AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCES OF THE QURAN

[English]

] [

In the light of the Glorious Qurn and the ) (Sunnah

:by

Abu Ammar Yasir al-Qadhi

Cha !"r # $r%m &An In!r%du'!i%n !% !h" S'i"n'"s %$ !h" Qur()n&

www.sunnahonline.com

Islami' *r% aga!i%n O$$i'" in Rab+ah, Ri-adh

$ # ! "" "
Islam a! Y%ur Fing"r!i s 2008-1429

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST G A!IO"S AN# THE MOST ME !IF"L

An In!r%du'!i%n !% .Ul%%m Al-Qur()n

Abu Amma$ %asi$ al&'a(hi !ha)*e$ + ,$om -An In*$o(uc*ion *o *he Sciences o, *he 'u$./n-

I/ D"$ini!i%n %$ .Ul%%m al-Qur()n

The 0nowle(1e o, Uloom Al-Qur'n2 o$ .The Sciences o, *he 'u$./n.2 (eals wi*h *he 0nowle(1e o, *hose sciences *ha* ha3e a (i$ec* bea$in1 on *he $eci*a*ion2 his*o$y2 un(e$s*an(in1 an( im)lemen*a*ion o, *he 'u$./n. I* is2 *he$e,o$e2 a 3as* ,iel( o, Islamic schola$shi)2 an( one *ha* i, o, )$ima$y im)o$*ance. Thus2 ,o$ e4am)le2 wi*h $e1a$(s *o $eci*a*ion2 Uloom Al-Qur'n (eals wi*h *he science o, )$onuncia*ion (tajweed)2 *he (i,,e$en* me*ho(olo1ies o, $eci*in1 *he 'u$./n (*he qira'aat)2 *he blessin1s o, $eci*in1 *he 'u$./n2 an( *he e*i5ue**e o, i*s $eci*a*ion. 6i*h $e1a$(s *o *he his*o$y o, *he 'u$./n2 Uloom Al-Qur'n (eals wi*h *he s*a1es o, $e3ela*ion o, *he 'u$./n2 *he com)ila*ion o, *he 'u$./n2 *he a$* an( his*o$y o, w$i*in1 *he 'u$.anic sc$i)* (rasm al-masaahif)2 an( *he )$ese$3a*ion o, *he 'u$./n. 6i*h $e1a$(s *o i*s un(e$s*an(in1 an( im)lemen*a*ion2 Uloom Al-Qur'n co3e$s *he causes o, $e3ela*ion (asbaab an-nuzool)2 *he 0nowle(1e o, makee an( madanee $e3ela*ions2 *he 0nowle(1e o, *he 3a$ious ,o$ms (ahruf) i* was $e3eale( in2 *he un(e$s*an(in1 o, i*s ab$o1a*e( $ulin1s an( 3e$ses (naasikh wa al-mansookh)2 *he 0nowle(1e o, *he 3a$ious classi,ica*ions o, i*s 3e$ses (muhkam and mutashaabih, aam an( khaas, mutlaq an( muqqayad, e*c.)2 *he 0nowle(1e o, i*s in*e$)$e*a*ion (tafseer)2 *he 1$amma*ical analysis o, *he 'u$./n (iraab al-Qur'n) an( *he 0nowle(1e o, *hose wo$(s whose usa1e has become uncommon o3e$ *ime (ghareeb al-Qur'n). I* has been sai( *ha* *he 0nowle(1e o, Uloom Al-Qur'n is in $eali*y *he 0nowle(1e *ha* one is $e5ui$e( *o 0now in o$(e$ *o )$o)e$ly in*e$)$e* *he 'u$./n. The$e,o$e2 *o call *his b$anch o, Islamic 0nowle(1e .The 7$oce(u$e an( Me*ho(olo1y o, In*e$)$e*a*ion. ( lm Usool at-!afseer) ins*ea( o, Uloom Al-Qur'n woul( no* be ,a$ ,$om *he *$u*h. 8+9 Howe3e$2 Uloom Al-Qur'n also inclu(es *o)ics *ha* ha3e 3e$y li**le o$ no bea$in1 o, tafseer2 such as com)ila*ion o, *he 'u$./n2 an( *he (e3elo)men* o, *he sc$i)* o, *he 'u$./n. The$e,o$e2 *he 0nowle(1e o, *he Uloom Al-Qur'n is mo$e 1ene$al *ha* lm Usool at-!afseer.

