The sludy of aichaeoIogy is lased onlhe necessily of

pIacing discoveied ailefacls in space and line. The nosl

fiequenlIy appIied nelhod is lhe lypoIogicaI and
lechnoIogicaI succession, sonelines coiieIaled vilh lhe
cuIluiaI oidei. The suljeclivily of lhe inleipielalion of
lypoIogicaI sequences iesuIls in diffeienl syslens, such as
1
lhose iegaiding lhe CeIlic civiIizalion .
In Luiope - excepl foi lhe Medileiianean iegions -
lh
lhe peiiod lelveen lhe 5 cenluiy and lhe leginning of oui
eia is knovn as lhe La Tne epoch, lhe Lale Iion Age. Il
legan vhen in lhe piinceIy couils fion lhe end of lhe
eaiIy Iion Age appeaied lhe La Tne ailislic slyIe, an
2
independenl CeIlic ail . Iion lhe leginning, lhis peiiod of
lhe Iion Age vas divided inlo seveiaI phases in seveiaI
phases. NeveilheIess, lhe definilions of lhese phases veie
appioached in diffeienl vays, sonelines ly ailislic
ciileiia, in olhei cases lased on lypoIogicaI sequences.
Though, having a consideialIe vaiiely of ailefacls and
dendiochionoIogicaI iesuIls fion lhe La Tne sile, ]csc
Maria dc Natarrc noliced lhe difficuIly lo eIaloiale a
chionoIogy and pionounced hinseIf againsl lhe unifoin
division of lhe La Tne civiIizalion, spiead on a loo vide
3
aiea and chaiacleiized ly seveiaI iegionaIisns .
Theie aie seveiaI veII knovn alsoIule dales foi lhe
hisloiy of lhe CeIls, naiking lhe najoi changes in lolh
4
poIilicaI aspecls and in lhe naleiiaI cuIluie . In CenliaI
Luiope sucha dale is 283 C: lhe conquesl of lhe leiiiloiy of
lhe Scncns ly Ronans, oi in Laslein Luiope 28O C: lhe age
5
of lhe gieal expedilions fion lhe aIkans .
The fundanenlaI facloi in lhe eIaloialion of a
ieIalive chionoIogy is iepiesenled ly lhe olseivalion of
Oscar Mcn|c|ius aloul lhe foin of seveiaI oljecls, vhich
changes piogiessiveIy, lo ieachinlhe end lhe nosl adapled
BcrcckI 5ndnr
Tigu Muie, Ronania
Muie Counly Museun
e-naiI: sleieckiyahoo.con
Thc Chrnnn!ngy nf thc Cc!tIc DIscnvcrIcs frnm Transy!vanIa
1
Thonas - Lhiich1969, 144-145.
2
Szal1974, 5, Kiula 2OOO, 99.
3
de Navaiio1972, 313.
4
eiecki 2OO4, 85-94.
5
Kiula 2OOO, 96.
47
6
foin lo seive lheii funclion . Iion lhis affiinalion, one can deduce lhal nol aII lhe oljecls aie
suffeiing changes and, al lhe sane line, sone ailefacls aie changing sIovei and olheis faslei.
7
Consideiing lhal sone pieces aie used foi a Iongei peiiod a ceilain piecaulion is necessaiy vhen
eIaloialing a ieIalive chionoIogy and using il foi daling. y conpaiing aichaeoIogicaI fealuies,
lhese so-caIIed cIosed fealuies, lheie canle deleinined lhe duialionof lhe use of a specific oljecl
using as a iefeience lhose pieces vhose fashionand execulionaie changing fiequenlIy.
lh
In lhe opinion of O||c Tiscn|cr, vho eIaloialed a ieIalive chionoIogy aIieady in lhe 19
cenluiy, lhese pieces aie lhe liooches, lhe svoids and lhe scallaids. Accoiding lo hin, lhe eaiIy
lh
peiiod (Ll.I) of lhe Iale Iion Age can le daled in lhe 4 cenluiy C and is chaiacleiized ly fiee-
Iegged liooches, suchas lhe ones discoveied al Duchov, poinled svoid lips and iounded scallaid
id nd
chapes. In lhe niddIe peiiod oi Ll.II (3 -2 cenluiies C) lhe liooches vilh Iegs anchoied lo lhe
lov, such as lhe ones fion lhe sile of La Tne, Iong svoids and poinled scallaid chapes lecane
sl
pievaIenl. The Iale phase legins in lhe 1 cenluiy C and is chaiacleiized ly deveIoped liooches,
Iike lhe ailefacls fion iliacle and Sliadonice and svoids vilhiounded lips.
Ioi lhe veslein iegions lhe chionoIogy of O. TischIei vas iefined ly ]cscpn Dccnc|c||c (1914)
vho pul foilh lhe inlioduclion of a finaI phase foi lhe iilish isIands (Ll. IV). Aflei expIoiing lhe
ceneleiy fion Mnsingen, ]a|co Iicdncr-S|crn (19O8) suldivided lhe fiisl and lhe second peiiod
defined ly O. TischIei (Ia, Il, Ic as veII as IIa and IIl). The syslen viII le appIied ly Datid Vic||icr foi
8
lhe discoveiies fionSvilzeiIand . Accuiale ly Pau| Rcincc|c, lhe ieIalive chionoIogy viII le accepled
9
foi lhe CeIlic ailefacls fion lhe easleiniegions of lhe Caipalhianasinly M4r|cn Rcs|a, loo .
}. M. Navaiio poinls lhal lhe slialigiaphy can le nisIeading, as in lhe case of lhe deposils
fion La Tne, vheie eaiIy and Iale ailefacls veie found al lhe sane deplh. The aulhoi of lhe sludy,
iefeiiing lo lhe svoids and scallaids discoveied in lhe Sviss sile, indicales lhe insufficiencies of
lhe lypoIogicaI nelhod foi daling, vhich has lhe disadvanlage lhal in nosl of lhe cases iefeis lo a
ieIaliveIy snaII iegion. The ieseaichei adnils lhe inpoilance of lhe slalislicaI anaIyses vhich,
conlined vilh lhe lypoIogicaI nelhod couId conslilule lhe lasis of a chionoIogy. The slalislics can
le appIied onIy inlhe case of ailefacls vilhveII knovnchaiacleiislics, pieces vhichappeai inIaige
nunlei in nosl of lhe siles. This aigunenlalion sils al lhe lasis of lhe inpIenenlalion of lhe
1O
lypoIogy and chionoIogy of svoids and scallaids fion lhe eponyn sile of lhe Lale Iion Age . The
chionoIogy of }. M. de Navaiio is luiIl especiaIIy on lhe oinanenls of lhese veapon eIenenls, lhe
ailislic slyIes leing unifoin ovei a Iaige leiiiloiy and veII cIassified chionoIogicaIIy vilhlhe aid of
11
lhe Medileiianeaninpoils . These veie suppoiled ly lhe anaIysis of liooches fion lhal pailicuIai
iegionand ly lhe nunisnalic infoinalion.
Innoilh-vesleinRonania, lhe aulhois iaised seveiaI hypolheses iegaiding lhe chionoIogy
foi lhe ceneleiy fion Ciuneli. Ioinling lo lhe lendency of iaising and Ioveiing lhe alsoIule
chionoIogy, |cn Hcrafiu Crian nanages lo coiieIale lhe ieIalive dales fion lhe ceneleiy vilh lhe
12
alsoIule dales used ly CenliaI Luiopeanieseaicheis .
Ioi ieIalive daling of lhe CeIlic discoveiies fion lhe easleiniegions of lhe Caipalhianasin
aIong vilh lypoIogy and sonelines conlined vilh il, lhe nelhod of hoiizonlaI slialigiaphy,
chailing oi speciaI posilion vas used successfuIIy ly ]4ncs Ncnc|i in lhe case of lhe ceneleiy fion
13
IicoIl . V|ad V. Zirra ie-exanined lhe sile using conpulei oidinalion, his concIusions leing
14
essenliaIIy aIike .
6
Kiula 2OOO, 97.
7
Rusloiu 2OO2, 32.
8
Kiula 2OOO, 1O1.
9
Roska 1915, 37-39.
1O
de Navaiio1972, 19-2O.
11
Suchdiscoveiies aie knovnfion lhe leiiiloiies occupied ly Scncns Iike Moscano, IiIolliano oi Monlefoilino (IlaIy),
piesenling cIeai anaIogies vilh lhe giave fion WaIdaIgeshein. These indicaled lo lhe aulhoi a daling of lhis ailislic slyIe
lh
lelveenlhe niddIe of lhe 4 cenluiy C and lhe niddIe of lhe nexl cenluiy (de Navaiio1972, 314).
12
Ciian1971a, 7O-72.
13
Neneli 1988, Neneli 1989, Neneli 1992a, Neneli 1993.
14
Ziiia 1997, 87-137.
48
eiecki Sndoi
Mi||cs Szaoc, in his iecenl synlhesis iefeiiing lo lhe easlein CeIlic voiId, piesenls a
chionoIogicaI lalIe, enphasizing lhe coiieIalion of alsoIule and ieIalive dales vilh nonenls fion
15
lhe hisloiy and ail of lhe easleinLuiopeanCeIls . Thus, accoiding lolhe pievious chionoIogies, lhe
lh
CeIlic civiIizalionvas divided inlhiee najoi peiiods: eaiIy oi Ll.I, fion lhe niddIe of lhe 5 cenluiy
id nd
C liII lhe lhiid decade of lhe 3 cenluiy C, niddIe oi Ll.II liII lhe lhiid decade of lhe 2 cenluiy
C, and Iale oi Ll.III liII lhe fiisl yeai AD. These phases veie pieceded ly lhe Lale HaIIslall and
foIIoved ly lhe Ronanpeiiod.
The LaiIy La Tne is divided in Ll.A: lhe appeaiance of lhe CeIls and of lhe eaiIy ailislic
