Comparative Investigation of Organic Compounds

Abstract In this experiment, the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of organic compounds were analyzed through the comparative investigations and spectrometric analyses. Physical and chemical properties characterized certain intrinsic physical properties. Simple observations were used at the odor, color, and other physical states. The compounds miscibility was experimented by applying the drops or pint of a sample if it was a solid or liquid. The compounds flammability was determined by placing 3 -5 drops of the liquid sample inside an evaporating dish and quickly igniting it with a match. Solubility of the samples in water was tested by reacting individually with Litmus paper. The following should be done such as compounds have different water solubility due to their varying polarities, the solubility in acids or base leads to a more detailed information about the compound and the different physical and chemical properties and determining by using infrared spectroscopy.

Introduction
Carbon chains in varying sizes and strength has become the basis of most organic compound since carbon atoms easily connect with other atoms easily. The most commonly seen atoms with carbon are hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Hydrocarbons are all insoluble in water because they are easy to distribute and they are not polar. Hydrocarbons are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons: saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double and triple bonds. These types often have similar physical properties but have different chemical properties such as vapor pressure, miscibility, and flammability. IR and NMR are also used for a detailed analysis of the organic compounds and to differentiate and

identify the compounds relationship of the molecules.

by

the

Materials and Methods A.) Materials The materials required to perform this experiment are: For solubility properties: samples (DCM, cyclohexane, ethanol, phenol, benzoic acid, ethyl acetate, and ethyl amine), 5% HCl solution, 5% NaOH solution, distilled water, test tubes, calibrated dropper. For Litmus Paper Reaction: Red and blue litmus paper, samples. For Ignition Test: matches, evaporating dish, samples. B.) Methods

For Solubility Properties and Litmus Paper

Adding solvents to the samples. Do not heat the mixture. Observe the solubility of the samples.

Insoluble in water.

If soluble, test with red and blue litmus paper. Take note of the litmus papers changes.

needs to be grinded in order to increase surface area and it is added by 0.1 g while liquid samples are added by 4 drops. They are then tested for their properties by adding 5% HCl and 5%NaOH solutions separately. The mixtures are not to be heated. Based on the amount of solvent added, the sample was described as very soluble, soluble, slightly soluble, or insoluble. If it was a liquid, it was described as miscible, slightly miscible, or immiscible. If the sample was soluble in water, a small amount was taken from it and tested on red and blue litmus papers. The color change of each one was to be noted. 2.) Ignition Test

For Ignition Test

Place the liquid and solid samples seperately in a small evaporating dish. Ignite the samples

The sample was placed in a small evaporating dish. Matches were used to light up the samples. If the sample was flammable, the color and burning time of the flame was to be noted.

Not flammable.

Flammable . Note the color of the flame and burning time.

1.) Solubility Properties and Litmus Paper Reactions Samples were added separately in the test tubes. If the sample was solid, it

Results and Discussions After the procedure, results are obtained: the following

Table 1 shows the experiment results on the samples

Before the experiment, the physical

Test Compounds Condensed structural formula Physical state at RT Color Odor Cyclohexane DCM Ethanol Phenol Benzoic Acid Ethyl acetate Ethylamine

liquid Colorless gas-like smell

liquid colorless Mild paste smell Miscible Immiscible immiscible No effect No ignition

Liquid Colorless Alcohol-smell

liquid reddish Paste-smell

solid white Gas smell

liquid colorless Plastic balloon smell Miscible Immiscible immiscible acidic ignited

Liquid Light yellow Formalin smell

Water solubility 5% NaOH solubility 5% HCl solubility Reaction with Litmus Paper Ignition Test

Immiscible Immiscible Immiscible Acidic No ignition

Miscible Miscible Miscible No effect Ignited

Immiscible Miscible immiscible acidic No ignition

Slightly soluble Soluble insoluble acidic No ignition

Miscible Immiscible Miscible Basic ignited

states of the samples were determined in order to properly perform the experiment. The only solid sample was benzoic acid therefore it was the only one that was grinded in order to increase the surface area. Most of the samples are colorless in nature except for phenol, benzoic acid and ethylamine. For the odor, every sample had varying ones. After the solubility test on water, only cyclohexane and phenol were immiscible with benzoic acid being slightly soluble. While on 5% NaOH, only cyclohexane, DCM and phenol are immiscible. Lastly in 5% HCl test, most of the samples were immiscible except for ethanol and ethylamine. For the litmus paper test, most of the samples were acidic except for DCM and

For the litmus paper test, most of the samples were acidic except for DCM and ethanol being neutral while ethylamine was basic. It was determined to be basic, acidic or neutral by simply applying a small amount on red and blue litmus paper. If the blue turned red, it was acidic while if the red one turned blue, it was basic. It was determined to be neutral if no change occurred. On the ignition test, only ethanol and ethylamine produced a valid flame when ignited with matches. The infrared analysis was not performed in this experiment due to time constraint and lack of equipment to perform the test.

References

Consiglio, D., Kirouac, B. Organic Chemistry. Oakland, USA: Oakland Schools Chemistry Resource Unit University of Colorado, Boulder, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, (2011). IR Spectroscopy Tutorial. Retrieved on September 10, 2013 on http://orgchem.colorado.edu/Spectroscopy/ir tutor/tutorial.html Glagovich, N., Shine, T. (2005). Organic Spectroscopy Laboratory: Utilizing IR and NMR in the Identification of an Unknown Substance. New Britain: Department of Chemistry, Central Connecticut State University. Centko, Rebecca S.; Mohan, Ram S. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 77. Cabay, Marcus E.; Ettlie, Brad J.; Tuite, Adam J.; Welday, Kurt A.; Mohan, Ram S. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 79.