Preliminary Stadium Concourse Distress Evaluation

Preliminary Stadium Concourse
Distress Evaluation

PROJECT FILE NO.
12994

STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION
Allen Independent School District
Allen Eagle Stadium
Allen, Texas

PREPARED FOR
Mark A. Walsh
Saunders, Walsh & Beard
6850 TPC Drive, Suite 210
McKinney, Texas 75070

January
15,2014
Mark A. Walsh
6850 TPC Drive, Suite 210
McKinney, Texas 75070
File: Allen lndependent School District
Allen Eagle Stadium
Allen, Texas
Nelson File No.: 12994
Dear Mr. Walsh:
Nelson Architectural Engineers, lnc. dba Nelson Forensics is pleased to submit this
preliminary repoft for the above-referenced file. By signature below, this report was
authored by and prepared by the undersigned professional.
Please contact us if you have any questions regarding this report.
With kindest regards,
NELSON FORENSICS
Texas Certificate of Registration # F-950
N ationwide Experts and Consultants
Ryan T. Chancey, Ph.D., P.E.
Executive Director of Operations
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Preliminary Stadium Concourse Distress Evaluation Project Name: Allen Eagle Stadium
January 15, 2014 Nelson File No.: 12994
Page 1

AUTHORIZATION AND PURPOSE

Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc. dba Nelson Forensics (Nelson) was authorized by
Mr. Mark Walsh with Saunders, Walsh & Beard (client) to investigate the distress to the
concrete materials at the concourse level of the Allen Eagle Stadium in Allen, Texas.
Nelson was tasked with determination of the potential cause(s) of the distress, the effect(s)
of the distress on the strength and serviceability of the structure, and provision of
conceptual alternatives for repair/remediation of the distressed concrete.

This report is preliminary in nature, and the findings herein are based upon a preliminary
investigation, limited document review, and limited testing program. Nelson reserves the
right to supplement or change the preliminary opinions presented herein upon further
investigation, document review, testing, and analysis.

This report was not prepared for use in a real estate transaction. It was prepared for the
purpose and for the client as indicated above. Any and all usage or reliance upon this
report by parties other than the client is expressly prohibited.

SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION

Nelson performed a preliminary review of received information pertaining to the subject
structure, including construction drawings, specifications, concrete mix designs, concrete
field reports, and concrete test reports. Nelson observed the exposed portions of the top
surface of the concourse level concrete and observed the bottom surface where accessible
from below. Nelson developed a distress map indicating locations, lengths, and widths of
cracks in the concrete; and photographically documented observed distress and general
conditions.

Nelson coordinated and observed the extraction of three cylindrical concrete core
samples from the concourse level of the stadium. Nelson coordinated evaluation of the
extracted samples in accordance with ASTM C856: Standard Practice for Petrographic
Examination of Hardened Concrete. The evaluation was performed by DRP Consulting,
Inc. as a subcontractor to Nelson.

I N T R O D U C T I O N
Page 2

DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURE

The subject structure is a multi-purpose stadium with a seating capacity of approximately
18,000. The stadium was reportedly constructed from mid-2010 until the summer of
2012. Construction drawings, specifications, concrete mix designs, concrete field reports,
and concrete test reports were provided for Nelson's review at the time of this writing.

The stadium features four distinct "levels," as indicated on the architectural drawings:
The event level, the concourse level, the upper deck level, and the press box level.

The athletic field is situated outdoors on the event level; and athletic offices, locker
rooms, practice rooms, a weight room, and other facilities are located at the event level
perimeter, in enclosed areas beneath the concourse level.

The concourse level is the subject of Nelson's current investigation, and is the main
assembly level of the stadium. Event attendees enter and exit the facility and access event
seating on the concourse level. The concession and other attendee assembly areas are
located on the concourse level. The concourse level is constructed of conventionally
reinforced concrete slabs-on-grade and an elevated, conventionally reinforced, cast-in-
place one-way concrete joist floor system, commonly known as "pan-joists." The
elevated joist floor system sections span over the enclosed, event-level facilities
mentioned above.

The combined area of the exposed slabs on grade is approximately 22,000 s.f. (square
feet). The combined area of the exposed portions of the elevated joist floor system is
approximately 66,000 s.f. Additional areas of the concourse level are located within
concession areas and other enclosures, and were not subject to the preliminary phase of
Nelson's investigation.

Page 3

For discussion purposes, the front of the structure was assumed to face west.
Photographic documentation and other field-obtained data are being maintained in
Nelson's file. Select photographs are included within the body of this section. A
schematic drawing indicating the general configuration of the concourse level of the
structure, areas of distress, test areas, and other data collected is retained in Nelson's
project file.

Nelson observed pervasive cracking at the concrete comprising the concourse level of the
stadium. The cracks varied from hairline in width to over 0.30" in width. The fracture
surfaces appeared sharp and lustrous, with some notable abrasion near the top (wearing)
surface.

The cracks in the concrete slabs on grade typically propagated perpendicular to saw cut
contraction joints. Diagonal cracks were observed in irregularly-shaped panels, and some
radial fractures were observed near panel corners.

The majority of the cracks within the elevated joist floor system propagated parallel to the
span of the joists. Other cracks propagated approximately perpendicular. The cracking
was pervasive in all areas of the elevated joist floor system, and particularly severe near
the northwest portion of the concourse level.

Photographs representative of the concrete cracking distress are presented on the
following pages.

O B S E R V A T I O N S
Page 4

Figure 1: Concrete cracks at elevated joist floor system

Figure 2: Concrete crack at elevated joist floor system; northwest concourse
Page 5

Figure 3: Close-up of cracks shown in Figure 2; red dot indicates core sample location

Figure 4: View of bottom side of elevated floor joist system showing moisture
penetration through cracks in concrete
Page 6

Nelson coordinated petrographic examination of three extracted concrete core samples
with DRP Consulting, Inc. (DRP). DRP was tasked with investigating the condition and
composition of the concrete represented by the cores. Testing performed by DRP
involved petrographic analysis of the three cores in accordance with ASTM C856:
Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete.

DRP issued a report of findings titled, Petrographic Investigation of Concrete Cores from
Pan Slabs at the Eagle Stadium Located in Allen, Texas, dated January 2, 2014. DRP's
report has been included as an appendix to this preliminary report.

T E S T I N G P E R F O R M E D
Page 7

Concrete is an inherently heterogeneous material composed of coarse aggregate (rock),
fine aggregate (sand), cement, water, and various chemical and mineral admixtures. The
water, cement, and admixtures form a paste that serves as "glue" to bind the aggregates
together. Immediately after mixing, the concrete is in a plastic, or fluid, state. The
cement then reacts with the water through a series of chemical hydration reactions,
causing solid reaction products to form, making the concrete "set," or harden. For the
purposes of this report, the water, cement, and admixture blend will be referred to as the
"paste" in the mix and the aggregates will be referred to as such.

Concrete cracking is caused by restraint of volume change, commonly brought about by a
combination of factors, including drying shrinkage, thermal contraction, curling,
settlement of the soil-support system, and superimposed loads.

After hardening, concrete begins to shrink as water not consumed by cement hydration
leaves the system. As the concrete shrinks, tensile stresses develop in the concrete that
are resisted by restraint provided by other structural members, such as beams and
columns, or by the concrete substrate.

Since all concrete has some shrinkage potential, steel reinforcement is typically provided
within the concrete section to combat volumetric contraction due to drying shrinkage.
When the shrinkage reinforcement provided is inadequate or when the shrinkage of the
concrete is excessive, the internal tensile stresses in the shrinking member exceed the
tensile capacity of the material and fractures develop in the concrete. In addition to
shrinkage steel, joints are typically provided in on-grade concrete flatwork, which control
the location of cracks. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) has established industry
standard provisions for design of shrinkage reinforcement and for jointing of on-grade
concrete.

The amount of concrete drying shrinkage can be reduced by taking practical measures
when placing the concrete, including placing concrete with the lowest possible water
content capable of achieving the desired mix design, and proper curing. The primary
purpose of curing is to slow the loss of moisture from the slab. Moisture retention, or
curing, can be enhanced by several methods including moisture addition, moisture-
retaining covers, and liquid membrane-forming curing compound. The failure to
promptly cure concrete and/or improper curing can lead to cracking of the concrete.

Nelson observed widespread, pervasive fracturing of the concrete slabs on grade and
elevated joist floor system. Fractures were generally oriented either parallel or
perpendicular to one another. Many of the fractures extended through the full depth of
the elevated floor joist system concrete, as evidenced by observations made from below
D I S C U S S I O N A N D A N A L Y S I S
Page 8

the elevated slabs. The uniform and systematic presentation of the distress is consistent
with the accumulation of tensile forces fracturing the slab at regular intervals and being
exacerbated by restraint provided at resisting elements. In Nelson's experience, such
fractures are caused by drying shrinkage of concrete. Tensile stresses developed in the
material due to concrete shrinkage have exceeded the tensile capacity of the material,
causing the observed fractures.

DRP stated that the constituents and proportioning in each of the extracted concrete core
samples is similar, the cement is normally hydrated, and that the physical and optical
properties of the paste were consistent with the provided mix design. DRP reported a
cold joint near the top surface in one of the three samples, accompanied by water voids,
adhesion cracks, and microcracks. All three samples exhibited darker paste and
carbonation near the top surface. These features decrease the durability of wearing
surfaces and increase the potential for drying shrinkage of the concrete, corroborating
Nelson's causal analysis of the manifestations and patterns of observed distress. The
features revealed through petrographic examination are indicative of poor placement,
finishing, and/or curing of the concrete.

Based on observations, testing performed, engineering analysis, and experience, it is
Nelson's preliminary opinion that the observed cracking is the result of drying shrinkage
of the concrete. Further, it is Nelson's opinion that the cracking experienced by the
subject structure is well in excess of cracking that is normal and acceptable in a
concrete structure of this type. Further investigation is necessary to determine the
cause(s) of the excessive drying shrinkage. Potential causes identified as a result of
Nelson's preliminary investigation include improper concrete placement, improper
concrete finishing, improper concrete curing, and improper structural design of
reinforcing steel to control shrinkage cracking.

The observed cracking decreases the durability of the concrete through increased
susceptibility to moisture intrusion and subsequent freeze-thaw attack, chloride attack,
mild chemical exposure, and accelerated corrosion of reinforcing steel. The cracking has
decreased the service life of the structure and potentially decreased its structural capacity.
Prompt remediation is necessary to mitigate further distress to the concrete materials and
the structural load resisting system.

Full depth fracturing of the concrete joist floor system has resulted in a condition where
the compression stress block of the slab may no longer engage immediately when the
system is loaded. When the system is loaded, the slab must deflect and the separation
close at the fracture before the slab can transfer mid-span compressive forces at the top
fiber between the two sides of the fracture. Additionally, excessive crack widths may
affect the shear capacity of the concrete due to the loss of aggregate interlock across the
fracture planes. Further investigation is necessary to quantify the effect of the cracking on
the structural capacity of the joist floor system.
Page 9

Based on observations, testing performed, engineering analysis, and experience, Nelson is
of the following preliminary opinions regarding the distress to the concourse level
concrete at the Allen Eagle Stadium:
The observed cracking is the result of drying shrinkage of the concrete.