slyIe, Ll. : lhe coIonizalion of Iannonia, lhe leginning of lhe WaIdaIgeshein slyIe, lhe fIoiaI slyIe,
1
and Ll. : lhe offensive againsl lhe HeIIenislic voiId. The MiddIe La Tne oi Ll.C has lvo phases,
2
lhe fiisl is chaiacleiized ly lhe consoIidalion of lhe povei of lhe easlein CeIls, lhe slyIe of lhe
Hungaiian svoids and lhe pIaslic slyIe. Ll.C is naiked ly lhe affiinalion of lhe lhiee najoi liiles:
2
8cii, Tauriscii and Sccdiscii. In lhis cIassificalion lhe cppida cuIluie appeais al lhe end of lhis phase
chaiacleiizing lhe vhoIe peiiod of lhe Iale La Tne, lhe Ll.D and Ll.D .
1 2
Thc hnrIznn prcccdIng thc arrIva! nf Cc!ts In Transy!vanIa, Lt.A-Lt.B , Ear!y La Tnc
1a
ased on funeiaI discoveiies, I. Reinecke (19O2) defined a phase naned Ll.A, pievious lo
lh
lhose deleinined ly O. TischIei, daled in lhe 5 cenluiy C, chaiacleiized ly Cieek and Lliuscan
16
inpoils . Specific foi lhe second peiiod () veie lhe geneiaIizalion of pIane giaves fion Iiance lo
lhe Caipalhian asin in lhe deliinenl of lunuIi and lhe liooches such as lhe ones fion Duchov oi
17
Mnsingen . Ioi Chanpagne, lhis fiisl phase vas iefined fiislIy ly }. DecheIelle, vho daled lhe
Ll.A peiiod lelveen5OO and 3OO C, Ialei ].-].- Ha|| and Picrrc Rcua|c| defined lvopeiiods vilhlvo
18
sul phases (Ll.Ia and Ll.Il, Ll.IIa and Ll.IIl) .
lh
D. VioIIiei pioposed as lhe leginning dale of lhis peiiod lhe niddIe of lhe 5 cenluiy C, lhe
conquesl of Rone in 39O/385 C incIuded in lhe Ll.Il phase, vhich ends aiound 325 C, vhen lhe
Ll.Ic legins (325-25O C). He did nol agiee vilh lhe suldivision of lhe second phase, lhe end of
vhichvas pIaced al lhe nonenl of lhe conquesl of CaIIia, al lhe niddIe of lhe fiisl cenluiy C.
The chionoIogy of Hcnri Huocr| fion lhe inlei/vai peiiod (pulIished in1932) chaiacleiized
lh
lhe cenliaI Luiopean La Tne A (5 cenluiy C) ly cienalion and inhunalion lunuIi, svoids vilh
19
anlenna and Ceilosa lype liooches . In ohenia, ]an |i|ip (1956) pioposed a fiisl cenliaI Luiopean
hoiizon of lhe CeIls, pieceding lhe so-caIIed hisloiicaI expansion lelveen 4OO and 25O C,
2O
conlenpoiaiy vilh lhe Duchov hoiizon . ased on lhe polleiy fion Radosevice (ohenia), il vas
21
supposed a conlinuous evoIulionfion lhe Iale HaIIslall liII lhe Ll. phase .
Theie aie seveiaI cases vhen CeIlic sellIenenls aie Iefl al lhe end of lhis fiisl peiiod. Such
facl vas nenlioned foi Tuchoniice-Knczit|a, neai Iiague, vheie lhiee hoiizons veie idenlified,
22
aII of lhen foi Ll.A and Ll.A .
1 2
Invesligaling lhe giaves discoveied in lhe ceneleiies fion Thuiingia, Kar| Pcscnc| defined
lhiee hoiizons, naned Ll.A, Ll. and Ll. . They diffei onIy ly nanes fion lhe peiiods eslalIished
2
23
ly D. VioIIiei, coinciding vilh lhe phases Ll.Ia, Ll.Il and Ll.Ic of lhe Iallei one . The sane
24
olseivalioncanle nade foi lhe dales used ly D. Trnp|cr foi SvilzeiIand and ly 8|azcj 8cnadi| in
25
lhe anaIysis of lhe chionoIogy fion SIovakia . The quoled aulhois used lhe alsoIule dales defined
15
Szal2OO5, 4.
16
Kiula 2OOO, 99.
17
Kiula 2OOO, 1OO.
18
inding 1993, 51.
19
Huleil 1983, 1O6.
2O
Kiula 2OOO, 1O1-1O2.
21
Cosden1984, 3O9.
22
Schvappach1975, 113, Tal. 1.
23
IescheI 1975, 2O3-213, All. 6.
24
TinpIei 1957, 15.
25
enadik 1963, 375.
49
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania
ly D. VioIIiei: Ll. : 4OO-325 C, Ll. : 325-25O C. Lxanining lhe lypoIogy and chionoIogy of lhe
1 2
liooches fion SIovakia, ]czcf 8ujna exeils a liipIe division foi aII lhiee peiiods: Ll. , and
1 (a, l, c) 2 (a, l, c)
26
Ll.C .
1 (a, l, c)
LIaloialed foi ohenia, a fiequenlIy used chionoIogy foi CenliaI and LasleinLuiope is lhe
27
one of ]ii Ia|dnauscr's vho defines even noie sliicl phases lo lhe ones consecialed . Yel, lhe
inleiin phases aie videIy daled inalsoIule chionoIogy. Il is lhe case of lhe Ll. , incIuded lelveen
1a
4OO C and 38O/35O C.
Ioi lhe vesleiniegions of lhe MiddIe Danule fion Hungaiy (Tiansdanulia) |4sz|c Hcrt4|n
28 lh
deleinined foui phases: Ll.A-D vilhalsoIule dales lelveenlhe 5 cenluiy C and lhe 1O C. The
aiiivaI of CeIls is connecled lo lhe expansioninlhe iegions soulhof lhe AIps and lo LasleinLuiope.
The vesleiniegions of lhe MiddIe Danule veie inhaliled ly lhe CeIls since lhe fiisl infiIlialions in
lhe Caipalhian asin unliI lhe Ronan conquesl. Il is consideied lhal lhe conquesl of lhe noilhein
iegions look pIace ly defealing lhe Iannonians, shoilIy aflei lhe canpaigns fion IlaIy and aflei
lhal lhe expansionlolhe vhoIe leiiiloiy of lhe CaipalhianasinfoIIoved.
Iion lhis peiiod lheie aie onIy a fev finds in lhe Caipalhian asin. The oinilonoiph
liooch fion Andishida, lhe knife fion Ielohza, lhe svoid fion Visegid, lhe giave fion
29
IeIsoiajk, oi lhe giaves ni. 4/l and 9 fion Menfocsanak can le nenlioned . AII lhese discoveiies
aie concenlialed inlhe vesleinpail of lhe Caipalhianasin.
The La Tne phase is lhe peiiod of lhe incuision of lhe CeIlic civiIizalion in lhe easlein
iegions of lhe acluaI leiiiloiy of Hungaiy, pIaces inhaliled pieviousIy ly Scylhians. The nev
3O
popuIalionviII doninale lhese Iands liII lhe Ll.D , lhe ages of lhe Ronanconquesl of Iannonia .
2
26
ujna 2OO3, 94-97.
27
WaIdhausei 1987, 35, Tal. 1.
28
Hoivlh1995, 73.
29
Milon1934, 13O, 14O.
3O
Inlhe exhililioncalaIogue fion iliacle lhe chionoIogicaI lalIe suggesls lhal lhis peiiod legins ineasleinHungaiy
inLl. , aIlhoughlhe lexl is expIicil aloul lhe aulhois' opinion(Szal1998, 14, 52, fig. 3).
1
Iig. 1. AlsoIule and ieIalive chionoIogies and lhe hoiizons fion Ronania.
5O
eiecki Sndoi
Thc fIrst Transy!vanIan hnrIznn, Lt.B
1b
IloIeny (quoled Ialei ly Aiiian and Slialo vho look ovei lhe infoinalion) naiialed aloul
lhe envoy senl lo AIexandei lhe Cieal in lhe line of lhe canpaigns al lhe Danule in 335 C ly lhe
CeIls fion lhe Ionian CoIf. Vasi|c Partan consideied lhis episode a chionoIogicaI poinl of
31
naxinun inpoilance . Lven so, lhe leginning of lhe Lale Iion Age vas daled ly lhe Ronanian
eiudile aiound 3OO C. The hisloiicaI luining poinl fion lhe line of lhe canpaigns of lhe
32
Macedonianking is undeiIined ly }. IiIip, loo . The scenaiio of lhe infiIlialionof lhe Scncns, spiang
fion lhe leiiiloiies aiound Ancona, seens acceplalIe aflei lhe discoveiy of lhe heInel fion Haeg,
vilhanaIogies inlhe IlaIianceneleiies.
AnaIyzing lhe CeIlic naleiiaIs fion TiansyIvania, I. H. Ciian daled lhe leginning of lhe
33
CeIlic piesence al lhe end of lhe phase Ll. , consideied in alsoIule chionoIogy aiound 35O C .
1
Discussing lhe opuIenl CeIlic giave fion Ciuneli lhe aulhois daled lhe occupalionof Ciiana and
34 35
Slnai and evenTiansyIvania lelveen335 and 3OO C . Conlinuing lhe lheoiy of |cn Ncs|cr , lhey
36
nenlion anolhei lvo vaves oul of vhich lhe second one sonevheie aiound 278 C . The
lh
coIonizalion of Ciiana and Slnai in lhe Iasl lhiee decades of lhe 4 cenluiy C vas suslained ly
37 id
V|ad Zirra vhoaffiined lhal lhe CeIlic liaces lecane fiequenl onIy fion lhe 3 cenluiy C.
The nelhod of conpaiison and conlinalion of naleiiaIs fion a sile vas used ly }. Neneli
inlhe case of lhe ceneleiy fion IicoIl fion noilh-vesleinRonania. The ieseaichei sepaialed foui
hoiizons, each one vilh specific ailefacls. The fiisl hoiizon vas daled in lhe liansilion peiiod fion
