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0 0.6 0.7 1.73 1.22 1.82 A 0.3 0 0.5 L 0.73 1.57 1.29 0.2 0.1 0 0.42 0.40 1.49 2 0 0 1 3 0 , C 3 2 0 0 S 0 1 3 4 0 1 0 0 0 4 a) (1p) Based on the given A and L matrix, calculate the process output vector, x, for a functional unit that requires 100 units of process 2. b) (2p) Assume that the S matrix above is what we know as the stressor matrix. Define the dimensions of this matrix and explain its contents. c) (2p) Provide an analytical expression for the total amount of stressors generated due to any functional unit. Calculate this for the given functional unit. d) (2p) Assume that C matrix above is what we know as the characterization matrix. Define the dimensions of this matrix and explain its contents. e) (2p) Provide an analytical expression for the vector of total impact potentials generated due to any functional unit. Calculate this for the given functional unit. f) (3p) Provide an analytical expression for what we know as E. Calculate this for the given case and interpret the result. g) (3p) Provide an analytical expression for what we know as Dpro. Calculated this for the given case and interpret the result. h) (3p) Provide an analytical expression for what we know as Dstr. Calculate this for the given case and interpret the result.
In the reporting on the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from all fuels, the following elements will be taken into account: (a) Extraction/production of raw materials, including: - the way in which the extraction took place, measured or estimated per extraction site; - energy used during extraction including flaring, leakages and other forms of process related energy-use; - the impact of direct and indirect land-use changes (including displacements of agricultural activity), - the amount of energy used by the production and application of agrochemical substances per unit of energy; - impact on soil carbon and emissions linked to agricultural practices, in particular nitrogen fertilizer use; - the impact of by-products; - use of production machinery fuel per unit; (b) Transport and distribution, including: - transport from well to first refining/transfer location on the basis of average CO2 equivalents per unit of energy; - the number of transportation kilometres from well to refining/transfer location; - the number of transportation kilometres from refining/transfer location to selling point on the basis of average CO2 equivalents per unit of energy; (c) Conversion/refining, including: - the amount of energy used in the conversion/refining process per unit of energy; - the amount of CO2 equivalents emitted per unit of energy; (d) Final product: - the carbon content per unit of energy.
TEP4223 - Eksamen
For kandidater som tar: TEP4223 Livlpsanalyse og ko-effektivitet Dato: 18de desember 2007 Tid: 9:00-13:00 Veileder under eksamen: Anders Hammer Strmman Kontor: 73 59 89 48 Mobil: 99 58 14 41 Instruksjoner: Eksamen representerer 70% av den totale karakteren. Ordbok er tillatt. Bare godkjente kalkulatorer er tillatt. Side 1-4 English Side 5-8 Norsk
In the reporting on the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from all fuels, the following elements will be taken into account: (a) Extraction/production of raw materials, including: - the way in which the extraction took place, measured or estimated per extraction site; - energy used during extraction including flaring, leakages and other forms of process related energy-use; - the impact of direct and indirect land-use changes (including displacements of agricultural activity), - the amount of energy used by the production and application of agrochemical substances per unit of energy; - impact on soil carbon and emissions linked to agricultural practices, in particular nitrogen fertilizer use; - the impact of by-products; - use of production machinery fuel per unit; (b) Transport and distribution, including: - transport from well to first refining/transfer location on the basis of average CO2 equivalents per unit of energy; - the number of transportation kilometres from well to refining/transfer location; - the number of transportation kilometres from refining/transfer location to selling point on the basis of average CO2 equivalents per unit of energy; (c) Conversion/refining, including: - the amount of energy used in the conversion/refining process per unit of energy; - the amount of CO2 equivalents emitted per unit of energy; (d) Final product: - the carbon content per unit of energy.
You are to analyze the impacts per visitor for a five day period. a) 10p) Draw a flow chart of the foreground system including the values of the process requirements. b) 5p) Set up the matrix for the foreground system Af, and Abf. c) 5p) Define units of each column in the A matrix.
Alternate methods for production of the individual products can be performed with the following GWP impacts. Electricity from natural gas power plant without CO2 capture, 220 kg CO2-eq / MWh: Heat from oil, 290 kg CO2-eq / MWh. c) 4p) Calculate the emission intensity of hydrogen (kg CO2 per MWh) using the substitution approach. d) 8p) Discuss potential issues associated with using the substitution approach.