II/ 0"n"$i!s %$ S!ud-ing .Ul%%m al-Qur()n

The$e a$e many bene,i*s *o *he 0nowle(1e o, Uloom Al-Qur'n.

Fi$s*ly2 i* enables *he $ea(e$ *o $eali;e *he weal*h o, 0nowle(1e an( insi1h* *ha* e4is*s wi*h $e1a$(s *o *he <oo0 o, All/h. As some o, *he schola$s o, *he )as* sai(2 -T$ue 0nowle(1e is *o 0now one.s i1no$ance.- Only when a )e$son $eali;es wha* he (oes not 0now will he a))$ecia*e how li**le he does 0now. Secon(ly2 i* enables *he s*u(en* o, 0nowle(1e *o be**e$ un(e$s*an( *he 'u$./n2 in *ha* he will be ,amilia$ wi*h *he his*o$y o, i*s $e3ela*ion an( collec*ion2 an( *he 3a$ious as)ec*s *ha* ai(s i*s com)$ehension. 6hen he $ea(s *he boo0s o, tafseer2 he will be able *o un(e$s*an( *he *e$ms use(2 an( bene,i* ,$om *he 0nowle(1e in *hem *o a 1$ea*e$ e4*en*. In o*he$ wo$(s2 he will be e5ui))e( *o ,u$*he$ inc$ease his 0nowle(1e an( *o lea$n abou* his $eli1ion. Thi$(ly2 i* inc$ease a )e$son.s belie, (eemaan)2 because he will $eali;e *he beau*y o, *he 'u$./n an( *he 1$ea* blessin1s *ha* he has been 1i3en *h$ou1h i*s $e3ela*ion. He will no* be ,oole( by *he ,allacious claims o, i*s enemies2 an( his hea$* wi*h be a* ease wi*h $e1a$(s *o i*s au*hen*ici*y. He will un(e$s*an( *he mi$aculous na*u$e o, *he 'u$./n2 an( *hus be**e$ che$ish *he 1$ea*es* <oo0 *ha* man0in( has been 1i3en. Fou$*hly2 he will be able *o (e,en( *he 'u$./n a1ains* his enemies2 since he will be e5ui))e( wi*h *he *$ue an( )$is*ine 0nowle(1e o, *he 'u$./n2 una(ul*e$a*e( by *he )$e=u(ices o, i*s o))onen*s. I* is no e4a11e$a*ion *o say *ha*2 once a )e$son lea$ns *he essen*ials o, his $eli1ion an( wha* is $e5ui$e( ,o$ him *o 0now2 *he ,i$s* 0nowle(1e he shoul( *u$n his a**en*ion *o is *he 0nowle(1e o, *he 'u$./n an( i*s sciences. As All/h says 8:9 in *he 'u$./n2 >>(This is a) <oo0 *ha* 6e ha3e sen* (own *o you2 ,ull o, blessin1s2 so *ha* *hey may )on(e$ o3e$ i*s 3e$ses2 an( *ha* men o, un(e$s*an(in1 may $emembe$.?? ('u$an2 @A::B)

III/ Th" His!%r- %$ .Ul%%m al-Qur()n

Li0e all *he sciences o, Isl/m2 *he 0nowle(1e o, Uloom Al-Qur'n ini*ia*e( wi*h *he 7$o)he* Muhamma( (sallallaahu .alayhi wa sallam) himsel,. The !om)anions o, *he 7$o)he* Muhamma( (sallallaahu .alayhi wa sallam) abou* any conce)* *ha* *hey (i( no* un(e$s*an( in *he 'u$./n. Fo$ e4am)le conce$nin1 *he 3e$se2 >>Those who belie3e an( (o no* mi4 *hei$ belie, wi*h in=us*ice2 only *hey will ha3e secu$i*y2 an( *hey a$e 1ui(e(.?? ('u$an2 C:A:) They as0e(2 -O Messen1e$ o, All/hD 6ho amon1s* us (oes no* (o in=us*ice (*o his soul)E- They ha( un(e$s*oo( *ha* *he 3e$se was $e,e$$in1 *o *hose belie3e$s who (i( no* commi* any in=us*ice2 o$ sin. The 7$o)he* Muhamma( (sallallaahu .alayhi wa sallam) $e)lie( *ha* *he in=us*ice $e,e$$e( *o *his 3e$se was shirk2 o$ *he associa*ion o, )a$*ne$s wi*h All/h. 8@9