Ll. lo Ll. -Kinei oi Ll. -WaIdhausei, lhe nexl hoiizon vas leIieved lo Iasl lhe enliie Ll. -
1 2 1l 2
Kinei, Ll. -WaIdhausei, lhe lhiid hoiizon vas daled in Ll. and leginning of Ll.C oi Ll. -
2a 2 1 2l
38
WaIdhausei, vhiIe lhe Iasl hoiizonvas consideied conlenpoiaiy vilhlhe Ll.C -IoIenz phase .
1
We leIieve il is inpoilanl lo piesenl lhe ceneleiy nenlioned alove lecause lhis conlains
aInosl aII lhe ailefacls knovn fion TiansyIvania and il is lhe cIosesl one fion lhe geogiaphicaI
poinl of viev, as veII. Theiefoie, ve viII use lhe sane alsoIule chionoIogy foi lhe CeIlic naleiiaIs
fion TiansyIvania, cIassifying lhen ly lheii anaIogies fion lhe aichaeoIogicaI fealuies of lhe CeIlic
ceneleiy fion IicoIl. Aloul lhe alsoIule dales of lhe foui hoiizons fion lhis ceneleiy, lhe
39
ieseaichei adnils lhe Iack of coiioloialing eIenenls .
Regaiding lhe funeiaiy iile, lheie can le olseived lhal in lhe case of aInosl aII of lhe 15O
CeIlic giaves fion TiansyIvania, in lhe fiisl lvo hoiizons cienalion in pil and iaieIy in uin vas
piacliced. Inhunalion giaves appeai fion lhe lhiid hoiizon, vhen lhe cienalion in uins
disappeais, a unique silualion, nol specific foi lhe ceneleiy fion IicoIl, vheie aII lhe funeiaiy
iiles aie piesenl in snaIIei oi highei piopoilion in aII foui phases. Anolhei inleiesling olseivalion
4O
is lhal in TiansyIvania lheie aie nol any inhunalion giaves knovn fion lhe Iasl hoiizon, yel . The
exaninalionof lhe funeiaiy iiluaI needs lole nuanced aflei nev excavalions inceneleiies.
Ioi lhe fiisl hoiizon fion IicoIl lhe Dux and Mnsingen lype liooches aie chaiacleiislic
and aIso lhe S|cc|tcrscn|uss lype liaceIels, sinpIe luckIes and lig knives. The foins of vesseIs
deveIoped fion lhe LaiIy Iion Age foins, aIong vilh specific cenliaI Luiopean CeIlic polleiy, Iike
|inscnf|ascnc, si|u|a and shaIIov lovIs. This hoiizon is conlenpoiaiy vilh lhe Ll. / -Kinei and
1 2
lh
Ll. -WaIdhausei peiiods, daled in lhe second haIf of lhe 4 cenluiy (35O/33O C). The funeiaiy
1l
41
iiles aie cienalioninpil, inuinand inhunalion .
31
Iivan1926, 458-459.
32
IiIip 1976, 63-65.
33
Ciian1971l, 154.
34
Rusu - anduIa 197O, 4O.
35
Ciian1973, 66.
36
Rusu - anduIa 197O, 41.
37
Ziiia 1975l, 29.
38
Neneli 1998, 151-157.
39
Neneli 1992l, 139.
4O
eiecki 2OO6, 51-76.
41
Neneli 1988, 72.
51
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania
Mosl piolalIy lhe aiiivaI of lhe CeIls in TiansyIvania look pIace in lhe Iasl lhiee decades of
lh
lhe 4 cenluiy. ChionoIogicaIIy, lhe peiiod of quesl and slyIislic foining - Ll.A vilh ils sul phases
and Ll. - Iacks fion lhe expIoied iegion, lhe fiisl liaces of lhe CeIlic naleiiaI cuIluie appeaiing in
1a
lhe Ll. peiiod.
1l
As nenlioned alove, accoiding lo sone of lhe eIaloialed chionoIogies, in lhe easlein pail
of Hungaiy lhis peiiod vas lhe nonenl of affiinalion of lhe La Tne civiIizalion againsl lhe
42 43
ScylhiancuIluie vilha Iong peiiod of co-halilalionof lhe lvopopuIalions . The hypolhesis of lhe
synliosis of lhe CeIls and Scylhians in TiansyIvania vas issued ly M. Roska, lased on lhe giaves
44
fion Aiud and Muigeli , nuanced ly Ion Nesloi vho connecled lhe evanescence of lhe Scylhians
45
lo lhe aiiivaI of CeIls, lhe fiisl ones ieliealing noilhvaids lecause of lhe nevconeis . The
cohalilalion of Scylhians and CeIls in TiansyIvania vas suslained ly ||cna Hunqadi, loo, lul
46 47 48
iejecled anong olheis ly I. H. Ciian , V. Ziiia and Zcncn Icznia| .
Ioi lhe sludy of ieIalive chionoIogy lhe liooches aie inpoilanl aigunenls lecause lheii
fashion changes oflen. In funeiaiy finds lhey appeai pIaced al lhe neck, shouIdei oi peIvis of lhe
49
skeIelon, voin singuIai lul in paiis oi liipIels, loo . TveIve pieces knovn fion lhe aichaeoIogicaI
Iileialuie couId nol le incIuded inany chionoIogy. The iesl of lhe 75 ailefacls aie piesenl fion Ll.
1l
loLl.C .
1
Theie is infoinalion aloul six liooches foi lhe fiisl TiansyIvanian hoiizon: fion AIla
IuIia (Ceilosa lype, 1O-Teizan lype), RacouI de }os (A2-IicoIl lype), Rnov (3-Ziiia lype, A4-
IicoIl lype), ialei (Iauken lype, A5-IicoIl lype), VoiunIoc (Thiacian lype), and InlneIe
(Dux lype). In lhe invenloiy of lhe giave fion Muieni lheie veie lvo liooches, one of iion and a
second one of lionze (A2-IicoIl, eaiIy Dux oi 2-Ziiia lype). This fealuie vas daled IaigeIy, lo
lhe Ll. -Ll. peiiod.
1l 2a
The connon piopeily of lhe liooches fion lhis fiisl hoiizon is lhe fiee Ieg, vhich does nol
louch lhe lov. Theie aie nol knovn zoonoiphic liooches oi vilh nask (Mas|cnfioc|n) and lhe so
caIIed Dracn|fioc|n aie nissing, loo. The Ceilosa lype is one of lhe eaiIiesl pieces in lhe CeIlic
5O
spheie , lul lhey aie chaiacleiislic lo vide elhno cuIluiaI aieas, Iike lhe IIIyiian iegions, loo. The
sellIenenl and eponyn sile is Iocaled in Noilh IlaIy, soulh of lhe AIps, a iegion vilh fIouiishing
voikshops. These pieces vilh infIuences of lhe Lale HaIIslall slyIe conlined vilh lhe nev
oinanenlaI slyIe viII spiead in lhe fouilh cenluiy C. UnfoilunaleIy, lhe condilion of discoveiy of
lhis lioochfion AIla IuIia is nol knovn.
51
LaiIy Dux lype liooches (A2-IicoIl), such as lhe ones fion RacouI de }os and
Muieni in noilh-veslein Ronania veie discoveied al Oiadea-Sa|ca, AiaduI Nou, Iecica and
52
IicoIl . AnaIogies foi lhe Mnsingen lype oi A4-IicoIl lype liooch fion Rnov aie knovn
53
fion Menfocsanak oi IicoIl M , aII daled in Ll. . The Pau|cnogc| oi A5-IicoIl lype
2 1l
liooches Iike lhe one fion ialei aie knovn fion Cyona, Lednice, Hoiny }alov, Cholin oi
54
IicoIl . olh lypes spiead fion veslein voikshops, especiaIIy ohenia and Thuiingia,
vheie lhey aie daled lo Ll. . The Thiacian lype liooches Iike lhe ailefacl fion VoiunIoc aie
1
specific lo lhe eaiIy peiiod, loo.
42
Szal1998, 14, fig. 3.
43
Maiz 1981, 97-116.
44
Roska 1915, 41, Roska 1944, 73.
45
Nesloi 1941, 159-182.
46
Ciian1971l, 158-159.
47
Ziiia 1975a, 55.
48
Wozniak 1975, 36, 6O.
49
KaeneI 199O, 1OO, 456-457, fig. 45, pI. 88-91.
5O
Ziiia1991, 178.
51
Kiula 1979, 81-115.
52
Neneli 1988, 65, fig. 9/M . 1, vilhfuilhei anaIogies and lilIiogiaphy.
18O
53
Neneli 1988, 65, fig. 2/M . 3.
2
54
Neneli 1988, 65, fig. 2/M . 2a-l, vilhfuilhei anaIogies and lilIiogiaphy.
2
55
Neneli 1988, 66, vilhfuilhei anaIogies and lilIiogiaphy.
52
eiecki Sndoi
Tvenly liaceIels can le incIuded in lhis fiisl hoiizon. These aie: one fion Apahida (5-
IicoIl lype), lvo fion InlneIe (one S|cc|tcrscn|uss lype oi 1-IicoIl, lhe olhei one S|cnpc| oi
2a-IicoIl lype), six fion Media (lvo 4a-IicoIl lype, one 5-IicoIl lype), one fion $eica Mic
(S|cnpc| oi 4l-IicoIl lype), foui fion Tuida (lvo S|cc|tcrscn|uss oi 1-IicoIl lype, one 2-
IicoIl lype), one fion VoiunIoc and one fion Vuipi (S|cc|tcrscn|uss oi 1-IicoIl lype), one fion
iaov, lvofion Dupu and one fion Rupea, aII foui of S|cc|tcrscn|uss oi 1-IicoIl lype.
The piepondeiance of S|cc|tcrscn|uss oi 1-IicoIl lype liaceIels can le olseived. The
anaIogies Iike lhe ailefacls fion Aiad-Gai and IicoIl (M , M , M and M ) fion Ronania oi lhose
9 28 166 2O6
fion Cyoi-jsz4||4s, Cseiszeglonaj, Menfocsanak in Hungaiy, iespecliveIy lhe pieces fion
55
Duchcovand Mnsigenveie daled inlhe LaiIy La Tne peiiod .
The liaceIels ended in slanps (S|cnpc| oi 2-IicoIl lype) aie specific lo lhe fiisl hoiizon.
These pieces have lvo vaiianls inlhe ceneleiy fion IicoIl (M , M , M ) and inTiansyIvania, loo.
