionius re,uital at the hands o$ Her'oti'us) Ber.es, a$ter #harging *rte'isia to #on&ey his sons sa$e to E%hesus, sent $or -ardonius, and bade hi' #hoose $ro' all his ar'y su#h 'en as he wished, and see that he 'ade his a#hie&e'ents answer to his %ro'ises) 5uring this day he did no 'ore( but no sooner was night #o'e, than he issued his orders, and at on#e the #a%tains o$ the shi%s le$t +haleru', and bore away $or the Helles%ont, ea#h 'aking all the s%eed he #ould, and hasting to guard the bridges against the king1s return) !n their way, as they sailed by Koster, where #ertain narrow %oints o$ land %ro2e#t into the sea, they took the #li$$s $or &essels, and $led $ar away in alar') 5is#o&ering their 'istake,

howe&er, a$ter a ti'e, they 2oined #o'%any on#e 'ore, and %ro#eeded u%on their &oyage) 3e.t day the Greeks, seeing the land $or#e o$ the barbarians en#a'%ed in the sa'e %la#e, thought that their shi%s 'ust still be lying at +haleru'( and, e.%e#ting another atta#k $ro' that ,uarter, 'ade %re%arations to de$end the'sel&es) "oon howe&er news #a'e that the shi%s were all de%arted and gone away( whereu%on it was instantly resol&ed to 'ake sail in %ursuit) They went as $ar as *ndros( but, seeing nothing o$ the +ersian $leet, they sto%%ed at that %la#e, and held a #oun#il o$ war) *t this #oun#il The'isto#les ad&ised that the Greeks should $ollow on through the islands, still %ressing the %ursuit, and 'aking all haste to the Helles%ont, there to break down the bridges) Eurybiades, howe&er, deli&ered a #ontrary o%inion) 9 $,9 he said, 9the Greeks should break down the bridges, it would be the worst thing that #ould %ossibly ha%%en $or Gree#e) The +ersian, su%%osing that his retreat were #ut o$$, and he #o'%elled to re'ain in Euro%e, would be sure ne&er to gi&e the' any %ea#e) na#tion on his %art would ruin all his a$$airs, and lea&e hi' no #han#e o$ e&er getting ba#k to *sia7 nay, would e&en #ause his ar'y to %erish by $a'ine0 whereas, i$ he bestirred hi'sel$, and a#ted &igorously, it was likely that the whole o$ Euro%e would in #ourse o$ ti'e be#o'e sub2e#t to hi'( sin#e, by degrees, the &arious towns and tribes would either $all be$ore his ar's, or else agree to ter's o$ sub'ission( and in this way, his troo%s would $ind $ood su$$i#ient $or the', sin#e ea#h year the Greek har&est would be theirs) *s it was, the +ersian, be#ause he had lost the sea7$ight, intended e&idently to re'ain no longer in Euro%e) The Greeks ought to let hi' de%art( and when he was gone $ro' a'ong the', and had returned into his own #ountry, then would be the ti'e $or the' to #ontend with hi' $or the %ossession o$ that)9 The other #a%tains o$ the +elo%onnesians de#lared the'sel&es o$ the sa'e 'ind) 4hereu%on The'isto#les, $inding that the 'a2ority was against hi', and that he #ould not %ersuade the' to %ush on to the Helles%ont, #hanged round, and addressing hi'sel$ to the *thenians, who o$ all the allies were the 'ost nettled at the ene'y1s es#a%e, and who eagerly desired, i$ the other Greeks would not stir, to sail on by the'sel&es to the Helles%ont and break the bridges, s%ake as $ollows07 9 ha&e o$ten 'ysel$ witnessed o##asions, and ha&e heard o$ 'any 'ore $ro' others, where 'en who had been #on,uered by an ene'y, ha&ing been dri&en ,uite to des%eration, ha&e renewed the $ight, and retrie&ed their $or'er disasters) 4e ha&e now had the great good lu#k to sa&e both oursel&es and all Gree#e by the re%ulse o$ this &ast #loud o$ 'en( let us then be #ontent and not %ress the' too hard, now that they ha&e begun to $ly) Be sure we ha&e not done this by our own 'ight) t is the work o$ gods and heroes, who were 2ealous

that one 'an should be king at on#e o$ Euro%e and o$ *sia7 'ore es%e#ially a 'an like this, unholy and %resu'%tuous7 a 'an who estee's alike things sa#red and things %ro$ane( who has #ast down and burnt the &ery i'ages o$ the gods the'sel&es( who e&en #aused the sea to be s#ourged with rods and #o''anded $etters to be thrown into it) *t %resent all is well with us7 let us then abide in Gree#e, and look to oursel&es and to our $a'ilies) The barbarian is #lean gone7 we ha&e dri&en hi' o$$7 let ea#h now re%air his own house, and sow his land diligently) n the s%ring we will take shi% and sail to the Helles%ont and to onia>9 *ll this The'isto#les said in the ho%e o$ establishing a #lai' u%on the king( $or he wanted to ha&e a sa$e retreat in #ase any 'is#han#e should be$all hi' at *thens7 whi#h indeed #a'e to %ass a$terwards) *t %resent, howe&er, he disse'bled( and the *thenians were %ersuaded by his words) For they were ready now to do whate&er he ad&ised( sin#e they had always estee'ed hi' a wise 'an, and he had lately %ro&ed hi'sel$ 'ost truly wise and well72udging) *##ordingly, they #a'e in to his &iews( whereu%on he lost no ti'e in sending 'essengers, on board a light bark, to the king, #hoosing $or this %ur%ose 'en who' he #ould trust to kee% his instru#tions se#ret, e&en although they should be %ut to e&ery kind o$ torture) *'ong the' was the house7sla&e "i#innus, the sa'e who' he had 'ade use o$ %re&iously) 4hen the 'en rea#hed *tti#a, all the others stayed with the boat( but "i#innus went u% to the king, and s%ake to hi' as $ollows07 9 a' sent to thee by The'isto#les, the son o$ 3eo#les, who is the leader o$ the *thenians, and the wisest and bra&est 'an o$ all the allies, to bear thee this 'essage0 1The'isto#les the *thenian, an.ious to render thee a ser&i#e, has restrained the Greeks, who were i'%atient to %ursue thy shi%s, and to break u% the bridges at the Helles%ont) 3ow, there$ore, return ho'e at thy leisure)19 The 'essengers, when they had %er$or'ed their errand, sailed ba#k to the $leet) *nd the Greeks, ha&ing resol&ed that they would neither %ro#eed $urther in %ursuit o$ the barbarians, nor %ush $orward to the Helles%ont and destroy the %assage, laid siege to *ndros, intending to take the town by stor') For The'isto#les had re,uired the *ndrians to %ay down a su' o$ 'oney( and they had re$used, being the $irst o$ all the islanders who did so) To his de#laration, 9that the 'oney 'ust needs be %aid, as the *thenians had brought with hi' two 'ighty gods7 +ersuasion and 3e#essity,9 they 'ade re%ly, that 9*thens 'ight well be a great and glorious #ity, sin#e she was blest with su#h e.#ellent gods( but they were wret#hedly %oor, stinted $or land, and #ursed with two un%ro$itable gods, who always dwelt with the' and would ne&er ,uit their island7 to wit, +o&erty and Hel%lessness) These were the gods o$ the *ndrians, and there$ore they would not %ay the

'oney) For the %ower o$ *thens #ould not %ossibly be stronger than their inability)9 This re%ly, #ou%led with the re$usal to %ay the su' re,uired, #aused their #ity to be besieged by the Greeks) -eanwhile The'isto#les, who ne&er #eased his %ursuit o$ gain, sent threatening 'essages to the other islanders with de'ands $or di$$erent su's, e'%loying the sa'e 'essengers and the sa'e words as he had used towards the *ndrians) 9 $,9 he said, 9they did not send hi' the a'ount re,uired, he would bring the Greek $leet u%on the', and besiege the' till he took their #ities)9 By these 'eans he #olle#ted large su's $ro' the Carystians and the +arians, who, when they heard that *ndros was already besieged, and that The'isto#les was the best estee'ed o$ all the #a%tains, sent the 'oney through $ear) 4hether any o$ the other islanders did the like, #annot say $or #ertain( but think so'e did besides those ha&e 'entioned) Howe&er, the Carystians, though they #o'%lied, were not s%ared any the 'ore( but The'isto#les was so$tened by the +arians1 gi$t, and there$ore they re#ei&ed no &isit $ro' the ar'y) n this way it was that The'isto#les, during his stay at *ndros, obtained 'oney $ro' the islanders, unbeknown to the other #a%tains) ?ing Ber.es and his ar'y waited but a $ew days a$ter the sea7$ight, and then withdrew into Boeotia by the road whi#h they had $ollowed on their ad&an#e) t was the wish o$ -ardonius to es#ort the king a %art o$ the way( and as the ti'e o$ year was no longer suitable $or #arrying on war, he thought it best to winter in Thessaly, and wait $or the s%ring be$ore he atte'%ted the +elo%onnese) *$ter the ar'y was #o'e into Thessaly, -ardonius 'ade #hoi#e o$ the troo%s that were to stay with hi'( and, $irst o$ all, he took the whole body #alled the 9 ''ortals,9 e.#e%t only their leader, Hydarnes, who re$used to ,uit the %erson o$ the king) 3e.t, he #hose the +ersians who wore breast%lates, and the thousand %i#ked horse( likewise the -edes, the "a#ans, the Ba#trians, and the ndians, $oot and horse e,ually) These nations he took entire0 $ro' the rest o$ the allies he #ulled a $ew 'en, taking either su#h as were re'arkable $or their a%%earan#e, or else su#h as had %er$or'ed, to his knowledge, so'e &aliant deed) The +ersians $urnished hi' with the greatest nu'ber o$ troo%s, 'en who were adorned with #hains and ar'lets) 3e.t to the' were the -edes, who in nu'ber e,ualled the +ersians, but in &alour $ell short o$ the') The whole ar'y, re#koning the horse'en with the rest, a'ounted to E00,000 'en) *t the ti'e when -ardonius was 'aking #hoi#e o$ his troo%s, and Ber.es still #ontinued in Thessaly, the La#edae'onians re#ei&ed a 'essage $ro' the 5el%hi# ora#le, bidding the' seek satis$a#tion at the hands o$ Ber.es $or the death o$ Leonidas, and take whate&er he #hose to gi&e the') "o the "%artans sent a herald with all s%eed into Thessaly, who arri&ed while the entire +ersian ar'y was still there) This 'an, being brought be$ore the king, s%ake as $ollows07