Such was *he en*husiasm o, *he !om)anions in see0in1 *his 0nowle(1e *ha* *hey we$e able *o no* only e4)lain any 3e$se in *he 'u$./n2 bu* also 1i3e i*s his*o$y an( *he cause o, i*s $e3ela*ion. Ibn MasFoo( sai(2 -I swea$ by All/h2 besi(es whom *he$e is no o*he$ 1o(2 *he$e is no soorah in *he 'u$./n e4ce)* *ha* I 0now whe$e i* was $e3eale(D An( *he$e is no* a sin1le 3e$se in *he 'u$./n e4ce)* *ha* I 0now *he $eason behin( i*s $e3ela*ionD I, *he$e we$e any )e$son *ha* 0new mo$e abou* *he 'u$.an *han I (i(2 an( i* was )ossible ,o$ me *o $each him2 I woul( $i(e (on my camel) *owa$(s him (*o 1e* his 0nowle(1e.- 8G9 Alee ibn Abee Taalib *ol( his s*u(en*s2 -As0 meD Fo$ I swea$ by All/h2 *he$e is no*hin1 *ha* you will as0 me e4ce)* *ha* I will answe$ you. As0 me conce$nin1 *he <oo0 o, All/hD Fo$ I swea$ by All/h2 *he$e is no* a sin1le 3e$se in *he 'u$./n e4ce)* *ha* I 0now whe*he$ i* was $e3eale( a* ni1h* o$ (u$in1 *he (ay2 o$ on a moun*ain o$ on a )lainD- 8H9 The$e we$e many !om)anions who we$e ,amous ,o$ *hei$ 0nowle(1e o, *he 'u$./n2 amon1 *hem we$e *he ,ou$ "hulafaa ar-#aashidoon2 8C9 FAb(ullaah ibn Mas.oo( ((.@: A.H.)2 FAb(ullaah ibn FAbbaas ((.CA A.H.)2 "bay ibn IaFab ((.@: A.H.)2 Jay( ibn Thaabi* ((.GH A.H.)2 Aboo Moosaa al&AshFa$ee ((.HK A.H.)2 FAb(ullaah ibn Jubay$ ((.L@ A.H.) an( FAa.ishah ((.HL A.H.). The 1ene$a*ion *ha* came a,*e$ *he !om)anions2 *he Successo$s2 s*u(ie( ea1e$ly un(e$ *he wise 1ua$(ianshi) o, *he !om)anions. These s*u(en*s *oo0 o3e$ *hei$ )$e(ecesso$sF $es)onsibili*ies2 an( )asse( *his 0nowle(1e ,ai*h,ully *o *he ne4* 1ene$a*ion. Ibn FAbbaasF s*u(en*s2 SaFee( ibn Mubay$ ((.BH A.H.)2 Mu=aahi( ibn Mab$ ((.+KK A.H.)2 FI0$imah al&<a$ba$ee ((.+KG A.H.)2 Taawoos ibn Iaysaan ((.+KC A.H.)2 an( FA*aa. ibn abaah ((.++G A.H.)2 we$e all ,amous in Ma00ahN "bay ibn IaFab.s s*u(en*s2 Jay( ibn Aslam ((.C@ A.H.)2 Aboo al&FAaliyah ((.BK A.H.) an( Muhamma( ibn IaFab ((.+:K A.H.)2 we$e *he *eache$s o, Ma(inahN an( in I$a52 FAb(ullaah ibn MasFoo( le,* behin( his 1$ea* le1acy *o FAl5amah ibn 'ays ((.CK A.H.)2 Mas$oo5 ibn al&A=(aF ((.C@ A.H.)2 al&Hasan al&<as$ee ((.++K A.H)2 an( 'a*aa(ah as&Sa(oosee ((.++K A.H.). These *h$ee )laces2 Ma00ah2 Ma(inah2 an( Ioo,ah2 we$e *he lea(in1 cen*$es o, all *he sciences o, Isl/m2 inclu(in1 tafseer an( uloom al-Qur'n. Thus *he 0nowle(1e o, *he 'u$./n was )asse( on ....by *he *$us*wo$*hy (schola$s) o, *he ummah2 who )$o*ec*e( i* ,$om *he al*e$a*ion o, *he he$e*ics2 *he ,alse claims o, *he lia$s2 an( *he ,alse in*e$)$e*a*ions o, *he i1no$an*.. 8L9 Ea$ly schola$s (i( no* w$i*e on Uloom Al-Qur'n in 1ene$al2 bu* $a*he$ w$o*e se)a$a*e *$ac*s on each science o, *he 'u$./n. This was (ue *o *he ,ac* *ha*2 (u$in1 *he ea$ly s*a1es o, Islamic his*o$y2 *he o$al *$ansmission o, 0nowle(1e occu)ie( a mo$e im)o$*an* s*a*us *ha* *he w$i**en *$ansmission. In a((i*ion2 *he 1ene$al le3el o, 0nowle(1e was hi1h2 an( (i( no* wa$$an* *he e4*ensi3e w$i*in1 (own o, 0nowle(1e. The ,i$s* an( mos* im)o$*an* o, *he *o)ics *o be w$i**en on was tafseer. Fo$ e4am)le2 each o, *he ,ollowin1 schola$s w$o*e a tafseer o, *he 'u$./n2 com)ose( o, s*a*emen*s ,$om *he 7$o)he* Muhamma( (sallallaahu .alayhi wa sallam) an( *he