34 36 12O
The liaceIel fion Tuida vas discoveied logelhei vilh lvo olhei S|cc|tcrscn|uss oi 1-IicoIl lype
liaceIels, aigunenl foi lheii daling inlo lhis hoiizon. AnaIogies aie knovn fion Ksd,
Menfocsanak, Cyona oi Duchcov.
The 4a-IicoIl lype oi lhe liaceIels vilhleans as lhey appeai inlhe oIdei Iileialuie veie
nade of lionze and lhey have seveiaI knols. The piece fion Media vas pIaced aIong vilholhei six
liaceIels and a S|cc|tcrscn|uss oi 1-IicoIl lype loiques in an inuined giave. The liaceIel vilh
slanps oi 4l-IicoIl lype veision is knovn fion $eica Mic vilh an aInosl idenlicaI piece al
56
IicoIl . These liaceIels have a nassive lody and aie daled noslIy inLl. lul Ll. , loo.
1 2
Anolhei lype of liaceIel, fiequenl in LaiIy La Tne discoveiies is lhe one fion Media,
nade of a lionze viie, vilh opened ends. They aie cIassified in lhe fiisl hoiizon al IicoIl
confiined ly lhe TiansyIvanian aichaeoIogicaI fealuie, loo, vheie lhe ailefacl vas found logelhei
vilhLl. specific naleiiaIs.
1l
The foui neckIaces daled lo lhis hoiizon veie found al fion Haeg (S|cc|tcrscn|uss lype),
Media (S|cc|tcrscn|uss lype) $eica Mic and Tuida (S|cc|tcrscn|uss lype). The cIosing syslen of
lhese is idenlicaI lolhe 1-IicoIl lype liaceIels: one of lhe ends is engiossed and has anapeiluie foi
lhe olhei end lo pieice inlo il. Anolhei oinanenlaI ailefacl is lhe pendanl fion Tuida. Decoialed
vilh lvo ciicuIai iils and a iounded iing lhe piece seens lo le of LaiIy Iion Age liadilion and can
le daled lolhis hoiizon. This lype is aIike lhe D4-IicoIl lype.
HeInels aie iaie discoveiies in TiansyIvania. An eaiIy piece, fion Ll. of CeIlic-ilaIic lype
1l
vas discoveied al Haeg and vas nade of lionze. This -IfIug lype heInel is concenlialed inIlaIy,
lh
aiound Ancona, in lhe leiiiloiy of Senons, vheie lhey aie daled in lhe second haIf of lhe 4 cenluiy
57
C . The CeIlic heInels fion lhis peiiod piesenl a noiphoIogicaI diffeience. They aie nade fion
one piece, lhe cap is seni spheiicaI and lhe cheek pieces aie allached vilh iivels. AnaIogies aie
58
knovnfion MonlefoilinoM .
1Oc
Thc sccnnd hnrIznn, Lt.B
2a
The sulsequenl peiiod canle defined as lhe second hoiizonof CeIlic discoveiies. Il leIongs
lo lhe lhiid geneialion of lhe CeIls in TiansyIvania and is lhe line of CeIlic neicenaiy vhich
foIIoved lhe dealhof AIexandei lhe Cieal.
The line sequence leginning aiound 33O/32O C in lhe cIassificalion of Rupcr| Gconard is in
lh 59
accoidance vilh lhe 4 hoiizon . The alsoIule dales aie consideied loo eaiIy ly M. Szal,
coiioloialed vilh lhe chionoIogy of lhe Duchov-Mnsingen facics and lhe aichaeoIogicaI
6O
fealuies fion oIogna and Maizalollo . Anolhei aigunenl ieIies on lhe affiinalion of Vcnccs|as
56
Neneli 1989, 1O7, fig. 15/M . 8.
172
57
Schaaff 1988, 317, fig. 4O/7, IfIug 1988, 29O-292, fig. 14/13.
58
Schaaff 1988, 317, fig. 39/3, IfIug 1988, 29O-292, fig. 15.
59
Celhaid 1989, 121-124.
6O
Szal1994, 47.
53
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania
Kru|a iefeiiing lo lhe ceneleiy fion }enisv Ujezd fion ohenia, vheie lhe ieseaichei idenlified
eighl geneialions, fion vhich lhiee oi foui coiiespond lo lhe Duchov-Mnsingen facics a
lh
geneialion leing consideied lelveen 16 and 18 yeais. Consideiing lhese, lhe leginning of lhe 4
lh
hoiizondefined ly R. Celhaid cannol le anleiioi lo lhe Iasl decade of lhe 4 cenluiy C. This is lhe
aigunenlalionlhal caused M Szalloconsidei lhal lhe leginning of Ll. canle pIaced aiound 31O
2
61
C and lhe end of lhe phase al 26O C . Ioi ohenia, lhis peiiod vas daled ly }. WaIdhausei
62
aiound 3OO C and lhe end noie videIy lelveen28O-25O C .
If lhe denonslialion conceining lhe leginning of lhis hoiizon is pIausilIe, sone
olseivalions iefeiiing lo lhe end of lhe peiiod aie iequiied. As il can le ienaiked, lased on lhe
naleiiaI cuIluie, and on lhe denogiaphicaI changes, loo, lhe canpaigns fion lhe aIkans
designale a nev peiiod of lhe CeIlic civiIizalion al Ieasl in lhe Caipalhian asin. Iion lhe hisloiicaI
peispeclive, vaiciafl and cuIluie, il is nuch piolalIe lhal lhe second hoiizon ends vilh lhe ieluin
of lhe pailicipanls fion lhese canpaigns oi a shoil line aflei lhis nonenl, anyvay aiound 28O/279
C. SiniIai aclions look pIace in CenliaI Luiope in 283 C, vhen lhe CeIls veie defealed ly
63
Ronans and lhe AIpine ioads veie cul-off , lhe iespeclive nonenl neaning a luining-off in lhe
poIilics of lhe AIpine and CenliaI LuiopeanCeIlic liiles.
The Iauken lype liooches, lhe Iale vaiianls of lhe Dux and Mnsingen lype liooches, lhe
nassivegnaiIedliaceIels, lhecasl liaceIels, andlheliaceIels endedinslanps, oi lheHalvan-oIdog-
SiIiva lypesvoids aiespecific lolhesecondhoiizonfionIicoIl. Thepolleiyis individuaIizedlylhe
conlinalion of Lale HaIIslall and liadilionaI CeIlic foins. The hoiizon vas daled in lhe fiisl haIf of
id 64
lhe 3 cenluiy C, leing inaccoidance vilhlhe Ll. -Kinei oi Ll. -WaIdhausei phases.
2 2a
The nine liooches fion TiansyIvania daled in lhis second hoiizon aie fion Aiud (lvo
pieces, one eaiIy Dux oi A2-IicoIl lype) and Aichiud (lhiee pieces, vilh possilIe daling in Ll. ),
1l
InlneIe (lvopieces), SiIiva (eaiIy Duxoi A2-IicoIl lype) and IeIdioaia.
Seven liaceIels fion Ll. aie knovn. One vas discoveied al Aiud (5-IicoIl lype), lhiee
2a
veie found in lhe ceneleiy fion Aichiud (one of lhen S|cnpc| oi 4l-IicoIl lype, anolhei one of
Muffcntcrscn|uss, 3a-IicoIl oi 8-Hodson lype) and lhiee olhei pieces aie fion lhe ceneleiy fion
InlneIe, lvo of lhen of 2a-IicoIl lype. In lhe sane hoiizon aie daled lhe liaceIels fion lhe
ceneleiies fion $eica Mic, lhe nunlei and lype of lhese is unknovn, lecause lhe invenloiy of
lhese giaves is nol pulIished yel.
The lvo liaceIels vilh slanps fion InlneIe aie specific lo lhe fiisl lvo hoiizons fion
TiansyIvania and IicoIl. The 4l-IicoIl lype liaceIels aie piesenl in lhe aichaeoIogicaI fealuies
fion lhe second hoiizon, loo, Iike one of lhe pieces fion Aichiud. The ailefacls fion lhis ceneleiy
65
veie pieviousIy daled in Ll. , lhe discoveiei nenlioning lhough lhe possiliIily lhal lhe pieces
1
id 66
couId le fion lhe leginning of lhe 3 cenluiy , lhe anaIogies fion IicoIl indicaling lhis Ialei
67
daling . Iion lhe sane funeiaiy fealuie lhe onIy 3a-IicoIl lype liaceIel appeaied. Il is a luluIai
lionze piece, of Muffcntcrscn|uss lype, decoialed vilh geoneliicaI oinanenls. This lype of jeveI
vas voin lolh on viisl and ankIe. AnaIogies can le nenlioned fion Tiian and lhey aie fiequenl
68
inCeinany and SvilzeiIand, loo. Al IicoIl lhey appeai inlhe fiisl hoiizon .
A najoi inpoilance in lhe anaIysis of lhe ieIalive chionoIogy of lhe TiansyIvanian CeIlic
naleiiaI cuIluie has lhe ainanenl. The svoids veie hanged on lhe iighl side ly a lionze oi iion
leIl, oi sonelines ly a Iealhei one. Theie aie nosvoids discoveied fion lhe fiisl hoiizon, lhe lhiily
veapons leing daled lelveenlhe Ll. and Ll.C phases, excepl foi lhe one fion Dlca vhichdid
2a 1
nol have any eIenenl foi daling.
61
Szal1994, 47-48, Szal- Tank2OO6, 33O.
62
WaIdhausei 1987, 35, Tal. 1.
63
eiciu 197O, 56.
64
Neneli 1989, 113.
65
Ciian1973, 68.
66
DniI 1974, 48O.
67
Neneli 1989, 1O7.
68
Neneli 1988, 66, fig. 3/M34. 7a-l.
54
eiecki Sndoi