9?ing o$ the -edes, the La#edae'onians and the Hera#leids o$ "%arta re,uire o$ thee the satis$a#tion due $or bloodshed, be#ause thou slewest their king, who $ell $ighting $or Gree#e)9 Ber.es laughed, and $or a long ti'e s%ake not a word) *t last, howe&er, he %ointed to -ardonius, who was standing by hi', and said07 9-ardonius here shall gi&e the' the satis$a#tion they deser&e to get)9 *nd the herald a##e%ted the answer, and $orthwith went his way) Ber.es, a$ter this, le$t -ardonius in Thessaly, and 'ar#hed away hi'sel$, at his best s%eed, toward the Helles%ont) n $i&e7and7$orty days he rea#hed the %la#e o$ %assage, where he arri&ed with s#ar#e a $ra#tion, so to s%eak, o$ his $or'er ar'y) *ll along their line o$ 'ar#h, in e&ery #ountry where they #han#ed to be, his soldiers sei/ed and de&oured whate&er #orn they #ould $ind belonging to the inhabitants( while, i$ no #orn was to be $ound, they gathered the grass that grew in the $ields, and stri%%ed the trees, whether #ulti&ated or wild, alike o$ their bark and o$ their lea&es, and so $ed the'sel&es) They le$t nothing anywhere, so hard were they %ressed by hunger) +lague too and dysentery atta#ked the troo%s while still u%on their 'ar#h, and greatly thinned their ranks) -any died( others $ell si#k and were le$t behind in the di$$erent #ities that lay u%on the route, the inhabitants being stri#tly #harged by Ber.es to tend and $eed the') !$ these so'e re'ained in Thessaly, others in "iris o$ +aeonia, others again in -a#edon) Here Ber.es, on his 'ar#h into Gree#e, had le$t the sa#red #ar and steeds o$ 8o&e( whi#h u%on his return he was unable to re#o&er( $or the +aeonians had dis%osed o$ the' to the Thra#ians, and, when Ber.es de'anded the' ba#k, they said that the Thra#ian tribes who dwelt about the sour#es o$ the "try'on had stolen the 'ares as they %astured) Here too a Thra#ian #hie$tain, king o$ the Bisaltians and o$ Crestonia, did a deed whi#h went beyond nature) He had re$used to be#o'e the willing sla&e o$ Ber.es, and had $led be$ore hi' into the heights o$ Rhodo%e, at the sa'e ti'e $orbidding his sons to take %art in the e.%edition against Gree#e) But they, either be#ause they #ared little $or his orders, or be#ause they wished greatly to see the war, 2oined the ar'y o$ Ber.es) *t this ti'e they had all returned ho'e to hi'7 the nu'ber o$ the 'en was si.7 ,uite sa$e and sound) But their $ather took the', and %unished their o$$en#e by %lu#king out their eyes $ro' the so#kets) "u#h was the treat'ent whi#h these 'en re#ei&ed) The +ersians, ha&ing 2ourneyed through Thra#e and rea#hed the %assage, entered their shi%s hastily and #rossed the Helles%ont to *bydos) The bridges were not $ound stret#hed a#ross the strait( sin#e a stor' had broken and dis%ersed the') *t *bydos the troo%s halted, and, obtaining 'ore abundant %ro&ision than they had yet got u%on their 'ar#h, they $ed without stint( $ro' whi#h #ause, added to

the #hange in their water, great nu'bers o$ those who had hitherto es#a%ed %erished) The re'ainder, together with Ber.es hi'sel$, #a'e sa$e to "ardis) There is likewise another a##ount gi&en o$ the return o$ the king) t is said that when Ber.es on his way $ro' *thens arri&ed at Eion u%on the "try'on, he ga&e u% tra&elling by land, and, intrusting Hydarnes with the #ondu#t o$ his $or#es to the Helles%ont, e'barked hi'sel$ on board a +hoeni#ian shi%, and so #rossed into *sia) !n his &oyage the shi% was assailed by a strong wind blowing $ro' the 'outh o$ the "try'on, whi#h #aused the sea to run high) *s the stor' in#reased, and the shi% laboured hea&ily, be#ause o$ the nu'ber o$ the +ersians who had #o'e in the king1s train, and who now #rowded the de#k, Ber.es was sei/ed with $ear, and #alled out to the hel's'an in a loud &oi#e, asking hi', i$ there were any 'eans whereby they 'ight es#a%e the danger) 93o 'eans, 'aster,9 the hel's'an answered, 9unless we #ould be ,uit o$ these too nu'erous %assengers)9 Ber.es, they say, on hearing this, addressed the +ersians as $ollows0 9-en o$ +ersia,9 he said, 9now is the ti'e $or you to show what lo&e ye bear your king) -y sa$ety, as it see's, de%ends wholly u%on you)9 "o s%ake the king( and the +ersians instantly 'ade obeisan#e, and then lea%t o&er into the sea) Thus was the shi% lightened, and Ber.es got sa$e to *sia) *s soon as he had rea#hed the shore, he sent $or the hel's'an, and ga&e hi' a golden #rown be#ause he had %reser&ed the li$e o$ the kings7 but be#ause he had #aused the death o$ a nu'ber o$ +ersians, he ordered his head to be stru#k $ro' his shoulders) "u#h is the other a##ount whi#h is gi&en o$ the return o$ Ber.es( but to 'e it see's ,uite unworthy o$ belie$, alike in other res%e#ts, and in what relates to the +ersians) For had the hel's'an 'ade any su#h s%ee#h to Ber.es, su%%ose there is not one 'an in ten thousand who will doubt that this is the #ourse whi#h the king would ha&e $ollowed07 he would ha&e 'ade the 'en u%on the shi%1s de#k, who were not only +ersians, but +ersians o$ the &ery highest rank, ,uit their %la#e and go down below( and would ha&e #ast into the sea an e,ual nu'ber o$ the rowers, who were +hoeni#ians) But the truth is, that the king, as ha&e already said, returned into *sia by the sa'e road as the rest o$ the ar'y) will add a strong %roo$ o$ this) t is #ertain that Ber.es on his way ba#k $ro' Gree#e %assed through *bdera, where he 'ade a #ontra#t o$ $riendshi% with the inhabitants, and %resented the' with a golden s#y'itar, and a tiara broidered with gold) The *bderites de#lare7 but %ut no $aith in this %art o$ their story7 that $ro' the ti'e o$ the king1s lea&ing *thens, he ne&er on#e loosed his girdle till he #a'e to their #ity, sin#e it was not till then that he $elt hi'sel$ in sa$ety) 3ow *bdera is nearer to the Helles%ont than Eion and the "try'on, where Ber.es, a##ording to the other tale, took shi%) -eanwhile the Greeks, $inding that they #ould not #a%ture

*ndros, sailed away to Carystus, and wasted the lands o$ the Carystians, a$ter whi#h they returned to "ala'is) *rri&ed here, they %ro#eeded, be$ore entering on any other 'atter, to 'ake #hoi#e o$ the $irst7$ruits whi#h should be set a%art as o$$erings to the gods) These #onsisted o$ di&ers gi$ts( a'ong the' were three +hoeni#ian trire'es, one o$ whi#h was dedi#ated at the sth'us, where it #ontinued to 'y day( another at "uniu'( and the third, at "ala'is itsel$, whi#h was de&oted to *2a.) This done, they 'ade a di&ision o$ the booty, and sent away the $irst7$ruits to 5el%hi) Thereo$ was 'ade the statue, holding in its hand the beak o$ a shi%, whi#h is twel&e #ubits high, and whi#h stands in the sa'e %la#e with the golden one o$ *le.ander the -a#edonian) *$ter the $irst7$ruits had been sent to 5el%hi, the Greeks 'ade in,uiry o$ the god, in the na'e o$ their whole body, i$ he had re#ei&ed his $ull share o$ the s%oils and was satis$ied therewith) The god 'ade answer that all the other Greeks had %aid hi' his $ull due, e.#e%t only the Eginetans( on the' he had still a #lai' $or the %ri/e o$ &alour whi#h they had gained at "ala'is) "o the Eginetans, when they heard this, dedi#ated the three golden stars whi#h stand on the to% o$ a bron/e 'ast in the #orner near the bowl o$$ered by Croesus) 4hen the s%oils had been di&ided, the Greeks sailed to the sth'us, where a %ri/e o$ &alour was to be awarded to the 'an who, o$ all the Greeks, had shown the 'ost 'erit during the war) 4hen the #hie$s were all #o'e, they 'et at the altar o$ 3e%tune, and took the ballots wherewith they were to gi&e their &otes $or the $irst and $or the se#ond in 'erit) Then ea#h 'an ga&e hi'sel$ the $irst &ote, sin#e ea#h #onsidered that he was hi'sel$ the worthiest( but the se#ond &otes were gi&en #hie$ly to The'isto#ies) n this way, while the others re#ei&ed but one &ote a%ie#e, The'isto#les had $or the se#ond %ri/e a large 'a2ority o$ the su$$rages) En&y, howe&er, hindered the #hie$s $ro' #o'ing to a de#ision, and they all sailed away to their ho'es without 'aking any award) 3e&ertheless The'isto#les was regarded e&erywhere as by $ar the wisest 'an o$ all the Greeks( and the whole #ountry rang with his $a'e) *s the #hie$s who $ought at "ala'is, notwithstanding that he was really entitled to the %ri/e, had withheld his honour $ro' hi', he went without delay to La#edae'on, in the ho%e that he would be honoured there) *nd the La#edae'onians re#ei&ed hi' handso'ely, and %aid hi' great res%e#t) The %ri/e o$ &alour indeed, whi#h was a #rown o$ oli&e, they ga&e to Eurybiades( but The'isto#les was gi&en a #rown o$ oli&e too, as the %ri/e o$ wisdo' and de.terity) He was likewise %resented with the 'ost beauti$ul #hariot that #ould be $ound in "%arta( and a$ter re#ei&ing abundant %raises, was, u%on his de%arture, es#orted as $ar as the borders o$ Tegea, by the three hundred %i#ked "%artans, who are #alled the ?nights) 3e&er was it known, either be$ore or sin#e,

that the "%artans es#orted a 'an out o$ their #ity) !n the return o$ The'isto#les to *thens, Ti'ode'us o$ *%hidnae, who was one o$ his ene'ies, but otherwise a 'an o$ no re%ute, be#a'e so 'addened with en&y that he o%enly railed against hi', and, re%roa#hing hi' with his 2ourney to "%arta, said7 91Twas not his own 'erit that had won hi' honour $ro' the 'en o$ La#edae'on, but the $a'e o$ *thens, his #ountry)9 Then The'isto#les, seeing that Ti'ode'us re%eated this %hrase un#easingly, re%lied7 9Thus stands the #ase, $riend) had ne&er got this honour $ro' the "%artans, had been a Belbinite7 nor thou, hadst thou been an *thenian>9 *rtaba/us, the son o$ +harna#es, a 'an who' the +ersians had always held in 'u#h estee', but who, a$ter the a$$air o$ +lataea, rose still higher in their o%inion, es#orted ?ing Ber.es as $ar as the strait, with si.ty thousand o$ the #hosen troo%s o$ -ardonius) 4hen the king was sa$e in *sia, *rtaba/us set out u%on his return( and on arri&ing near +alline, and $inding that -ardonius had gone into winter7,uarters in Thessaly and -a#edonia, and was in no hurry $or hi' to 2oin the #a'%, he thought it his bounden duty, as the +otidaeans had 2ust re&olted, to o##u%y hi'sel$ in redu#ing the' to sla&ery) For as soon as the king had %assed beyond their territory, and the +ersian $leet had 'ade its hasty $light $ro' "ala'is, the +otidaeans re&olted $ro' the barbarians o%enly( as likewise did all the other inhabitants o$ that %eninsula) *rtaba/us, there$ore, laid siege to +otidaea( and ha&ing a sus%i#ion that the !lynthians were likely to re&olt shortly, he besieged their #ity also) 3ow !lynthus was at that ti'e held by the Bottiaeans, who had been dri&en $ro' the %arts about the Ther'ai# Gul$ by the -a#edonians) *rtaba/us took the #ity, and, ha&ing so done, led out all the inhabitants to a 'arsh in the neighbourhood, and there slew the') *$ter this he deli&ered the %la#e into the hands o$ the %eo%le #alled Chal#ideans, ha&ing $irst a%%ointed Critobulus o$ Torone to be go&ernor) "u#h was the way in whi#h the Chal#ideans got !lynthus) 4hen this town had $allen, *rtaba/us %ressed the siege o$ +otidaea all the 'ore unre'ittingly( and was %ushing his o%erations with &igour, when Ti'o.enus, #a%tain o$ the "#ionaeans, entered into a %lot to betray the town to hi') How the 'atter was 'anaged at $irst, #annot %retend to say, $or no a##ount has #o'e down to us0 but at the last this is what ha%%ened) 4hene&er Ti'o.enus wished to send a letter to *rtaba/us, or *rtaba/us to send one to Ti'o.enus, the letter was written on a stri% o$ %a%er, and rolled round the not#hed end o$ an arrow7sha$t( the $eathers were then %ut on o&er the %a%er, and the arrow thus %re%ared was shot to so'e %la#e agreed u%on) But a$ter a while the %lot o$ Ti'o.enus to betray +otidaea was dis#o&ered in this way) *rtaba/us, on one o##asion, shot o$$ his