!om)anions: Su,yaan a*h&Thaw$ee ((.+C+ A.H.)2 Su,yaan ibn F"yaynah ((.+BA A.H.)2 6a0eeF ibn al&Ma$aah ((.+BL A.H.)2 an( Shu.bah ibn al&Ha==aa= ((.+CK A.H.). Followin1 his )$e(ecesso$.s ,oo*s*e)s2 Muhamma( ibn Ma$ee$ a*&Taba$ee ((.@+K A.H.) w$o*e *he monumen*al $aami al-%ayaan an !a'weel aay al-Qur'n2 a tafseer *ha* all la*e$ schola$s who bene,i* ,$om. O*he$ ea$ly tafseers we$e w$i**en by Aboo <a0$ ibn Mun(hi$ an&Naysaboo$ee ((. @+A A.H.)2 Ibn Abee Haa*im ((.@:A A.H.)2 Ibn Hibbaan ((.@CB A.H.)2 al&Haa0im ((.GKH A.H.) an( Ibn Ma$(awayh ((.G+K A.H.). All o, *hese tafseers we$e base( on $e)o$*s ,$om *he 7$o)he* Muhamma( (sallallaahu .alayhi wa sallam) an( *he !om)anions an( Successo$s2 an( inclu(e( *he chains o, na$$a*ion (isnaad) o, *he $e)o$*s. A,*e$ *he boo0s o, tafseer ,ollowe( a )le*ho$a o, boo0s on *he o*he$ sciences o, *he 'u$./n: FAlee al&Ma(eenee ((.:@G A.H.)2 *he *eache$ o, Imaam al&<u0ha$i2 w$o*e a boo0 on Asbaab an-&uzoolN Aboo F"bay( al&'aasim ibn Sallaam ((.::G A.H) w$o*e *wo boo0s2 one on *he science o, *he Qira'aat (which was one o, *he ,i$s* o, i*s 0in()2 an( one on ab$o1a*ion in *he 'u$./n2 &aasikh wa al-'ansookhN Ibn 'u*aybah ((.:LC A.H.) w$o*e a boo0 on $a$e wo$(s in *he 'u$./n2 'ushkil al-Qur'nN Aboo Ishaa5 a;&Ja==aa= ((.@++ A.H.) w$o*e a 1$amma*ical analysis o, *he 'u$./n2 raab al-Qur'nN Ibn #a$s*awayh ((.@@K A.H.) com)ose( a *$ac* on *he mi$aculous na*u$e o, *he 'u$./n2 jaaz al-Qur'nN Aboo <a0$ as&Si=is*aanee ((.@@K A.H.) w$o*e ano*he$ boo0 on $a$e wo$(s in *he 'u$./n2 (hareeb al-Qur'nN Aboo <a0$ al&<aa5illaanee ((.GK@ A.H.) w$o*e his ,amous *$ea*ise2 also $ela*e( *o *he mi$aculous na*u$e o, *he 'u$./n2 jaaz al-Qur'nN Imaam an&Nasaa.ee ((.