PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Fourth Workshop on Ccothermal Rcsewoir Enginccring Stanford University. Stanford California.

February 9-l l, 2009

SC;P-TR.
I

87

Overview of Gedongsongo Manifestations of the Ungaran Geothcrmal Prospcct' Central Java, Indonesia : a preliminary account
Mochamad Nukman Geophysics Study Program, Gadjah Mada University Sekip Utara, FMIPA - UGM Yogyakarta, 5528 l, Indonesia e-mail: moch nukman@ugm.ac.id

ABSTRACT
Gedongsongo surfbce manifestations of the Ungaran geothermal prospect in Central Java, Indonesia, have f,igtr tempeiaturi properties, 72 - 870C,2 - 6 pH and

770 ppm

of chloride. The

stable isotopic ratios of

6180 and 6D of t'wo adjacent manifestations show a slightly different enrichment. The westem part reveals a rnore magmatic water influence than those o[ the eastem one. This is supported by the presence of relic manifestations as most occurs in the eastern part; whereas active fumaroles and steaming ground exist at westem part.

INTRODUCTION
Ungaran Volcano is located at northern part of the Java volcanic arc (Figure l). Java itself is developed by the north-south modem subduction system of the Indian oceanic plate and Eurasian continental plate

Figure

l;

Localiryu

o"f (lngaran Geothermal

Prospect, Central Java, Inclonesia

TTIERMAL MANIFES ATIONS

Thermal manifestations of Gedongsongo are in the form of fumaroles, hot springs and steaming ground. The active thermal manifestations mostly occur in the western part of a slnall creek on the southenr f'lank of Ungaran summit (Figure 2). Measured temperatures
made using a thermistor at the verlt of fumaroles (size 0.75 x 0.50 m) reaches 850C (measured in November 2008) with significant mass flow rate (Nukman, irr

(Hamilton,1979). Ungaran
stratovolcanos range,

i.e. Merapi,

lies within

Merbabu,

Telomoyo and Ungaran (from south - north; Figure 1). Bemmelen (1949) describes the Ungaran volcano as composed of augite-olivine basalt-andesite (Lower

Pleistocene), augite-olivine basalts

Pleistocene), augite-hornblende(biotite)

(upper

andesite

(upper Pleistocene and Holocene) and hornblende

andesite (Holocene). These three distinct compositions are recognized as the products three of
major volcanic eruptions which were separated by two collapses stnrctures (Bemmelen, 1949). This stmctlre type rnight control surface manifestations at
Ungaran.

prep.) The fumarole discharges fiom steep ctiff; whereas steaming ground (45 x 30 m) rvith sirnilar temperatures coexists in higher topography. This suggests that flimaroles were fomted due to heated ground water which in bisected topography (Figurer 3). The temperature of hot spring (eastern part) and sieaming ground (southem part) ieaches about 400C
and 50uC, consecutively.

Some geothermal manifestations appear to surround Ungaran volcano, i.e. Kali Ulo, Diwak, Banaran and Gedongsongo. In this paper, the author focuses on major manifestations that occur at Gedongsongo which is situated at the southern flank of Ungaran summit. An update of manifestatior.r descriptions and fluid origins are described.

manifestations (Figures 2 & 3). There are many dead trees covered by sulphur and mud. The su\thur odor can be recognized at very close distance, and there

In the eastern part of the creek exist relic

are tiny fracfures over the ground also covered by sulphuric mud interpreted as relic 'rvarm or hot spring
channel mouth.

FLUID T}'PE
The altered ignimbrite and andesitic roeks re,"'eals a
1!,'ater samples

AII}

ORIGIS

high alteration intensiq- (0.8 of 1 AI of Brow,'ne, 1999) and per-vasive silica replacement is also present: there trre not manv feldspar left. Relic
epidote also appears at solre outcrops.

ol nanif-estatlsn lvere cclL:cted, ililct.i in rinsed pol3.'e!hene bcttles. ft'rliy tilled anci sealeri ici avoirl any precipitation pria; analJ':;is pr*ces:e.:, Tlre chemieal constiruent-c r!e.e an*l1zed b-_v the

of {iGM ilndor:esia.r and isotopic constiluents lveie measur*d b;; G\-5 Lcucr Hutt $iew Zealandl. Thc chernical corlpositi+n r-; shown in Table L
Llhemistr:- Depafiment

The West Ung-01 sarnpL- u'as coilecr'ed fio;tt funraroles at the s/e,\teri clilf: the Easl Ung-Oi w'as
E+.. ..-

collected from hrrt sprine located just a le.* lreters to

east r-'rl the \\,'est Un.e-O1 location. The chemical

.t

Figure

2:

Lacaliq,n

of

surJace

rnanilbttatiosrt

cofltents are plotted Ltrr lernar-!' rliasran: ci {-:i=5D.;HCO3, to identifu fluid t1pe, i.e. maf iii.r-:, voleanic. stearl heated anrl periphe ral tlpe iGiggecbaclr. 1 991 ). The isotopic conrposilion of rr.'ater data is pi+iled in 5D versus 6'tO diagrani anii compared to nret:crle rvater line of Craig i liJ6 I l to identi{}' fluid origin and process, i.e, nreteoric. magmat!c, mixine. boiiing.
aJ

Geelangsongo.

vaporization and precipitation Truesdcll,l 977, Ellis & \'lahon,l 977i.