TEP4223 - Eksamen
For studenter som tar: TEP4223 LCA og koeffektivitet Dato: 15. desember 2008 Klokkeslett: 9:00-13:00 Faglig ansvarlig: Anders Hammer Strmman Kontor: 73 59 89 48 Mobil: 91 89 79 93 Instrukser: Eksamen representerer 60% av den endelige karakteren. Ordbok er tillatt. Bare godkjente kalkulatorer er tillatt. Side 1-4 English Side 5-8 Norsk
Du skal analysere miljpvirkninger per beskende for et opphold p fem dager. a) 10p) Tegn et prosessdiagram av forgrunnsystemet og inkluder verdiene for interne behov mellom forgrunnsprosessene. b) 5p) Sett opp matrisen for forgrunnsystemet Af og Abf c) 5p) Angi enhetene for hver kolonne i A-matrisen.
a) 4p) Bruk allokering ved partisjonering p konomisk grunnlag for bestemme miljinnvirkning per MWh for de forskjellige produktene.
b) 4p) Bruk fordeling basert p energi for bestemme miljpvirkningene per MWh. Alternative metoder for produksjon av de forskjellige produktene kan bli tatt i bruk med flgene GWP pvirkning: Elektrisitet fra et naturgasskraftverk uten CO2-fangst med 220 kg CO2-ekvivalenter/MWh. Varme fra oljebasert varmekraftverk med utslipp p 290 kg CO2ekvivalenter/MWh. c) 4p) Regn ut utslippsintensiteten til hydrogen (kg CO2-ekvivalenter/MWh) ved bruk av substitusjonsmetoden. d) 8p) Diskuter potensielle sprsml knyttet til bruk av substitusjonsmetoden.
a) 6p) Draw a flow chart of the foreground system including the values of the process requirements. b) 8p) Set up the Aff matrix and indicate the Abf matrix and define the units for the columns in the foreground system. Add processes you feel are required.
b) 2p) Define the characterization matrix. List dimensions and interpret coefficients. c) 2p) Show analytically how to calculate the total impacts caused by the functional unit. d) 2p) Show analytically how to calculate the impacts broken down on contributing processes for a given functional unit. e) 2p) Show analytically how to calculate the impacts broken down on contributing stressors for a given functional unit. f) 2p) Show analytically how to calculate the output in tier 3 of a taylor series expansion of the inverse. g) 2p) Define the error caused by only assessing impacts up until tier 3. h) 4p) Show how to calculate the impacts upstream of each process in tier 3. That is, what are the impacts caused upstream by each process in tier 3.
TEP4223 - Eksamen
For studenter som tar: TEP4223 LCA og koeffektivitet Dato: 8. august 2009 Klokkeslett: 9:00-13:00 Faglig ansvarlig: Anders Hammer Strmman Mobil: 91 89 79 93 Instrukser: Eksamen representerer 60% av den endelige karakteren. Ordbok er tillatt. Bare godkjente kalkulatorer er tillatt. Side 1-4 English Side 5-8 Norsk
b) 2p) Definer karakteriseringsmatrisen. Gi dimensjoner og forklar koeffisienter. c) 2p) Vis analytisk hvordan man kan beregne de totale indikatorverdiene forrsaket av en gitt funksjonell enheten. d) 2p) Vis analytisk hvordan man, for en gitt funksjonell enhet, kan beregne bidraget til de totale indikatorverdiene fra ulike prosesser. e) 2p) Vis analytisk hvordan man, for en gitt funksjonell enhet, kan beregne bidraget til de totale indikatorverdiene fra ulike utslipp. f) 2p) Vis analytisk hvordan man kan kalkulere produksjon til og med lag (tier) 3 av en Taylorrekkeekspansjon av den inverse Leontiefmatrisen. g) 2p) Definer et utrykk for feilen ved bare beregne miljindikatorverdier opp til og med lag 3? h) 4p) Vis hvordan man kan beregne pvrikninger oppstrms av hver prosess i lag 3. Alts, hva er pvirkningene forrsaket oppstrms av hver prosess i lag 3?
d. 4p) Diskuter kort hvorfor disse resultatene er viktige for virkemiddelutforming rettet mot utvikling av brekraftig transport.