@K@ A.H.)2 *he au*ho$ o, *he )unan2 w$o*e one on *he me$i*s o, *he 'u$./n2 *adaa'il al-Qur'nN Aboo al&Hasan al&6aahi(ee ((.GCA A.H.) w$o*e his ,amous boo0 on Asbaab an&uzoolN FIlm a(&#een as&Sa0haawee ((.C@G A.H.) w$o*e one on *he 3a$ious qira'aat2 an( so on. I* mus* also be men*ione( *ha*2 in a((i*ion *o *hese boo0s2 many o, *he boo0s o, ahadith2 such as *he )aheehs o, al&<u0ha$i an( Muslim2 inclu(e( sec*ions on 3a$ious *o)ics o, Uloom Al-Qur'n. Fo$ e4am)le2 mos* o, *he boo0s o, *he )unnah ha3e cha)*e$s on *he tafseer o, *he 'u$./n2 *he bene,i*s o, $eci*in1 *he 'u$./n2 *he his*o$y o, i*s com)ila*ion2 an( o*he$ *o)ics. Finally2 *he schola$s o, *he la*e$ 1ene$a*ions s*a$*e( com)ilin1 all o, *hese sciences in*o one boo02 an( *hus be1an *he e$a o, *he classic wo$0s on Uloom AlQur'n. The ,i$s* wo$0s o, *his na*u$e we$e ac*ually mean* *o be wo$0s o, tafseer. One o, *he ,i$s* wo$0s *ha* is $e)o$*e( in la*e$ $e,e$ences (bu* is no* e4*an*) is *ha* o, Aboo <a0$ Muhamma( ibn Ihala, ibn al&Ma$;aban ((.@KB A.H.)2 en*i*le( .al-+aawee fee Uloom Al-Qur'n.. 8A9 Ano*he$ wo$02 o, which manusc$i)* co)ies o, ,i,*een o, a *o*al o, *hi$*y 3olumes a$e e4*an*2 is *ha* o, FAlee ibn Ib$aheem SaFee( ((.@@K A.H.)2 o*he$wise 0nows as al&Hoo,ee2 which he en*i*le(2 .Al-%urhaan fee Uloom Al-Qur'n.. This boo0 is )$ima$ily one on tafseer2 bu* also (iscusses all $ela*e( as)ec*s o, a 3e$se. So2 ,o$ e4am)le2 a,*e$ each )o$*ion o, *he 'u$./n2 i* inclu(es in,o$ma*ion abou* *he 3e$ses. meanin12 i*s in*e$)$e*a*ion2 i*s )u$)ose o, $e3ela*ion2 i*s )$o)e$ me*ho( o, $eci*a*ion2 *he (i,,e$en* qira'aat o, *he 3e$ses an( how *hey a,,ec* *he meanin12 whe$e *o s*o) an( whe$e no* *o2 an( so ,o$*h. This wo$0 is consi(e$e( *o be *he ,i$s* o, i*s 0in( in i*s e4)ansi3e a))$oach *o all *he $ela*e( sciences o, *he 'u$./n. 8B9

