Tiq Limited Messenging for Professionals

WHO OWNS GLOBAL EMAIL SYSTEM ? WHO SETS EMAIL STANDARDS? WHO MAINTAIN THE SERVERS? WHY TIQQED ?

All contents of this White Paper are Copyrighted. Copyright 2013-2014 TI

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#o$ %&ail Wor's Today (

Electronic mail, commonly referred to as e-mail is the recent method of exchanging messages from one user to the other. In the modern world, emails are sent over an internet, a global system of interconnected com uter networ!s that use a standard internet rotocol suite. In the early email systems, emails were only sent and received when both the users were online "instant messaging#, unli!e today$s emails which o erate on a "store and forward# model. In store and forward model, the email servers acce t, forward, deliver, and store messages regardless of whether the users and the com uter are online at the same time. %he users &ust need to connect briefly to the mail servers for the rocess to be com lete. 'ctually, the emailing system is an integrated machine with servers and clients who o erate within the set mailing standards. %he (uestions that underlie here are) who actually owns these emails* +ho is behind the emails* +ho sets and ma!es changes to the mailing standards* +ho maintains the mail servers* In order to answer these (uestions, we first must as! ourselves who owns the internet where all the mailing rocess runs. %he internet is where the email systems o erate in. ,et us have a close examination of the internet, its origin, and ownershi .

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Who )$ns C*rrent +lo,al %&ail -yste&( Who Is .ehind(

'ccording to the edited .etwor!ing 1/1 re ort, I0'.., which stands for Internet 0or oration for 'ssigned .umbers, is the authority that governs the internet. I0'.. oversees all the tas!s related to IP addresses and domain name assignments. 1owever, it is argued that I'.', Internet 'ssigned .umbers 'uthority is still the authority that handles the daily oversight of the assigning of the real IP addresses, domain name management, as well as root-level 2.3 o erations. %herefore, it is understood that I'.' was the father of internet that gave the authority to I0'... 1owever, I'.' delegates a set of numbers to 4egional Internet 4egistries "4I4s# who then share the assigned IP addresses to the large community. %he IP addresses managed and shared by I0'.. are resolved to domain names by the 2.3 "2omain .ame 3ystem#. I0'.. is still the new authority that assigns to -level domain names to the 4I4s, therefore governing the entire 2.3. 'nother (uestion that comes in between here is) how is 2.3 related to Emails* Emails, through the mail servers are transmitted through a mail standard called 3im le 5ail %ransfer Protocol "35%P#, the 35%P uses the 2.3 as a directory to convert a name to a list of servers that can receive connections for that name and actually to find the IP address of the s ecific server. %herefore, by loo!ing u a destination server$s address in the 2.3, the sending server can ro erly route the message to the reci ient. In this case, the 2.3 uses two records 5ail Exchanger 56 that ma s a domain name to the names of one or more mail hosts and an ' records which ma s the host name to the IP address of the server. %his ma!es it clear that the mail servers use the 2.3 records, for exam le, servers that receive internet mail erform a reverse loo! u to 2.3 records to determine the host name for a given IP address hence ma!e it easy to verify the source of the message.

I0'.. is a non- rofit organi7ation set u by the internet community to hel coordinate I'.'s areas of res onsibilities. Its revenues for -/18 was 9:; million "htt < www.icann.org#.

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'n internet community is a community that exists in the internet and whose members enables it existence through ta!ing art in membershi ritual. Internet 'ssigned .umbers 'uthority I'.' is res onsible for o eration as ects of coordinating the internet$s uni(ue identifiers and maintaining the trust of the community to rovide these services in im artial res onsible and effective manner. 4egional Internet 4egistry "4I4s# is an organi7ation that manages the allocation and registration of internet of internet number resources within a articular region of the world. Its revenues for -/1- was 9 1=,991,=9-. Internet .umber resource include IP addresses and 'utonomous .umber "'3#. Internet Engineering %as! >orce IE%> ur ose is to im rove the erformance of the internet through roduction of high (uality and relevant technical document meant to influence the way eo le design use and manage the internet. Its revenue for -/18 was 9 8,8=?,///

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Who -ets %&ail -tandards(

%he emailing system o erate under standards, still loo!ed u in 2.3 as IP addresses which are resolved to domain names converted to mail servers. %he I0'.. deals with rotocols which confer with Internet Engineering %as! >orce "IE%>#, which develo s internet standards and rotocols. %herefore, anything develo ed under IE%> is conferred by I0'... >or instance, the 4>0s that give the new or fresh mailing standards are first seen in IE%> site where the mail servers are su osed to com ly to. >rom this oint, it is understood that the IE%> under I0'.. decides the standards, has the authority to change or bring in new mail standards. Standards related to the characters to be used in an email address %he Internet standards 4e(uest for 0omments"4>0# for rotocols mandate that com onent hostname labels 0haracters may contain only the '30II letters ' to @ "in a case-insensitive manner#, the digits / through 9, and the hy hen "-#.%he standard recommend the use of lower case characters, numbers and the underscore to create secure email addresses. Standards related to the size of an email address. 4>0 A8-1 s ecify the maximum length of email address the total length of a reverse- ath or forward- ath is -A? characters. %he definition of the ath is ath B CD C E'-d-1 C ) CF mailbox G H I the email address has angle brac!et around it to form ath therefore, the mailbox must be less than -A= characters to !ee the ath under -A? characters. Standards related to an email object size 35%P trans orts mail ob&ect that contains content and envelo e. %he envelo e is sent as a series of 35%P rotocol consisting of originator address, one or more reci ient addresses and o tional rotocol extension material. %he 35%P content is sent to the 35%P 2ata rotocol unit with two arts the header and the body. %he header forms a collection of field airs structured according to the message format s ecification. +here the body is structured, it is defined according to 5I5E. %he content is textual in nature.

