King Cotton

New South Upper South

Chattel Slavery Sold Down the River Virtuous Men

Gentility

Benevolence

Cotton plantations advance slavery system Cotton states: States bordering the Gulf of Mexico, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. People want cotton and its easy to make (much more comfortable) Works with northern cotton factories Annexation of Louisiana territory and texas territories and production of cotton results in a redistribution of slaves in this new area. Slaves migrate from this to the lower south. Forced migration of more than 1 million slaves. Treatment better here 2 forms of transportation 1. Plantation owners sell old plantations and move southwest searching for new opportunities. 2. Traders sell slaves to the south Slaves status as property results in cruel treatment Different ideology from north Partial justification for treatment and selling Slaves regard south with horror greater than whipping Worst punishment Virginia greatest exporter Incorruptible men People believe that political tyranny is the major threat to liberty (not slavery) Authority rests in the hands o these men to prevent tyranny Wealthy planters embody idea of nobility Aristocratic planters marry sons and daughters to one another Men = planters, merchants, lawyers, newspaper editors and ministers Women = host plantation balls and church bazaars Lived extravagantly Rice planters head of plantation aristocracy Essentially died because all focus on profit. (mansions in Virginia but not Mississippi) Southern apologists argue that slavery was a good thing that allowed for civilized white lifestyle Planters are depicted as benevolent employers who paternalistically provide food and housing for slaves and cared for them in old age Tried to shape behavior of slaves (Christian stewardship) Built cabins for slaves Insisted slaves whitewash cabins regularly Built churches

Gang-Labor System

Smallholder

Great American Desert Stephen F. Austin

Motivated by Christian belief and abolitionist criticism System of work discipline White overseers or black drivers constantly supervised gangs of slaves to achieve greater productivity 1820s cotton planters use this Organized the slaves into teams Gave them a quota If they meet it, they get all the stuff, if not theyre punished Turned people against each other Agricultural holder smaller than a farm Made up majority of slave owners 1-5 slaves, few hundred acres land Ruled with firm hand The term for the Great plains Thought to be unfit for cultivation Resulted in people turning south to texas

Man who acquired 180,000 acres of land from Mexico Sold land to newcomers Leader of the peace party Accepted Mexican rule but campaigned for independence Wants families to move in by offering huge land tracts: Have to be full Mexicans Have to speak Spanish Attracts cotton plantations Protestant, dont speak Spanish. Sealed the border Americans continue to sneak in Santa Anna Wanted to impose national authority throughout mexico Mexican president Let attack on the Alamo in san Antonio texas Texas Republic Texans want independence from mexico Texas tries to form own republic Mexico refuses to recognize but didnt try to reconquer Goliad Mexican forces capture and execute 371 rebel prisoners Want to keep Mexican border Remember the Alamo Anti-catholic sentiment arouse by irish Journalists urge Americans to Remember the Alamo Depicted Mexicans as tyrannical butchers in the service of the pope American adventurers lured by land grants flock to Texas to join the rebel forces Sam Housten General Sam Houstan Texans round Santa Annas overconfident army

Battle of San Jacinto Secret Ballot Men of Substance Southern Prosperity Black Protestantism

Gullah Congo Northern Free Blacks Benjamin Banneker Joshua Johnston Paul Cuffee

Beat Santa Anna in battle of san jacinto winning independence Battle lost by Santa Anna Sam Housten wins independence Australian Ballot People vote in secret rather than in public Provided for by the Alabama constitution of 1819 Party candidates for both parties 90% of Alabama legislators own slaves South extremely wealthy Per capita income higher than france and Germany Although, whites profit, blacks live in permanent poverty Black Christianity = African- European cultures Baptist and Methodist, second great awakening Prior had maintained African traditions Viewed god as a liberator who has yet to come Amalgamation of African langages African American culture blends and combines Core culture emergence 1/3 of slaves coming to US came from congo reagion Regarded as social inferiors and confined to low paying jobs Black mathematician and surveyor Published almanac helping lay out DC Black man Won praise for his portraiture Black man Small fortune from business enterprises

People move to the south because Virginia soil is dead and Louisiana and the others are open. Government perpetuates slavery and King Cotton: Louisiana Purchase Agrarian Indian Removal Act Slavery is a greater good: Economically helps entire country Benevolence. Make slaves better people. (Benevolent Empire/2nd Great Awakening)