The svoid, lhe supiene veapon of lhe epoch, vas nosl fiequenlIy used in fighls ly lhe
CeIls. The chaiacleiislic delaiIs - innovalive lo lhose fion lhe Lale HaIIslall - aIieady appeaied al
lhe leginning of Ll.A, vhen svoids giev in Ienglh. MoiphoIogicaIIy, lhese aie sinpIe
acconpIishnenls. The fiisl ones had poinled peak, lhe handIe vas nade of vood oi lone
69
sonelines, vilhshoil guaid, nade of iion, usuaIIy ovaI oi ieclanguIai . Inlhis peiiod, lhese pieces
had a sinpIe lechnique of confeclion, loo. The scallaid and lhe scallaid chapes aie lvo inpoilanl
funclionaI and chionoIogicaI eIenenls. Conpaiing lhe nunlei of svoids and scallaids and aIso
lhe aichaeoIogicaI siles vilh such discoveiies, one can concIude lhal sone svoids veie voin
vilhoul a nelaI scallaid. Iion TiansyIvania lheie aie eIeven scallaids and lhe sane nunlei of
scallaid chapes knovn, nol aII discoveied inlhe sane pIace.
UnIike lhe svoids, scallaids aie conpIex achievenenls. In lhe leginning, lhey veie
7O
confeclioned ly Ieadei, vood, lionze and iaieIy fion iion , lhen, in lhe second hoiizon lhe
scallaids nade fion nelaIs lecane aInosl excIusive. The scallaid is nade of lvoidenlicaI pieces
assenlIed on lheii infeiioi pail ly lhe heail-shaped scallaid chape and guides and iivels on lhe
ienaining suiface. Inlhis peiiod lhese veapons aie iedundanlIy decoialed vilhaffionled aninaIs,
diagons oi slyIized liids.
A svoid fion lhe ceneleiy fion Aiud, anolhei one fion lhe incidenlaI funeiaI discoveiy
fion CIuj-Napoca and a lhiid one fion lhe giave fion SiIiva aie daled in lhe Ll. phase. The
2a
iiluaIIy lended svoid fion Aiud vilh lvo affionled and slyIized diagons oi liids can le incIuded
inlhe 3-Navaiiolype, vhiIe lhe scallaid chape canle cIassified inlhe 4.3.-Osleihaus lype. Theie is
no infoinalionaloul lhe svoid fion CIuj-Napoca, vhiIe lhe veII knovnveaponfion lhe vaiiioi
giave fion SiIiva is of SiIiva-Halvan-oIdog oi O1-IicoIl lype. The scallaid chape is decoialed
in lhe WaIdaIgeshein slyIe. AnaIogies can le nenlioned fion noilh-veslein Ronania, fion
Iecica, Scuieni, Cuiluiueni and IicoIl M , inlhis Iallei case il vas daled inlhe fiisl hoiizonof lhe
36
71
ceneleiy . Al Mnsingen lhey aIso appeai in lhe fiisl hoiizon of lhe ceneleiy, vhiIe al Manching
72
and Dina lhey aie incIuded inLl. .
2
IiolalIy lhe lesl knovn piece discoveied in TiansyIvania, lhe heInel fion SiIiva, dales
fion lhe second hoiizon. The piece vas nade of iion and il leIongs lo lhe nev La Tne slyIe -
WaIdaIgeshein - and iefIecls CeIlic-ilaIic infIuences iepiesenling, aIong vilhlhe piece fion Haeg,
lhe pioof of lhe oiiginof CeIls fion TiansyIvania.
The Iasl calegoiy of lhe CeIlic inheiilance vhich shouId le discussed in lhe conlexl of
chionoIogy is lhe one of lhe looIs. The nosl fiequenl ones fion lhe CeIlic finds aie lhe scissois, of a
singIe lype, I-IicoIl. Theie is infoinalion aloul lveIve finds, oul of vhich lhe one discoveied al
Aiud dales fion Ll. . These ailefacls aie specific especiaIIy lo lhe sulsequenl hoiizons, lul lhey
2a
73
aie piesenl spoiadicaIIy inlhe fiisl hoiizonfion IicoIl, loo .
Thc thIrd hnrIznn, Lt.B
2b
This hoiizon coiiesponds lo lhe lhiid and fouilh geneialion of CeIlic popuIalion on lhe
leiiiloiy of TiansyIvania. Il is lhe peiiod of denogiaphicaI expIosionand inpIicilIy of lhe giovlhof
lhe nunlei and vaiiely of ailefacls, caused especiaIIy ly lhe niIilaiy episodes fion Soulh Lasl
74
Luiope aiound 28O and 279 C, ages consideied as a luining poinl of lhe La Tne civiIizalion .
The changes fion lhis peiiod aie lhe iesuIl of lhe invasions fion lhe aIkan, sludied -
75
anong olheis - ly Adc|ina Pia||cus|i . Aflei lhe disinlegialion of lhe HeIIenislic kingdon of
Lysinachos fion 281 C lhe CeIls sel oul foi lhe canpaign fion aIkans. In Ieliuaiy 279 C
69
iunaux- Lanlol 1987, 87, 12O.
7O
iunaux- Lanlol 1987, 88.
71
Neneli 1988, 7O, fig. 4/1O.
72
Kinei 1962, fig. 1.
73
Neneli 1988, 68, fig. 9/M18O. 5.
74
Szal- Tank2OO6, 33O.
75
Iialkovski 196O, 189-2O1.
55
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania
eIgios/oIgios defeals lhe young king IloIenaios Keiaunos. In lhe sunnei of lhe sane yeai
iennos oiganized lhe expedilion in lhe soulh. The defeal of lhe CeIls al DeIphi look pIace in lhal
vinlei so lhe ielieal of lhe second vave look pIace in lhe vinlei of 279-278 C. The lhiid offensive
vas slopped ly Anligonos Conalas in Thiace, neai Lysynachia. Theiefoie, lhe fiisl lhiee decades
id
fion lhe 3 cenluiy assign a nev epoch foi lhe CenliaI Luiopean CeIlic voiId: lhe laIance of foices
of lhe La Tne civiIizalion noves lo lhe easl, vilh ils cenlie al lhe MiddIe Danule, alliacling lhe
CeIls fion Weslein Luiope and inpIying al lhe sane line an oiienlalion lo lhe aIkans of lhe La
76
Tne cuIluie fion lhese iegions .
The najoi changes aflei lhe faiIuie of lhe invasion of aIkans fion 279 C and lhe
vilhdiavaI of lhe second vave is iefIecled in lhe naleiiaI cuIluie of lhe CeIls fion lhe Caipalhian
asin. One of lhe calegoiies of ailefacls poinling oul suchchanges is lhe polleiy. WhiIe eaiIiei inlhe
Caipalhian asin lhe |an|narcs vilh Iaige lody and fIal lollon, of HaIIslall oiigin fion lhe IIIyiian
and Iannonian iegions vas in fashion, aflei lhe conlacls vilh lhe HeIIenislic voiId fion lhe lhiid
id
decade of lhe 3 cenluiy in lhe CeIlic ceneleiies Iike lhe ones fion Cholin (SIovakia), Kaialuina
(Seilia) oi Kosd (Hungaiy) lhe pioIonged foins, vilh piofiIed feel an specific handIes, aIike Cieek
77
polleiy appeaied .
Al lhe sane line, in lhe Caipalhian asin lhe peaiIs vilh hunan nask vhich aie fiequenl
lh id
fion lhe 4 cenluiy C inlhe Iack Sea iegionespeciaIIy inThiace aie piesenl leginning vilhlhe 3
cenluiy C. Theii appeaiance vas connecled lo lhe ieIalions lelveen lhe HeIIenislic iegions fion
78
lhe Iack Sea vilh lhe nedialion of lhe Kingdon fion TyIis . Hovevei, in CeIlic enviionnenl
lhese oljecls aie eaiIiei lhan lhe invasion of lhe aIkans, pioved ly lhe pieces fion lhe giaves ni.
191, 2O2 fion Ll. oi 1, 16, 191 and 194 fion Ll. found al IicoIl, vilh a concenlialion in lhe
1l 2a
79
second hoiizon of lhe ceneleiy . Sone aspecls of lhe veaponiy iefIecl lhe changes occuiied aflei
lhe invasion, suchas lhe unocs of shieIds and lhe viesled svoid's chains.
The lhiid hoiizon fion IicoIl diffeis fion lhe pieceding one ly lhe appaiilion of specific
MiddIe La Tne oljecls aIong vilh LaiIy La Tne ones, such as Iignile and sapiopeIile liaceIels oi
lhe laII-liaceIels (Hcn|ouc|c|ringc). Inlhis ceneleiy lhis hoiizonchaiacleiizes lhe second haIf of lhe
id
3 cenluiy C. In ieIalive chionoIogy il coiiesponds lo lhe Ll. /C -Kinei and Ll. -WaIdhausei
2 1 2l
8O
peiiods .
Theie aie 26 liooches incIuded in lhe Ll. phase. The najoiily of lhe pieces have lheii
2l
oiigin in lhe lasic foins fion lhe fiisl lvo hoiizons. Nov lhe Ieg of lhe liooches lecones Iongei,
sonelines anchoied lo lhe lov ly a pseudo laiieI. The liooches fion lhis peiiod aie: one fion
Acnaiiu, lhiee fion AeI (lvo of Mnsingen, 3-Ziiia oi A16-IicoIl lype) lvo fion Iiuni (one of
Mnsingen-Icske lype, lhe olhei one of iecenl Dux oi A6-IicoIl lype), lhiee fion Apahida (one
of A11-13-IicoIl lype), one fion Deznii, anolhei one fion Dipa (Mnsingen oi A15-IicoIl
lype), lvo fion CaIaii isliiei (lolh of A1O-IicoIl lype), lvo fion Oiosfaia, lhiee fion $eica