arrow, intending to send it to the a##usto'ed %la#e, but, 'issing his 'ark, hit one o$ the +otidaeans in the shoulder) * #rowd gathered about the wounded 'an, as #o''only ha%%ens in war( and when the arrow was %ulled out, they noti#ed the %a%er, and straightway #arried it to the #a%tains who were %resent $ro' the &arious #ities o$ the %eninsula) The #a%tains read the letter, and, $inding who the traitor was, ne&ertheless resol&ed, out o$ regard $or the #ity o$ "#ione, that as they did not wish the "#ionaeans to be then#e$orth branded with the na'e o$ traitors, they would not bring against hi' any #harge o$ trea#hery) "u#h a##ordingly was the 'ode in whi#h this %lot was dis#o&ered) *$ter *rtaba/us had #ontinued the siege by the s%a#e o$ three 'onths, it ha%%ened that there was an unusual ebb o$ the tide, whi#h lasted a long while) "o when the barbarians saw that what had been sea was now no 'ore than a swa'%, they deter'ined to %ush a#ross it into +allene, *nd now the troo%s had already 'ade good two7$i$ths o$ their %assage, and three7$i$ths still re'ained be$ore they #ould rea#h +alline, when the tide #a'e in with a &ery high $lood, higher than had e&er been seen be$ore, as the inhabitants o$ those %arts de#lare, though high $loods are by no 'eans un#o''on) *ll who were not able to swi' %erished i''ediately( the rest were slain by the +otidaeans, who bore down u%on the' in their sailing &essels) The +otidaeans say that what #aused this swell and $lood, and so brought about the disaster o$ the +ersians whi#h ensued there$ro', was the %ro$anation, by the &ery 'en now destroyed in the sea, o$ the te'%le and i'age o$ 3e%tune, situated in their suburb) *nd in this they see' to 'e to say well) *rtaba/us a$terwards led away the re'ainder o$ his ar'y, and 2oined -ardonius in Thessaly) Thus $ared it with the +ersians who es#orted the king to the strait) *s $or that %art o$ the $leet o$ Ber.es whi#h had sur&i&ed the battle, when it had 'ade good its es#a%e $ro' "ala'is to the #oast o$ *sia, and #on&eyed the king with his ar'y a#ross the strait $ro' the Chersonese to *bydos, it %assed the winter at Cy'e) !n the $irst a%%roa#h o$ s%ring, there was an early 'uster o$ the shi%s at "a'os, where so'e o$ the' indeed had re'ained throughout the winter) -ost o$ the 'en7at7ar's who ser&ed on board were +ersians, or else -edes( and the #o''and o$ the $leet had been taken by -ardontes, the son o$ Bagaeus, and *rtayntes, the son o$ *rta#haeus( while there was likewise a third #o''ander, tha'itres, the ne%hew o$ *rtayntes, who' his un#le had ad&an#ed to the %ost) Further west than "a'os, howe&er, they did not &enture to %ro#eed( $or they re'e'bered what a de$eat they had su$$ered, and there was no one to #o'%el the' to a%%roa#h any nearer to Gree#e) They there$ore re'ained at "a'os, and ke%t wat#h o&er onia, to hinder it $ro' breaking into re&olt) The whole nu'ber o$ their shi%s, in#luding those $urnished by the onians, was three hundred) t did not enter into their thoughts that the

Greeks would %ro#eed against onia( on the #ontrary, they su%%osed that the de$en#e o$ their own #ountry would #ontent the', 'ore es%e#ially as they had not %ursued the +ersian $leet when it $led $ro' "ala'is, but had so readily gi&en u% the #hase) They des%aired, howe&er, altogether o$ gaining any su##ess by sea the'sel&es, though by land they thought that -ardonius was ,uite sure o$ &i#tory) "o they re'ained at "a'os, and took #ounsel together, i$ by any 'eans they 'ight harass the ene'y, at the sa'e ti'e that they waited eagerly to hear how 'atters would %ro#eed with -ardonius) The a%%roa#h o$ s%ring, and the knowledge that -ardonius was in Thessaly, roused the Greeks $ro' ina#tion) Their land $or#e indeed was not yet #o'e together( but the $leet, #onsisting o$ one hundred and ten shi%s, %ro#eeded to Egina, under the #o''and o$ Leoty#hides) This Leoty#hides, who was both general and ad'iral, was the son o$ -enares, the son o$ *gesilaus, the son o$ Hi%%o#ratides, the son o$ Leoty#hides, the son o$ *na.ilaus, the son o$ *r#hida'us, the son o$ *na.andrides, the son o$ Theo%o'%us, the son o$ 3i#ander, the son o$ Charillus, the son o$ Euno'us, the son o$ +olyde#tes, the son o$ +rytanis, the son o$ Eury%hon, the son o$ +ro#les, the son o$ *ristode'us, the son o$ *risto'a#hus, the son o$ Cleodaeus, the son o$ Hyllus, the son o$ Her#ules) He belonged to the younger bran#h o$ the royal house) *ll his an#estors, e.#e%t the two ne.t in the abo&e list to hi'sel$, had been kings o$ "%arta) The *thenian &essels were #o''anded by Banthi%%us, the son o$ *ri%hron) 4hen the whole $leet was #olle#ted together at Egina, a'bassadors $ro' onia arri&ed at the Greek station( they had but 2ust #o'e $ro' %aying a &isit to "%arta, where they had been intreating the La#edae'onians to undertake the deli&eran#e o$ their nati&e land) !ne o$ these a'bassadors was Herodotus, the son o$ Basileides) !riginally they were se&en in nu'ber( and the whole se&en had #ons%ired to slay "trattis the tyrant o$ Chios( one, howe&er, o$ those engaged in the %lot betrayed the enter%rise( and the #ons%ira#y being in this way dis#o&ered, Herodotus, and the re'aining $i&e, ,uitted Chios, and went straight to "%arta, when#e they had now %ro#eeded to Egina, their ob2e#t being to besee#h the Greeks that they would %ass o&er to onia) t was not, howe&er, without di$$i#ulty that they were indu#ed to ad&an#e e&en so $ar as 5elos) *ll beyond that see'ed to the Greeks $ull o$ danger( the %la#es were ,uite unknown to the', and to their $an#y swar'ed with +ersian troo%s( as $or "a'os, it a%%eared to the' as $ar o$$ as the +illars o$ Her#ules) Thus it #a'e to %ass, that at the &ery sa'e ti'e the barbarians were hindered by their $ears $ro' &enturing any $urther west than "a'os, and the %rayers o$ the Chians $ailed to indu#e the Greeks to ad&an#e any $urther east than 5elos) Terror guarded the 'id region) The Greek $leet was now on its way to 5elos( but -ardonius still abode in his winter7,uarters in Thessaly) 4hen he was about to lea&e

the', he des%at#hed a 'an na'ed -ys, a Euro%ean by birth, to go and #onsult the di$$erent ora#les, gi&ing hi' orders to %ut ,uestions e&erywhere to all the ora#les whereo$ he $ound it %ossible to 'ake trial) 4hat it was that he wanted to know, when he ga&e -ys these orders, a' not able to say, $or no a##ount has rea#hed 'e o$ the 'atter( but $or 'y own %art, su%%ose that he sent to in,uire #on#erning the business whi#h he had in hand, and not $or any other %ur%ose) -ys, it is #ertain, went to Lebadeia, and, by the %ay'ent o$ a su' o$ 'oney, indu#ed one o$ the inhabitants to go down to Tro%honius( he likewise &isited *bae o$ the +ho#ians, and there #onsulted the god( while at Thebes, to whi#h %la#e he went $irst o$ all, he not only got a##ess to *%ollo s'enius ;o$ who' in,uiry is 'ade by 'eans o$ &i#ti's, a##ording to the #usto' %ra#tised also at !ly'%ia<, but likewise %re&ailed on a 'an, who was not a Theban but a $oreigner, to %ass the night in the te'%le o$ *'%hiaraus) 3o Theban #an law$ully #onsult this ora#le, $or the $ollowing reason0 *'%hiaraus by an ora#le ga&e the Thebans their #hoi#e, to ha&e hi' $or their %ro%het or $or their hel%er in war( he bade the' ele#t between the two, and $orego either one or the other( so they #hose rather to ha&e hi' $or their hel%er) !n this a##ount it is unlaw$ul $or a Theban to slee% in his te'%le) !ne thing whi#h the Thebans de#lare to ha&e ha%%ened at this ti'e is to 'e &ery sur%rising) -ys, the Euro%ean, they say, a$ter he had gone about to all the ora#les, #a'e at last to the sa#red %re#in#t o$ *%ollo +tous) The %la#e itsel$ bears the na'e o$ +tou'( it is in the #ountry o$ the Thebans, and is situated on the 'ountain side o&erlooking Lake Co%ais, only a &ery little way $ro' the town #alled *#rae%hia) Here -ys arri&ed, and entered the te'%le, $ollowed by three Theban #iti/ens7 %i#ked 'en who' the state had a%%ointed to take down whate&er answer the god 'ight gi&e) 3o sooner was he entered than the %ro%het deli&ered hi' an ora#le, but in a $oreign tongue( so that his Theban attendants were astonished, hearing a strange language when they e.%e#ted Greek, and did not know what to do) -ys, howe&er, the Euro%ean, snat#hed $ro' their hands the tablet whi#h they had brought with the', and wrote down what the %ro%het uttered) The re%ly, he told the', was in the Carian diale#t) *$ter this, -ys de%arted and returned to Thessaly) -ardonius, when he had read the answers gi&en by the ora#les, sent ne.t an en&oy to *thens) This was *le.ander, the son o$ *'yntas, a -a#edonian, o$ who' he 'ade #hoi#e $or two reasons) *le.ander was #onne#ted with the +ersians by $a'ily ties( $or Gygaea, who was the daughter o$ *'yntas, and sister to *le.ander hi'sel$, was 'arried to Bubares, a +ersian, and by hi' had a son, to wit, *'yntas o$ *sia( who was na'ed a$ter his 'other1s $ather, and en2oyed the re&enues o$ *labanda, a large #ity o$ +hrygia, whi#h had been assigned hi' by

