Anatomical Background

Trichomoniasis in Female:

Female Reproductive System

Infected Female Organ

Vagina The vagina is a fibro muscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female mammals, or to the cloaca in female birds and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the oviduct. The vagina is the place where semen from the anatomic male is deposited into the anatomically female person's body at the climax of sexual intercourse, commonly known as ejaculation. Around the vagina, pubic hair protects the vagina from infection and is a sign of puberty. The vagina is mainly used for sexual intercourse.

Trichomoniasis in male

Male Reproductive System Pathogenesis

Sexually transmitted diseases

Infected Male Organ

Trichomoniasis is an infection of the urogenital tract caused by a proto oan, Trichomonas vaginalis; males usually have no symptoms with this infection, and only a portion of infected females have a vaginal discharge. T vaginalis is approximately the si e of a white blood cell !about "# $m in diameter%, although its si e may vary with physical conditions. &ts flagellum allows it to move around vaginal and urethral tissues. T vaginalis directly damages the epithelium, leading to microulcerations of inhabited tissues, increasing the risk of '&( transmission.

&nfection with the flagellate proto oan Trichomonas vaginalis is usually, but not exclusively, spread by sexual contact. The condition is commonly asymptomatic in males. &n females trichomoniasis has a variety of manifestations, including vaginal discharge, irritation of the genitals, and pain during intercourse or urination. &n women, T vaginalis is isolated from the vagina, cervix,

urethra, bladder, and )artholin and *kene glands. &n men, the organism is found in the anterior urethra, external genitalia, prostate, epididymis, and semen. Life Cycle

Signs and Symptoms What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis? In women, symptoms include:

Heavy discharge from the vagina Foamy discharge Yellow, greenish or gray discharge ischarge that has a !ad odor "ainful se#

"ain when you urinate Itching near vagina

In men, symptoms include:

$hite discharge from the penis %rarely& "ain when you urinate %rarely&

You can have trichomoniasis without having symptoms' Most men who get the infection do not have symptoms' Infected people who do not have symptoms can still spread the infection' Complications (richomoniasis )omplications *lthough trichomoniasis had long !een regarded as a se#ually transmitted infection of minor importance, evidence recently accumulated implicates Trichomonas vaginalis as a contri!utor to a variety of adverse outcomes in !oth women and men'+ Health )onse,uences of (richomoniasis in $omen Risk Factor for HIV T. vaginalis has !een associated with amplifying transmission and a,uisition of HI- infection'. (reatment of women infected with T. vaginalis resulted in a /'.0fold reduction in the ,uantity of HI-0+ in vaginal secretions'1 Associated ith Herpes Simple! Vir"s#$ Ac%"isition

Incident trichomoniasis was an independent predictor of herpes simple# virus0. incidence2 women with trichomoniasis were almost / times as li3ely to ac,uire HS-0. infection'/ Contri&"tor to Female Infertility (richomonads may serve as vectors for spread of other organisms !y carrying these pathogens up the fallopian tu!es'4 Several studies have shown T. vaginalis to !e a ris3 factor for tu!al infertility' 506 'el(ic Inflammatory )isease *'I)+ * significantly higher rate of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with trichomoniasis has !een shown compared with uninfected women'7 * separate study demonstrated that women coloni8ed withChlamydia and Trichomonas were significantly more li3ely to have symptomatic upper tract disease'+9 Cer(ical ,eoplasia Infection with T. vaginalis has !een associated with a .0fold increased ris3 of cervical neoplasia, even after controlling for human papillomavirus %H"-& infection'++ 'reterm -irth "regnancy complications such as preterm la!or and delivery, as well as low !irth weight infants have !een associated with T. vaginalis infection in several studies'+.,+1 (reatment of asymptomatic trichomoniasis in pregnancy is controversial'+/,+4 Health )onse,uences of (richomoniasis in Men

Risk Factor for HIV *mong HI- positive men with symptomatic Trichomonas urethritis, there was a 50fold increase in HIconcentration in semen compared to HI- positive men without Trichomonas'+5 (reatment of HI- infected men with T. vaginalis resulted in reduced e#cretion of HI- in semen'+: Contri&"tor to .ale Infertility *mong men infected with Trichomonas, there was a significant decrease in !oth sperm motility and via!ility versus control su!;ects' (reatment of Trichomonas showed significant improvements in sperm motility, via!ility, viscosity and particulate matter'+6 ,ongonococcal /rethritis *,0/+ (richomoniasis may !e an important cause of nongonococcal urethritis' * recent study found that in men with <=>, +7'7? were infected with (richomonas'+7 (he )enters for isease )ontrol S( treatment guidelines recommend inclusion of Trichomonas therapy for men with recurrent <=>'.9 Chronic 'rostatitis * recenty study involving men with chronic prostatitis found that in :+? of the men the cause of prostatitis was infective with trichomoniasis the specific infection in +7? of the men'.+