Mic, lvo fion IeeIca (iecenl Dux, 58-Hodson oi A6-IicoIl lype) and lvo fion Moieli (iecenl
Duxoi A6-IicoIl lype).
The iecenl Dux oi A6-IicoIl lype liooches fion lhis hoiizon aie fion Iiuni, IeeIca
and fion lhe sellIenenl fion Moieli. Al Mnsingen siniIai pieces veie incIuded in lhe I-K
81
hoiizons, daled in Ll. . These kinds of liooches appeai in Ll. in lhe ceneleiy fion IicoIl .
2 2a
The lvo A1O-IicoIl lype iion liooches discoveied al CaIaii isliiei have anaIogies al
Manching, vheie lhey veie incIuded in Ll. , vhiIe al Mnsingen lhey appeai in lhe Q-T
2
hoiizon, daled in MiddIe La Tne. In noilh-veslein Ronania siniIai ailefacls aie knovn fion
Cuiluiueni and Ciuneli. Al IicoIl lhese ieIaliveIy nuneious pieces aie incIuded in Ll. , lhe
2l
76
Szal1994, 38.
77
Szal2OOO, 1O.
78
Szal2OOO, 11.
79
Neneli 2OOO, 166-167.
8O
Neneli 1992a, 1O9.
81
Neneli 1989, 1O3, fig. 1O/M , 1, 7/M . 2.
146 98
56
eiecki Sndoi
82
lhiid hoiizon . The A15-IicoIl lype liooches, Iike lhe one nade of lionze fion Dipa have
83
anaIogies al HoIiaie, Cholin, oi in noilh-veslein Ronania al Cuiluiueni and IicoIl, M . The
61
A16-IicoIl lype is a vaiianl of lhe Iauken lype liooches. AnaIogies vilh siniIai chionoIogy aie
84
knovnfion IicoIl
.
In lhe lhiid hoiizon 31 liaceIels couId le incIuded. Thiee liaceIels have an unceilain
chionoIogy, fion Ll. lo Ll.C . Those daling fion Ll. aie: lhiee fion Acnaiiu, lhiee fion AeI
2l 1 2l
(lhe fiisl 18-IicoIl lype, lhe second 14-IicoIl lype, and lhe lhiid a gIass liaceIel), lvo fion
Tuida (18-IicoIl lype), one fion Aiud, lhiee fion Apahida (lvo 18-IicoIl lype), lhiee fion
Deznii (one 4c-IicoIl lype, anolhei one 13c-IicoIl lype), lvo fion Dipa (16-IicoIl lype,
iespecliveIy 18-IicoIl lype), six fion Oiosfaia (lvo 13-IicoIl, one 2.2-CIodaiiu and one 12-
IicoIl lype), and one fion Aiaci, and, Deva, Cilova, Micsasa, Sieni, $pInaca (14-IicoIl
lype) and Tigu Muie (14-IicoIl lype). Tvo gIass liaceIels fion Moieli and a 12-IicoIl lype
fion Oiosfaia aie daled lelveenLl. and Ll.C .
2l 1
The sapiopeIile liaceIels aie specific lo lhe Iasl hoiizon, lul lhey appeai in lhe Ll. phase,
2l
loo. Such liaceIel vas discoveied al Oiosfaia, in lhe cienalion giave of a vaiiioi. Anolhei piece,
lhis line fion a vonan's giave vas daled Iaigei, in lhe Iasl lvo hoiizons. Aloul lhe sapiopeIile
liaceIels lheie can le nenlioned lheii spiead in CenliaI Luiope, in Ceinany, Ausliia, SvilzeiIand
85
and Hungaiy, iaieIy in funeiaI discoveiies , vhiIe in TiansyIvania lhey appeai excIusiveIy in
giaves. In SIovakia, al Mana, lhe Iignile liaceIels aie knovn fion lhe Ll. (giaves 16, 1O4, 112, 141)
2
and lecone fiequenl in Ll.C (14, 15, 124, 125, 127 and 138). In lhe soulh of lhe Hungaiian IIane lhe
1
sapiopeIile liaceIels aie daled nuchIalei, inLl.C -Ll.D aIong vilhlhe ones nade of gIass and vilh
2 1
86
lhiee oi foui laIIs . Iion lhe counlIess anaIogies lheie can le nenlioned fion Cholin oi fion
87
noilh-vesleinRonania al Ciuneli and IicoIl .
The sinpIe liaceIels, nade of lionze lai (13-IicoIl lype) aie nenlioned fion Oiosfaia
and Deznii. This Iallei one is an iion liaceIel vilh supeiposed leininalions, 13c-IicoIl lype,
88
vilh anaIogies al Duchov, vhiIe al IicoIl lhey veie incIuded in lhe second hoiizon . One liaceIel
fion AeI, anduI de Cnpie, Tigu Muie and $pInaca can le incIuded in lhe 14-IicoIl oi 55-
Hodson lype, knovn in Iileialuie as Hcn|ouc|c|ring, loo. Ronanian anaIogies aie knovn fion
89
Ciuneli, Dindeli, Cuiluiueni, Diosig and IicoIl . The 16-IicoIl lype appeais inlhe cienalion
9O
giave of a vaiiioi fion Dipa. Al IicoIl suchpieces aie daled loLl.C .
1
The liaceIels vilh lhiee oi foui laIIs (18-IicoIl lype) appeai in lhe sane hoiizon, vilh a
Iaigei fiequency inlhe nexl peiiod. Inlhe ceneleiy fionnoilh-vesleinRonania lhis lype of liaceIel
91
vas found excIusiveIy in feninine cienalion giaves al lhe Iegs of lhe skeIelons . These ailefacls aie
specific lo lhe CenliaI and Laslein Luiopean CeIlic voiId. AnaIogies can le nenlioned fionCholin,
92
oi, innoilh-vesleinRonania fionCiuneli, VaIea Iui Mihai, Cuiluiueni, Diosig andIicoIl . Iion
TiansyIvania lhe lvo liaceIels discoveiedal Apahida, lvo olhei fionTuida andone fionAeI and
Dipa veie daled inLl. TiII nov lhey aie unknovninMoiavia, ohenia and onlhe uppei couise
2l.
93
of lhe Danule. Inlhe iegions vheie lhey appeai lhese aie daled loLl. and Ll.C .
2l 1
82
Neneli 1992a, 1OO, fig. 6/M . 2, 3, 6/M . 1, 1O/M . 1, 2, 1O/M . 1a-l, 14/M . 2, 3, 15/M . 1, 16/M . 2, 18/M . 1-4,
51 52 7O 71 1OO 1O1 1O7 1O8
21/M . 4, 2O/M . 1, 3.
117 115
83
Neneli 1992a, 1O4, fig. 8/M . 1.
61
84
Neneli 1992a, 1O4, fig. 15/M . 1.
99
85
Rochna 1941, 329, 353, fig. 1.
86
Maiz 1974, 124.
87
Neneli 1989, 1O7, fig. 17/M . 4.
175
88
Neneli 1989, 1O7, fig. 6/M . 1, 7/M . 5, 9/116. 2-3, 17/M . 3a-l.
86 96 175
89
Neneli 1992a, 1O5, fig. 17/M . 6a-l, 18/M . 9-1O, 2O/M . 4, 26/M . 3a-l, vilhfuilhei anaIogiesandlilIiogiaphy.
1O7 1O8 115 156
9O
Neneli 1992a, 1O5, fig. 27/M . 2.
155
91
Neneli 1992a, 1O5.
92
Neneli 1992a, 1O5 fig. 5/M . 5, 5/M . 5a-l, 8/M . 4, 9/M . 6, 15/M . 7a-l, 16/M . 1, 23/M . 5, vilh fuilhei
47 49 61 67 1O1 1O6 127
anaIogies and lilIiogiaphy.
93
Maiz1977, 5O, 59.
57
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania
The peaiIs veie anong lhe favouiile jeveIs of lhe epoch. These can nol le daled ly
lhenseIves, lheii chionoIogy can le appoinled onIy ly lhe aichaeoIogicaI fealuie lhey leIong lo.
One can ienaik lhough lheii alsence in lhe discoveiies fion lhe eaiIy hoiizons fion
TiansyIvania. These peaiIs appeai in Ll. , nosl of lhen daling fion Ll.C , olseived pailiaIIy
2l 1
94
foi noilh-veslein Ronania, loo . The lesl anaIogies foi lhe najoiily of lhese ailefacls aie knovn
fion IicoIl, lhe piece fion AeI can le incIuded in lhe D1-IicoIl lype: lhe peaiIs decoialed vilh
95
peacock-eyes vilh lesl anaIogies in a giave fion lhe aIieady nenlioned ceneleiy . Six olhei
peaiIs veie discoveied al Tuida.
Ten svoids aie daling fion lhis lhiid hoiizon: lvo fion Apahida (one of O2a-IicoIl lype),
one fion lhe ceneleiy excavaled al Cepaii and Deznii (lhis Iallei one of 4.2-Osleihaus lype), lvo
fion lhe ceneleiy fion Dipa and anolhei lvo fion InlneIe (1.C-Navaiio lype) and one fion
lhe isoIaled giaves fion Iapiu IIaiian and ToaicIa. The scallaid chapes aie V shaped. The
fiagnenls of lhe heInel fion Apahida and lhe ciicunslances of discoveiy do nol aIIov a ceilain
daling lul lhey piolalIy leIong lolhis lhiid phase.
Sone of lhe ceneleiies sliII funclioning lefoie lhe expedilions fion Macedonia and Cieece
fion 28O/279 C veie used uninleiiupledIy aflei lhe end of lhe canpaigns. Lxceplions seen lo le
lhe giaves fion Aichiud and $eica Mic, ceneleiies daled onIy in lhe second TiansyIvanian
hoiizon. The ceneleiies fion InlneIe and Media legan in lhe ages of lhe coIonizalion of
TiansyIvania and ended vhen lhe CeIls gave up lhis leiiiloiy. The ceneleiies fion Aiud and
Apahida legan in lhe decades lefoie lhe invasion of lhe aIkans and ended in lhe nonenl of
suiiendei of lhe easlein iegions of lhe Caipalhian asin. Hovevei, lhe najoiily of lhe
TiansyIvanian ceneleiies dale fion lhe peiiod foIIoving lhe invasions. Il is lhe case of lhe giaves
fion Cepaii, Deznii, Dipa, Oiosfaia oi CaIaii isliiei (Iig. 2).
1
st
horlton
2
nd
horlton

