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CEE 220

Beam Lab

Lab Exercise

The purpose of this lab is to practice nding the deection of beams from both the moment curvature relation and the governing equation.

Materials
This Handout

Problem 1 - Beam with Concentrated Load

Consider the simply-supported beam subjected to a point load as shown below:

For the shown beam, the governing equation for bending of beams reduces to (w(x)=0):
d EI dx 4 = 0
4

The deection along the beam can be determined by integrating the governing equation four times. Due to the point load, which cannot be described by w(x)=0, separate equations must be used to represent the deection in the two halves of the beam. The following expressions result: (x) = 1 (x) = (x) = 2 (x) =
1 C 1 x3 EI ( 6 1 C 5 x3 EI ( 6

+ +

C2 x2 2 C6 x2 2

+ C3 x + C4 ) + C7 x + C8 )

for for

0 < x < L/2 L/2 < x < L

To determine the values of the constants of integration a total of four boundary and four compatability conditions are required. Determine the boundary conditions for the beam. 1. 1 (0) = 0 2. M1 (0) = 0 EI1 (0) = 0 3. 2 (L) = 0 4. M2 (L) = 0 EI2 (L) = 0

Implementing the boundary conditions results in the follow equations: 1 (x) = 2 (x) =
1 C1 x3 EI ( 6

+ C 3 x)
x2 L 2

for +
L3 3 )

0 < x < L/2 L/2 < x < L

x3 1 EI [C5 ( 6

+ C7 (x L)]

for

Verify these equations by evaluating the above boundary conditions. M = C1 x M = C5 (x L)

The remaining four constants of integration are determined using compatibility conditions. Find and list these four compatibility conditions for this problem below.

L L L L L 1. 1 ( L 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) C1 48 + C3 2 = C5 48 (1 6 + 16) C7 2

L L L L 2. 1 ( L 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) C1 8 + C3 = C5 8 (1 4) + C7 2

3. V1 P V2 = 0 (EI1 P EI2 = 0) C1 P C5 = 0

L L L 4. M1 + M2 = 0 (EI1 ( L 2 ) + EI2 ( 2 ) = 0) C1 2 + C5 ( 2 L) = 0

Hint: You are looking at two geometric conditions and two equilibrium conditions at the transition between solution 1 and solution 2. Draw a free body diagram which includes the concentrated force and internal forces and moments from both parts of the solution to nd the latter 2 equations.

Use the compatibility conditions to determine the remaining four constants of integration. From 3) and 4) C1 =
P 2

, C5 = P 2
2 2

3L From 2) C7 = C3 + C1 L 8 + C5 8 = C3

P L2 8

From 1)

P L3 2 48

PL + C3 L 2 = 2

11 48

C3 L 2 +
2

L3 16

C3 =

P L2 96 (11
2

L + 6 1) = P16

L C7 = 3P 16

Using the constants of integration that you just found, complete the following expressions for the deection along the beam. 1 (x) = 2 (x) =
P x3 EI ( 12 P 48EI [1

xL2 16 )

P L3 x 3 48EI [4( L )

x 3( L )]

x x 2 x 3 8L + 12( L ) 4( L ) ]

Use these expressions to determine the deection of the beam at midspan. (x =

L 2) PL = 48 EI
3

Note: This can be obtained from either v1 (L/2) or v2 (L/2).

Determine the reaction forces at points A and C. Hint: nd the transverse shear forces V(0) and V(L) from V(x). How are they related to the reaction forces at the boundary?.

RA = V (0) = C1 =

P 2

RB = V (L) = C5 =

P 2

Problem 2 - Beam with Applied Moment

Now consider a similar beam subjected to a moment load as shown below.

The deection of the beam under this loading can be represented by the following equations: (x) = 1 (x) = M 11 2 1 ( L x + x3 ) EIL 96 6 M 1 3 1 2 35 1 ( x x L + L2 x L3 ) EIL 6 2 96 32 for 0 < x < L/4

(x) = 2 (x) =

for

L/4 < x < L

Determine the boundary conditions for the beam and verify that the above solution satises them. 1. (0) = 0 = 1 (0)

2. (L) = 0 = 2 (L)

x 3. M (0) = 0 = EI1 (0) = M L

x=0

= M1 (x)

4. M (L) = 0 = EI2 (L) = M L (x L)

x=L

= M2 (x)

Determine the four compatibility conditions (at x=L/4) for the beam and verify that the above solution satises these conditions.

