Faculty of engineering Mechanical Engineering Department

Materials science lab

Experiment (1) : metallurgical microscope

The names of students: (1) (2) (3)

Eng. Mohannad Tamimi

1. Objectives
- Identification of microscope, its parts and its mechanism . - Differentiate types of microscopes, Field of using different kinds of microscopes. - Differentiate kinds of lenses and scale zoom. - Identify the source of light and its reflection in the direction of the optical microscopes.

2. Introduction
2.1 Microscopes
What is a microscope? A microscope is a high precision optical instrument that uses a lens or a combination of lenses to produce highly magnified images of small specimens or objects especially when they are too small to be seen by unaided eye. A light source is used (either by mirrors or lamps) to make it easier to see the subject matter. The microscope is a valuable instrument. There are many small objects or details of objects which cannot be seen by the unaided human eye. Microscope magnifies the image of such objects thus making them visible to the human eye.

2.1.1 Electron Microscopes

Electron microscopes use a focused beam of electrons instead of light to "image" the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition. Figure (1). Common types of information yielded are topography, composition and crystallographic information. Electron microscopes can be used in one of applications including biological or life science, gemological, medical or forensic, metallurgical, measuring or inspection and semiconductor inspection.

Figure (1): Electron Microscopes

2.1.2 Optical microscope

Optical microscopes use light visible part or semi-visible electromagnetic spectrum for large images of objects there are two basic types of devices. Setups holograms, which take two paths of light provides viewing three- dimensional as it provides also realize the high for the depth and accuracy of low magnifications for the electron microscope, and the other type is to compound and take the path of light and built-in capabilities of one of the highest magnification and three-dimensional devices used to view very small samples such as cells, and samples of pond life, and other forms of microscopic life. Have low magnification.

Figure (2) : Parts of Optical microscope

2.1.2.1 Biological microscope

Biological microscopes are used to study living organisms and biological processes. Microscopes used in this field ranges widely, from relatively simple optical microscopes for very advanced imaging systems used in cell research, forensics and others. Biological microscopes can be one of the many types of techniques. Biological microscopes most common are compound microscopes are used to view very small samples such as cells , and samples of the life of pool, and other forms of microscopic life , and the second type microscopes inverted , and which are the best to look at samples of thick , such as dishes of cultured cells , because the lenses can be obtained closer bottom of the dish , where cells grow and holograms , which are great for slicing and also to see the excavations and insect samples . Other techniques include acoustic microscopes and ultrasound, microwave microscopes, fluorescent microscopes, and other techniques. The mechanism of action of this microscope is performed by shining a beam of light into the specimen where the sample is absorbed part light or of the refraction of light and the other part of it, where he works part refractor to give an enlarged image of the specimen.

Figure (3) : Biological microscope

2.1.2.2 Metallurgical Microscope

The metal used microscopes to study metals, ceramics and other materials. the microscope is a tool that is able to produce an enlarged image of a small object. microscopes can be metal and one of the many types of techniques. Microscopes are the most common mineral acoustic microscopes or ultrasound, which can be used to study the demarcation, cracks and other anomalies nondestructively and inverted microscopes that are useful for metal and ceramic samples, visual or polished flat. The techniques include other microscopes microwave , compound microscopes , fluorescent or confocal laser microscopes , microscopes polarization , and electronic scanning (SEM) microscopes, and scanning probe or atomic force microscopes (SPM / AFM), stereoscopes and electron microscopes transmission (TEM)
Figure (4) : Metallurgical Microscope

In these microscopes is based on the mechanism of action highlight from the center of the objective lens and the eyepiece reflection about until then we can watch the image is maximized to a certain degree of accuracy by the magnification of each eyepiece and objective lens.

2.1.2.3 Kinds of lenses and scale zoom

Figure (5): Object-Oriented lenses and ophthalmic lenses

Object-Oriented lenses of the microscope components and perhaps the most important components of an optical microscope because they are responsible for the formation of the initial image and play a pivotal role in determining the quality of the images, which is able to output a microscope. Object-Oriented lenses play a key role in determining the magnification of a given sample. And also works through the exit light from the center of the lens and reflection or absorbed from the sample were told the examination. There are different degrees of magnification 5x, 10x, 20x, 50x, 100x.

Ophthalmic lenses (eyepiece) are lenses that you take a light beam reflected from the sample or broken until testing is completed after zooming, where she picked up a package of light reaching directly to viewer's eye, and it has different beats magnification 2.5x, 5x, 10x.

3. Results of discussion
Metallurgical Microscope Field of using used microscope to study metals, ceramics and other materials After dropping a light on the sample of which is reflected in the direction of the eye lens Source of light comes out from the center of the objective lens in one direction to specimen Biological microscope microscope are used to study living organisms and biological processes After dropping a light on the sample is absorbed by them and then break a product larger image Light source in the opposite direction of the lens where the lens in place and the light source in another place behind specimen -

mechanism of light transmission

Place the light source

-The greatest degree of magnification can be obtained for a sample in Metallurgical Microscope its 1000x and equal 100x10x.

5. References
- http://www.globalspec.com/ - http://www.articlesbase.com/ - http://typesofmicroscopes.net/ - http://en.wikipedia.org/ - A PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS FOR THE MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY - The Microscope Book by Shar Levine & Leslie Johnstone