Aichiud $eica Mic
3
rd
horlton CaIaii isliiei
ialei
4
th
horlton
Iandiana
D
i
p

a
D
e
z
n
i
i
C
e
p
a
i
i
A
p
a
h
i
d
a
A
i
u
d
M
e
d
i
a

n
l

n
e
I
e
O
i
o
s
f
a
i
a
Iig. 2. The chionoIogy of lhe CeIlic ceneleiies fion TiansyIvania.
As a iesuIl of lhe invasions inlhe aIkans lhe pseudo-enlossnenl and gianuIalionappeais,
96
as il canle olseived onlhe lioochfion CIuj-Napoca-Gnccrgncni oi lhe liaceIel fion Ciuneli .
Thc fnurth hnrIznn, Lt.C . MIdd!c La Tnc
1
The lhiid phase (C), vhich coincides vilh lhe niddIe peiiod of lhe Iale Iion Age, vas
lhoughl of diffeienlIy ly lhe aulhois vho veie pieoccupied vilh lhis aspecl of lhe CeIlic
id
civiIizalion. In lhe chionoIogy of I. Reinecke, il legins al lhe niddIe of lhe 3 cenluiy C and ends
vilh lhe nigialion of lhe Cinori and Tcu|cncs. Chaiacleiislic pieces aie lhe laII-liaceIels and
97
liooches vilh lheii Iegs allached lo lhe lov . }. DecheIelle daled lhe leginning of lhe peiiod lo 3OO
98
C and lhe end lo 1OO C vhiIe inohenia }. WaIdhausei daled lhe peiiod aiound 2OO C . Ioi lhe
iegions easl of lhe Tisa Rivei, 8cro4|a Mar4z pioposed a nuch loo eaiIy peiiod: 3OO-28O C foi lhe
94
Neneli 2OOO, 169-17O.
95
Neneli 1988, 67, fig. 1O/M . 6.
191
96
Szal2OOO, 11-12, 9/2, 1O/2.
97
Kiula 2OOO, 1OO.
98
WaIdhausei 1987, 35, Tal. 1.
58
eiecki Sndoi
leginning of lhe Ll.C juslifying hei hypolhesis vilh lhe canpaign fion lhe aIkans and vilh lhe
1
99
daling of lhe |an|narcs fion Szol . The liaceIels vilhlhiee oi foui laIIs veie consideied specific lo
1OO
lhe Iale Ll.C and Ll.D , lul lhe chionoIogicaI syslen used ly lhe aulhoi is ialhei inpIausilIe.
2
Consideiing lhe iecenl discoveiies fion Ludas (Hungaiy), M. Szal pioposed once again as a
1O1
synloIic dale foi lhe leginning of lhe MiddIe La Tne (Ll.C ) 26O C . Aflei lhe anaIysis of lhe
1
CeIlic naleiiaIs fion lhe sellIenenl fion Moieli, Kur| Hcrcd| daled lhe leginning of lhe sile al lhe
id 1O2
niddIe of lhe 3 cenluiy C oi, noieovei, al lhe leginning of lhe nexl one .
InSvilzeiIand, D. VioIIiei in1916 pioposed 5O C as luining-poinl lelveenMiddIe La Tne
1O3
and Lale La Tne . ased on lhe dendiochionoIogicaI dales and on lhe ailefacls iesuIled fion lhe
conlacls lelveenlhe Medileiianeanand lhe CeIlic voiId, lhe end of lhe fiflhhoiizonof R. Celhaid
as veII as lhe leginning of lhe foIIoving - inieIalive chionoIogy lhe end of Ll. and lhe leginning
2l
id
of Ll.C - in lhe aiea of lhe MiddIe Danule can le daled shoilIy lefoie lhe niddIe of lhe 3 cenluiy
1
1O4
C, sonevheie aiound 26O C , vhiIe lhe end of lhe sixlh hoiizon (Ll.C ) can le pIaced al 175 C.
1
Ioi lhe end of Ll.C lhe sane chionoIogy aiound 185/17O C vas used ly Har|nu| Pc|cnz. In lhe
1
1O5
sludy iefeiiing lolhe liooches fion SIovakia }. ujna daled lhe end of lhe Ll.C al 19O/18O C .
1
Accoiding lo lhe chionoIogy of }. IiIip, lhis peiiod is chaiacleiized ly lhe concenlialion,
consoIidalion and liansfoinalion of lhe econonicaI Iife lelveen 25O and 125 C especiaIIy in
1O6
CenliaI Luiope, foIIoved ly lhe peiiod of cppida, lelveen 125-5O C . Ioi lhe delul of lhe cppida
peiiod lhis dale is consideied nuchlooIale ly lhe najoiily of ieseaicheis, lhe Ronanoccupalionof
CaIIia Nailonensis vilh haIf a cenluiy eaiIiei leing seen as lhe |crninus pcs| qucn foi lhe
1O7
cppida epoch .
The Ll. peiiod fion TiansyIvania is conlenpoiaiy lolhe fiisl Scoidiscianhoiizon, naned
2l
1O8
eIgiade 1, vhiIe Ll.C is lhe phase coiiesponding lolhe second, eIgiade 2 hoiizon .
1
The Iasl hoiizon fion IicoIl, Ll.C -IoIenz oi Ll.C -WaIdhausei is chaiacleiized ly lionze
1 1a
and iion liooches specific lo lhe MiddIe La Tne, lig laII-liaceIels and leIls vilh eighls. As foi
lhe polleiy, lhe liipIel vesseI invenloiy is specific: a lig pol, a shaIIov oi a deep lovI and a jai. In
1O9
lhis hoiizonseveiaI ailefacls chaiacleiislic loLl.C appeaied, lul veiy fev ones .
2
Consideiing lhese pieces fion lhe end of lhe MiddIe La Tne (Ll.C ) lhe alsoIule daling of
2
lhe Iasl hoiizon can le pIaced al 13O/12O C. ul if ve adnil lhal lhe cppida aie specific lo lhe Iasl
phase of lhe MiddIe La Tne (Ll.C ), eIenenls lhal aie nol lo le found in lhe easlein iegions of lhe
2
Caipalhian asin and Ciiana oi Slnai, il seens veiy inpoilanl lo ieconsidei lhe chionoIogy of
lhe end of lhe phase. The yeai 12O C vas seen as lhe leginning of lhe Lale La Tne (Ll.D) ly
I. Reinecke, }. M. De Navaiio, }. IiIip oi C. KaeneI, lul lhey do nol aIvays iefei (exceplion is lhe
chionoIogy of }. IiIip) lo lhe end of Ll.C phase lul of Ll.C . The naleiiaI cuIluie of lhe second sul
1 2
phase of lhe MiddIe La Tne aie vagueIy knovn and defined lolh foi TiansyIvania and noilh-
vesleinRonania.
In lhe aulochlhonous Iileialuie, leside lhe chionoIogicaI Iinils eslalIished ly }. Neneli,
olheis Iike A. Mircnconsideied lhal lhis hoiizonends aiound 19O C. Refeiiing lolhe chionoIogy of
}. Neneli, Aurc| Rus|ciu ains lo dale lhe leginning of lhe phase Ll.C al lhe niddIe of lhe second
2
11O
cenluiy oi eveneaiIiei, nenlioning lhe discoveiies fion Ciaiva and Sighioaia .
99
Maiz 1977, 56.
1OO
Maiz 1977, 59.
1O1
Szal- Tank2OO6, 33O.
1O2
Hoiedl 1979, 5O-51.
1O3
VioIIiei 1916, 15.
1O4
Szal1994, 46.
1O5
ujna2OO3, 1O6.
1O6
Kiula 2OOO, 1O1-1O2.
1O7
Kiula 2OOO, 1O1-1O2.
1O8
Cuslin1984. 319-323, 323-325, lalIe 1.
1O9
Neneli 1992a, 1O9, Neneli 1998, 151-154.
11O
Ciianel aIii 1995, 37.
59
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania
Inlhe adjacenl iegions, Iike LasleinHungaiy, lhe CeIlic lype La Tne civiIizaliondoninales
111
lhe aichaeoIogicaI naleiiaIs liII lhe dale of lhe Loid's liilh, al lhe end of lhe phase Ll.D , leing a
2
112
unifoin cuIluie even fion lhe peiiod Ll. /Ll.C . Al lhe end of lhis peiiod lhe CeIlic ceneleiies
2l 1
113
vanished nol onIy in TiansyIvania lul in nosl pail of Luiope, as veII . In lhe cenlie and veslein
pails of lhe conlinenl lhis is lhe nonenl of lhe appaiilion of cppida, vhiIe in TiansyIvania lhese aie
nissing. Moieovei, lhe CeIlic Ll.C ailefacls appeai spoiadicaIIy and inDacianconlexls.
2

335 .C.
Ll.1l
1sl hoiizon
Ll.2a
2nd hoiizon Ll.2l
3id hoiizon
Ll.C1
4lh hoiizon
3OO .C. 28O / 276 .C. 25O .C. 175 .C.
Iig. 3. The alsoIule and ieIalive chionoIogy of lhe CeIlic hoiizons fion TiansyIvania.
Il vas consideied foi a Iong line lhal lhe polleiy chaiacleiislic lo lhe Ceinanic aslainae
fion Moieli couId le an aigunenl foi lhe infiIlialions of lhis popuIalion (Ioieneli-Lukasevka
114
cuIluie) in TiansyIvania al lhe end of lhe Ll.C . The ie-exaninalion of lhe finds shovs lhal lhe
1
ailefacls fion lhe Ioieneli-Lukasevka cuIluie aie nissing fion lhe CeIlic aichaeoIogicaI fealuies,
lheii piesence is noliced onIy foi lhe Iayeis, vilh nuIlipIe possiliIilies of inleipielalion. Theii
nd
appeaiance couId le daled posleiioi lo lhe canpaigns fion lhe aIkans, al lhe niddIe of lhe 2
cenluiy C. The Iack of diiecl evidences aloul a Iayei Ialei lhan lhe CeIlic sliala indicales lhe
sinuIlaneily of lhe Ceinanic and CeIlic naleiiaIs, vhiIe in lhis case lhe piesence of lhe polleiy
pioducls foieign lo lhe CeIlic cuIluie couId le expIained ly conneiciaI ieIalions oi effeclive
piesence, ialhei lhan as an aigunenl foi lhe disappeaiance of lhe CeIls lecause of lhe Ceinanic
popuIalion. The CeIlic ailefacls in lhe sellIenenls of lhe aslainae fion MoIdova couId le anolhei
aigunenl inlhis sense. The aslainae aie piesenl inlhe aIkans lelveen179 and 168 C as aIIies of
Macedonians. Theii effeclive piesence easl of lhe Caipalhian Mounlains vas pIaced al lhe niddIe
nd 115
of lhe2 cenluiyC vilhoul lheexacl knovIedgeof lheilineiaiyfionlheaIkansinlheseiegions.
IoIIoving lhe lheoiy of Ccns|an|in Daiccticiu, I. H. Ciian connecled lhe disappeaiance of
lhe CeIls lo lhe giovlhof lhe Dacians' povei inlhe line of lhe king Rulolosles (incrcncn|a daccrun
116
pcr Ruococs|cn rcgcn). The piocess of assiniIalion vas consideied sIov and Iong Iasling , lul
aichaeoIogicaI evidences donol suppoil lhis lhesis.
This peiiod of lhe CeIlic civiIizalion in TiansyIvania conpiehends lhe naleiiaIs of lhe
Iasl geneialions fion lhe aiea, chaiacleiized ly a iichness and vaiiely of ailefacls. In sone
117
iegions of lhe Caipalhian asin, Iike in soulh-easlein Hungaiy oi lhe CenliaI Luiopean
111
Szal1998, 14, fig. 3.
112
Maiz 1974, 124.
113
Rusloiu 2OO2, 31.
114
Rusloiu 2OO2, 32-33.
115
ale 1985, 2O9.
116
Ciian1971l, 157-158.
117
Maiz 1977, 56.
6O
eiecki Sndoi
118
ceneleiies such as lhe one fion Manching lhis peiiod neans lhe alandonnenl of lhe eaiIiei
ceneleiies. The nev CeIlic vave aIong vilh lhe popuIalion fion lhe pieceding phases, vilh
oljecls specific lo lhe Ll. and Ll.C , legins lo luiy lhe dead in nev ceneleiies. This change of
2 1
lhe coIIeclive nenlaIily is nol docunenled foi TiansyIvania, vheie pievious ceneleiies
conlinue lheii exislence (Iig. 2).
The 28 liooches fion Ll.C aie nenlioned fion Apahida, Iandiana, Cepaii, CIuj-Napoca
1
(Mnsingen, 21-28-Hodson, A15-IicoIl lype), Dlca, Dipa, InlneIe (five pieces), IIiua (foui
pieces), Media, Ohala Ionoi (C-IeIsova, A17-IicoIl lype, fioc|n ni| Acn|crscn|cifcn), Oiosfaia
(seven pieces, one of A17-IicoIl lype), $eua (lvo lionze pieces, of 13a- iespecliveIy 13l-Celhaid
lype) and Tuida.
118
Kinei 1962, 3O5.
119
The lypes naiked vilhA aie fion lhe lypoIogy foi lhe ceneleiy al IicoIl piocessed ly Neneli }nos.
12O
Neneli 2OOO, 169-17O.
121
enadik 1978, 4O7, All. 2O.
122
Neneli 1992a, 1O6, fig. 21/M . 11.
115
ChionoIogy
Types
119