The cracking experienced by the subject structure is well in excess of cracking that
is normal and acceptable in a concrete structure of this type.

Further investigation is necessary to determine the cause(s) of the excessive drying
shrinkage. Potential causes identified as a result of Nelson's preliminary
investigation include improper concrete placement, improper concrete finishing,
improper concrete curing, and improper structural design of reinforcing steel to
control shrinkage cracking.

The observed cracking decreases the durability of the concrete through increased
susceptibility to moisture intrusion and subsequent freeze-thaw attack, chloride
attack, mild chemical exposure, and accelerated corrosion of reinforcing steel.

The cracking has decreased the service life of the structure.

The cracking has potentially decreased the structural capacity of the elevated joist
floor system. Further investigation is necessary to quantify the effect of the
cracking on the structural capacity of the joist floor system.

Prompt remediation is necessary to mitigate further distress to the concrete and the
structural load resisting system.

P R E L I M I N A R Y C O N C L U S I O N S
Page 10

As previously stated, the cracking observed at the concourse level of Allen Eagle Stadium
decreases the durability of the concrete. The cracking has decreased the service life of
the structure and potentially decreased its structural capacity. Prompt remediation is
necessary to mitigate further distress to the concrete materials and the structural load
resisting system.

Based on Nelson's preliminary evaluation and consultation with repair material
manufacturers, Nelson is of the opinion that the distressed concrete slabs on grade should
be removed and replaced.

Based on Nelson's preliminary evaluation and consultation with repair material
manufacturers, Nelson presents four alternatives for remediation to address and mitigate
the observed distress to the elevated joist floor system. Nelson's investigation is ongoing
and further remedial measures may be necessary to address material and/or structural
deficiencies. The four conceptual alternatives are as follows:

1. Remove and replace the elevated joist floor systems with a properly designed
and constructed system. This option will involve demolition of major structural
and non-structural components, possibly including finished event-level facilities.

The advantage of this option is that the repaired structure will be most similar in
aesthetics and performance to the as-designed original structure, and the service
life will not be diminished from the original design intent.

Disadvantages of this option include substantial interruption to the usability of the
facility during the timeframe of the repairs, which is on the order of magnitude of
months. Further, this will likely be the most costly option from an initial capital
expenditure perspective.

2. Rout and seal cracks less than 0.02" in width; epoxy inject cracks of 0.02" and
greater in width. Epoxy injection is a rigid structural repair intended to restore the
structural capacity of the concrete, as properly injected cracks are stronger than the
surrounding concrete. Epoxy injection also seals the cracks, preventing intrusion
of water and other chemicals. Routing and sealing is a nonstructural repair that
consists of enlarging the top surface of smaller cracks by mechanical means
(routing) and filling the enlarged crack with a suitable joint sealant.

C O N C E P T U A L R E M E D I A T I O N S O L U T I O N S
Page 11

Advantages of this option include a relatively expedient repair process that can be
conducted in phases, allowing the facility as a whole to operate while pre-
determined sections are systematically repaired. Further, this option is likely the
most inexpensive from an initial capital expenditure perspective.

Disadvantages of this option include diminished aesthetics, as the repaired cracks
will be visually accented due to the contrast of the repair material with the
substrate concrete, giving a "spider web" appearance. Also, the sealer used in the
routed cracks will require periodic repair, maintenance, and re-application.

3. Epoxy inject cracks of 0.02" and wider. Apply a low-viscosity, gravity-fed repair
material to the top surface of the entire elevated slab. The repair material is
applied to the entire concrete surface as a flood coat, and subsequently permeates
into cracks under the force of gravity and hardens, bridging the cracks.

Advantages of this option include a wearing surface with similar aesthetics as the
current, cracked concrete; and a relatively expedient repair process that can be
conducted in phases, allowing the facility as a whole to operate while pre-
determined sections are systematically repaired.

Disadvantages of this option include potentially poor penetration of the repair
material into larger cracks and cracks contaminated with moisture or detritus. This
causes concern with the subject project considering the pervasive nature of the
cracking and the exposure conditions. Further, sand is typically broadcast on the
wearing surface following application of the repair material to scarify the surface
and provide slip-resistance. The sand is sacrificial, and will become detached
from the wearing surface with use, typically over the course of months, resulting in
a substantial and recurring volume of sand granules atop the wearing surface and
underfoot. The existing concrete cracks will be visible.

This option is likely to be more costly than Option 2 from an initial capital
expenditure perspective, and will require periodic maintenance.

4. Rout and seal cracks less than 0.02" in width; epoxy inject cracks of 0.02" and
greater in width, then install a liquid-applied, heavy duty pedestrian traffic
membrane. This hybrid solution restores the structural capacity of the structure,
seals structural and non-structural cracks, and provides a durable, non-slip, and
aesthetically pleasing wearing surface which prevents water and chemical
intrusion into the concrete.

Page 12

As an alternative to epoxy injection, external reinforcement with fiber-reinforced
polymer applied to the bottom surface of the elevated floor joist system may be
considered.

Advantages to this solution include a redundant system which includes both
sealing of individual cracks and the application of a durable membrane overlay.
The elastic overly provides a slip-resistant traffic surface, and will bridge cracks
which develop following the repair, preventing further distress due to moisture
intrusion. The overlay will be most aesthetically similar to the finished concrete
surface intended by the original design, short of full replacement of the elevated
floor joist system. This option can be implemented in stages, similar to Options 2
and 3.

Disadvantages of this option include the initial capital expenditure, which is
greater than that of Options 2 and 3, but less than full removal and replacement.
Further, this option will require periodic inspection and re-application of at least
one coat of the membrane.

Recommended repairs are provided as a basis for an opinion of probable construction
cost of repair (cost estimate). Each repair item will require unique design/construction
expertise and require construction documents prepared by a design professional. Project-
specific cost estimating is required to develop cost estimates for the implementation of
each option, and further analysis is required to determine the life-cycle cost of each
option.

Page 13

Further investigation is necessary to determine the effect of the observed cracking on the
capacity of the joist floor system and the cause(s) of the excessive drying shrinkage.
Nelson recommends the following scopes of further investigation:

Structural Capacity Analysis: Nelson recommends a targeted structural analysis of the in-
situ elevated joist floor system, considering the influence of the observed and measured
cracking. Nelson estimates fees for this analysis of $15,000.

Concrete Materials Evaluation, Testing, and Analysis: To date, Nelson has conducted a
preliminary investigation only. Nelson recommends proceeding with the balance of the
scope of work presented in its June 4, 2013 proposal entitled Forensic Engineering,
Concrete Distress, and Water Intrusion Consulting Relating to Allen Eagle Stadium. The
June 4, 2013 proposal is attached as an appendix to this preliminary report.

The balance of the scope of work proposed includes a detailed review of design and
construction documentation; further on-site evaluation, data collection, and
documentation; a rigorous petrographic analysis of additional concrete material samples;
parametric analysis of design specifications, construction records, and testing results to
identify specific design and/or construction deficiencies which caused the shrinkage
cracking; and preparation of a written reports of findings.

Nelson estimates fees for the balance of the proposed scope of work of $100,000.
R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S
Page 14

The items observed and documented in this report are intended to be representative of
the condition of the concrete materials at the concourse level of the subject structure. No
attempt has been made to document the condition of each and every structural or
nonstructural element. Only visible items were observed and documented.

This document is the rendering of a professional service, the essence of which is the
provision of advice, judgment, opinion, or professional skill.

This report was prepared in order to document distress observed in the concrete of the
concourse level of the subject structure. The opinions presented herein are based on site
observations, field information and measurements taken, written and verbal information,
testing, and experience, where applicable. No complete review of this structure's
conformance to current or previously applicable building codes was performed.
However, specific items that may be at issue with the applicable building code
requirements may be noted.

This report should not be construed as an assessment of total damages to the structure at
the time of site observation. In addition to the observed and documented items of
distress, hidden defects may exist that were not readily visible. Also, some damaged
areas may have been previously repaired and, unless otherwise noted, were not visible at
the time of observation. However, these areas may experience future distress. No
representation, guarantee, or warranty as to the future performance of this structure is
made, intended, or implied.

Additional construction documents prepared by a design professional may be required
and are beyond the scope of this assignment.

In the event that additional information becomes available that could affect the
conclusions reached in this investigation, this office reserves the right to review, and, if
required, change some or all of the opinions presented herein.

This report has been prepared for exclusive use of the client and its representatives. No
unauthorized re-use or reproduction of this report, in part or whole, shall be permitted
without prior written consent.

Alteration of this document in any way by anyone other than the professional (or
professionals) whose seal (or seals) appear on the documents, in either hard copy or
electronic form, is strictly prohibited and may constitute a violation of state and/or federal
laws.

L I M I T A T I O N S
Petrographic Investigation of Concrete Cores from
Pan Slabs at the Eagle Stadium Located in
Allen, Texas
Prepared for: Mr. Ryan Chancey, Ph.D., P.E.
Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc.
Plano, Texas
Prepared by: David Rothstein, Ph.D., P.G., FACI
Report No.: DRP13.1148