the king) *le.ander was likewise ;and o$ this too -ardonius was well aware<, both by ser&i#es whi#h he had rendered, and by $or'al #o'%a#t o$ $riendshi%, #onne#ted with *thens) -ardonius there$ore thought that, by sending hi', he would be 'ost likely to gain o&er the *thenians to the +ersian side) He had heard that they were a nu'erous and a warlike %eo%le, and he knew that the disasters whi#h had be$allen the +ersians by sea were 'ainly their work( he there$ore e.%e#ted that, i$ he #ould $or' allian#e with the', he would easily get the 'astery o$ the sea ;as indeed he would ha&e done, beyond a doubt<, while by land he belie&ed that he was already greatly su%erior( and so he thought by this allian#e to 'ake sure o$ o&er#o'ing the Greeks) +erha%s, too, the ora#les leant this way, and #ounselled hi' to 'ake *thens his $riend0 so that it 'ay ha&e been in obedien#e to the' that he sent the e'bassy) This *le.ander was des#ended in the se&enth degree $ro' +erdi##as, who obtained the so&ereignty o&er the -a#edonians in the way whi#h will now relate) Three brothers, des#endants o$ Te'enus, $led $ro' *rgos to the llyrians( their na'es were Gauanes, *ero%us, and +erdi##as) Fro' llyria they went a#ross to 6%%er -a#edonia, where they #a'e to a #ertain town #alled Lebaea) There they hired the'sel&es out to ser&e the king in di$$erent e'%loys( one tended the horses( another looked a$ter the #ows( while +erdi##as, who was the youngest, took #harge o$ the s'aller #attle) n those early ti'es %o&erty was not #on$ined to the %eo%le0 kings the'sel&es were %oor, and so here it was the king1s wi$e who #ooked the &i#tuals) 3ow, whene&er she baked the bread, she always obser&ed that the loa$ o$ the labouring boy +erdi##as swelled to double its natural si/e) "o the ,ueen, $inding this ne&er $ail, s%oke o$ it to her husband) 5ire#tly that it #a'e to his ears, the thought stru#k hi' that it was a 'ira#le, and boded so'ething o$ no s'all 'o'ent) He there$ore sent $or the three labourers, and told the' to begone out o$ his do'inions) They answered, 9they had a right to their wages( i$ he would %ay the' what was due, they were ,uite willing to go)9 3ow it ha%%ened that the sun was shining down the #hi'ney into the roo' where they were( and the king, hearing the' talk o$ wages, lost his wits, and said, 9There are the wages whi#h you deser&e( take that7 gi&e it you>9 and %ointed, as he s%oke, to the sunshine) The two elder brothers, Gauanes and *ero%us, stood aghast at the re%ly, and did nothing( but the boy, who had a kni$e in his hand, 'ade a 'ark with it round the sunshine on the $loor o$ the roo', and said, 9! king> we a##e%t your %ay'ent)9 Then he re#ei&ed the light o$ the sun three ti'es into his boso', and so went away( and his brothers went with hi') 4hen they were gone, one o$ those who sat by told the king what the youngest o$ the three had done, and hinted that he 'ust ha&e had so'e 'eaning in a##e%ting the wages gi&en) Then the king, when he

heard what had ha%%ened, was angry, and sent horse'en a$ter the youths to slay the') 3ow there is a ri&er in -a#edonia to whi#h the des#endants o$ these *rgi&es o$$er sa#ri$i#e as their sa&iour) This strea' swelled so 'u#h, as soon as the sons o$ Te'enus were sa$e a#ross, that the horse'en $ound it i'%ossible to $ollow) "o the brothers es#a%ed into another %art o$ -a#edonia, and took u% their abode near the %la#e #alled 9the Gardens o$ -idas, son o$ Gordias)9 n these gardens there are roses whi#h grow o$ the'sel&es, so sweet that no others #an #o'e near the', and with blosso's that ha&e as 'any as si.ty %etals a%ie#e) t was here, a##ording to the -a#edonians, that "ilenus was 'ade a %risoner) *bo&e the gardens stands a 'ountain #alled Ber'ius, whi#h is so #old that none #an rea#h the to%) Here the brothers 'ade their abode( and $ro' this %la#e by, degrees they #on,uered all -a#edonia) Fro' the +erdi##as o$ who' we ha&e here s%oken, *le.ander was des#ended in the $ollowing way07 *le.ander was the son o$ *'yntas, *'yntas o$ *l#etas( the $ather o$ *l#etas was *ero%us( o$ *ero%us, +hili%( o$ +hili%, *rgaeus( o$ *rgaeus, +erdi##as, the $irst so&ereign) "u#h was the des#ent o$ *le.ander) ;"" F)< 4hen *le.ander rea#hed *thens as the a'bassador o$ -ardonius, he s%oke as $ollows07 9! 'en o$ *thens, these be the words o$ -ardonius) 1The king has sent a 'essage to 'e, saying, 9*ll the tres%asses whi#h the *thenians ha&e #o''itted against 'e $reely $orgi&e) 3ow then, -ardonius, thus shalt thou a#t towards the') Restore to the' their territory( and let the' #hoose $or the'sel&es whate&er land they like besides, and let the' dwell therein as a $ree %eo%le) Build u% likewise all their te'%les whi#h burned, i$ on these ter's they will #onsent to enter into a league with 'e)9 "u#h are the orders whi#h ha&e re#ei&ed, and whi#h 'ust needs obey, unless there be a hindran#e on your %art) *nd now say unto you,7 why are ye so 'ad as to le&y war against the king, who' ye #annot %ossibly o&er#o'e, or e&en resist $or e&er: =e ha&e seen the 'ultitude and the bra&ery o$ the host o$ Ber.es( ye know also how large a %ower re'ains with 'e in your land( su%%ose then ye should get the better o$ us, and de$eat this ar'y7 a thing whereo$ ye will not, i$ ye be wise, entertain the least ho%e7 what $ollows e&en then but a #ontest with a still greater $or#e: 5o not, be#ause you would $ain 'at#h yoursel&es with the king, #onsent to lose your #ountry and li&e in #onstant danger o$ your li&es) Rather agree to 'ake %ea#e( whi#h ye #an now do without any tarnish to your honour, sin#e the king in&ites you to it) Continue $ree, and 'ake an allian#e with us, without $raud or de#eit)1 ;"" G)< 9These are the words, ! *thenians> whi#h -ardonius had bid 'e s%eak to you) For 'y own %art, will say nothing o$ the good will bear your nation, sin#e ye ha&e not now $or the $irst ti'e to

be#o'e a#,uainted with it) But will add 'y intreaties also, and besee#h you to gi&e ear to -ardonius( $or see #learly that it is i'%ossible $or you to go on $or e&er #ontending against Ber.es) $ that had a%%eared to 'e %ossible, would not now ha&e #o'e hither the bearer o$ su#h a 'essage) But the king1s %ower sur%asses that o$ 'an, and his ar' rea#hes $ar) $ then ye do not hasten to #on#lude a %ea#e, when su#h $air ter's are o$$ered you, tre'ble to think o$ what you will ha&e to endure7 you, who o$ all the allies lie 'ost dire#tly in the %ath o$ danger, whose land will always be the #hie$ battleground o$ the #ontending %owers, and who will there$ore #onstantly ha&e to su$$er alone) Hearken then, %ray you, to -ardonius> "urely it is no s'all 'atter that the Great ?ing #hooses you out $ro' all the rest o$ the Greeks, to o$$er you $orgi&eness o$ the wrongs you ha&e done hi', and to %ro%ose hi'sel$ as your $riend and ally>9 "u#h were the words o$ *le.ander) 3ow the La#edae'onians, when tidings rea#hed the' that *le.ander was gone to *thens to bring about a league between the *thenians and the barbarians, and when at the sa'e ti'e they #alled to 'ind the %ro%he#ies whi#h de#lared that the 5orian ra#e should one day be dri&en $ro' the +elo%onnese by the -edes and the *thenians, were e.#eedingly a$raid lest the *thenians 'ight #onsent to the allian#e with +ersia) They there$ore lost no ti'e in sending en&oys to *thens( and it so ha%%ened that these en&oys were gi&en their audien#e at the sa'e ti'e with *le.ander0 $or the *thenians had waited and 'ade delays, be#ause they $elt sure that the La#edae'onians would hear that an a'bassador was #o'e to the' $ro' the +ersians, and as soon as they heard it would with all s%eed send an e'bassy) They #ontri&ed 'atters there$ore o$ set %ur%ose, so that the La#edae'onians 'ight hear the' deli&er their senti'ents on the o##asion) *s soon as *le.ander had $inished s%eaking, the a'bassadors $ro' "%arta took the word and said,7 94e are sent here by the La#edae'onians to entreat o$ you that ye will not do a new thing in Gree#e, nor agree to the ter's whi#h are o$$ered you by the barbarian) "u#h #ondu#t on the %art o$ any o$ the Greeks were alike un2ust and dishonourable( but in you 1twould be worse than in others, $or di&ers reasons) 1Twas by you that this war was kindled at the $irst a'ong us7 our wishes were in no way #onsidered( the #ontest began by your seeking to e.tend your e'%ire7 now the $ate o$ Gree#e is in&ol&ed in it) Besides it was surely an intolerable thing that the *thenians, who ha&e always hitherto been known as a nation to whi#h 'any 'en owed their $reedo', should now be#o'e the 'eans o$ bringing all other Greeks into sla&ery) 4e $eel, howe&er, $or the hea&y #ala'ities whi#h %ress on you7 the loss o$ your har&est these two years, and the ruin in whi#h your ho'es ha&e lain $or so long a ti'e) 4e o$$er you, there$ore, on the %art o$ the

La#edae'onians and the allies, sustenan#e $or your wo'en and $or the unwarlike %ortion o$ your households, so long as the war endures) Be ye not sedu#ed by *le.ander the -a#edonian, who so$tens down the rough words o$ -ardonius) He does as is natural $or hi' to do7 a tyrant hi'sel$, he hel%s $orward a tyrant1s #ause) But ye, *thenians, should do di$$erently, at least i$ ye be truly wise( $or ye should know that with barbarians there is neither $aith nor truth)9 Thus s%ake the en&oys) *$ter whi#h the *thenians returned this answer to *le.ander07 94e know, as well as thou dost, that the %ower o$ the -ede is 'any ti'es greater than our own0 we did not need to ha&e that #ast in our teeth) 3e&ertheless we #ling so to $reedo' that we shall o$$er what resistan#e we 'ay) "eek not to %ersuade us into 'aking ter's with the barbarian7 say what thou wilt, thou wilt ne&er gain our assent) Return rather at on#e, and tell -ardonius that our answer to hi' is this07 1"o long as the sun kee%s his %resent #ourse, we will ne&er 2oin allian#e with Ber.es) 3ay, we shall o%%ose hi' un#easingly, trusting in the aid o$ those gods and heroes who' he has lightly estee'ed, whose houses and whose i'ages he has burnt with $ire)1 #o'e not thou again to us with words like these( nor, thinking to do us a ser&i#e, %ersuade us to unholy a#tions) Thou art the guest and $riend o$ our nation7 we would not that thou shouldst re#ei&e hurt at our hands)9 "u#h was the answer whi#h the *thenians ga&e to *le.ander) To the "%artan en&oys they said07 91Twas natural no doubt that the La#edae'onians should be a$raid we 'ight 'ake ter's with the barbarian( but ne&ertheless t was a base $ear in 'en who knew so well o$ what te'%er and s%irit we are) 3ot all the gold that the whole earth #ontains7 not the $airest and 'ost $ertile o$ all lands7 would bribe us to take %art with the -edes and hel% the' to ensla&e our #ountry'en) E&en #ould we anyhow ha&e brought oursel&es to su#h a thing, there are 'any &ery %ower$ul 'oti&es whi#h would now 'ake it i'%ossible) The $irst and #hie$ o$ these is the burning and destru#tion o$ our te'%les and the i'ages o$ our gods, whi#h $or#es us to 'ake no ter's with their destroyer, but rather to %ursue hi' with our resent'ent to the utter'ost) *gain, there is our #o''on brotherhood with the Greeks0 our #o''on language, the altars and the sa#ri$i#es o$ whi#h we all %artake, the #o''on #hara#ter whi#h we bear7 did the *thenians betray all these, o$ a truth it would not be well) ?now then now, i$ ye ha&e not known it be$ore, that while one *thenian re'ains ali&e, we will ne&er 2oin allian#e with Ber.es) 4e thank you, howe&er, $or your $orethought on our behal$, and $or your wish to gi&e our $a'ilies sustenan#e, now that ruin has $allen on us7 the kindness is #o'%lete on your %art( but $or oursel&es, we will endure as we 'ay, and not be burdenso'e to you) "u#h then is our resol&e) Be it your #are with all s%eed to lead out your troo%s(

