VM PMI-126

2ND MIDTERM

Mark this exam with your answer and take it with you. You can use it to check the key we will post on CERE and establish your successes and failures. The scantrons will not be returned.
1. A macrophage binds a bacteria via a receptor ligand interaction, i.e. cell surface mannose receptors engage the bacterial membrane. Which of the following would probably occur? a. The macrophage would undergo apoptosis b. The macrophage would phagocytose the bacteria c. The macrophage would become activated due to receptor-mediated signal transduction d. All of the above e. b and c only Which of the following soluble mediators (cytokines) would you expect an activated macrophage to secrete (assume the macrophage was activated by binding bacteria to toll-like receptors)? a. IL-1 b. TNF- c. IL-6 d. All of the above e. None of the above IL-1, TNF- and IL-6 are all considered pro-inflammatory cytokines and can have systemic effects such as inducing a fever. a. True b. False The acute-phase response is characterized by the production of C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin by local lymph nodes. a. True b. False Which of the following attributes would you associate with C-reactive protein (CRP) and mannose binding lectin? a. Opsonization b. Activation of the complement cascade c. Increased levels in the blood during an acute inflammatory response d. All of the above e. None of the above Upon induction of a local inflammatory response due to a bacterial infection that has been initiated through a skin abrasion, neutrophils, monocytes and memory lymphocytes roll and stick to the walls of blood vessels underlying the insult. The leukocytes exit the blood via a process termed diapedesis that involves squeezing between vascular endothelial cells and migrating into the infected tissue. Questions 6-8 relate to this process. 6. Which of the following would you directly associate with the margination and sticking of the leukocytes to the vessel wall? a. Surface immunoglobulin (Sig) b. C3 convertase c. Adhesion proteins d. Granzymes e. All of the above Which of the following would you directly associate with attracting the leukocytes (attract by setting up a concentration gradient) through the tissue to the site of the bacterial insult? a. Adhesion proteins b. Chemokines c. Granzymes d. Fas ligands e. All of the above

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In addition to the migration of leukocytes out of the vasculature and into the infected tissue, many soluble serum proteins including antibodies and components of the complement cascade will also enter the tissue. a. True b. False The complement cascade can be activated via which of the following pathways? a. Alternative pathway b. Lectin pathway c. Classical Pathway d. All of the above e. a and b only During an innate immune response to a bacterial insult the complement cascade is typically activated via the classical pathway. a. True b. False Which of the following would you expect to occur following a bacterial insult that has resulted in activation of the complement cascade? a. Opsonization of the bacteria b. Production of pro-inflammatory mediators c. Generation of a membrane attack complex d. All of the above e. a and b only The terminal sequence of events in the complement cascade is generation of C3a and C5a. Their hydrophobic nature permits penetration of the bacterial cell wall resulting in loss of osmotic integrity and lysis. a. True b. False Antibody can be considered a secretory form of the antigen-specific B cell receptor. a. True b. False How many antigen-binding sites would a B cell receptor (surface Ig) have? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 10 The B cell receptor is composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, all of which are held together by a combination of electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. a. True b. False The antigen-binding site of a B cell receptor is generated by a combination of 5 hypervariable regions on the light chain and 3 hypervariable regions on the heavy chain. a. True b. False The binding of antigen by the B cell receptor is very strong due to the generation of disulfide bonds between the antibody binding site and the antigenic epitope? a. True b. False

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How many antigen binding sites would a secreted molecule of IgM have? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e. 10 How many antigen binding sites would a secreted molecule of IgG have? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e. 10 Which of the following classes of antibody is in the highest concentration in the blood? a. IgD b. IgG c. IgM d. IgE e. IgA Which of the following antibodies is secreted onto mucosal surfaces in great quantities? a. IgD b. IgG c. IgM d. IgE e. IgA Hybridomas (plasma cell fused with an immortal cell) are generated for the purpose of producing commercial quantities of polyclonal antibody with a single antigen-specificity. a. True b. False The ability of B cells to generate a near infinite variety of antigen-specific antibodies is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. This variability requires that the B cell commit a large portion of the genome to their production due to the age-old one gene one protein concept. a. True b. False Which of the following genes are involved in the generation of a heavy chain of an antibody? a. J region gene b. V region gene c. D region gene d. All of the above e. Only a and b are correct Which of the following genes are involved in the generation of a light chain of an antibody? a. J region gene b. V region gene c. D region gene d. All of the above e. a and b only P nucleotides are added at the joining sites of D-J and V-D genes but do not contribute to the generation of receptor diversity because the reading frame must be maintained. a. True b. False