Tahle
1

Crar-s. 195 I ;

('henicrtl nntl i.rotoltit' t oil.\liutrttt.\ tuitit; o .,.,i rtl

Gedangson.qo manilestation. L!ngaran -'E::othenna/

prospect, Cenftal Java. Indonesiu,

-eication

Wcst Une-ill
7
{J.
I

E;rsi

l:it
6.?

,^

___:{_ :-"i*'r.i 3:15*

s.-:.tr -.=i.i

J.:rc:

pll
Li

iir
_

Na
: j+rf:ai:=i , ,=i: k.i...j:rj

( l.8
54.1

.o

: :r:! : +a-r:r:i.=',

i: - !-+l !*ii-i

.:

n.::":r.:i:!=l+.1,'_

K o,rler
Ca

62
i0.q
_i.? ?ir0.

Figure

3. East-tt'est

cross-section

t.l
404
?5-i.-l

Gedongsongo manifestatiotls (detailed

explanation tlescrihed in the text).

Mg
CI Sa)I

il

The distribution of manifestations shorvs a N-S aligrunent (Figure 2). parallel with steep cliff (and
small creek) rvhich possibly f<rm.red due to a collapse strueture L)r nomral l-aulting as commonly occur in
vi-rlci-Lnic regions. This permeal:le structure is considered to conroi the convective heat kanst-er. A siliciflcierl fracture inrlicating a nornral fault is found at lhe relic stearnrng ground al northern part {Figure 2). There is no reiic epidote in this site.

i008.1

HCOI
SiL-):

'lll.L)
,6i{

se.6

a'to

.\D s.l -4!).4 local metectric v'ater icode: cald creek) ha:; d''o : -7.7, 6 D = - 46 6 in o;,,,,

DISCUSSION The West Ung-01 is more sulphate rich water with a significant amount of chloride as illustrated in Figure 4. This composition $uggests a mixing process has been occurring in region.
Gedongsono fluid type is classified as acid sulfatechloride water which consistent with collapsed structure processes. A slight magmatic fluid influence is recognized in the western part of Gedongsongo,

where the active manifesatotions exist; this suggest that a mixing process is occurring in this region. To test this interpretation, we plan additional samples

will be

collected and analyzed

(in particular for

isotope) in the near future..

n i

West UhS-01
East Ung-02

AKNOWLEDGfMENTS
Prof Pat Browne of Auckland Universiry is thanked for suggestions through email correspondences. Ms. Valerie Claymore of GNS Lower Hutt and Chemistry Dept of UGM are greatly appreciated for the isotope
measurements and chemical analyses, subsequently. My wife Lina and daughter Amelia are thanked for accompanying me on the last field trip. This research is partially flurded by LPPM (Research Division) of

c^
50

HCO.

Figure

4:

UGM.
Gedongsongo water type based on SOaC|-HCO3 ternary diagram of Giggenbach

REFERf,NCES

199t.

The isotope data (Figure 5) is parallel with

this

van Bemmelen, R.W. (1949), The geology of Indonesia, vol.lA, Martinuj Nujhoff, The
Hague.

interpretation as the West Ung-01 shows enrichment of 6180 relative to Craig meteoric water line, but does not reaches the magmatic box area where 6180 is 160 l8O as content than those higher (enrichment in

Browne, P.R.L. (1999), Hydrothermal Alteration, Lecture note 655.61i, Geothermal Institute,
Auckland University.

commonly ocour

at

igneous rock and

in

water

Craig, H. (1961), "lsotopic variations

waters", Science, 133, 1702-1703.

in

meteoric
and

reaction contact with magma; Ellis & Mahon, 1977). Although East Ung-02 is classified as matue water type but has depleted 6180 and lies on the global meteoric water line of Craig (1961).

Ellis, A.J., Mahon, W.A.I. 1977, Chemistry

geothermal systems, Academic Press, New York. Giggenbach, W.F. (1991), Chernical techniques in geothermal exploration: in Applications of

Geothermal Reservoir Geochemistry Development (ed, F.D'Amore), I 19- 144.

,a.{,.

in

Hamilton, W. (1979), Tectonics

".^*"ty'

of the lndonesia region, Gelogical Survey Professional Paper 1078, US Govt Printing Office, Washington.
volcanic heat sources, Encyclopedia of
Volcanoes, Academic Press, 83 5-855.

Hochstein, M.P., Browne, P.R.L. (2000), Sruface manifestations of geothermal systems with

Figure

2:

Oxygen isotope positive shift of West Ung-

0I

relative
t).

to

meteolic water.

The

meteoric waterline

on

is constructed based the global meteoric line of Craig

(1 e6

Hochstein, M.P., Sudarman, S. (2008), "History of geothermal exploration in Indonesia from 1970 to 20A0" , Geothermics,3T ,220-226. Truesdell, A.H., Nathenson, M., (1977), The effects of subsurface boiling and dilution on the isotopic compositions of Yellowstone

thermal waters, Jottrnal

Re s e ar c h, 82,
3

of

Geophysics

69 4-37

04