$or i$ we sur'ise aright, the barbarian will not wait long ere he in&ade our territory, but will set out so soon as he learns our answer to be, that we will do none o$ those things whi#h he re,uires o$ us) 3ow then is the ti'e $or us, be$ore he enters *tti#a, to go $orth oursel&es into Boeotia, and gi&e hi' battle)9 4hen the *thenians had thus s%oken, the a'bassadors $ro' "%arta de%arted, and returned ba#k to their own #ountry) The 3inth Book, Entitled C*LL !+E -ardonius, when *le.ander u%on his return 'ade known to hi' the answer o$ the *thenians, $orthwith broke u% $ro' Thessaly, and led his ar'y with all s%eed against *thens( $or#ing the se&eral nations through whose land he %assed to $urnish hi' with additional troo%s) The #hie$ 'en o$ Thessaly, $ar $ro' re%enting o$ the %art whi#h they had taken in the war hitherto, urged on the +ersians to the atta#k 'ore earnestly than e&er) Thora. o$ Larissa in %arti#ular, who had hel%ed to es#ort Ber.es on his $light to *sia, now o%enly en#ouraged -ardonius in his 'ar#h u%on Gree#e) 4hen the ar'y rea#hed Boeotia, the Thebans sought to indu#e -ardonius to 'ake a halt0 9He would not,9 they told hi', 9$ind anywhere a 'ore #on&enient %la#e in whi#h to %it#h his #a'%( and their ad&i#e to hi' was, that he should go no $urther, but $i. hi'sel$ there, and then#e take 'easures to subdue all Gree#e without striking a blow) $ the Greeks, who had held together hitherto, still #ontinued united a'ong the'sel&es, it would be di$$i#ult $or the whole world to o&er#o'e the' by $or#e o$ ar's) But i$ thou wilt do as we ad&ise,9 they went on to say, 9thou 'ayest easily obtain the dire#tion o$ all their #ounsels) "end %resents to the 'en o$ 'ost weight in the se&eral states, and by so doing thou wilt sow di&ision a'ong the') *$ter that, it will be a light task, with the hel% o$ su#h as side with thee, to bring under all thy ad&ersaries)9 "u#h was the ad&i#e o$ the Thebans0 but -ardonius did not $ollow it) * strong desire o$ taking *thens a se#ond ti'e %ossessed hi', in %art arising $ro' his inborn stubbornness, in %art $ro' a wish to in$or' the king at "ardis, by $ire7signals along the islands, that he was 'aster o$ the %la#e) Howe&er, he did not on his arri&al in *tti#a $ind the *thenians in their #ountry7 they had again withdrawn, so'e to their shi%s, but the greater %art to "ala'is7 and he only gained %ossession o$ a deserted town) t was ten 'onths a$ter the taking o$ the #ity by the king that -ardonius #a'e against it $or the se#ond ti'e) -ardonius, being now in *thens, sent an en&oy to "ala'is, one -ury#hides, a Helles%ontine Greek, to o$$er the *thenians on#e 'ore the sa'e ter's whi#h had been #on&eyed to the' by *le.ander) The reason $or his sending a se#ond ti'e, though he knew be$orehand

their un$riendly $eelings towards hi', was,7 that he ho%ed, when they saw the whole land o$ *tti#a #on,uered and in his %ower, their stubbornness would begin to gi&e way) !n this a##ount, there$ore, he dis%at#hed -ury#hides to "ala'is) 3ow, when -ury#hides #a'e be$ore the #oun#il, and deli&ered his 'essage, one o$ the #oun#illors, na'ed Ly#idas, ga&e it as his o%inion7 9that the best #ourse would be, to ad'it the %ro%osals brought by -ury#hides, and lay the' be$ore the asse'bly o$ the %eo%le)9 This he stated to be his o%inion, %erha%s be#ause he had been bribed by -ardonius, or it 'ay be be#ause that #ourse really a%%eared to hi' the 'ost e.%edient) Howe&er, the *thenians7 both those in the #oun#il, and those who stood without, when they heard o$ the ad&i#e7 were $ull o$ wrath, and $orthwith surrounded Ly#idas, and stoned hi' to death) *s $or -ury#hides, the Helles%ontine Greek, hi' they sent away unhar'ed) 3ow there was a stir in the island about Ly#idas, and the *thenian wo'en learnt what had ha%%ened) Then ea#h e.horted her $ellow, and one brought another to take %art in the deed( and they all $lo#ked o$ their own a##ord to the house o$ Ly#idas, and stoned to death his wi$e and his #hildren) The #ir#u'stan#es under whi#h the *thenians had sought re$uge in "ala'is were the $ollowing) "o long as any ho%e re'ained that a +elo%onnesian ar'y would #o'e to gi&e the' aid, they abode still in *tti#a( but when it a%%eared that the allies were sla#k and slow to 'o&e, while the in&ader was re%orted to be %ressing $orward and to ha&e already entered Boeotia, then they %ro#eeded to re'o&e their goods and #hattels $ro' the 'ainland, and the'sel&es again #rossed the strait to "ala'is) *t the sa'e ti'e they sent a'bassadors to La#edae'on, who were to re%roa#h the La#edae'onians $or ha&ing allowed the barbarian to ad&an#e into *tti#a, instead o$ 2oining the' and going out to 'eet hi' in Boeotia) They were likewise to re'ind the La#edae'onians o$ the o$$ers by whi#h the +ersian had sought to win *thens o&er to his side, and to warn the', that no aid #a'e $ro' "%arta, the *thenians 'ust #onsult $or their own sa$ety) The truth was, the La#edae'onians were kee%ing holiday at that ti'e( $or it was the $east o$ the Hya#inthia, and they thought nothing o$ so 'u#h 'o'ent as to %er$or' the ser&i#e o$ the god) They were also engaged in building their wall a#ross the sth'us, whi#h was now so $ar ad&an#ed that the battle'ents had begun to be %la#ed u%on it) 4hen the en&oys o$ the *thenians, a##o'%anied by a'bassadors $ro' -egara and +lataea, rea#hed La#edae'on, they #a'e be$ore the E%hors, and s%oke as $ollows07 9The *thenians ha&e sent us to you to say,7 the king o$ the -edes o$$ers to gi&e us ba#k our #ountry, and wishes to #on#lude an allian#e with us on $air and e,ual ter's, without $raud or de#eit) He is willing likewise to bestow on us another #ountry besides our own, and bids us #hoose any land that we like) But we, be#ause we

re&eren#ed Helleni# 8u%iter, and thought it a sha'e$ul a#t to betray Gree#e, instead o$ #onsenting to these ter's, re$used the'( notwithstanding that we ha&e been wronged and deserted by the other Greeks, and are $ully aware that it is $ar 'ore $or our ad&antage to 'ake %ea#e with the +ersian than to %rolong the war with hi') "till we shall not, o$ our own $ree will, #onsent to any ter's o$ %ea#e) Thus do we, in all our dealings with the Greeks, a&oid what is base and #ounter$eit0 while #ontrariwise, ye, who were but now so $ull o$ $ear least we should 'ake ter's with the ene'y, ha&ing learnt o$ what te'%er we are, and assured yoursel&es that we shall not %ro&e traitors to our #ountry7 ha&ing brought 'oreo&er your wall a#ross the sth'us to an ad&an#ed state7 #ease altogether to ha&e any #are $or us) =e #o&enanted with us to go out and 'eet the +ersian in Boeotia( but when the ti'e #a'e, ye were $alse to your word, and looked on while the barbarian host ad&an#ed into *tti#a) *t this ti'e, there$ore, the *thenians are angered with you( and 2ustly,7 $or ye ha&e not done what was right) They bid you, howe&er, 'ake haste to send $orth your ar'y, that we 'ay e&en yet 'eet -ardonius in *tti#a) 3ow that Boeotia is lost to us, the best %la#e $or the $ight within our #ountry, will be the %lain o$ Thria)9 The E%hors, when they had heard this s%ee#h, delayed their answer till the 'orrow( and when the 'orrow #a'e, till the day $ollowing) *nd thus they a#ted $or ten days, #ontinually %utting o$$ the a'bassadors $ro' one day to the ne.t) -eanwhile the +elo%onnesians generally were labouring with great /eal at the wall, and the work nearly a%%roa#hed #o'%letion) #an gi&e no other reason $or the #ondu#t o$ the La#edae'onians in showing the'sel&es so an.ious, at the ti'e when *le.ander #a'e, that the *thenians should not 2oin the -edes, and now being ,uite #areless about it, e.#e%t that at the $or'er ti'e the wall a#ross the sth'us was not #o'%lete, and they worked at it in great $ear o$ the +ersians, whereas now the bulwark had been raised, and so they i'agined that they had no $urther need o$ the *thenians) *t last the a'bassadors got an answer, and the troo%s 'ar#hed $orth $ro' "%arta, under the $ollowing #ir#u'stan#es) The last audien#e had been $i.ed $or the a'bassadors, when, the &ery day be$ore it was to be gi&en, a #ertain Tegean, na'ed Chileus, a 'an who had 'ore in$luen#e at "%arta than any other $oreigner, learning $ro' the E%hors e.a#tly what the *thenians had said, addressed these words to the'7 9The #ase stands thus, ! ye E%hors> $ the *thenians are not our $riends, but league the'sel&es with the barbarians, howe&er strong our wall a#ross the sth'us 'ay be, there will be doors enough, and wide enough o%en too, by whi#h the +ersian 'ay gain entran#e to the +elo%onnese) Grant their re,uest then, be$ore they 'ake any $resh resol&e, whi#h 'ay bring Gree#e to ruin)9 "u#h was the #ounsel whi#h Chileus ga&e0 and the E%hors, taking

