Prime Numbers

What is a prime number? A prime number is a number with exactly two factors. How do you check to see if a number is prime? To see if a number is prime, you need to make sure it has no divisors other than 1 and itself. nstead of checkin! all smaller numbers to see if they are divisors, it suffices to check only the primes less than or e"ual to the s"uare root of the number. #or example, to see if 1$% is prime, one needs only to check the prime numbers smaller than 1$% which is &ust smaller than 1'. (o we only need to see if 1$% is divisible by any of ',%,),*,11. f none of these is a divisor of 1$%, then it is prime. s there any end to prime numbers? +o, there are infinitely many prime numbers. The ,rime +umber Theorem The +th prime number is about
1 1 1 1 N 1 ' % N

What is the -reatest .ommon /ivisor of A and 0? The !reatest common divisor of A and 0 is the lar!est number that is a divisor of A and of 0. We use the notation 1A,02. The 3uclidean Al!orithm The 3uclidean Al!orithm is used to find the !reatest common divisor of two numbers. t is len!thy, so will simply refer you to pa!es $' and $% of your text. How can you find inte!ers +,4 so that +5A 6 450 7 1A,02? A!ain the process is len!thy, so refer you to pa!es $$ and $) of your book.

Rational and Irrational Numbers and Number Representation

The ,ytha!orean Theorem n a ri!ht trian!le with sides of len!th a,b, and c 1c bein! the hypotenuse2 a ' 6 b ' 7 c ' . 8ou do not need to be able to prove this 1or any of the theorems, &ust to apply them as you did in your homework.2

What are 9ational and rrational +umbers? 9ational numbers are numbers that can be written as fractions 1ratios2 of inte!ers. rrationals cannot be expressed in this fashion. How are 9ational and rrational numbers represented as decimals? As decimals, rational numbers either terminate in a finite number of decimal places, or end in blocks of di!its that repeat themselves infinitely. rrational numbers do not end in a finite number of decimal places and do not repeat themselves endlessly. How do you represent decimals as rational numbers? ,lease refer to pa!es :: and :* of your text for this process. 8ou should also be able to represent rational numbers as decimals 1do lon! division2. Which natural numbers have rational s"uare roots? Those numbers that have even numbers of every prime factor. 3verythin! else has an irrational s"uare root. #or example, ''5%: 5*$ has a rational s"uare root, while '%5%: 5*$ does not. What is a base + system for representin! numbers? n a base + system the first di!it on the ri!ht represents ones, the next di!it to the left represents the number of +s in the number, the next di!it to the left represents the number of +'s in the number, and so forth. #or example, in the familiar decimal system 1base 1;2, the number )*< comprises < ones, * tens and ) one=hundreds. To note the base in which a number is represented, we attach a subscript to the end. #or example 1;111;11' is a number in base ' 1or binary2. How many symbols are re"uired for a base + system? + symbols are re"uired. They represent ; throu!h 1+=12. How do you convert to base 1; from base +? Take the first di!it on the ri!ht and add + times the next di!it to the left. Then add +' times the next di!it to the left, and so on. #or example, to convert the number 1';%$ into base ten would add % 6 ;5$ 6 '5$' 6 15$% 7 % 6 '51: 6 15:$ 7 <<

How do you convert from base 1; to base +? 0asically, you check to see what is the lar!est power of + that is not bi!!er than your number. (ay this is +&. 8ou then divide your number by +& and put the "uotient in the column representin! +&. 9epeat this process with the remainder until you !et a remainder of ;. #ill in any empty columns with ;s and you are done. #or example, to express *< in base %, check to see what the lar!est power of % is that is not bi!!er than *<. The powers of % are 1,%,<,'*,>1,etc. *<?'* 7 ' 9 '). so a ' !oes in the column representin! '*s. +ow ')?< 7 ' 9 *, so a ' also !oes in the column representin! <s. +ext *?% 7 ' 9 1, so a ' !oes in the column representin! %s. #inally 1?1 7 1 9 ;, so a 1 !oes in the column representin! the ones. (o *< 7 '''1%.