2 JANUARY 2014
DRP Consulting, Inc. 3200 Carbon Place #104 Boulder, CO 80301
www.drpcinc.com
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Three (3) cores extracted froma concrete pan slab at theEagleStadiumlocated in Allen, Texas
are subjects of petrographic examination to determine the general condition of the concrete and
potential causes of random cracking. Core C-1 is from an area with random cracking and
contains a through-going crack whereas Core C-2 and Core C-3 do not include macroscopic
cracks. The findings described above indicate that the constituents and proportioning of thethree
cores is similar. The cores consist of hydrated portland cement with fly ash, coarse aggregate that
consists of crushed limestone with a 19 mm (! in.) nominal top size and fine aggregate that
consists of a natural siliceous sand. All three cores lack air entrainment with less than 3% total
air (by visual estimation).
Core C-1 shows a through-going sub-vertical crack that cuts around aggregate particles over the
full depth of the core and is free of secondary deposits. Such cracks are typical of early-age
dryingshrinkage. Core C-1 also shows a small cold joint near the top of the core. This cold joint
is defined by a sharp line of carbonated paste that cuts obliquely from3-9.5 mm("-# in.) below
the finished surface. The cold joint does not necessarily represent different loads of concrete but
a discontinuity in placement and finishing. Above the cold joint water voids and adhesion cracks
and microcracks are more abundant than below the feature. CoreC-1 shows a very thin (~100
$m or 4 mil) layer of white paste at the top of thecore, suggesting water was worked into the
slab.
Core C-2 is well consolidated and shows minimal microcrackingnear the top surface. Core C-3
shows some water voids and adhesion microcracks in the top 9.5-19 mm (#-! in.) of the core.
Neither of these two cores show macroscopic cracking due to drying shrinkage or any other
mechanism.
All threecores show a layer of darker paste that extends for 1-3 mm (40-120 mil) below the top
surface. Such zones are typical of concrete that is poorly cured. All three cores also show that
this layer does not stain purple by phenolphthalein, indicating the paste is carbonated. This layer
is relatively deep given the age and quality of the concrete, which is also typical of poor curing.
Poor curing tends to diminish the durability of wear surfaces and can increase the potential for
shrinkage cracking.
Other factors not observable with a microscope may contribute to the potential for shrinkage
cracking. These include external factors such as design, detailing, construction practices, thermal
stresses, and loading both during and after construction.
Materials properties can also affect the potential for shrinkage cracking. Some of these
properties, which are quite difficult to track via petrography of hardened concrete, include the
chemical composition and fineness of cement and cement-admixture interactions. Note that
while some high-range water reducers (HRWR) can increase drying shrinkage, polycarboxylate-
Allen Eagle Stadium Pan Slab Core Petrography Report No. DRP13.1148
Summary Report 2 January 2014
drpcinc.com i
based HRWR (such as the BASF PS 1466 indicated by the mix design) tend to nullify this
behavior and is typically offset by the reduction in water content afforded by use of the
admixture.
Other materials properties that influence shrinkage are readily tracked via petrography. The size
and gradation of aggregates along with the paste and water content of a concrete mixture tend to
have the most significant affects on the potential for shrinkage. Quantitative determinations of
the proportions of paste and aggregate are possible to obtain via ASTM C457; DRP recommends
completion of such tests to obtain this information. This testing, along with petrographic
examinations of cores from other locations in the project may provide more insight toward the
factors contributing to the cracking of the structure.
drpcinc.com ii
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Mr. Ryan Chancey, Ph.D., P.E. of Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc. (NAI) located in Plano,
Texas requested DRP Consulting, Inc. (DRP) to investigate the condition of concrete represented
by cores extracted from pan slabs at the Eagle Stadium located in Allen, Texas. On 26 November
2013 DRP received three (3) concrete cores from NAI. The cores were designated by NAI as
Core C-1 to Core C-3 and were assigned DRP sample numbers 17YD6545-17YD6547,
respectively. Core C-1 represented an area where cracking of the pan slab was observed, the
other two cores were not cracked.
Mr. Chancey provided concrete mix design submittal information, photographs of the coring
locations, concrete field reports and preliminary crack maps. The concrete for the project was
supplied by Redi-Mix Concrete, L.P. in Euless, Texas. The mix number was 10N11623. Table 1
summarizes information relevant to the mix design.
Table 1. Redi-Mix Concrete Mix No. 10N11623
Component Quantity (per cubic yard)
Cemex Balcones ASTM C150 Type I-II Portland Cement 527 (lbs)
Lafarge Walsh ASTM C618 Type C Fly Ash 131 (lbs)
Martin Marietta Chico Quarry ASTM C33 #67 Coarse Aggregate 1830 (lbs)
Redi-Mix Concrete ASTM C33 Concrete Sand 1340 (lbs)
Water 29 (gallons)
BASF PS 1466 ASTM C494 High Range Water Reducing Admixture 8-10 oz/cwt
Physical Properties Physical Properties
Slump, inches 8 +/1 1 in.
Water-Cementitious Materials Ratio 0.37
Concrete Strength @ 28 days, psi 4500
Concrete Strength @ 3 days, psi 3500
Air Content 1.5 1.5%
Unit Weight, pcf 150.7
2.0 SCOPE OF WORK
The testingon all three cores involved petrographic analysis according to ASTM C856 [1]. The
examinations included thin section analysis for Core C-1; the other two examinations were done
without thin sections. This report summarizes the major findings from the investigation.
Appendices A-C contain the notes, photographs and micrographs from the petrographic
examinations. Appendix D describes the procedures used to complete this scope of work.
drpcinc.com Page 1 of 9
1 Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.02., ASTM
C856-13.
3.0 FINDINGS
The following findings are relevant to the concrete represented by the cores.
3.1 Core Dimensions, Orientation and As-Received Condition The cores are vertical in
orientation and measure 90 mm(3 % in.) in diameter and 125-130 mm(5-5 " in.) in
length (Figure 1). The cores span from the finished surface to the cast surface and
represent the full thickness of the pan slab. Each corehas a broom finish and was cast on
a smooth substrate. The cores are hard and compact. No steel reinforcement or other
embedded items were observed in the cores.

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 1. Photographs showing (a) Core C-1, (b) Core C-2 and (c) Core C-3 in their as-received condition.
The yellow scale is ~ 150 mm (6 in.) long.
3.2 Components: Cementitious Materials The physical properties of the paste, such as
color, luster, texture and hardness, are similar in all three cores (Figure 2). The paste
consists of hydrated portland cement and fly ash; no slag cement or other supplemental
cementitious materials were observed (Figure 3). The paste is gray in color with a
smooth texture and sub-vitreous luster. The hydration of the cement is normal and the
physical and optical properties of thepaste are consistent with the mix design. Calcium
hydroxide is fine-grained and evenly distributed. A layer of darker paste was observed for
~2 mm (80 mil) at the top of each core (Figure 4). In Core C-1 a layer of white paste
that is ~100 $m (4 mil) thick is present on the top of the core.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 2. Reflected light photomicrographs of polished surface of (a) Core C-1, (b) Core C-2, and (c) Core C-3
showing typical texture, color and luster of the paste. The red arrows in each figure indicate grains of fly ash.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Transmitted light photomicrographs of thin section from Core C-1 showing paste in (a) plane-
polarized and (b) cross-polarized light. The red and blue arrows in (a) indicate relict and residual cement
grains and fly ash, respectively.

(a) (b)
Figure 4. Photographs of the polished surface of (a) Core C-1 and (b) Core C-2 showing variations in paste
color at the top of the cores. The scale is in millimeters in both photos.
3.3 Components: Air Voids The cores are not air-entrained and contain less than 3%
total air by visual estimation (not determined by ASTM C457). In Core C-1 numerous
water voids, adhesion cracks and microcracks and other irregular voids were observed for
up to 9.5 mm (# in.) fromthetop surface (Figure 5). Core C-2 is well consolidated with
no significant water voids observed. Core C-3 shows water voids within ~15 mm (& in.)
of the top surface (Figure 5).
(a) (b)
Figure 5. Reflected light photomicrographs of polished surface of (a) Core C-1 and (b) Core C-3 showing
irregular voids (red arrows) near the top of the core.
3.4 Components: Aggregates The cores contain similar aggregates (Figure 6). The coarse
aggregate is a crushed limestone with a 19 mm (! in.) nominal top size. The rocks are
hard and competent. Most of the limestones are bioclastic with abundant fossils, ooids
and occasional pellets. Traces of silicification were observed rarely. The fine aggregate is
a natural sand that is siliceous in composition except for occasional particles of
limestones that appear derived from crushingof thecoarse aggregate. The sand consists
of quartz, quartzite, feldspar and chert. Many of thecomponents of the fine aggregate are
potentially susceptible to alkali-silica reaction (ASR). No evidence of ASR or other
adverse aggregate reactions was observed in any core.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 6. (a) Photograph of polished surface of Core C-2 showing coarse aggregate; scale in millimeters. (b)
Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface of Core C-2 showing sand. (c) Photograph of polished
surface of Core C-3 showing coarse aggregate; scale in millimeters. (d) Reflected light photomicrograph of
polished surface of Core C-3 showing sand.
3.5 Cracking & Microcracking Core C-1 showed the most significant cracking and
microcracking (Figure 7). In this core a crack cut sub-vertically through the full
thickness of the core. The crack cuts around aggregate particles and is free of secondary
deposits. Because the crack cut the core in two pieces it was not possible to measure the
width of the crack. A smaller crack occurred as a splay off of the main crack and also cut
through the full depth of Core C-1. This crack measured up to 125 $m (5 mil) in width.
Microcracks were observed that struck sub-parallel to the larger crack in Core C-1 as
well. Adhesion cracks and microcracks were observed in abundance, along with water
voids, for up to 9.5 mm (# in.) from the top surface of Core C-1 (Figure 8). These are
most abundant along an oblique feature interpreted to represent a cold joint (Figure 8).
Core C-2 and C-3 show minor microcracking at the top surface typical of shrinkage.
(a) (b)
Figure 7. (a) Photograph of the side of Core C-1 showing through-going crack (red arrows) that split the core
in two. (b) Reflected light photomicrograph showing microcrack (red arrows) that is sub-parallel to the main
crack (green arrows).
(a) (b)
Figure 8. (a) Reflected light photomicrograph of the polished surface of Core C-1 showing cold joint (red
arrows). The green arrows indicate irregular voids and adhesion microcracks, which are more abundant
above the joint. (b) Cross-polarized transmitted light photomicrograph of thin section showing cold joint (red
arrows). Note carbonation of the paste along the joint.
3.6 Secondary Deposits All three cores show a veneer of carbonated paste at the top of the
core, based on phenolphthalein staining (Figure 9) and phenolphthalein stainingand thin
section microscopy for CoreC-1. In Core C-1 carbonation reaches a depth of ~1 mm (40
mil) except near the main crack, where carbonation occurs to a depth of ~6 mm(' in.).
Core C-1 does not show significant carbonation along the walls of the main crack below
6 mm(' in.). In Core C-2 and Core C-3 carbonation ranges from 1-3 mm (40-120 mil)
deep. Trace deposits of ettringitewere observed in air voids in all three cores. No other
secondary deposits were observed.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 9. Photographs of phenolphthalein stained surfaces. (a) Overview of stained surface of Core C-1 and
(b) detail of the surface at the top of Core C-1. (c) Detail of surface near the top of Core C-2. (d) Detail of
surface near the top of Core C-3. Scale in millimeters in (b), (c) and (d).
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
The findings described above indicate that the constituents and proportioning of the three cores is
similar. The cores consist of hydrated portland cement with fly ash, coarse aggregate that
consists of crushed limestone with a 19 mm (! in.) nominal top size and fine aggregate that
consists of a natural siliceous sand. All three cores lack air entrainment with less than 3% total
air (by visual estimation).
Core C-1 shows a through-going sub-vertical crack that cuts around aggregate particles over the
full depth of the core and is free of secondary deposits. Such cracks are typical of early-age
dryingshrinkage. Core C-1 also shows a small cold joint near the top of the core. This cold joint
is defined by a sharp line of carbonated paste that cuts obliquely from3-9.5 mm("-# in.) below
the finished surface. The cold joint does not necessarily represent different loads of concrete but
a discontinuity in placement and finishing. Above the cold joint water voids and adhesion cracks
and microcracks are more abundant than below the feature. CoreC-1 shows a very thin (~100
$m or 4 mil) layer of white paste at the top of thecore, suggesting water was worked into the
slab.
Core C-2 is well consolidated and shows minimal microcrackingnear the top surface. Core C-3
shows some water voids and adhesion microcracks in the top 9.5-19 mm (#-! in.) of the core.
Neither of these two cores show macroscopic cracking due to drying shrinkage or any other
mechanism.
All threecores show a layer of darker paste that extends for 1-3 mm (40-120 mil) below the top
surface. Such zones are typical of concrete that is poorly cured. All three cores also show that
this layer does not stain purple by phenolphthalein, indicating the paste is carbonated. This layer
is relatively deep given the age and quality of the concrete, which is also typical of poor curing.
Poor curing tends to diminish the durability of wear surfaces and can increase the potential for
shrinkage cracking.
Other factors not observable with a microscope may contribute to the potential for shrinkage
cracking. These include external factors such as design, detailing, construction practices, thermal
stresses, and loading both during and after construction.
Materials properties can also affect the potential for shrinkage cracking. Some of these
properties, which are quite difficult to track via petrography of hardened concrete, include the
chemical composition and fineness of cement and cement-admixture interactions. Note that
while some high-range water reducers (HRWR) can increase drying shrinkage, polycarboxylate-
based HRWR (such as the BASF PS 1466 indicated by the mix design) tend to nullify this
behavior and is typically offset by the reduction in water content afforded by use of the
admixture.
Other materials properties that influence shrinkage are readily tracked via petrography. The size
and gradation of aggregates along with the paste and water content of a concrete mixture tend to
have the most significant affects on the potential for shrinkage. Quantitative determinations of
the proportions of paste and aggregate are possible to obtain via ASTM C457 [2]; DRP
recommends completion of such tests to obtain this information. This testing, along with
petrographic examinations of cores from other locations in theproject may providemore insight
toward the factors contributing to the cracking of the structure.
This concludes work performed on this project to date
David Rothstein, Ph.D., P.G. FACI
2 Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete, Annual
Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.02, ASTM C457-12.
Allen Eagle Stadium Pan Slab Core
Petrography
Appendices
Appendix A Core C-1 Petrography (ASTM C856)
Appendix B Core C-2 Petrography (ASTM C856)
Appendix C Core C-3 Petrography (ASTM C856)
Appendix D Procedures
drpcinc.com