1
sl
hoiizon 1
sl
/2
nd
hoiizon 2
nd
hoiizon 3
id
hoiizon 4
lh
hoiizon
Ceilosa

1

A4, Mnsingen

1

A5, Iauken

1

A2, eaiIy Dux

2

1

2

Icske

1

A6, iecenl Dux

3

A1O

2

A11-13

1

A16, Iauken vilh laiieI

2

A15, Mnsingen vilh laiieI

1

1

A17, C-IeIsova,ni| Acn|crscn|cifcn

2

13a-l Celhaid

2

Iig. 4. The chionoIogy of lhe liooches.
Iion Ll.C 26 liaceIels aie knovn. The nosl fiequenl ones aie lhose vilhlhiee oi foui laIIs.
1
The lhiileen pieces aie aII nade of lionze, and lhey veie uneailhed fion Apahida (lvo pieces),
CIuj-Napoca, DeIuieni, Dipa, InlneIe (lvopieces), }ucuI de Sus, Oiosfaia, Snlioana, SopoiuI de
Cnpie (lvopieces) and Uioi.
Tvo gIass liaceIels veie discoveied al DeIuieni. Anolhei gIass liaceIel, of 14-Haeveinick
lype is knovn fion InlneIe. These ailefacls appeai in lhe pieceding hoiizon lul lhey lecane
fiequenl in lhis Iasl phase. The gIass liaceIels aie daled in Ll. and Ll.C in noilh-veslein
2l 1
12O 121
Ronania, vhiIe al Mana (SIovakia) lhey appeai inLl.C .
1
AnaIogies foi lhe S|cpsc|tcrscn|uss oi 19-IicoIl lype liaceIel nade of lionze fion Dipa
122
aie knovnfion IicoIl .
To lhis hoiizon leIong lvo 12-IicoIl lype liaceIels nade ly sapiopeIile discoveied al
InlneIe and Oiosfaia.
61
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania
The svoids veie nade of iion and piesenl a funclionaI evoIulion. Thus, in lhe leginning,
lhey aie shoilei and aflei lhal lhey lecane Iongei. These Iallei ones have iounded lips and lhey
124
veie used especiaIIy foi hilling ialhei lhan piickIing . Sixleen svoids aie daled in lhis hoiizon.
The lvo svoids fion Aiud have lheii handIe ended in a spheiicaI lullon. A iounded scallaid
chape, an anguIai scallaid and an iion svoid leIl veie uneailhed in lhe sane ceneleiy. Coning
fion Oiosfaia is knovn a svoid and ils scallaid, of O2a-IicoIl lype, iiluaIIy lended vilh a V
shape scallaid chape. Tvo svoid leIls veie found inlhe ceneleiy, loo. The svoid fion and vas
lended lefoie leing pIaced inlhe giave, il has lhe noulhof lhe scallaid inlhe shape of a leII and il
pieseived lhe leIl fixing iing. The veapon fion CIuj-Napoca of 4.2-Osleihaus oi O3-IicoIl lype
vas doulIe-edged and il has a squaie handIe. The scallaid is fiagnenlaiy.
Olhei pieces aie nenlioned fion CiisluiuI Secuiesc, Dipa (vilh L5-IicoIl lype leIl),
Zoieni, Ciaiva (lhiee iiluaIIy lended svoids), Heiia (lvo svoids), Heiina, Mojna and Seli. A leIl
vilhoul svoid vas discoveied al }ucuI de Sus.
AIong vilh lhe CenliaI Luiopean CeIlic chionoIogy, |cn G|cdariu pioposed a chionoIogy
specific lo lhe Dacian civiIizalion, especiaIIy oulside lhe Caipalhian asin. Accoiding lo lhis, lheie
vouId le lvo najoi evoIulionaiy phases (I and II) vilh lvo, iespecliveIy lhiee sul-phases. The IA
and I peiiod aie lhose vhich coiiespond lo lhe CeIlic piesence in lhe easlein Iands of lhe
Caipalhian asin. This chionoIogy defined in alsoIule dales lhe IA peiiod lelveen 4OO/35O and
25O C and il is chaiacleiized ly lhe infIux of Cieek and soulh Thiacian pioducls in Dacian
sellIenenls oulside lhe Caipalhian Mounlains, iespecliveIy lhe appaiilion of lhe CeIls in
TiansyIvania. The iionis IaigeIy used, lhe fiisl coins aie issued and lhe foins of lhe polleiy change.
The I peiiod (25O-15O C) is lhe line of affiinalion of lhe fiisl poIilicaI enlilies and fiisl Dacian
125
coins aie issued inlhis phase .
The CenliaI and Laslein Luiopean Iale Iion Age slyIe is in facl lhe evoIulion of lhe HaIIslall
126
slyIe in lhe conlexl of Cieek and oiienlaI, lul aIso Scylhian and IIIyiian infIuences . The fiisl
ChionoIogy
Types
123

1
sl
hoiizon 2
nd
hoiizon 3
id
hoiizon 3
id
/4
lh
hoiizon 4
lh
hoiizon
1, S|cc|tcrscn|uss 8

2, S|cnpc| 1

4a 2

4l, S|cnpc| 1 1

2a, S|cnpc| 1 2

5 2 1 1

3a

1

14

3

13

2

13c

1

4c

1

16

1

2.2-C.

1

18, laII-liaceIels

6

13
12, sapiopeIile

1 1 2
gIass

1 3 4
19, S|cpsc|tcrscn|uss

1
Iig. 5. The chionoIogy of liaceIels.
123
The lypes naiked vilh aie fion lhe lypoIogy of }nos Neneli, vhiIe lhose naiked vilh C fion Ion
CIodaiiu's (CIodaiiu 1984).
124
Szal1971, 23, Huleil 1983, 74.
125
CIodaiiu 2OO3, 76.
126
Szal1974, 55.
62
eiecki Sndoi
chionoIogy is offeied ly Pau| ]accos|an|, pailing lhe ailislic nanifeslalion in eaiIy slyIe, cIassic oi
WaIdaIgeshein slyIe and pIaslic slyIe. Regaiding lhe chionoIogy of lhe slyIes, fiislIy Pau|-Maric
Duta| lhen M. Szal eslalIished lhe leginning of lhe eaiIy seveie slyIe al 45O C, chaiacleiized ly
lhe conlinalion of liadilionaI CeIlic eIenenls and IocaI eIenenls, foIIoved ly lhe fiee slyIe,
lh id
divided inlo fiee giaphic slyIe and fiee pIaslic oi eaiIy pIaslic slyIe, daled lelveen lhe 4 and 3
cenluiies C.
lh
Ioi lhe leginning of lhis peiiod, noie pieciseIy foi lhe 4 cenluiy C, lhe CeIlic ail fion
avaiia, Ausliia, ohenia and Moiavia is chaiacleiized ly lhe so caIIed 8cgcns|i|. The
WaIdaIgeshein slyIe leIongs lo lhe sane peiiod, il legins al lhe end of lhe fouilh cenluiy C

JACOB5TAHL 1944

DUVAL, 5ZAB 1970

450


car!y scvcrc sty!c

400
fiisl La Tne slyIe

seveie slyIe

350

o
g
e
n
s
l
i
I
300

WaIdaIgeshein

250

f
r
c
c
s
t
y
!
c
c
a
r
!
y
p
!
a
s
t
I
c
s
t
y
!
c
f
i
e
e
g
i
a
p
h
i
c
W
a
I
d
a
I
g
e
s
h
e
i
n
f
i
e
e
p
I
a
s
l
i
c
200

150

pIaslic slyIe
!atc scvcrc sty!c
cvn!vcd p!astIc sty!c

100

50

1

Iale La Tne slyIe

neo-seveie slyIe


foined ly lhe Cieek and Lliuscan conlacls aflei
lhe occupalion of IlaIy. The nev slyIe look ovei
oinanenlaI eIenenls Iike cuives, paInelles and
spiiaIs, specific lo lhe ail of lhe Medileiianean
iegion. The eaiIy pIaslic slyIe is foIIoved ly lhe
id
Iale seveie oi evoIved pIaslic slyIe, daled in lhe 3
nd
and 2 cenluiies C chaiacleiized ly a laioque
spiiil. In lhis peiiod lhe anlhioponoiphic vesseIs
oi anlhioponoiphic handIes appeai, Iike lhe ones
fion Kakasd, Ksd, Rozvny in Hungaiy oi
Iandiana in Ronania, and lhe loai-shaped
127
ailefacls and laII-liaceIels, loo .
The ilineiaiy of lhe CeIlic coIonizalionand
lhe piehisloiic connunicalion Iines veie IaigeIy
discussed in lhe aichaeoIogicaI Iileialuie and foi
TiansyIvania lhey veie synlhesized ly I. H.
128
Ciian . Il seens ceilain lhal in lheii expansion
lovaid lhe easl lhe CeIls ieached easiIy
lh lh
TiansyIvania in lhe 7 decade of lhe 4 cenluiy
C, piolalIy nol a Iong line aflei lhe negolialions
lelveen lhe CeIlic envoy and AIexandei lhe
Cieal. Majoi changes in lhe cuIluie of lhe CeIls
can le olseived fion 3OO C, naiking a nev
phase of lhe TiansyIvanian CeIlic civiIizalion,
nosl IikeIy caused ly a nev vave of CeIlic
coIonisls oi due lo an innei evoIulion of lhe
Iig. 6. The chionoIogy of CeIlic ail.
naleiiaI cuIluie ovei vide aieas. The evenls laking pIace duiing lhe canpaigns fion lhe aIkans,
lhe defeal of lhe CeIlic liiles and lheii ielieal neanl foi TiansyIvania nev infiIlialions of
popuIalion, even a denogiaphicaI expIosion. ased on lhe discoveiies knovn, lhe CeIlic
popuIalion appeais lo have doulIed ils nunlei fion lhis poinl on. This peiiod lioughl nev
ailefacls chaiacleiislic lo lhe aIkans and CenliaI Luiope and changed lhe coIIeclive nenlaIily, loo,
iefIecled in lhe changes of lhe funeiaI halils. The Iasl geneialion fion TiansyIvania piacliced
especiaIIy cienalion vilh sunpluous and heleiogeneous invenloiy, lypicaI foi lhe Caipalhian
nd
asin. The CeIlic occupalionsuddenIy ends inlhe fiisl quailei of lhe 2 cenluiy C inTiansyIvania
and inCiiana and Slnai, loo. The ieasons of lhe dissoIulionof lheii aulhoiily veie inleipieled in
129
nany vays: assiniIalion, niIilaiy defeals, inciease of lhe povei of Dacian liiles, ielieal , elc., lul
13O
lhe evenls fion lhis peiiod aie sliII haid lole eIucidaled .
127
Szal1971, 48-53, 72, Szal1972, 385-387, Szal1974, 12, 4O-43.
128
Ciian1973, 65-67.
129
The alandonnenl of a vhoIe leiiiloiy vas olseived inlhe case of Uppei SiIesia. ednaiek 2OO5, 184.
13O
The liansIalionvas supeivised ly CoiaIia Ciian(Muie Counly Museun), lovhon ve vouId Iike lolhank.
63
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania
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Ziiia 1997 Ziiia, VIad VinliI, Conliiluii Ia cionoIogia ieIaliv a ciniliiuIui de Ia IicoIl, AnaIiz
conlinaloiie i slialigiafie oiizonlaI, S|udii i Ccrcc|4ri dc |s|cric Vccnc i Arncc|cgic, 2, 48,
87-137.
65
Tnc Cnrcnc|cgq cf |nc Cc||ic Discctcrics frcn Transq|tania