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Which of the following assays would you best associate with blood typing (ABO and Rh blood groups)? a. Agar gel immunodiffusion b. Western blot c. Agglutination d. ELISA e. Neutralization Which of the following assays would you best associate with confirming that antibodies from a patients serum are specific for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? a. Agar gel immunodiffusion b. Western blot c. Agglutination d. ELISA e. Neutralization T cell receptors typically bind conformational epitopes on complex antigens. a. True b. False T lymphocytes recognize antigen that is processed and presented on a cell membrane by proteins encoded within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Which of the following classes of MHC proteins typically present viral antigens synthesized in the cytoplasm of an infected cell? a. MHC class I b. MHC class II c. MHC class III d. All of the above e. None of the above Antigens phagocytosed (or pinocytosed) from the extracellular spaces by dendritic cells are typically processed by immunoproteosomes and presented on MHC class II proteins a. True b. False Which of the following cells typically expressed MHC I proteins? a. Macrophages b. Dendritic cells c. Epithelial cells d. All of the above e. Only a and b are correct Cytotoxic T cells (TC) express which of the following proteins on their cell membranes? a. TCRs b. CD4 c. CD8 d. a and b are both correct e. a and c are both correct Newly synthesized MHC class I proteins can be loaded with self-antigens and presented on the cell surface of most nucleated cells. a. True b. False Which of the following would be true for the MHC gene complex? a. Polygenic b. Polymorphic c. Multiple alleles d. All of the above e. None of the above

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The polymorphic residues of MHC class I proteins are concentrated in the following: a. Alpha chain b. Beta chain c. 2-microgolobulin d. All of the above e. None of the above Because of the polymorphic nature of genes encoding MHC class II proteins, allelic exclusion insures that only one allele on a single chromosome will be expressed in a single cell. a. True b. False An inbred species such as the elephant seal and African cheetah are considered to be at increased risk of infectious disease due to excessive polymorphism in the MHC gene complex? a. True b. False T cell receptors have a much lower affinity for antigen (peptide-MHC complex) as compared to B cell receptors. a. True b. False Which of the following are involved in the processing and presentation of endogenous (synthesized within the cell) antigen to TC cells? a. Immunoproteosome b. MHC class I proteins c. TAP proteins d. Chaperone proteins e. All of the above The loading and presentation of foreign exogenous antigen by MHC class II proteins is a competitive process as the majority of newly synthesized MHC II proteins are loaded with self-peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum before they are exported to the membrane via the endosomal compartment. a. True b. False The ability of IgG to cross the human placenta and gain access to the developing fetus is a characteristic inherent in the following: a. Complementarity determining regions of the heavy and light chains b. The hinge region of the light chain c. The Fc part of the antibody d. The Fab part of the antibody e. The VDJ regions of the heavy chain Upon binding and ingesting bacteria that have entered the skin via a puncture wound, dendritic cells become activated, undergo a maturation process and migrate from the insulted tissue into the blood vasculature where they are transported to secondary lymphoid structures. Upon entering the lymphoid tissue the dendritic cells adhere to high endothelial venules, exit the blood, and present the nowprocessed antigen to nave T lymphocytes. a. True b. False Which of the following professional antigen-presenting cells will typically play the most important role in presenting antigen to nave TH lymphocytes in a primary immune response (first exposure to a pathogen)? a. B lymphocytes b. Neutrophils c. Dendritic cells d. Macrophages

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