1. RECEIVED CONDITION 1. RECEIVED CONDITION
ORIENTATION
Vertical core taken through elevated slab measures 90 mm (3 ! in.) in diameter and 125 mm (~
5 in.) in length (Figure A1, A2).
SURFACES
Top surfacehas alight broom finish and thebottom surfaceis cast against a smooth substrate
such that the core represents the full thickness of the slab (Figure A3).
GENERAL
CONDITION
The concrete is hard and compact and rings lightly when sounded with a hammer.
A sub-vertical crack cuts the core in two pieces.
2. EMBEDDED OBJECTS 2. EMBEDDED OBJECTS
GENERAL None observed.
3. CRACKING 3. CRACKING
MACROSCOPIC
Main crack cuts thecore into two pieces, such that the original width of thecrack could not be
measured. Thecrack cuts around aggregate particles over thefull depth of thecore (Figure A4).
A second crack measuring 100 "m (4 mil) wide splays off the main crack on thetop surface for
a strikelength of ~25 mm (1 in.; Figure A5). The crack can betraced on theside of the core
over the full depth of the core and ranges up to 1.25 mm (50 mil) wide.
Adhesion cracks ranging up to 250 "m(10 mil) wide and 3 mm (# in.) long areabundant in the
top 9.5 mm ($ in.) of theslab (Figure A6). Sub-horizontal cracks ranging up to 250 "m (10
mil) wide and 6 mm (% in.) long are common in theareaof adhesion cracks and microcracks.
Some of these cracks merge with consolidation voids.
The zone where cracks and water voids are abundant occurs above a distinct linear feature
interpreted to represent a cold joint that runs obliquely from 3-9.5 mm (#-$ in.) below thetop
surface(Figure A7). Below the cold joint adhesion cracks and microcracks and irregular voids
are relatively rare. The cold joint is distinguished by lighter paste that was observed in thin
section to bepervasively carbonated (Figure A8). No secondary deposits were observed in the
cracks.
MICROSCOPIC
Adhesion microcracks are commonly observed in the top 9.5 mm ($ in.) of the core.
Microcracks that splay off of the main crack described abovewere observed from about 19-70
mm (&-2 & in.) below thetop surface(Figure A9). These aregenerally sub-vertical but divert
around aggregate particles. The microcracks are up to 100 "m (4 mil) wide and segments
become hairline cracks that range from 100-250 "m (4-10 mil) wide. No secondary deposits
were observed in the cracks.
4. VOIDS 4. VOIDS
VOID SYSTEM
Concrete is not air-entrained and contains less than 3% air by visual estimation (not determined
in accordance with ASTM C457) except in the region near thetop of thecore where water voids
and adhesion cracks are abundant (Figure A10).
VOID FILLINGS Voids are mostly free of secondary deposits.
APPENDIX A: Allen Eagle Stadium Core Petrography Report No. DRP13.1148
Sample ID: Core C-1 (17YD6545) Date: 27 December 2013
drpcinc.com A1
5. COARSE AGGREGATE 5. COARSE AGGREGATE
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Crushed limestone with 19 mm (& in.) nominal top size (Figure A11). The rocks are
moderately hard and competent. The particles are sub-equant to oblong in shape with sub-
angular to sub-round edges. The grading and distribution is relatively even.
ROCK TYPES
The aggregate consists of limestones that are mostly white to light buff in color. Most of the
rocks are bioclastic with micritic (very fine-grained) matrices but some bioclastic rocks with
sparry layers are also present. The grains consist of fossils, ooids, and occasional pellets. Most
of these rocks are matrix-supported but somearegrain supported. Someof the darker buff rocks
are micritic and show evidence of bioturbation. The limestones do not show evidence of
significant silicification.
OTHER FEATURES
No deleterious coatings or incrustations observed. No low w/c mortar coatings observed. No
reaction rims or evidence of alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) observed.
6. FINE AGGREGATE 6. FINE AGGREGATE
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Natural sand consists of rocks that arehard and competent (Figure A12). Theparticles aresub-
equant to oblong in shape with round to sub-angular edges. The grading and distribution are
relatively even.
ROCK TYPES
Thesand is mostly siliceous in composition but limestone particles that are consistent with the
coarseaggregate makeup a minor component of the fineaggregate. Thesand contains particles
of quartz, quartzite, feldspar and chert. Someof these components are potentially susceptible to
alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
OTHER FEATURES
No deleterious coatings or incrustations observed and no low w/c mortar coatings observed. No
evidence of ASR was observed.
7. PASTE OBSERVATIONS 7. PASTE OBSERVATIONS
POLISHED
SURFACE
Paste is gray (Munsell 2.5Y/6/1), has a smooth texture and sub-vitreous luster, and is hard
(Mohs ~4; Figure A13) below thecold joint, or over most of the slab. Above the cold joint the
paste is gray (2.5Y/5/1) to grayish brown (2.5Y/5/2)
FRESH FRACTURE
SURFACE
Fracture surfaceis dark gray, has ahackly texture and a sub-vitreous luster. The fracture surface
cuts mostly around but commonly through aggregate particles (Figure A14). No significant
secondary deposits were observed on the surface.
THIN SECTION*
The paste contains hydrated portland cement and fly ash (Figure A15). The hydration is
normal. The RRCG consist mostly of beliteand interstitial aluminateand ferritebut occasional
grains of ferrite wereobserved as well. No slag cement or other SCM are present. CH makes up
10-15% of the paste, is fine-grained and evenly distributed.
* Abbreviations as follows: RRCG = relict and residual cement grains; SCM = supplemental cementitious materials; CH =
calcium hydroxide; ITZ = interfacial transition zone. Modal abundances are based on visual estimations.
* Abbreviations as follows: RRCG = relict and residual cement grains; SCM = supplemental cementitious materials; CH =
calcium hydroxide; ITZ = interfacial transition zone. Modal abundances are based on visual estimations.
8. SECONDARY DEPOSITS 8. SECONDARY DEPOSITS
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
No staining for 1 mm (40 mil) from the top surface except near the main crack, where no
staining was observed to a depth of ~6 mm (% in.; Figure A16).
DEPOSITS
No significant deposits were observed. Trace to minor deposits of ettringitewereobserved in
voids.
drpcinc.com A2
FIGURES
(a)
(b)
Figure A1. Photographs showing (a) oblique view of the top and side of the core with identification labels and
(b) the top of the core. The red and blue dots in (a) show the orientation of the saw cuts used to prepare the
sample.
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(c)
Figure A1 (contd). (c) Photograph showing the bottom of the core.

Figure A2. Photograph showing the polished surface of the core.
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Figure A3. Photograph showing detail of the top surface of the core; scale in millimeters.

Figure A4. Photograph of the side of the core showing main crack (red arrows) cutting around aggregate
particles through the full depth of the core.
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Figure A5. Photograph of the top surface showing smaller crack (red arrows) that splays off of the main crack
(blue arrows) that cut the core in two; scale in millimeters.

Figure A6. Photograph of the polished surface showing adhesion microcracks and water voids (red arrows)
near the top of the core. Scale in millimeters.

drpcinc.com A6
(a)
(b)
Figure A7. Reflected light photomicrographs of polished surface showing cold joint (red arrows). Note
abundance of water voids and adhesion cracks (green arrows) above the cold joint.
drpcinc.com A7
(a)
(b)
Figure A8. Transmitted light photomicrographs of thin section showing cold joint (red arrows). Note
pervasive carbonation of the paste along the joint.
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Figure A9. Reflected light photomicrographs of polished surface showing microcracks (red arrows) near the
main crack (green arrows) that cut the core into two pieces.
Figure A10. Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing water voids and consolidation voids
(red arrows) near the top of the core.
drpcinc.com A9
Figure A11. Photograph of the polished surface showing coarse aggregate; scale in millimeters.
Figure A12. Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing the fine aggregate.
drpcinc.com A10
(a)
(b)
Figure A13. (a) Photograph of polished surface showing overview of paste at the top of the core. The scale is
in millimeters. (b) Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing detail of paste texture and
luster. The red arrows indicate grains of fly ash.
drpcinc.com A11
(a)
(b)
Figure A14. (a) Photograph and (b) reflected light photomicrograph of fresh fracture surface. The scale in (a)
is in millimeters.
drpcinc.com A12
(a)
(b)
Figure A15. Transmitted light photomicrographs of thin section from the concrete core showing detail of
paste in (a) plane-polarized and (b) cross-polarized light. The red and blue arrows in (a) indicate RRCG and
fly ash, respectively.
drpcinc.com A13
(a)
(b)
Figure A16. Photographs showing (a) overview of phenolphthalein stained surface and (b) detail of surface
near the top of the core. Scale in millimeters in (b).
drpcinc.com A14