the ad&i#e into #onsideration, deter'ined $orthwith, without s%eaking a word to the a'bassadors $ro' the three #ities, to des%at#h to the sth'us a body o$ $i&e thousand "%artans( and a##ordingly they sent the' $orth the sa'e night, a%%ointing to ea#h "%artan a retinue o$ se&en Helots, and gi&ing the #o''and o$ the e.%edition to +ausanias the son o$ Cleo'brotus) The #hie$ %ower belonged o$ right at this ti'e to +leistar#hus, the son o$ Leonidas( but as he was still a #hild +ausanias, his #ousin, was regent in his roo') For the $ather o$ +ausanias, Cleo'brotus, the son o$ *na.andridas, no longer li&ed( he had died a short ti'e a$ter bringing ba#k $ro' the sth'us the troo%s who had been e'%loyed in building the wall) * %rodigy had #aused hi' to bring his ar'y ho'e( $or while he was o$$ering sa#ri$i#e to know i$ he should 'ar#h out against the +ersian, the sun was suddenly darkened in 'id sky) +ausanias took with hi', as 2oint7leader o$ the ar'y, Euryana., the son o$ 5orieus, a 'e'ber o$ his own $a'ily) The ar'y a##ordingly had 'ar#hed out $ro' "%arta with +ausanias0 while the a'bassadors, when day #a'e, a%%eared be$ore the E%hors, knowing nothing o$ the 'ar#h o$ the troo%s, and %ur%osing the'sel&es to lea&e "%arta $orthwith, and return ea#h 'an to his own #ountry) They there$ore addressed the E%hors in these words07 9La#edae'onians, as you do not stir $ro' ho'e, but kee% the Hya#inthian $esti&al, and a'use yoursel&es, deserting the #ause o$ your #on$ederates, the *thenians, who' your beha&iour wrongs, and who ha&e no other allies, will 'ake su#h ter's with the +ersians as they shall $ind %ossible) 3ow when ter's are on#e 'ade, it is %lain that, ha&ing be#o'e the king1s allies, we shall 'ar#h with the barbarians whithersoe&er they #hoose to lead) Then at length you will %er#ei&e what the #onse,uen#es will be to yoursel&es)9 4hen the en&oys had s%oken, the E%hors de#lared to the' with an oath07 9!ur troo%s 'ust be at !resteu' by this ti'e, on their 'ar#h against the strangers)9 ;The "%artans say 9strangers9 $or 9barbarians)9< *t this the a'bassadors, ,uite ignorant o$ what had ha%%ened, ,uestioned the' #on#erning their 'eaning( and when, by 'u#h ,uestioning, they had dis#o&ered the truth, they were greatly astonished thereat, and $orthwith set o$$, at their best s%eed, to o&ertake the "%artan ar'y) *t the sa'e ti'e a body o$ $i&e thousand La#edae'onian +erioe#i, all %i#ked 'en and $ully ar'ed, set $orth $ro' "%arta, in the #o'%any o$ the a'bassadors) "o these troo%s 'ar#hed in haste towards the sth'us) -eanwhile the *rgi&es, who had %ro'ised -ardonius that they would sto% the "%artans $ro' #rossing their borders, as soon as they learnt that +ausanias with his ar'y had started $ro' "%arta, took the swi$test #ourier they #ould $ind, and sent hi' o$$ to *tti#a) The 'essage whi#h he deli&ered, on his arri&al at *thens, was the $ollowing0 9-ardonius,9 he said, 9the *rgi&es ha&e sent 'e to tell thee that

the La#edae'onian youth are gone $orth $ro' their #ity, and that the *rgi&es are too weak to hinder the') Take good heed there$ore to thysel$ at this ti'e)9 *$ter thus s%eaking, without a word 'ore, he returned ho'e) 4hen -ardonius learnt that the "%artans were on their 'ar#h, he no longer #ared to re'ain in *tti#a) Hitherto he had ke%t ,uiet, wishing to see what the *thenians would do, and had neither ra&aged their territory, nor done it any the least har'( $or till now he had #herished the ho%e that the *thenians would #o'e to ter's with hi') *s, howe&er, he $ound that his %ersuasions were o$ no a&ail, and as their whole %oli#y was now #lear to hi', he deter'ined to withdraw $ro' *tti#a be$ore +ausanias with his ar'y rea#hed the sth'us( $irst, howe&er, he resol&ed to burn *thens, and to #ast down and le&el with the ground whate&er re'ained standing o$ the walls, te'%les, and other buildings) His reason $or retreating was, that *tti#a was not a #ountry where horse #ould a#t with ad&antage( and $urther, that i$ he su$$ered de$eat in a battle, no way o$ es#a%e was o%en to hi', e.#e%t through de$iles, where a hand$ul o$ troo%s 'ight sto% all his ar'y) "o he deter'ined to withdraw to Thebes, and gi&e the Greeks battle in the neighbourhood o$ a $riendly #ity, and on ground well suited $or #a&alry) *$ter he had ,uitted *tti#a and was already u%on his 'ar#h, news rea#hed hi' that a body o$ a thousand La#edae'onians, distin#t $ro' the ar'y o$ +ausanias, and sent on in ad&an#e, had arri&ed in the -egarid) 4hen he heard it, wishing, i$ %ossible, to destroy this deta#h'ent $irst, -ardonius #onsidered with hi'sel$ how he 'ight #o'%ass their ruin) 4ith a sudden #hange o$ 'ar#h he 'ade $or -egara, while the horse, %ushing on in ad&an#e, entered and ra&aged the -egarid) ;Here was the $urthest %oint in Euro%e towards the setting sun to whi#h this +ersian ar'y e&er %enetrated)< *$ter this, -ardonius re#ei&ed another 'essage, whereby he learnt that the $or#es o$ the Greeks were #olle#ted together at the sth'us( whi#h tidings #aused hi' to draw ba#k, and lea&e *tti#a by the way o$ 5e#eleia) The Boeotar#hs had sent $or so'e o$ the neighbours o$ the *so%ians( and these %ersons ser&ed as guides to the ar'y, and led the' $irst to "%hendale, and $ro' then#e to Tanagra, where -ardonius rested a night( a$ter whi#h, u%on the 'orrow, he bent his #ourse to "#olus, whi#h brought hi' into the territory o$ the Thebans) *nd now, although the Thebans had es%oused the #ause o$ the -edes, yet -ardonius #ut down all the trees in these %arts( not howe&er $ro' any en'ity towards the Thebans, but on a##ount o$ his own urgent needs( $or he wanted a ra'%art to %rote#t his ar'y $ro' atta#k, and he likewise desired to ha&e a %la#e o$ re$uge, whither his troo%s 'ight $lee, in #ase the battle should go #ontrary to his wishes) His ar'y at this ti'e lay on the *so%us, and stret#hed $ro' Erythrae, along by Hysiae, to the territory o$ the +lataeans) The

wall, howe&er, was not 'ade to e.tend so $ar, but $or'ed a s,uare o$ about ten $urlongs ea#h way) 4hile the barbarians were e'%loyed in this work, a #ertain #iti/en o$ Thebes, *ttaginus by na'e, the son o$ +hrynon, ha&ing 'ade great %re%arations, ga&e a ban,uet, and in&ited -ardonius thereto, together with $i$ty o$ the noblest +ersians) 3ow the ban,uet was held at Thebes( and all the guests who were in&ited #a'e to it) 4hat $ollows was re#ounted to 'e by Thersander, a nati&e o$ !r#ho'enus, a 'an o$ the $irst rank in that #ity) Thersander told 'e that he was hi'sel$ a'ong those in&ited to the $east, and that besides the +ersians $i$ty Thebans were asked( and the two nations were not arranged se%arately, but a +ersian and a Theban were set side by side u%on ea#h #ou#h) *$ter the $east was ended, and the drinking had begun, the +ersian who shared Thersander1s #ou#h addressed hi' in the Greek tongue, and in,uired o$ hi' $ro' what #ity he #a'e) He answered, that he was o$ !r#ho'enus( whereu%on the other said7 9"in#e thou hast eaten with 'e at one table, and %oured libation $ro' one #u%, would $ain lea&e with thee a 'e'orial o$ the belie$ hold7 the rather that thou 'ayest ha&e ti'ely warning thysel$, and so be able to %ro&ide $or thy own sa$ety) "eest thou these +ersians here $easting, and the ar'y whi#h we le$t en#a'%ed yonder by the ri&er7side: =et a little while, and o$ all this nu'ber thou wilt behold but a $ew sur&i&ing>9 *s he s%ake, the +ersian let $all a $lood o$ tears0 whereon Thersander, who was astonished at his words, re%lied7 9"urely thou shouldest say all this to -ardonius, and the +ersians who are ne.t hi' in honour97 but the other re2oined7 95ear $riend, it is not %ossible $or 'an to a&ert that whi#h God has de#reed shall ha%%en) 3o one belie&es warnings, howe&er true) -any o$ us +ersians know our danger, but we are #onstrained by ne#essity to do as our leader bids us) @erily 1tis the sorest o$ all hu'an ills, to abound in knowledge and yet ha&e no %ower o&er a#tion)9 *ll this heard 'ysel$ $ro' Thersander the !r#ho'enian( who told 'e $urther, that he 'entioned what had ha%%ened to di&ers %ersons, be$ore the battle was $ought at +lataea) 4hen -ardonius $or'erly held his #a'% in Boeotia, all the Greeks o$ those %arts who were $riendly to the -edes sent troo%s to 2oin his ar'y, and these troo%s a##o'%anied hi' in his atta#k u%on *thens) The +ho#ians alone abstained, and took no %art in the in&asion( $or, though they had es%oused the -edian #ause war'ly, it was &ery 'u#h against their will, and only be#ause they were #o'%elled so to do) Howe&er, a $ew days a$ter the arri&al o$ the +ersian ar'y at Thebes, a thousand o$ their hea&y7ar'ed soldiers #a'e u%, under the #o''and o$ Har'o#ydes, one o$ their 'ost distinguished #iti/ens) 3o sooner had these troo%s rea#hed Thebes, than so'e horse'en #a'e to the' $ro' -ardonius, with orders that they should take u% a %osition

u%on the %lain, away $ro' the rest o$ the ar'y) The +ho#ians did so, and $orthwith the entire +ersian #a&alry drew nigh to the'0 whereu%on there went a ru'our through the whole o$ the Greek $or#e en#a'%ed with the -edes, that -ardonius was about to destroy the +ho#ians with 'issiles) The sa'e #on&i#tion ran through the +ho#ian troo%s the'sel&es( and Har'o#ydes, their leader, addressed the' thus with words o$ en#ourage'ent7 9+ho#ians9 said he, 91tis %lain that these 'en ha&e resol&ed be$orehand to take our li&es, be#ause o$ the a##usations o$ the Thessalians, as i'agine) 3ow, then, is the ti'e $or you all to show yoursel&es bra&e 'en) 1Tis better to die $ighting and de$ending our li&es, than ta'ely to allow the' to slay us in this sha'e$ul $ashion) Let the' learn that they are barbarians, and that the 'en whose death they ha&e %lotted are Greeks>9 Thus s%ake Har'o#ydes( and the +ersian horse, ha&ing en#ir#led the +ho#ians, #harged towards the', as i$ about to deal out death, with bows bent, and arrows ready to be let $ly( nay, here and there so'e did e&en dis#harge their wea%ons) But the +ho#ians stood $ir', kee%ing #lose one to another, and serrying their ranks as 'u#h as %ossible0 whereu%on the horse suddenly wheeled round and rode o$$) #annot say with #ertainty whether they #a'e, at the %rayer o$ the Thessalians, to destroy the +ho#ians, but seeing the' %re%ared to stand on their de$en#e, and $earing to su$$er da'age at their hands, on that a##ount beat a retreat, ha&ing orders $ro' -ardonius so to a#t( or whether his sole intent was to try the te'%er o$ the +ho#ians and see whether they had any #ourage or no) Howe&er this 'ay ha&e been, when the horse'en retired, -ardonius sent a herald to the +ho#ians, saying7 9Fear not, +ho#ians7 ye ha&e shown yoursel&es &aliant 'en7 'u#h unlike the re%ort had heard o$ you) 3ow there$ore be $orward in the #o'ing war) =e will not readily outdo either the king or 'ysel$ in ser&i#es)9 Thus ended the a$$air o$ the +ho#ians) The La#edae'onians, when they rea#hed the sth'us, %it#hed their #a'% there( and the other +elo%onnesians who had e'bra#ed the good side, hearing or else seeing that they were u%on the 'ar#h, thought it not right to re'ain behind when the "%artans were going $orth to the war) "o the +elo%onnesians went out in one body $ro' the sth'us, the &i#ti's being $a&ourable $or setting $orth( and 'ar#hed as $ar as Eleusis, where again they o$$ered sa#ri$i#es, and, $inding the o'ens still en#ouraging, ad&an#ed $urther) *t Eleusis they were 2oined by the *thenians, who had #o'e a#ross $ro' "ala'is, and now a##o'%anied the 'ain ar'y) !n rea#hing Erythrae in Boeotia, they learnt that the barbarians were en#a'%ed u%on the *so%us( where$ore they the'sel&es, a$ter #onsidering how they should a#t, dis%osed their $or#es o%%osite to the ene'y u%on the slo%es o$ -ount Cithaeron) -ardonius, when he saw that the Greeks would not #o'e down into the %lain, sent all his #a&alry, under -asistius ;or -a#istius, as the

