Lecture 4 Organization and Graphing Qualitative Data When we do surveys or collect raw data from questionnaires e.t.c.

we have to organize the data in order to do an analysis. Definitions The frequency is the number of times a particular data value is obtained in a sample. A frequency distribution is a summary of the values obtained and the frequency with which each these values have occurred. The term relative frequency is used for the ratio : Sample Size The percentage frequency is the relative frequency expressed as a percentage.
Frequency

The cumulative frequency of any category is the number of data values in that category and in all the preceding categories. Example: Professor Delaney records the following list of the grades she gave to her 2 students on a set of essays: ! " " # " D " " $ D " " " # ! # D # ! ! # $ " # # The different categories that the data can be is !% #% "% D% E and $ &.#. that the type of data here is ordinal and the total frequency for this question is 2 . Frequency Distribution
'rade $requency "umulative $requency (elative $requency Percentage $requency

Bar Graphs

! bar graph consists of bars representing frequencies )or relative frequencies* for particular categories. The bar lengths are proportional to the frequencies. Each bar has the same width and there are equal spaces between the bars. ! dot plot is similar to a bar graph% except each individual data value is represented with a dot. ! Pareto chart is a bar graph with the bars arranged in frequency order. Pareto charts ma+e sense only for data at the nominal level of measurement. ,mportant -abels for 'raphs .* Title 2* /ertical 0cale and label 1* 2ori3ontal 0cale and label 4* -egend

EssayGrade Data
!0

%ssay 'rade $ata A " # $ % &

d a G f o y c n u q e r F

Grade

Histograms ! histogram consists of rectangles are drawn so that the area of each rectangle is proportional to the frequency. There are no spaces between each bar. 5hen all the bars are of equal width% the frequency can be represented by the height.

'#$ %OGR() %O $ 'O* E$ $ (" GR(DE$

!0 + * ) ( 0 A " # $ % 'rades &

Grouping (Class Intervals)

5hen it is impossible or impractical to have a category for every value in a data set% we bin ) or group* the data into categories )bins*% each covering a range of possible data values. "onsider the following example: -ength )mm* $requency 26 7 1. 4 12 8 19 .. 16 7 49 .2 46 8 . 1

The interval 26 7 1. means 29. : length ; 1.. . $or this class interval 29. is the lower class boundary and 1.. is the upper class boundary. 26 is the lower class limit and 1. is the upper class limit. 5e can also find the class width and the class mid8point. "lass 5idth < =pper class boundary 7 -ower class #oundary < 1.. 7 29. < "lass >idpoint < ? )=pper "lass #oundary @ -ower "lass -imit* < ? )29. @ 1.. * < 2A

Example :

O & % $ # D " ! U Q E R F

The lengths of 1B 0wiss cheese plant leaves were measured and the information grouped as shown. >easurements were ta+en correct to the nearest cm. Draw a histogram to illustrate the data. -ength of leaf )cm* $requency .B 8 .4 1 . 7 .A C 2B 8 24 .2 2 7 2A 6

=se the data to complete the following table -ength of leaf )cm* .B 8 .4 . 7 .A 2B 8 24 2 7 2A $requency 1 C .2 6 (elative $requency "lass #oundaries "lass 5idths

Relative Frequency Histograms 2ere we plot the relative frequency density on the vertical axis. (elative frequency density < relative frequency D class width &ote that if the class widths are the same for all the classes then the heights of the bars are the relative frequencies. Frequency Polygon To plot a frequency polygon of equal class widths% plot the frequency against the mid8point of an interval. ,f the class widths are not the same% plot the frequency density against the midpoint of the interval. Eoin consecutive points with a straight line. give These graphs show the cumulative frequency of the categories. The cumulative frequency is plotted against the upper class boundaries. $or a relative ogive% plot the relative cumulative frequency against the upper class boundary. $or a percentage ogive% plot the percentage cumulative frequency against the upper class boundary.

%xercises

!. A guideboo, for -ew .or, #ity lists five/star restaurants0 !0 four/star restaurants0 (0 three/ star restaurants0 ! two/star restaurants and one/star restaurants. 1a,e a frequency table for these ratings. 2nclude columns for relative frequency and cumulative frequency. "riefly explain the meaning of each column.

(. #omplete the following table

!nnual (evenue )billions of data* B 7 4A B 7 AA .BB 7 .4A . B 7 .AA 2BB 7 24A 2 B 7 2AA 1BB 8 14A

$req.

"lass boundaries

>idpoints

(elative $req

Percentage $requencies

u. c. b

"umulative $requencies

"umulative F $requencies

.1 .B 1 . . B .