ORIENTATION
5 " in.) in length (Figure B1, B2).
SURFACES
such that the core represents the full thickness of the slab (Figure B3).
GENERAL
CONDITION
MACROSCOPIC None observed.
MICROSCOPIC
Sub-vertical microcracks that cut to depths of ~3 mm (" in.) are abundant at the top of theslab
(Figure B4). Most of these microcracks are 25-50 #m (1-2 mil). Occasional adhesion
microcracks that are less than 50 #m (2 mil) wide and 1 mm (40 mil) long were observed in the
top 3 mm (" in.) of the core. No secondary deposits wereobserved in the microcracks, which
cut around aggregate particles.
4. VOIDS 4. VOIDS
VOID SYSTEM
in accordance with ASTM C457). Theconcrete is well consolidated with no significant bleed
voids or consolidation voids observed.
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Crushed limestone with 19 mm ($ in.) nominal top size(Figure B5). Therocks aremoderately
hard and competent. The particles aresub-equant to oblong in shape with sub-angular to sub-
round edges. The grading and distribution is relatively even .
ROCK TYPES
Theaggregateconsists of limestones that are white to gray to light buff in color. Most of the
rocks are bioclastic and grain supported with fine-grained (micritic) matrices. The rocks mostl
commonly contain an abundance of fossils and ooids. Occasional micritic limestones contain
pellets and evidence of bioturbation.
OTHER FEATURES
APPENDIX B: Allen Eagle Stadium Core Petrography Report No. DRP13.1148
drpcinc.com B1
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Natural sand consists of rocks that arehard and competent (Figure B6). Theparticles are sub-
relatively even.
ROCK TYPES
of quartz, quartzite, feldspar and chert. Someof these components are potentially susceptible to
alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
OTHER FEATURES
No deleterious coatings or incrustations observed and no low w/c mortar coatings observed. No
evidence of ASR was observed.
POLISHED
SURFACE
(Mohs ~4; Figure B7). Thepasteis grayish brown (2.5Y/5/2) with amore granular texture and
duller luster for up to 2 mm (80 mil) from the top surface.
FRESH FRACTURE
SURFACE
Fracture surfaceis gray, has ahackly textureand a sub-vitreous luster. The fracture surfacecuts
through aggregate particles (Figure B8). No significant secondary deposits were observed on
the surface.
PHENOLPHTHALEIN No staining for 1-2 mm (40-80 mil) from the top surface (Figure B9).
DEPOSITS
voids.
drpcinc.com B2
FIGURES
(a)
(b)
Figure B1. Photographs showing (a) oblique view of the top and side of the core with identification labels and
sample.
drpcinc.com B3
(c)
Figure B1 (contd). (c) Photograph showing the bottom of the core.

Figure B2. Photograph showing the polished surface of the core.
drpcinc.com B4

Figure B3. Photograph showing detail of the top surface of the core; scale in millimeters.

Figure B4. Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing microcracks (red arrows) near the
top of the core.
drpcinc.com B5
Figure B5. Photograph of the polished surface showing coarse aggregate; scale in millimeters.
Figure B6. Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing the fine aggregate.
drpcinc.com B6
(a)
(b)
Figure B7. (a) Photograph of polished surface showing overview of paste at the top of the core. The scale is in
millimeters. (b) Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing detail of paste texture and
drpcinc.com B7
(a)
(b)
Figure B8. (a) Photograph and (b) reflected light photomicrograph of fresh fracture surface. The scale in (a)
is in millimeters.
drpcinc.com B8
(a)
(b)
Figure B9. Photographs showing (a) overview of phenolphthalein stained surface and (b) detail of surface
drpcinc.com B9

ORIENTATION
5 " in.) in length (Figure C1, C2).
SURFACES
such that the core represents the full thickness of the slab (Figure C3).
GENERAL
CONDITION
MACROSCOPIC
Several sub-horizontal hairline cracks and adhesion cracks are present from about 9.5-19
mm(#-$ in.) below thetop surface (Figure C4). Theseare100-250 %m (4-10 mil) wide and
2-6 mm (80-240 mil) long, cut around aggregates and are free of secondary deposits.
MICROSCOPIC
Several sub-vertical microcracks ranging from 25-50 %m (1-2 mil) widecut from thefinished
surface to 2-3 mm (80-120 mil) below the finished surface (Figure C5).
4. VOIDS 4. VOIDS
VOID SYSTEM
in accordance with ASTM C457). Occasional water voids were observed (Figure C6).
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Crushed limestone with 19 mm($ in.) nominal top size; most particles are 12.5 mm (! in.)
across or smaller (Figure C7). The rocks are moderately hard and competent. Theparticles are
sub-equant to oblong in shape with sub-angular to sub-round edges. The grading and
distribution is relatively even.
ROCK TYPES
Theaggregateconsists of limestones that are white to gray to light buff in color. Most of the
rocks are bioclastic and grain supported with fine-grained (micritic) matrices. The rocks
commonly contain an abundance of fossils and ooids. Occasional micritic limestones contain
pellets and evidence of bioturbation.
OTHER FEATURES
APPENDIX C: Allen Eagle Stadium Core Petrography Report No. DRP13.1148
drpcinc.com C1
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Natural sand consists of rocks that arehard and competent (Figure C8). Theparticles are sub-
relatively even.
ROCK TYPES
of quartz, quartzite, feldspar and chert. The sand appears to contain morechert than theother
samples. Occasional particles of soft, ferruginous (dark red to reddish brown) mudstones that
are generally less than 1.18 mm (#16 sieve) across. Someof these components are potentially
susceptible to alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
OTHER FEATURES
No deleterious coatings or incrustations observed and no low w/c mortar coatings observed.
Reaction rims observed occasionally on chert particles; no other evidence of ASR was
observed.
POLISHED
SURFACE
(Mohs ~4; Figure C9). The paste is gray (2.5Y/5/2) to dark grayish brown (2.5Y/4/2) with a
more granular texture and duller luster for up to 2 mm (80 mil) from the top surface.
FRESH FRACTURE
SURFACE
Fracture surfaceis gray, has ahackly textureand a sub-vitreous luster. The fracture surfacecuts
through aggregate particles (Figure C10). No significant secondary deposits were observed on
the surface.
PHENOLPHTHALEIN No staining for 2-3 mm (80-120 mil) from the top surface (Figure C11).
DEPOSITS
voids.
drpcinc.com C2
FIGURES
(a)
(b)
Figure C1. Photographs showing (a) oblique view of the top and side of the core with identification labels and
sample.
drpcinc.com C3
(c)
Figure C1 (contd). (c) Photograph showing the bottom of the core.

Figure C2. Photograph showing the polished surface of the core.
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Figure C3. Photograph showing detail of the top surface of the core; scale in millimeters.

Figure C4. Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing adhesion microcracks and hairline
cracks (red arrows) about 12.5 mm (! in.) below the top of the core.
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Figure C5. Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing microcrack (red arrows) at the top of
the core.
Figure C6. Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing water voids (red arrows) about 15
mm (" in.) below the top surface.
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Figure C7. Photograph of the polished surface showing coarse aggregate; scale in millimeters.
Figure C8. Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing the fine aggregate.
drpcinc.com C7
(a)
(b)
Figure C9. (a) Photograph of polished surface showing overview of paste at the top of the core. The scale is in
millimeters. (b) Reflected light photomicrograph of polished surface showing detail of paste texture and
drpcinc.com C8
(a)
(b)
Figure C10. (a) Photograph and (b) reflected light photomicrograph of fresh fracture surface. The scale in (a)
is in millimeters.
drpcinc.com C9
(a)
(b)
Figure C11. Photographs showing (a) overview of phenolphthalein stained surface and (b) detail of surface
drpcinc.com C10
PROCEDURES
ASTM C856--Petrographic Analysis The petrographic work was done following ASTM C856 [1]
with sample preparation done at DRP in the following manner. After writingthe unique DRP sample
number on each sample near the received label, the samples were measured and inspected visually
and with a hand lens. The orientation of the saw cuts used to prepare the samples was then indicated
on each sample with blue and red dots. The samples were then photographed in their as-received
condition.
A slab representing a longitudinal cross section of each sample was cut from the central portion of
the core using a Diamond Pacific
TR-24, a 24-inch diameter oil-lubricated saw. This produced

three (3) longitudinal sections for each core. These sections were rinsed in an aqueous solution with
a detergent to removethe cutting oil and oven dried overnight in a Gilson
Bench Top laboratory

oven at ~40C (~105F) to remove remaining traces of the oil. After drying, each piece was
labelled with the appropriate DRP sample number. One piece was set aside for phenolphthalein
staining and the other was set aside for thin section preparation.
The central slab was then lapped and polished on a Diamond Pacific
RL-18 Flat Lap machine. This

machine employs an 18-inch diameter cast iron plate onto which Diamond Pacific
Magnetic Nova
Lap discs with progressively finer grits are fixed. The Nova Lap discs consist of a
1
/16 in. backing of
solid rubber containing magnetized iron particles that is coated with a proprietary Nova resin-bond
formula embedded with industrial diamonds of specific grit. Theslab preparation involved theuse of
progressively finer wheels to a 3000 grit (~4 !m) final polish following procedures outlined in
ASTM C457 [2]. An aqueous lubricant is used in the lapping and polishing process. The polished
slab from each sample was examined visually and with aNikon
SMZ-1500 stereomicroscope with

3-180x magnification capability following to the standard practice set forth in ASTM C856.
Phenolphthalein was applied to a freshly saw-cut surface from each sample to assess the extent of
carbonation, along with thin section analysis. Phenolphthalein is an organic stain that colors
materials with pH of greater than or equal to ~9.5 purple. Portland cement concrete generally has a
pH of ~ 12.5. Carbonation lowers the pH of the paste below 9.5, so areas not stained by
phenolphthalein are an indicator of carbonation. The depth of paste not stained by phenolphthalein
was measured from each exposed surface.
Petrographic thin sections were prepared by cutting billets from the remaininglongitudinal section.
Outlines marking the area of the billets were drawn with a marker on thesaw-cut surface after visual
and microscopical examination of saw-cut and polished surfaces. The billets were labeled with the
unique DRP number assigned to the sample and impregnated with epoxy. The impregnated billets
APPENDIX D: Allen Eagle Stadium Core Petrography Report No. DRP13.1148
Procedures
Date: 2 January 2014
drpcinc.com D1
1 Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.02., ASTM
C856-13.
2 Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete, Annual Book
of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.02, ASTM C457-12.
were then fixed to glass slides with epoxy. After the epoxy cured, theslidewas trimmed and ground
on a Buehler
Petro-Thin device to a thickness of ~30 !m (1.2 mil). The slide was then moved to a
Buehler
Beta-Vector machine and polished to a final thickness of ~20 !m. The grinding and
polishing of the thin sections were done in a non-aqueous environment. The thin sections were
examined with a Nikon
E-Pol 600 petrographic microscope equipped to provide a 50-1000x

magnification range following the standard practice set forth in ASTM C856.
APPENDIX D: Allen Eagle Stadium Core Petrography Report No. DRP13.1148
Procedures
Date: 2 January 2014
drpcinc.com D2
Proposal
Forensic Engineering, Concrete Distress,
and Water Intrusion Consulting
Relating to Allen Eagle Stadium
Prepared for Mark Walsh, serving

