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1.0 Introduction:
A study conducted by Energy Information
Administration, (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy indicates that there is a visible trend across the globe wherein the growth rate in total energy consump tion has been greater than the popula tion growth rate. In the developed co untries the energy co nsump tion growth rate is only marginally higher compared to the population gro wth rate. For example, in USA, energy consumption is projected to grow at 1.3% while the population gro wth ra te is projected to grow at 0.8%. In contrast, in developing countries like India po pulatio n growth rate is expected to grow at 1.3% while the energy consum ption ra te is expected to gro w at 4.3%. This trend wo uld strain the energy sector to a large extent. The construction industry in the country is growing at a rapid pace and the rate of growth is 10 % as compared to the world average of 5.2%. Hence energy efficiency in the building sec tor assumes tremendous importance. C ommercial buildings are one of the major consumers of energy and are the third largest consumers of energy, after ind ustry and agriculture. Buildings a nnually consume more than 20% of electricity used in India. The potential for energy savings is 40 50% in buildings, if energy efficiency measures are incorporated at the design stage. For existing buildings , the potential can be as high as 20-25% which can be achieved by implementing ho use keeping and retrofitting measures. The incremental cost incurred for achieving energy efficiency is 5-8% vis-a-vis conventional design cos t and can have an attractive payback period of 2-4 years.
CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre LEED - Platinum Rated 63% Energy Savings
Figure 1: Break-up of energy consumption in a building Typical break-up of energy consumption in a building is as sho wn in Fig 1. In a typical building, air conditio ning is the highest consumer of energy follo wed by lighting and o ther miscellaneous eq uipment. Therefore, if the initial desig n considers energy efficiency measures in these areas, substantial energy savings can be realised. 2.0 Typical Energy Saving Approach In Buildings: 2.1 Orientation: This is the f irst s tep to achieve energy efficiency. The following measures can be adop ted: v Minimize exposure on the south and wes t v Use simulatio n tools and techniq ues which ca n help in designing the orientation to minimise heat ingress and enhance energy efficiency.
Typical heat gain through the building envelope is sho wn in Fig.2 The following envelope measures can be considered: v Select high performance glazing with low U-value, low Shading C oefficient and high VLT (Visual Light Transmittance). v Insulate the wall. The o ptions for insulation materials ca n be - Extruded polystyrene, Expanded polystyrene (thermocol), Glass wool e tc., v Brick wall with air cavity can also significantly reduce the heat ingress. v Hollow blocks, Fly as h bricks and A utoclaved Aerated C oncrete (AAC ) Blocks are also good insulators. v The heat ingress throug h the roof can be as high as 12-15%. Insulating the roof can substantially reduce the heat ingress. v C onsider shading devices for window openings .
2.4 Lighting:
v Design in such a way that the building ge ts maximum day lig hting. v Overall lighting power density can be designed as less as 1.0 W /sq.ft. v Use daylight-c um-dimmer controls v Install occupancy sensors v Select energy efficient luminaires like C FL, T -5, LED, etc.,
suit the natio nal context and priorities. Energy efficiency in design has been achieved by a number of buildings in India by adopting the LEED India green building rating system. A LEED rated building consumes 30-50% lower energy as compared to a conventional building. These buildings are desig ned to s urpass the AS HRAE 90.1.2004 s tandards or EC BC (Energy C onservation Building C ode). Energy performance of three LEED Platinum ra ted buildings have been monitored for about 3 years and energy savings achieved are shown in Table -1 Table 1: Monitoring of energy savings in LEED rated buildings Consumption Built-up of Area Conventional (Sq.ft) Building (kWh) 1,75,000 48,00,000 Consumption Annual of Energy LEED % Savings Designed Reduction (Rs in Building Lakhs) (kWh) 31,00,000 40% 102
Building
Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon CII Godrej GBC, Hyderabad
1,70,000
35,00,000
20,00,000
45%
90
20,000
3,50,000
1,30,000
63%
The IGBC (Indian Green Building C ouncil) has launched two rating programmes LEED India NC (New C onstruction) a nd LEED India C S (C ore & Shell). As on date, 195 projects with a built-up area of more than 110 million sq.ft. are registered for rating. Thus far, 19 buildings have achieved the LEED ra ting in India.
need
skilled have
professionals
who
understanding of architecture and energy systems. IGBC is addressing this through number of training and awareness programmes all over the country. Thus far, 3500 professionals have been trained o n these concepts. Energy simulatio n programmes are excellent tools to design energy efficient buildings. The tools typically used are Visual DOE, Energy Plus and Lumen Micro. As of now, the number of trained professionals on these tools and techniques is scarce. IGBC is facilitating training of professionals on these tools.
Grundfos Pumps India Ltd, Chennai LEED - Gold Rated
equipment and sys tems in place a t the desig n stage; ho wever, the building can sustain the savings only if it is mo nitored on a continuous basis.
Protocol) to monitor and sustain the savings. Proper measurement & verification of savings will help the building owner to fine-tune the base line and achieve high level of savings. Applying rating programmes like LEED EB (LEED for Exis ting B uildings) can help buildings to susta in energy efficient prac tices over the life of the building.
energy efficiency in a building covering building envelope, mecha nical systems & equipment, service hot water heating , interior & exterior lighting and electrical power & motors. This is an excellent initiative whic h will enable desig n of high performance buildings.
5.0 Conclusion:
With the tremendo us growth the country is witnessing , energy efficiency in build ings assumes paramount impor tance. The energy saving potential can be as high as 4050%, if addressed right at the design s tage. The app lication of codes like ASHARE / EC BC as a benchmark can help in designing high performance buildings . There exist tremendous opportunities to introd uce new materials, equipme nt and technologies which can help e nhance energy efficiency of buildings.