Greeks #all hi'<, to atta#k the' where they were) 3ow -asistius was a 'an o$ 'u#h re%ute a'ong the +ersians, and rode a 3isaean #harger with a golden bit, and otherwise 'agni$i#ently #a%arisoned) "o the horse ad&an#ed against the Greeks, and 'ade atta#ks u%on the' in di&isions, doing the' great da'age at ea#h #harge, and insulting the' by #alling the' wo'en) t #han#ed that the -egarians were drawn u% in the %osition 'ost o%en to atta#k, and where the ground o$$ered the best a%%roa#h to the #a&alry) Finding the'sel&es there$ore hard %ressed by the assaults u%on their ranks, they sent a herald to the Greek leaders, who #a'e and said to the', 9This is the 'essage o$ the -egarians7 4e #annot, brothers7in7ar's, #ontinue to resist the +ersian horse in that %ost whi#h we ha&e o##u%ied $ro' the $irst, i$ we are le$t without su##ours) Hitherto, although hard %ressed, we ha&e held out against the' $ir'ly and #ourageously) 3ow, howe&er, i$ you do not send others to take our %la#e, we warn you that we shall ,uit our %ost)9 "u#h were the words o$ the herald) +ausanias, when he heard the', in,uired a'ong his troo%s i$ there were any who would &olunteer to take the %ost, and so relie&e the -egarians) !$ the rest none were willing to go, whereu%on the *thenians o$$ered the'sel&es( and a body o$ %i#ked 'en, three hundred in nu'ber, #o''anded by !ly'%iodorus, the son o$ La'%o, undertook the ser&i#e) "ele#ting, to a##o'%any the', the whole body o$ ar#hers, these 'en relie&ed the -egarians, and o##u%ied a %ost whi#h all the other Greeks #olle#ted at Erythrae had shrunk $ro' holding) *$ter the struggle had #ontinued $or a while, it #a'e to an end on this wise) *s the barbarians #ontinued #harging in di&isions, the horse o$ -asistius, whi#h was in $ront o$ the others, re#ei&ed an arrow in his $lank, the %ain o$ whi#h #aused hi' to rear and throw his rider) ''ediately the *thenians rushed u%on -asistius as he lay, #aught his horse, and when he hi'sel$ 'ade resistan#e, slew hi') *t $irst, howe&er, they were not able to take his li$e( $or his ar'our hindered the') He had on a breast%late $or'ed o$ golden s#ales, with a s#arlet tuni# #o&ering it) Thus the blows, all $alling u%on his breast%late, took no e$$e#t, till one o$ the soldiers, %er#ei&ing the reason, dro&e his wea%on into his eye and so slew hi') *ll this took %la#e without any o$ the other horse'en seeing it0 they had neither obser&ed their leader $all $ro' his horse, nor beheld hi' slain( $or he $ell as they wheeled round and %re%ared $or another #harge, so that they were ,uite ignorant o$ what had ha%%ened) 4hen, howe&er, they halted, and $ound that there was no one to 'arshal their line, -asistius was 'issed( and instantly his soldiers, understanding what 'ust ha&e be$allen hi', with loud #heers #harged the ene'y in one 'ass, ho%ing to re#o&er the dead body) "o when the *thenians saw that, instead o$ #o'ing u% in s,uadrons, the whole 'ass o$ the horse was about to #harge the' at on#e, they

#alled out to the other troo%s to 'ake haste to their aid) 4hile the rest o$ the in$antry, howe&er, was 'o&ing to their assistan#e, the #ontest wa.ed $ier#e about the dead body o$ -asistius) The three hundred, so long as they $ought by the'sel&es, had greatly the worse o$ the en#ounter, and were $or#ed to retire and yield u% the body to the ene'y( but when the other troo%s a%%roa#hed, the +ersian horse #ould no longer hold their ground, but $led without #arrying o$$ the body, ha&ing in#urred in the atte'%t a $urther loss o$ se&eral o$ their nu'ber) They there$ore retired about two $urlongs, and #onsulted with ea#h other what was best to be done) Being without a leader, it see'ed to the' the $ittest #ourse to return to -ardonius) 4hen the horse rea#hed the #a'%, -ardonius and all the +ersian ar'y 'ade great la'entation $or -asistius) They sha&ed o$$ all the hair $ro' their own heads, and #ut the 'anes $ro' their war7horses and their su'%ter7beasts, while they &ented their grie$ in su#h loud #ries that all Boeotia resounded with the #la'our, be#ause they had lost the 'an who, ne.t to -ardonius, was held in the greatest estee', both by the king and by the +ersians generally) "o the barbarians, a$ter their own $ashion, %aid honours to the dead -asistius) The Greeks, on the other hand, were greatly e'boldened by what had ha%%ened, seeing that they had not only stood their ground against the atta#ks o$ the horse, but had e&en #o'%elled the' to beat a retreat) They there$ore %la#ed the dead body o$ -asistius u%on a #art, and %araded it along the ranks o$ the ar'y) 3ow the body was a sight whi#h well deser&ed to be ga/ed u%on, being re'arkable both $or stature and $or beauty( and it was to sto% the soldiers $ro' lea&ing their ranks to look at it, that they resol&ed to #arry it round) *$ter this the Greeks deter'ined to ,uit the high ground and go nearer +lataea, as the land there see'ed $ar 'ore suitable $or an en#a'%'ent than the #ountry about Erythrae, %arti#ularly be#ause it was better su%%lied with water) To this %la#e there$ore, and 'ore es%e#ially to a s%ring7head whi#h was #alled Garga%hia, they #onsidered that it would be best $or the' to re'o&e, a$ter whi#h they 'ight on#e 'ore en#a'% in their order) "o they took their ar's, and %ro#eeded along the slo%es o$ Cithaeron, %ast Hysiae, to the territory o$ the +lataeans( and here they drew the'sel&es u%, nation by nation, #lose by the $ountain Garga%hia, and the sa#red %re#in#t o$ the Hero *ndro#rates, %artly along so'e hillo#ks o$ no great height, and %artly u%on the le&el o$ the %lain) Here, in the 'arshalling o$ the nations, a $ier#e battle o$ words arose between the *thenians and the Tegeans, both o$ who' #lai'ed to ha&e one o$ the wings assigned to the') !n ea#h side were brought $orward the deeds whi#h they had done, whether in earlier or in later ti'es( and $irst the Tegeans urged their #lai' as $ollows07 9This %ost has been always #onsidered our right, and not the right o$ any o$ the other allies, in all the e.%editions whi#h ha&e been

entered into #on2ointly by the +elo%onnesians, both an#iently and in later ti'es) E&er sin#e the Hera#lidae 'ade their atte'%t, a$ter the death o$ Eurystheus, to return by $or#e o$ ar's into the +elo%onnese, this #usto' has been obser&ed) t was then that the right be#a'e ours, and this was the way in whi#h we gained it07 4hen, in #o'%any with the *#haeans and onians who then dwelt in the +elo%onnese, we 'ar#hed out to the sth'us, and %it#hed our #a'% o&er against the in&aders, then, as the tale goes, that Hyllus 'ade %ro#la'ation, saying7 1 t needs not to i'%eril two ar'ies in a general battle( rather let one be #hosen $ro' the +elo%onnesian ranks, who'soe&er they dee' the bra&est, and let hi' engage with 'e in single #o'bat, on su#h ter's as shall be agreed u%on)1 The saying %leased the +elo%onnesians, and oaths were sworn to the e$$e#t $ollowing07 1 $ Hyllus #on,uer the +elo%onnesian #ha'%ion, the Hera#lidae shall return to their inheritan#e( i$, on the other hand, he be #on,uered, the Hera#lidae shall withdraw, lead ba#k their ar'y, and engage $or the ne.t hundred years to 'ake no $urther endea&ours to $or#e their return)9 Hereu%on E#he'us, the son o$ *ero%us and grandson o$ +hegeus, who was our leader and king, o$$ered hi'sel$, and was %re$erred be$ore all his brothers7in7ar's as #ha'%ion, engaged in single #o'bat with Hyllus, and slew hi' u%on the s%ot) For this e.%loit we were rewarded by the +elo%onnesians o$ that day with 'any goodly %ri&ileges, whi#h we ha&e e&er sin#e en2oyed( and, a'ong the rest, we obtained the right o$ holding the leading %ost in one wing, whene&er a 2oint e.%edition goes $orth beyond our borders) 4ith you then, ! La#edae'onians, we do not #lai' to #o'%ete( #hoose you whi#h wing ye %lease( we yield and grant you the %re$eren#e0 but we 'aintain that the #o''and o$ the other wing belongs o$ right to us, now no less than $or'erly) -oreo&er, set aside this e.%loit whi#h we ha&e related, and still our title to the #hie$ %ost is better than that o$ the *thenians0 witness the 'any glorious $ights in whi#h we ha&e been engaged against yoursel&es, ! "%artans> as well as those whi#h we ha&e 'aintained with others) 4e ha&e there$ore 'ore right to this %la#e than they( $or they ha&e %er$or'ed no e.%loits to be #o'%ared to ours, whether we look to earlier or to later ti'es)9 Thus s%ake the Tegeans( and the *thenians 'ade re%ly as $ollows07 94e are not ignorant that our $or#es were gathered here, not $or the %ur%ose o$ s%ee#h7'aking, but $or battle against the barbarian) =et as the Tegeans ha&e been %leased to bring into debate the e.%loits %er$or'ed by our two nations, alike in #arlier and in later ti'es, we ha&e no #hoi#e but to set be$ore you the grounds on whi#h we #lai' it as our heritage, deser&ed by our un#hanging bra&ery, to be %re$erred abo&e *r#adians) n the $irst %la#e, then, those &ery Hera#lidae, whose leader they boast to ha&e slain at the sth'us, and who' the other Greeks would not re#ei&e when they asked a re$uge $ro' the bondage wherewith they were threatened by the %eo%le o$