Prepared by
Firm Overview
Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc.
2740 Dallas Parkway
Suite 220
Plano, Texas 75093
877.850.8765
www.nelsonforensics.com
Founded in 1994, Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc. offers a
multi-disciplinary approach to forensic investigation and consulting
projects, employing licensed, registered professionals in the areas of
Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Materials Science, Mechan-
ical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Forensic Architecture, Chem-
ical and Environmental Consulting, Building Envelope Assessment,
and Cost Estimating and Appraisal.
Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc. has performed over 12,000
forensic investigations (and growing!) of a broad variety of structure
types since the companys inception in 1994.
Experienced in litigation support, Nelson professionals have sat for
hundreds of depositions and testified at dozens of trials/arbitrations --
with no successful Daubert challenges.
The following pages will detail the projected scope of work with
regard to a holistic evaluation of reported concrete distress and water
intrustion at Allen Eagle Stadium, and will illustrate this firms unique
qualifications to serve Saunders, Walsh & Beard in expert capacity.
AL
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
FL
GA
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
Geographic Coverage
Headquartered in Plano,
Nelson also operates
offices in Austin and Houston,
as well as in California,
Colorado, Florida, Georgia,
Maryland, Maine,
and New York.
Scope of Work - Data Collection
Document Review
Owner Interviews
Data Collection
Visual Observation
Photographic Documentation
Graphical Distress Mapping
To evaluate the reported concrete distress and water intrusion con-
cerns at the Allen Eagle Stadium, Nelson will conduct a preliminary
review of construction documents for the facility; including plans;
specifications; submittals; concrete mix designs, batch tickets, truck
reports, and test data; contractors daily reports, architects supple-
mental instructions (ASIs), change orders (COs), and other pertinent
documentation. Following the preliminary document review, Nel-
son will meet with representatives of the owner to present additional
questions regarding the project and reported distress, request addi-
tional information, and gather further background details.
With information obtained through the above-mentioned process,
Nelson will develop and implement an on-site data-collection
regime which, at a minimum, will include visual observations of
observed conditions, detailed photographic documentation of
general conditions, observable distress, and observable areas of
water intrusion and detailed graphical mapping of observable ob-
served distress and areas of water intrusion. Following processing of
the aforementioned data, Nelson will develop a plan for testing the
affected concrete materials and exploration of the water intrusion.
Scope of Work - Testing and Analysis
Testing Matrix
Concrete Core Sampling
ASTM Examinations
Water Intrustion Testing
Finish Distress Testing
Concrete testing will involve removal of a number of 4 diameter
core samples from distressed and non-distressed sections of con-
crete. A testing matrix will be developed and implemented for the
material samples, and will likely include comprehensive petro-
graphic examination in accordance with ASTM C856, microscopi-
cal determination of air content of hardened concrete in accordance
with ASTM C457, and unit weight determination in accordance with
ASTM C642. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dis-
persive x-ray spectrometry (EDX) techniques, as described in ASTM
C1723, may also be utilized for materials analysis. Further testing
may be necessary based on the analysis of data obtained through the
aforementioned testing.
Water intrusion testing will involve water testing and removal of
select exterior finishes of areas that indicate water distress. The test-
ing protocol will be in accordance to ASTM, AAMA, and/or industry
standards as applicable. The testing will be documented photograph-
ically and graphically for comparison and analysis to the design and
construction documents. Further testing may be necessary in remov-
al of select interior finishes based on the analysis and results of the
aforementioned testing.
Scope of Work - Findings and Solutions
In-Situ Condition Determination
Parameter Comparison
Verbal and/or Written Report
Remediation Recommendations
Litigation Support
The results of the testing and exploration program will be indicative
of the in-situ condition of the tested concrete materials and building
assemblies.
Nelson will perform a detailed review of the construction documents
to ascertain the design parameters for the affected concrete materi-
als and building assemblies, and compare those parameters with the
results of the testing and exploration to identify and design and/or
construction deficiencies.
Nelson will present its findings verbally to the client and subsequent-
ly prepare and deliver a written Report of Findings, if requested.
Additionally, Nelson is capable of providing a remediation solution
and construction cost estimate for such remediation.
Finally, Nelson will provide litigation support as necessary.
Primary Experts
Concrete and Materials Expert
Architecture/Water Intrusion Expert
Cost Estimating Expert
Ryan T. Chancey, Ph.D., P.E., Operations Director
Structural Engineer, Materials Expert
Dr. Chancey has delivered dozens of presentations
pertaining to materials science and concrete to a
wide range of audiences; including university fac-
ulty, engineering undergraduate and graduate stu-
dents, insurance industry representatives, attorneys,
and engineering peers. Additionally, Dr. Chancey
has authored 10 peer-reviewed publications, includ-
ing a chapter in a respected textbook of nanophysics.
Gary S. Dunlap, AIA, NCARB, Technical Director
Architect
Over twenty years in architectural design and plan-
ning, including construction documents and contract
administration, architectural document review, and
project performance administration. Forensic and
analytical architectural project experience includes
cause evaluation, cost analysis, and remedial repair
for building damage due to construction defects and/
or improper design.

Timothy J. Lozos, CPE, Technical Director
Cost Estimator/Appraiser
Cost estimation and analysis of restoration and/or re-
medial repair costs to residential, multi-family, com-
mercial, and industrial structures that have sustained
damage from a gamut of perils.
Concrete Materials Expertise
Concrete Distress Experience
Materials Science Experience
Remediation Design Experience
Expert Witness Experience
Litigation Support
Dr. Ryan Chancey is a structural engineer licensed in 35 states and
the District of Columbia. Dr. Chancey holds graduate degrees in
the field of civil/structural engineering with an emphasis on con-
crete structures and concrete materials science.
Dr. Chanceys technical expertise lies in chemical and microstruc-
tural characterization and behavior/failure analysis of cementitious
and concrete-based construction materials.
Dr. Chancey has evaluated structural concrete and concrete materi-
als related distress on scores of residential, commercial, industrial,
educational, healthcare, and agricultural facilities since 2005.
He has provided first-party insurance claims support, subrogation
support, and litigation support to many clients, as well as designed
measures to remediate observed deficiencies in affected facilities.
Architecture/Water Intrusion Expertise
Thermography Experience
Building Envelope Experience
Water Intrusion Experience
Contract Analysis
Design Experience
Construction Document Review
Litigation Support
Mr. Gary Dunlap is an architect licensed in 32 states and a certified
Level 1 Thermographer. Mr. Dunlap holds a bachelor degree in
Architecture from Texas Tech Univeristy.
Mr. Dunlaps technical experience lies in the building envelope
analysis, water intrusion investigations, and contract analysis of
both the design and construction entities.
Mr. Dunlap has provided extensive construction document review,
investigation, and analysis related to water intrusion in commercial,
industrial, educational, healthcare, and residential facilities.
He has provided design services, first-party insurance claims
support, subrogation support, and litigation support to many clients
over his twenty-year career.
Fee Estimate
NELSON ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERS, INC. FEE ESTIMATE
Project: Allen Eagle Stadium
Allen, Texas
Client: Mark Walsh
Prepared by: Ryan T. Chancey, Ph.D., P.E.
Phase 1: Preliminary review of construction documents for the facility, including plans, specifications,
and submittals; concrete mix designs, batch tickets, truck reports, and test data; contractors
daily reports; architects supplemental instructions (ASIs); change orders (COs); and other per-
tinent documentation. Meet with representatives of the owner to present additional questions
regarding the project and reported distress, request additional information, and gain further
background regarding the project.
For the first phase, NAE anticipates professional fees of $10,000.
Phase 2: Develop and implement an on-site data collection regime to include visual observations of
observed conditions; detailed photographic documentation of general conditions, observable
distress, and observable areas of water intrusion; and detailed graphical mapping of observable
distress and areas of water intrusion.
For the second phase, NAE anticipates professional fees of $25,000.
Fee Estimate
NELSON ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERS, INC. FEE ESTIMATE (CONTINUED)
Phase 3: Develop and implement a plan for testing the affected concrete materials and exploration of ar-
eas of water intrusion. Concrete testing will involve removal of a number of 4 diameter core
samples from distressed and non-distressed sections of concrete. A testing matrix will be
developed and implemented for the material samples, and will likely include comprehensive
petrographic examination, microscopical determination of air content of hardened concrete,
and unit weight determination. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive
x-ray spectrometry (EDX) techniques may also be utilized for materials analysis.
Laboratory services for materials analysis, water testing, and construction finish removal/replacement will
be performed by a subcontractor to NAE under the direction and observation of NAE. Fees for laboratory
services will be passed to the client at direct cost. For the purposes of this fee estimate, NAE anticipates ex-
traction and testing of 10 concrete core samples, at an approximate cost of $3,000/sample.
Following, and based on the results of, Phase 2 of NAEs investigation, NAE will revise the number of mate-
rial samples and areas of exploration if necessary. Further testing may be necessary based on the analysis of
data obtained through the aforementioned testing.

For the third phase, NAE anticipates professional fees of $10,000.
For the third phase, NAE anticipates laboratory-related expenses of $30,000.
For the third phase, NAE anticipates water testing and construction finish removal and replacement expenses
of $10,000.
Phase 4: Perform a detailed review of the construction documents to ascertain the design parameters for
the affected concrete materials, and compare those parameters with the results of the testing to
identify design and/or construction deficiencies.
For the fourth phase, NAE anticipates professional fees of $20,000.
Fee Estimate
NELSON ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERS, INC. FEE ESTIMATE (CONTINUED)
Phase 5: Present findings verbally to the client and prepare and deliver a written Report of Findings.
For the fifth phase, NAE anticipates professional fees of $15,000.
SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED FEES
Phase 1: Preliminary Document Review and Meeting with Owner $10,000
Phase 2: On-site Data Collection $25,000
Phase 3: Exploration and Testing $50,000
Phase 4: Detailed Document Review and Parametric Comparison $20,000
Phase 5: Presentation of Findings $15,000

TOTAL: $120,000
LIMITATIONS: This estimate is for professional services related to evaluation of the Allen Eagle Stadium in
Allen, Texas for reported concrete distress and water intrusion.
This estimate does not include time for construction cost estimating, design/development of a remediation
solution, and/or litigation support; including, but not limited to deposition, mediation, arbitration, trial, or
preparation for same.
Any change in the scope of services may result in additional cost. Subcontractor fees for laboratory testing
and water intrusion testing are estimates, and may vary. This estimate is not to be construed as a lump sum
or not-to-exceed. Actual fees will vary. Items not specifically listed are not included in this estimate.

052413

Ryan T. Chancey, Ph.D., P.E.
Executive Director of Operations
rchancey@nelsonforensics.com
1-877-850-8765

FIRM SERVICES

Forensic Engineering, Forensic Architecture, Cost Estimating and
Appraisal, Roofing System Assessment, Discovery Laboratory, Materials
Science, Environmental Consulting, Fire Investigations, Evidence Storage,
Animation and CAD.

AREAS OF EXPERTISE

Structural and materials forensic cause & origin analysis, design analysis,
and remedial design in residential, commercial, industrial, healthcare,
and educational buildings and other structures. Investigation, evaluation,
and analysis of reinforced concrete, post-tensioned concrete, prestressed
concrete, masonry, steel, and wood. Assessments of structures and
equipment that have sustained damage from perils including accidents,
collapses, construction defects, design errors, expansive soils, explosions,
fire, hail, hurricanes, subgrade settlement, tornadoes, veneer/cladding
failures, water intrusion, windstorms, and wood deterioration. Chemical
and microstructural characterization and behavior/failure analysis of
cementitious and concrete-based construction materials. Finite-element
modeling and analysis of structural systems, members, and continuum
solids.