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Standards related to the attachment size to email 5I5E arts rovide co ies of files. 'ttachment serves the ur ose of sending binary files of uns ecified si7e. %he I533 35%P servers are configured to re&ect any messages received that are larger than 8/5J. 'ttem ting to send an e-mail to an address that is larger than that will fail. Standards related to the determining of what TO/CC/BCC does 5essage transfer occurs in a connection between the originator 35%P-sender and the end %K) 35%P-reci ient and series of intermediary systems. %he standard rotocol re(uires that server either deliver a message ro erly or re ort the failure. 'fter establishing the transmission channel, the 35%P user initiates a mail transaction i.e. series of command s ecifying the originator and the destination "%K/00/J00# of mail and transmission of the content, when the same message is needed to reach many reci ients the same intermediary relay host.

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Who /aintains The -er0ers(

'll the mail servers wor! exclusively with the 2.3 root servers. %he list of servers converted by 35%P from the 2.3 directory loo! u for destination for the servers to ensure the sending server ro erly roots the message to the reci ient. %herefore, the 2.3 system is res onsible for all the servers and the roles they lay to emailing. It is the res onsibility of the I0'.. to maintain the entire 2.3 system, hence ta!ing care of the 2.3 and mail servers in ensuring that 2.3 root servers and mail servers are networ!ed ro erly to wor! together with the given domain names. %he mail servers rely on the database stored by the 2.3 root servers on the domain names and IP addresses, im lying that the 2.3 should be ro erly maintained by I0'.. to ma!e sure the servers res ond accurately. 3ome sources state that the 2.3 ma&or root servers are 18, which are named ', J, 0 to 5 where the to ten servers are maintained in the Lnited 3tates, one in ,ondon, one in Ma an, one in 3toc!holm, one in LN and 3weden. %he full list of servers can be accessed here < htt <//www.root-servers.org

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Concl*sion 1 $hy TI

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%his research rovides accurate, detailed, interesting, and re resentative finding of the ty e of custom (uestions< +ho owns current E-mail* +ho is behind it* +ho maintain and set the standards* %his finding can be com ared with .3' s ying where all evidence are intended to recall the credible accounts and information the general re ort gives details history of the investigation and end to end review. 'll the organi7ations mentioned in this document have their head(uarters based in .orth 'merica. 1owever, internet users in .orth 'merica accounted for only 11.=O of internet users worldwide in -/1-. " htt <//www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm#. %hat is the reason why %IPPE2 aims at < delivering new aths for electronic mails ro osing new standards

%he ultimate goal is to ma!e electronic messenging more reliable, secure and efficient.

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References 0harlie 3chluting "-//;# Networking 1 1! "ho #o$erns the internet% 'vailable at htt <//www.linux lanet.com/linux lanet/tutorials/?A=8/1 E'ccessed on -1 >eb. -/1=F %he 5ail 'uthority, TT& in 'NS available at http://thee !"#!$th%r"t&'(#%)sp%t'c% / E'ccessed on -1 >eb. -/1=F Jradley 5itchell "-/1=# "hat is a 'NS ser$er% 'vailable at htt <//com networ!ing.about.com/od/dnsQdomainnamesystem/f/dnsQservers.htm E'ccessed on -1 >eb. -/1=F .ominate "-/1=# 2.3 R 'omain Naming Ser$ice available at htt <//www.nominate.com/fa(/dns.shtml E'ccessed on -1 >eb. -/1=F 2omino 'dministrator "-//;# The 'omain Name S(stem and S)T* mail routing available at htt <// ublib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/domhel /v;r//index.&s *to icB O->com.ibm.hel .domino.admin.docO->2K0 O->1Q2K5'I.Q.'5I.SQ3E4TI0EQ2.3QKTE4.html E'ccessed on -1 >eb. -/1=F 0hris Sonyea "-/1/# 2.3< "h( it+s im,ortant and -ow it works available at http://*&n'c% /(#%)/*ns+,h&+"ts+" p%rt!nt+h%,+"t+,%r-s/ E'ccessed on -1 >eb. -/1=F 5att 5uller "-/18# The .nternet! "ho manages/runs/maintains 'NS ser$ers* 'vailable at htt <//www.(uora.com/%he-Internet--/+ho-manages-runs-maintains-2.3-servers E'ccessed on -1 >eb. -/1=F

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