L 1. 1 ( L 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ) L 2. 1 ( L 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ) L M M 3. V1 ( L 4 V2 4 = 0 L ( L ) = 0 L M 4. M1 ( L 4 + M M2 4 = 0 L L 4

+M +

M L L (4

L) = 0

Determine the deection of the beam at point B. B = 2 (x

L 2) ML 3M L = 192 EI (4 24 + 35 6) = 64EI
3 3

Determine the maximum deection of the beam due to this moment loading. This implies nding the location of max v. We need to nd the location of max deection, so set = 0 and solve for x in terms of L. We have two functions, and we dont necessarily know the location at the outset, so we need to look at both equations.
M 1 3 11 2 1 3 2 1 (x) = EIL ( 11 96 L x + 6 x ) 96 L x + 6 x = 0 This has no real roots so the max deection doesnt occur between 0 and L/4. M 1 2 3 2 (x) = EIL (1 6x 2x L + 35 2 96 L x

1 3 32 L )

1 3 6x

2 1 2x L +

35 2 96 L x

1 3 32 L

=0

Solving this quadratic function gives x = (0.4796L,1.5204L). The max must be between 0 and L, so x = 0.4796L is the correct location.
L v2 (0.4796L) = 21M .286EI
2

Determine the reaction forces at points A and C due to this loading. Same FBDs as when nding the reactions in problem 1. RA = M L RB = V (L) = + M L

Problem 3 - Indeterminate Beam

Now consider the following statically indeterminate beam.

The support at point B can be replaced with the corresponding reaction force as shown below. However, since there is technically a support at point B we must also enforce that the support condition at point B is satised.

The principle of superposition can be used to represent this problem as the sum of the following two, previously solved problems as follows:

According to the principal of superposition the displacement of the beam is equal to the sum of the displacement of the beam in these two pictures. Use the support condition (boundary condition) at point B and your previous solutions to nd the support reaction RB . B =
M

= B

P =RB

ML = 3 64EI +

RB L3 48EI

= 0 (from B.C. at B) RB =

9M 4L

Determine the reaction forces at points A and C. RA = RB =

P 2 P 2

M L M L

= =

RB 2 R B 2

M L M L

M = 17 8L M = 1 8L

Determine the bending moment at point B.

M MB = 17 8L

L 2

1 + M = 16 M

Plot the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam.

Problem 4 - Applying Failure Theories

If the A-36 steel pipe shown below has outer and inner diameters of 30mm and 20mm, respectively, determine the factor of safety against yielding of the material at point A according to:

1. The Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory

4 4 9 ) m4 Iz = 4 (0.015 0.01 ) = 10.15625 (10 4 4 9 J = 2 (0.015 0.01 ) = 20.3125 (10 ) m4

Fy = 0 : Vy + 900 900 = 0 Vy = 0 Mx = 0 : T + 900(0.4) = 0 T = 360 N m Mz = 0 : Mz + 900(0.15) 900(0.25) = 0 Mz = 90 N m

90(0.015) yA Normal Stress: x = M Iz = 10.15625 (109 ) = 42.31 M P a

Shear Stress: =

Tc J

360(0.015) 20.3125 (109 )

= 84.62 M P a

In-Plane Principal Stresses: x = 42.31 M P A, z = 0, xz = 84.62 M pa x + z x z 2 2 = 66.07 M P a, = 108.38M pa + ( ) + xz 1,2 = 1 2 2 2 1 and 2 are opposite sign. This requires: 1 2 = allow 66.07 (108.38) = allow allow = 174.45 M P a F.S. =
Y allow

250 174.45

= 1.43

2. The Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory

2 2 2 1 1 2 + 2 = allow 2 2 66.07 (66.07)(108.38) + (108.38)2 = allow allow = 152.55 M P a

F.S. =

Y allow

250 152.55

= 1.64