EDUCATION

Ph.D. in Civil Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin, 2008

M.E. in Civil Engineering
University of Florida, 2005

B.S. in Civil Engineering
University of Florida, 2003

EXPERIENCE

Professional Experience:

Structural system design and analysis and construction material failure
analysis. Structural system experience includes steel, concrete, masonry
and wood structures and structural components. The listed examples are
representative of professional experience, but are not an exhaustive list.

Structural steel experience includes 3-dimensional, nonlinear stability and
collapse analysis of a 10,000 square foot (s.f.) cold-formed steel rack
storage system; structural analysis of two fire-damaged, pre-engineered
steel industrial buildings, one including demolition planning and
conceptual re-design; multiple industrial and commercial investigations
and analyses of steel buildings subjected to tropical cyclone winds from
Hurricane Ike; nonlinear analysis of the behavior and collapse of a multi-
span highway bridge; 3-dimensional, nonlinear collapse analysis of a

Ryan T. Chancey, Professional Resume Page 2

052413

EXPERIENCE (cont.)

XXXXX
90,000 s.f. steel-framed athletic practice facility, including finite element
continuum modeling of structural connections; evaluation and analysis of
failed welded connections; investigation and collapse analysis of an
industrial aggregate conveyor system subjected to high wind loads; and
wind/structure interaction analysis of an overturned metal trussed tower
section.

Structural concrete and masonry experience includes evaluation and
analysis of reinforced concrete containment walls for hazardous materials;
investigation of the cause and extent and remediation of differential
foundation movement in numerous residential, commercial, and
industrial structures, including a 93,000 s.f. manufacturing facility and a
60,000 s.f. government office building; investigation of fire damage to
precast and cast-in-place concrete structural elements, including a 35,000
s.f. agricultural processing plant; failure analysis of a concrete masonry
segmental retaining wall and gravity retaining walls; evaluation and
analysis of a fire-damaged masonry bearing wall system in a school; and
nonlinear analysis of the behavior and collapse of a multi-span highway
bridge.

Structural wood experience includes structural system and member
strength, stability, and serviceability analysis of a multi-story, multi-family
residential complex; evaluation of single-family residences subjected to
blast, vibrations, and heat resulting from a gas-line explosion; evaluation,
analysis, and remedial design of an adult-care facility exhibiting severe
wood deterioration and overstress; structural analysis of a collapsed
trussed low-slope roof at a retail facility subjected to high rainfall; and
evaluation of a severely fire-damaged single-family residence of
approximately 30,000 s.f.

Construction material failure analysis experience includes evaluation,
testing, and analysis of concrete moisture conditions in a 17-story
concrete-frame high-rise affected by Hurricane Dolly; evaluation and
analysis of concrete moisture conditions as related to floor finish distress
in a 23-story concrete-frame condominium building; evaluation and
causal analysis of concrete floor delamination in an industrial warehouse;
evaluation and analysis of failures of portland cement and polymer-
modified thinset mortars used for veneer and floor substrates;
compositional analysis of distressed natural stone pool coping; and
evaluation and analysis of fractured concrete patio and pool decking.

Litigation support experience includes trial, arbitration, mediation, and
deposition.

Academic Experience:

Construction Materials Research Group, The University of Texas at
Austin: Research investigating correlation of chemical and microstructural
material properties to physical behavior of cement-based composites (In
collaboration with the National Institute for Standards and Technology
(NIST)).

Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Institute for Theory and
Computation in Molecular Materials and Science: Research conducting
molecular dynamic simulations of nano-scale carbon systems.


052413

EXPERIENCE (cont.)

Florida Coastal Monitoring Program, University of Florida: Research
applying full-scale experimental methods to quantify near-surface tropical
cyclone wind behavior and the interaction of same with residential
structures.

Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering, University of Florida:
Research investigating appropriate level of design precision in structural
engineering applications.

Teaching Experience

Course Instructor, 2004, SUR 2101: Geomatics, University of Florida.

Teaching Assistant, 2001, SDS 4410, Interpersonal Communication Skills,
University of Florida.

INDIVIDUAL LICENSURE

Licensed Professional Engineer in the States of Alabama, Arizona,
Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New
Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah,
Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming.

State licenses, registrations and/or certifications listed on this resume
apply only to this professional as an individual. Nelson Architectural
Engineers, Inc., Nelson Forensic Architects, PLLC, Nelson Forensic
Engineers, Inc. and their subsidiaries or assigns offer firm professional
services only in states where they are authorized. No offer of firm services
is made in states where they are not authorized or registered.

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
AND ACTIVITIES

Member American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Associate Chair for Finance and Facilities ASCE Southeast Region
Conference, 2005-2006
Member American Concrete Institute (ACI)
Member Tau Beta Pi Engineering National Honor Society
Member Golden Key National Honor Society
National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow
Fulbright Fellow (Denmark), U.S. Department of State
Bruton Prestigious Fellowship Award, The University of Texas at Austin
College of Engineering Outstanding Service Award, University of Florida
Presidential Recognition Award for Outstanding Achievement and
Contribution to the University of Florida
Coordinator, SECME (Mentorship program for disadvantaged youth):
2003-2005

SEMINARS/
PROFESSIONAL LECTURES

Fire Damage to Structural Materials and Engineering Investigations of
Common Perils, Presented to Shelter Insurance; Denver, Colorado,
April 2013.

Methodologies in Roof Hail Distress Investigations and Fire Damage to
Structural Materials, Presented to Safeco and Liberty Mutual Insurance;
Golden, Colorado, April 2013.

2011 Tornadoes, Presented at The University of Texas at Austin
Structural Engineering Education Reunion (STEER), Austin, Texas, April


052413

SEMINARS/
PROFESSIONAL LECTURES (cont)

XXX
2013.

Engineering Investigations of Common Perils, Presented to Shelter
Insurance, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 2013.

Fire Damage to Structural Materials, Presented to Shelter Insurance,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 2013.

Fire Damage to Structural Materials, Presented to Federated Insurance,
Bedford, Texas, March 2013.

Fire Damage to Concrete Materials, a webinar, presented online.

Fire Damage to Structural Materials, Presented at the University of
Texas at Austin Center for Lifelong Engineering Education Forensics
Symposium, February 2013.

Fire Damage to Structural Materials, Presented to Texas Windstorm
Insurance Association, Austin, Texas, January 2013.

Engineering Investigations of Common Perils, Presented at The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, August 2012.

Engineering Investigations of Common Perils, Presented at Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, October 2011.

University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, September 2011.

Wind and Waves: Scenes from Hurricane Investigations, Presented at
The NOMAD Adjusting Conference, Dallas, Texas, July 2011.

Case Study of a Commercial Building Foundation Failure, Presented at
the Foundation Performance Association, Houston, Texas, November,
2010.

Quantitative Characterization of Fly Ash Reactivity and Geopolymer
Reaction Products," Presented with K. Gustashaw, P. Stutzman, and M.
Juenger at the American Concrete Institute Fall Convention, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, October 2010.

University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, September 2010.

University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, November 2009.

University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, September 2009.

Built-up Column Stability in Wood Construction, Presented with S.
Verhulst, D. Fowler, D. Ahuja at the ASCE Texas Section Fall
Proceedings, 2008.

"Characterization of Crystalline and Amorphous Phases and Respective
Reactivities in a Class F Fly Ash, Doctoral Dissertation Defense,


052413

SEMINARS/
PROFESSIONAL LECTURES (cont)
XXXX
Presented at The University of Texas at Austin, May 2008.

Case Study of the Failure of a Wood-Framed Condominium Complex,
Presented at The University of Texas at Austin, October 2007.

A Synergistic Method for Identification and Quantification of Crystalline
and Amorphous Mineral Phases in a Class F Fly Ash, Presented at
American Concrete Institute Fall Convention, Fajardo, Puerto Rico,
October 2007.

A Synergistic Method for Identification and Quantification of Crystalline
and Amorphous Mineral Phases in a Class F Fly Ash, Presented at
American Ceramic Society Annual Convention, Detroit, Michigan,
September 2007.

Microanalysis Methods for Cementitious Materials: X-Ray Powder
Diffraction, Presented at the University of Texas at Austin, April 2007.

Microanalysis Methods for Cementitious Materials: Scanning Electron
Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy, Presented at the
University of Texas at Austin, March 2007.

Fragmentation of Fullerenes, Presented to the Department of Chemistry,
University of Namur, Belgium, June 2003.

Breaking Bucky Balls, Presented at the 42
nd
Sanibel Symposium, St.
Augustine, Florida, March 2002.

PUBLICATIONS

An examination of the reactivity of fly ash in cementitious pore
solutions, K.L. Aughenbaugh with Ryan T. Chancey, P. Stutzman, M. C.
Juenger, and D. W. Fowler, Materials and Structures, 46, pp. 869-880,
May 2013.

Albert, V.V., Ryan T. Chancey, Lene B. Oddershede, Frank E. Harris, and
John R. Sabin. Fragmentation of Fullerenes. In Handbook of Nanophysics,
ed. K.D. Sattler. CRC Press, 2011.

Comprehensive Phase Characterization of a Class F Fly Ash, Ryan T.
Chancey, P. Stutzman, M. C.G. Juenger, D.W. Fowler, Cem. Concr. Res.
40, pp. 146-156, 2010.

Built-up Column Stability in Wood Construction, Ryan T. Chancey,
Ph.D., M. ASCE with S. Verhulst, M.S., P.E., M. ASCE, D. Fowler, Ph.D.,
P.E., F. ASCE and D. Ahuja, M.S., P.E., M. ASCE. Proceedings of the Fifth
Congress on Forensic Engineering, ed. S. Chen et. Al, pp. 143-152
Washington, D.C., November 2009.

The Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Shell of Air-Entrained
Bubbles in Cement Paste, M.T. Ley with Ryan T. Chancey, M.G. Juenger
and K.J. Folliard, Cem. Concr. Res. 39, pp. 417-425, 2009.

Built-up Column Stability in Wood Construction, Ryan T. Chancey,
Ph.D., M. ASCE with S. Verhulst, M.S., P.E., M. ASCE, D. Fowler, Ph.D.,
P.E., F. ASCE and D. Ahuja, M.S., P.E., M. ASCE, ASCE Texas Section Fall
Proceedings, 2008.


052413

PUBLICATIONS (cont.)

Characterization of Crystalline and Amorphous Phases and Respective
Reactivities in a Class F Fly Ash, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of
Texas at Austin, May 2008.

Justifiable precision and accuracy in structural engineering calculations:
in search of a little less precision and supposed accuracy, Ryan T.
Chancey with T. Sputo, E. Minchin and J. Turner, ASCE Practice
Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, Vol. 10, No.3, pp. 154-
160, 2005.

Fragmentation of Fullerenes, Ryan T. Chancey, University of Florida
Journal of Undergraduate Research, Award: Best Quantitative Paper,
2004.