The$e a))ea$e( a,*e$ *his2 boo0s o, a simila$ na*u$e2 un*il ,inally <a($ a(&#een a;&Ja$0ashee ((.LBG A.H.) a))ea$e( wi*h his monumen*al Al-%urhaan fee Uloom AlQur'n (*he same *i*le as al&Hoo,ee.s wo$0). This is one o, *he 1$ea* classics on Uloom Al-Qur'n a3ailable in )$in*. A li**le o3e$ a cen*u$y la*e$2 ano*he$ classic a))ea$e(2 *ha* o, Malaal a(&#een as&Suyoo*ee ((.B++ A.H.)2 en*i*le( Al- tqaan fee Uloom Al-Qur'n. These *wo wo$0s a$e consi(e$e( *he s*an(a$( $esou$ce wo$0s on Uloom Al-Qur'n2 an( bo*h ha3e been )$in*e( a numbe$ o, *imes (u$in1 *he las* ,ew (eca(es. <oo0s on F"loom Al&'u$./n con*inue( *o a))ea$ *h$ou1hou* *he cen*u$ies2 8+K9 an( *hese las* ,ew (eca(es ha3e been no e4ce)*ion. The be**e$ 0now boo0s o, *his e$a ha3e been 'anaahil al- rfaan fee Uloom al-Qur'n by Shay0h Muhamma( FAb( al&A(heem a;&Ja$5aaneeN al-'adhkhal li ,irasaat al-Qur'n al-"areem by Muhamma( Aboo ShahmahN an( *he *wo boo0s2 bo*h o, which a$e en*i*le( 'abaahith fee Uloom Al-Qur'n2 one by #$. Subhee Saalih an( *he o*he$ by #$. MannaaF al&'a**aan. "n,o$*una*ely2 *he$e (oes no* seem *o be 1$ea* in*e$es* in En1lish ci$cles conce$nin1 *his *o)ic. O*he$ *o)ics2 such as hadeeth an( fiqh2 ha3e been 1i3en 1$ea*e$ a**en*ion. 8++9 In En1lish2 *he only wo$0 )$esen* 8+:9 is Ahme( Oon #en,,e$.s boo02 Uloom Al-Qur'n- An ntrodu.tion to the ).ien.es of the Qur'n. 8+@9 I* is a use,ul boo0 in *ha* i* )$esen*s a summa$y o, many conce)*s o, Uloom Al-Qur'n2 an( is mean* ,o$ a youn1 a(ul* au(ience. Howe3e$2 )$obably (ue *o *he na*u$e o, *he au(ience2 *he au*ho$ (oes no* 1o in*o 1$ea* (e*ail.
FOOTNOTES:
+. :. c,. a$& oomee2 Fah( ibn FAb( al& ahmaan ibn Sulaymaan: ,irasaat fi Uloom al-Qur'n2 Ma0*abah a*&Tawbah2 iya(h2 +BBG2 ).@@2 who e5ua*es Uloom al-Qur'n wi*h Usool attafseer. I* shoul( be )oin*e( ou* *ha* *he 'u$./n is only in A$abic2 an( is *he s)eech (kalaam) o, All/h2 as shall be )$o3e( an( elabo$a*e( u)on in *he ne4* cha)*e$. The$e,o$e2 *he uncon(i*ional )h$ase2 -All/h says2- when use( in *his boo0 (o$ any boo0)2 only $e,e$s *o *he 'u$./n. 6hen *his )h$ase is use( in a lan1ua1e o*he$ *han A$abic2 i* con*ains an a((i*ional im)lici* cause2 *ha* shoul( be un(e$s*oo( by *he au(ience2 an( *his clause is2 -*he meanin1 o, which is2- since *he 'u$./n is only in A$abic. The$e,o$e2 *his )h$ase shoul( be un(e$s*oo( as2 -The Meanin1 o, wha* All/h has sai( is...e)o$*e( by al&<u0ha$i. e)o$*e( by al&<u0ha$i. a$& oomee2 ).@L. A term that means 'The rightly guided Caliphs', used to denote the first four caliphs, Aboo Bakr, Umar, Uthmaan and Alee. A paraphrase of an authentic Hadith of the !rophet "sallallaahu 'alayhi #a sallam$, reported by %bn Adee and %bn Asaakir. The beginning of the Hadith is, 'This kno#ledge #ill be carried by the trust#orthy of the Ummah, #ho #ill protect...' ar'(oomee, p.)*, +uoting %bn ,adeem's -ihrist, p..). a0'1ar+aanee, 2uhammad Abd al'Adheem3 Manaahil al-Irfaan fi Uloom alQur'n, 4ar al'-ikr, Cairo, n.d., p.5* and 6attaan, 2anna3 Mabahith fi Uloom alQur'n, 2uasasat al'(isalat, Beirut, 7/&5, p.7). 9ee ar'(oomee, pps.)7')&, #here he lists the most important #orks in this field from e:ery century of the hijrah, starting from the second century until the present one. %n hadeeth, the best #orks out for introductory'le:el students are Hadith Literature: Its Origins, e!elo"ment and #"e$ial %eature by 2uhammad 1ubayr 9iddi+i "%slamic Te;ts 9ociety, <ondon, 7//5$, and 9tudies on Hadith Methodolog& and Literature by 2uhammad 2ustafa A0ami "American Trust !ublication, %ndianapolis,

@. G. H. 6. . &. /. 78. 77.

7/ $= in Usool al-%i'h, a good #ork is by 2uhammad >ashim ?amali, (rin$i"les of Islami$ )uris"ruden$e "%slamic Te;ts 9ociety, 7//7$. 7.. This is the only book that this author came across concerning this topic from a 2uslim author. There is, ho#e:er, a translation of %bn Taymiyyah's *n Introdu$tion to the (rin$i"les of +afseer "al'>idaayah !ublishing and 4istribution, Birmingham, 7//5$. 75. !ublished by, 'The %slaamic -oundation,' <eicester, 7/&5.