-y#inae, were gi&en a shelter by us( and we brought down the insolen#e o$ Eurystheus, and hel%ed to gain the &i#tory o&er those who were at that ti'e lords o$ the +elo%onnese) *gain, when the *rgi&es led their troo%s with +olyni#es against Thebes, and were slain and re$used burial, it is our boast that we went out against the Cad'eians, re#o&ered the bodies, and buried the' at Eleusis in our own territory) *nother noble deed o$ ours was that against the *'a/ons, when they #a'e $ro' their seats u%on the Ther'odon, and %oured their hosts into *tti#a( and in the Tro2an war too we were not a whit behind any o$ the Greeks) But what boots it to s%eak o$ these an#ient 'atters: * nation whi#h was bra&e in those days 'ight ha&e grown #owardly sin#e, and a nation o$ #owards then 'ight now be &aliant) Enough there$ore o$ our an#ient a#hie&e'ents) Had we %er$or'ed no other e.%loit than that at -arathon7 though in truth we ha&e %er$or'ed e.%loits as 'any and as noble as any o$ the Greeks7 yet had we %er$or'ed no other, we should deser&e this %ri&ilege, and 'any a one beside) There we stood alone, and singly $ought with the +ersians( nay, and &enturing on so dangerous a #ast, we o&er#a'e the ene'y, and #on,uered on that day $orty and si. nations> 5oes not this one a#hie&e'ent su$$i#e to 'ake good our title to the %ost we #lai': 3e&ertheless, La#edae'onians, as to stri&e #on#erning %la#e at su#h a ti'e as this is not right, we are ready to do as ye #o''and, and to take our station at whate&er %art o$ the line, and $a#e whate&er nation ye think 'ost e.%edient) 4heresoe&er ye %la#e us, 1twill be our endea&our to beha&e as bra&e 'en) !nly de#lare your will, and we shall at on#e obey you)9 "u#h was the re%ly o$ the *thenians( and $orthwith all the La#edae'onian troo%s #ried out with one &oi#e, that the *thenians were worthier to ha&e the le$t wing than the *r#adians) n this way were the Tegeans o&er#o'e( and the %ost was assigned to the *thenians) 4hen this 'atter had been arranged, the Greek ar'y, whi#h was in %art #o'%osed o$ those who #a'e at the $irst, in %art o$ su#h as had $lo#ked in $ro' day to day, drew u% in the $ollowing order07 Ten thousand La#edae'onian troo%s held the right wing, $i&e thousand o$ who' were "%artans( and these $i&e thousand were attended by a body o$ thirty7$i&e thousand Helots, who were only lightly ar'ed7 se&en Helots to ea#h "%artan) The %la#e ne.t to the'sel&es the "%artans ga&e to the Tegeans, on a##ount o$ their #ourage and o$ the estee' in whi#h they held the') They were all $ully ar'ed, and nu'bered $i$teen hundred 'en) 3e.t in order #a'e the Corinthians, $i&e thousand strong( and with the' +ausanias had %la#ed, at their re,uest, the band o$ three hundred whi#h had #o'e $ro' +otidaea in +allene) The *r#adians o$ !r#ho'enus, in nu'ber si. hundred, #a'e ne.t( then the "i#yonians, three thousand( then the E%idaurians, eight hundred( then the Troe/enians, one thousand( then the Le%reats, two hundred( the -y#enaeans and Tirynthians, $our hundred( the +hliasians, one

thousand( the Her'ionians, three hundred( the Eretrians and "tyreans, si. hundred( the Chal#ideans, $our hundred( and the *'bra#iots, $i&e hundred) *$ter these #a'e the Leu#adians and *na#torians, who nu'bered eight hundred( the +aleans o$ Ce%hallenia, two hundred( the Eginetans, $i&e hundred( the -egarians, three thousand( and the +lataeans, si. hundred) Last o$ all, but $irst at their e.tre'ity o$ the line, were the *thenians, who, to the nu'ber o$ eight thousand, o##u%ied the le$t wing, under the #o''and o$ *ristides, the son o$ Lysi'a#hus) *ll these, e.#e%t the Helots7 se&en o$ who', as said, attended ea#h "%artan7 were hea&y7ar'ed troo%s( and they a'ounted to thirty7eight thousand se&en hundred 'en) This was the nu'ber o$ Ho%lites, or hea&y7ar'ed soldiers, whi#h was together against the barbarian) The light7ar'ed troo%s #onsisted o$ the thirty7$i&e thousand ranged with the "%artans, se&en in attendan#e u%on ea#h, who were all well e,ui%%ed $or war( and o$ thirty7$our thousand $i&e hundred others, belonging to the La#edae'onians and the rest o$ the Greeks, at the rate ;nearly< o$ one light to one hea&y ar'ed) Thus the entire nu'ber o$ the light7ar'ed was si.ty7nine thousand $i&e hundred) The Greek ar'y, there$ore, whi#h 'ustered at +lataea, #ounting light7ar'ed as well as hea&y7ar'ed, was but eighteen hundred 'en short o$ one hundred and ten thousand( and this a'ount was e.a#tly 'ade u% by the Thes%ians who were %resent in the #a'%( $or eighteen hundred Thes%ians, being the whole nu'ber le$t, were likewise with the ar'y( but these 'en were without ar's) "u#h was the array o$ the Greek troo%s when they took %ost on the *so%us) The barbarians under -ardonius, when the 'ourning $or -asistius was at an end, and they learnt that the Greeks were in the +lataean territory, 'o&ed likewise towards the ri&er *so%us, whi#h $lows in those %arts) !n their arri&al -ardonius 'arshalled the' against the Greeks in the $ollowing order07 *gainst the La#edae'onians he %osted his +ersians( and as the +ersians were $ar 'ore nu'erous he drew the' u% with their ranks dee%er than #o''on, and also e.tended their $ront so that %art $a#ed the Tegeans( and here he took #are to #hoose out the best troo%s to $a#e the La#edae'onians, whilst against the Tegeans he arrayed those on who' he #ould not so 'u#h de%end) This was done at the suggestion and by the ad&i#e o$ the Thebans) 3e.t to the +ersians he %la#ed the -edes, $a#ing the Corinthians, +otidaeans, !r#ho'enians, and "i#yonians( then the Ba#trians, $a#ing the E%idaurians, Troe/enians, Le%reats, Tirynthians, -y#enaeans, and +hliasians( a$ter the' the ndians, $a#ing the Her'ionians, Eretrians, "tyreans, and Chal#idians( then the "a#ans, $a#ing the *'bra#iots, *na#torians, Leu#adians, +aleans, and Eginetans( last o$ all, $a#ing the *thenians, the +lataeans, and the -egarians, he %la#ed the troo%s o$ the Boeotians, Lo#rians, -alians, and Thessalians, and also the thousand +ho#ians) The whole nation o$

the +ho#ians had not 2oined the -edes( on the #ontrary, there were so'e who had gathered the'sel&es into bands about +arnassus, and 'ade e.%editions $ro' then#e, whereby they distressed -ardonius and the Greeks who sided with hi', and so did good ser&i#e to the Gre#ian #ause) Besides those 'entioned abo&e, -ardonius likewise arrayed against the *thenians the -a#edonians and the tribes dwelling about Thessaly) ha&e na'ed here the greatest o$ the nations whi#h were 'arshalled by -ardonius on this o##asion, to wit, all those o$ 'ost renown and a##ount) -i.ed with these, howe&er, were 'en o$ di&ers other %eo%les, as +hrygians, Thra#ians, -ysians, +aeonians, and the like( Ethio%ians again, and Egy%tians, both o$ the Her'otybian and Calas#irian ra#es, whose wea%on is the sword, and who are the only $ighting 'en in that #ountry) These %ersons had $or'erly ser&ed on board the $leet o$ Ber.es, but -ardonius dise'barked the' be$ore he le$t +haleru'( in the land $or#e whi#h Ber.es brought to *thens there were no Egy%tians) The nu'ber o$ the barbarians, as ha&e already 'entioned, was three hundred thousand( that o$ the Greeks who had 'ade allian#e with -ardonius is known to none, $or they were ne&er #ounted0 should guess that they 'ustered near $i$ty thousand strong) The troo%s thus 'arshalled were all $oot soldiers) *s $or the horse, it was drawn u% by itsel$) 4hen the 'arshalling o$ -ardonius1 troo%s by nations and by 'ani%les was ended, the two ar'ies %ro#eeded on the ne.t day to o$$er sa#ri$i#e) The Gre#ian sa#ri$i#e was o$$ered by Tisa'enus, the son o$ *ntio#hus, who a##o'%anied the ar'y as soothsayer0 he was an Elean, and belonged to the Clytiad bran#h o$ the a'idae, but had been ad'itted a'ong their own #iti/ens by the La#edae'onians) 3ow his ad'ission a'ong the' was on this wise07 Tisa'enus had gone to 5el%hi to #onsult the god #on#erning his la#k o$ o$$s%ring, when it was de#lared to hi' by the +ythoness that he would win $i&e &ery glorious #o'bats) -isunderstanding the ora#le, and i'agining that he was to win #o'bats in the ga'es, Tisa'enus at on#e a%%lied hi'sel$ to the %ra#ti#e o$ gy'nasti#s) He trained hi'sel$ $or the +entathlu', and, on #ontending at !ly'%ia, #a'e within a little o$ winning it( $or he was su##ess$ul in e&erything, e.#e%t the wrestling7'at#h, whi#h was #arried o$$ by Hierony'us the *ndrian) Hereon the La#edae'onians %er#ei&ed that the #o'bats o$ whi#h the ora#le s%oke were not #o'bats in the ga'es, but battles0 they there$ore sought to indu#e Tisa'enus to hire out his ser&i#es to the', in order that they 'ight 2oin hi' with their Hera#leid kings in the #ondu#t o$ their wars) He howe&er, when he saw that they set great store by his $riendshi%, $orthwith raised his %ri#e, and told the', 9 $ they would re#ei&e hi' a'ong their #iti/ens, and gi&e hi' e,ual rights with the rest, he was willing to do as they desired, but on no other ter's would they e&er gain his #onsent)9 The "%artans, when

they heard this, at $irst thought it 'onstrous, and #eased to i'%lore his aid) *$terwards, howe&er, when the $ear$ul danger o$ the +ersian war hung o&er their heads, they sent $or hi' and agreed to his ter's( but Tisa'enus now, %er#ei&ing the' so #hanged, de#lared, 9He #ould no longer be #ontent with what he had asked be$ore0 they 'ust likewise 'ake his brother Hagias a "%artan, with the sa'e rights as hi'sel$)9 n a#ting thus he did but $ollow the e.a'%le on#e set by -ela'%us, at least i$ kingshi% 'ay be #o'%ared with #iti/enshi%) For when the wo'en o$ *rgos were sei/ed with 'adness, and the *rgi&es would ha&e hired -ela'%us to #o'e $ro' +ylos and heal the' o$ their disease, he de'anded as his reward one7hal$ o$ the kingdo'( but as the *rgi&es disdained to stoo% to this, they le$t hi' and went their way) *$terwards, howe&er, when 'any 'ore o$ their wo'en were sei/ed, they brought the'sel&es to agree to his ter's( and a##ordingly they went again to hi', and said they were #ontent to gi&e what he re,uired) Hereon -ela'%us, seeing the' so #hanged, raised his de'and, and told the', 9E.#e%t they would gi&e his brother Bias one7third o$ the kingdo' likewise, he would not do as they wished)9 "o, as the *rgi&es were in a strait, they #onsented e&en to this) n like 'anner the "%artans, as they were in great need o$ Tisa'enus, yielded e&erything0 and Tisa'enus the Elean, ha&ing in this way be#o'e a "%artan #iti/en, a$terwards, in the #a%a#ity o$ sooths