Fragmentering af Fullerener, (In Danish) L.B. Oddershede with R.
Chancey, F. Harris and J. Sabin, KVANT No. 2, 3, 2003.

Fragmentation of Fullerenes, Ryan T. Chancey with L. Oddershede, F.
Harris and J. Sabin, Phys. Rev. A, 67, 043203, 2003 (also published in:
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 7/18, 2003).

020413

Gary S. Dunlap, AIA, LEEDAP
Technical Director
gdunlap@nelsonforensics.com
1-877-850-8765

FIRM SERVICES

Forensic Engineering, Forensic Architecture, Cost Estimating and Appraisal,
Roofing System Assessment, Discovery Laboratory, Materials Science,
Environmental Consulting, Fire Investigations, Evidence Storage, Animation
and CAD.

AREAS OF EXPERTISE

Forensic architecture, contract document analysis, zoning, building codes,
facility programming, planning, design and building processes, industry
standards research, architectural standard of care commentary, cause and
origin of construction defect analysis, reports and studies.

Architectural services include green sustainable design, contract
documentation and analysis, programming, design development, construction
documents, bidding, construction administration and post-construction
services. Forensic architectural services includes comprehensive ordinance
and building code review, construction administration including
conceptualization, budget estimating, contract scheduling, review design,
reconstruction and repair documents. Building types include residential
(single and multi story), commercial, industrial facilities, institutional, civic,
critical data facilities, educational, single user and retail structures.

EDUCATION

Bachelor of Architecture
Texas Tech University, 1992

College of Architecture Graduate Program
Texas Tech University, 1992-1994

EXPERIENCE

Over Sixteen Years in architectural design and planning including
construction documents and contract administration; architectural document
review; and project performance administration.

Forensic and analytical architectural project experience includes cause
evaluation, cost analysis, and remedial repair for structure damage due to
construction defects and improper design.

Experience also includes architectural services related to multi location real
estate portfolios such as Bank of America, CitiGroup LEED Volume
Certification of branch banks, Xerox Corporation and Lincoln Financial
Advisors.

Gary S. Dunlap, Professional Resume Page 2

020413


Registered Architect: Texas #17146, Arizona #40538, Colorado #ARC-
306485, Connecticut #10508, Florida #AR91943, Georgia #010974, Illinois
#001.018755, Iowa #5570, Kentucky #5691, Louisiana #5986, Massachusetts
#30270, Michigan #1301051024, Mississippi #3688, Missouri #2004006789,
Nebraska #A-3398, Nevada #5087, New Jersey #16430, New Mexico
#004921, New York #29920, North Carolina #9567, North Dakota #2007,
Ohio #0313422, Oklahoma #a4695, Pennsylvania #402790, South Carolina
#6718, Tennessee #102819, Virginia #0401 012997 and Wisconsin #9583-
005.

NCARB Certification #55678.

LEEDAP Certified since 2004.

State licenses, registrations and/or certifications listed on this resume apply
only to this professional as an individual. Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc.,
Nelson Forensic Architects, PLLC, Nelson Forensic Engineers, Inc. and their
subsidiaries or assigns offer firm professional services only in states where
they are authorized. No offer of firm services is made in states where they are
not authorized or registered.

AND ACTIVITIES

Member American Institute of Architects (AIA)
Member Dallas AIA
Member Texas Society of Architects (TSA)

PUBLICATIONS

A Huff, and a Puff, and..it Blows the Chimney Down, ASCE 5
th
Forensics
Congress, 2009, with K. Lee, and D. Killian.

020413

Timothy J. Lozos, CPE
Technical Director
tlozos@nelsonforensics.com
1-877-850-8765

FIRM SERVICES

Forensic Engineering, Forensic Architecture, Cost Estimating and Appraisal,
Roofing System Assessment, Discovery Laboratory, Materials Science,
Environmental Consulting, Fire Investigations, Evidence Storage, Animation
and CAD.

AREAS OF EXPERTISE

Cost estimation and analysis of restoration and/or remedial repair costs to
residential, multi-family, commercial, and industrial buildings and structures
that have sustained damage from perils such as accidents, collapses,
construction defects, expansive soils, explosions, fires, flood, hail, hurricanes,
lightning, mold, plumbing leaks, tornadoes, vandalism, vehicular impacts,
veneer/cladding failures, water intrusion, windstorms, and wood rot.

Independent Appraiser and Umpire. Calculation of lost profits damages
(construction). Valuation of recoverable damages in subrogation. Preparation
of cost estimates within specified architectural or engineering
recommendations. Estimation and analysis of complex, unique, or disputed
claims involving multiple structures and perils. Evaluation of estimating
methodology, scope of work, quantity take-offs, and unit costs. Replacement
cost and depreciation analysis (RCV/ACV).

Xactimate
software estimating. Conceptual and hard bid estimating.

Projected cost escalations and contingencies. Contractor/subcontractor
standard of care. Bid solicitation, qualification, and due diligence. National-
scale logistics and cost management of retail construction and tenant finish-
out. Single-family residential estimating. Restoration estimating and general
contracting. Construction of modular buildings and manufactured housing.

EDUCATION AND CERTIFICATIONS

Certified Professional Estimator (CPE)
American Society of Professional Estimators (DST 1.4 General)

Appraisal Umpire Roster Member/Certification
Texas Windstorm Insurance Association (TWIA)
Texas Department of Insurance (TDI)
Windstorm Insurance Network, Inc. (WIND)

LEED Green Associate
USGBC Green Building Certification Institute

Xactimate
Certification
Dearborn/Kaplan Professional Schools - Texas Insurance Licensing Program

Timothy J. Lozos, Professional Resume Page 2

020413

EXPERIENCE

Over 17 years of construction, project management, and consulting
experience with over 12 years specialized in construction cost estimating and
cost analysis of residential, commercial, and industrial projects in both
restoration and new construction environments.

Consulting experience: Selected as independent appraiser in several claims
with multi-million dollar disputed amounts. Calculation of lost profits
damages due to breach of contract between owner and contractor in a multi-
million dollar hurricane-related claim. Cost analysis of property damages, fair
market value, and recoverable amounts in subrogation due to a fire loss in a
luxury home. Cost estimation, depreciation evaluation, and analysis of cost-to-
date expenses following an accidental explosion which destroyed a
specialized blast-resistant structure and surrounding structures at a high-energy
materials manufacturing facility of a national defense contractor. Estimation of
remedial repair costs due to multiple construction defects and analysis of cost-
to-date expenditures in a five subdivision, 243-unit public housing program.

Cost estimation and analysis of reconstruction timeframe following a total fire
loss to a 400,000 SF tilt-wall building. Cost estimation and allocation of
hurricane-related damages, subsequent mold, asbestos and lead abatement,
and other damages involving 30 separate facilities across nine campuses of a
public school district. On-site investigation, cost estimation, and analysis of
competing proposals for a disputed multi-million dollar claim which included
cost allocation between hurricane-related damages and as-built construction
defects for 12 commercial properties. Onsite investigation and cost proposal
analysis of a disputed multi-million dollar hail damage claim consisting of 28
commercial and industrial properties. Cost analysis of a multi-million dollar
stucco cladding repair budget for a 33-unit apartment complex construction
defect claim.

Construction experience: Evaluated and estimated several thousand
residential, commercial, and industrial properties for structural repairs and
other restoration services such as mitigation and remediation. Cost
management estimation and logistics of multiple-store rollout/retrofit programs
for a national retail general contractor. Managed all material procurement and
cost estimating for a regional single-family residential homebuilder with an
annual production of over 500 homes.

Litigation support experience includes trial, mediation, and deposition.


Texas Windstorm Insurance Association (TWIA) Adjuster Certification
Texas Dept. of Insurance - License #1201913 Adjuster - All Lines
Alabama Dept. of Insurance License #476151 Independent Adjuster
Georgia Dept. of Insurance - License #2652800 Adjuster - Property/Casualty
Kentucky Dept. of Insurance - License #718247 Independent Adjuster
Louisiana Dept. of Insurance - License #494792 Adjuster - Comprehensive
Minnesota Dept. of Insurance - License #40192258 Adjuster - Multiple Lines
Mississippi Dept. of Insurance - License #10157927 Independent Adjuster
Nevada Dept. of Insurance License #750856 Adjuster - Property/Casualty
New Hampshire Dept. of Insurance - License #2061634 Adjuster -
Property/Casualty
North Carolina Dept. of Insurance - License #7487013 Adjuster - Independent
Oklahoma Dept. of Insurance - License #40097553 Adjuster -
Property/Casualty

Timothy J. Lozos, Professional Resume Page 3

020413

INDIVIDUAL LICENSURE (cont.)

South Carolina Dept. of Insurance License #596974 Adjuster -
Property/Casualty
Utah Dept. of Insurance - License #332685 Adjuster - Property/Casualty
Vermont Dept. of Insurance - License #677269 Adjuster - Property/Casualty

State licenses, registrations and/or certifications listed on this resume apply
only to this professional as an individual. Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc.,
Nelson Forensic Architects, PLLC, Nelson Forensic Engineers, Inc. and their
subsidiaries or assigns offer firm professional services only in states where they
are authorized. No offer of firm services is made in states where they are not
authorized or registered.

CONTINUING EDUCATION

Approved instructor of Continuing Education Professional Credits with the
Texas Department of Insurance.

AND ACTIVITIES

Member American Society of Professional Estimators (ASPE)
Member American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Member Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE)
Member National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI)
Member Dallas Claims Association (DCA)
ASTM Technical Committee Member - D08.06 (Spray Polyurethane Foam Roof
Systems), D08.20 (Roofing Membrane Systems), E06.51 (Performance of
Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls), E06.81 (Building Economics),
and E50.02 (Real Estate Assessment and Management)

SEMINARS/
PROFESSIONAL LECTURES

Estimating and Bid Analysis, Presented at the Federated Insurance
Educational Seminar, Owatonna, Minnesota, August 7-9, 2012.

The Basics of Insurance Appraisal, Presented at the Fort Worth Claims
Association Seminar, Arlington, Texas, September 20, 2012.

Bid Analysis for Adjusters, Presented at the Texas Independent Insurance
Adjusters Association Fall Seminar, Dallas, Texas, November 29, 2012.

Class Instructor, Xactimate
estimating software.

PUBLICATIONS

"Guidelines to Assess Hail Damage to Shingle Roofs", American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE) 6th Forensics Conference: Proceedings of the Sixth
Congress on Forensic Engineering, San Francisco, California, October 31 -
November 3, 2012, with B. East, S. Verhulst, M. DeLeon, and D. Ahuja.

How to Estimate the Cost of Selective Demolition and Replacement of Single-
Coat Stucco Cladding in Multi-Family Housing, Technical Paper (peer-
reviewed, unpublished), American Society of Professional Estimators, June
2010.

Preliminary Stadium Concourse Distress Evaluation

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TR-24, a 24-inch diameter oil-lubricated saw. This produced

Bench Top laboratory

RL-18 Flat Lap machine. This

SMZ-1500 stereomicroscope with

E-Pol 600 petrographic microscope equipped to provide a 50-1000x

software estimating. Conceptual and hard bid estimating.

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