Oxidation-Reduction Reactions I. Five types of reaction a. Synthesis b. Decomposition c. Single Replacement d. Double Replacement e.

Combustion Special case 1: Redox Reactions a. xidation!Reduction reactions i. Def: xidation!Reduction reactions Reactions in "hich one substance is reduced and one is oxidi#ed$ ii. oxidation state %charge& changes$ iii. oxidation and reduction al"ays occur together iv. electrons are exchanged bet"een the oxidi#ed substance and reduced substance v. Can be single replacement$ synthesis$ or decomposition b. xidation i. Def: xidation 'oss of electrons ii. (x: )n )n*+ + * e! iii. ,he substance that is oxidi#ed is called the -reducing agent. iv. (x: )n + CuS / )nS / + Cu v. )inc is the reducing agent. It caused Copper to be reduced c. Reduction i. Def: Reduction 0ain of electrons ii. (x: Cu*+ + * e! Cu iii. ,he substance that is reduced is called the -oxidi#ing agent. iv. (x: )n + CuS / )nS / + Cu v. Copper is the oxidi#ing agent. It caused the )inc to be oxidi#ed LEO goes GER ' 1 losing ( 1 electrons 1 xidation 0 1 gaing ( 1 electrons R 1 reduction

II.

d. Redox Reaction 2ocabulary i. Def: 3alf Reactions 4 rxn that involves only one element and sho"s the number of electrons gained or lost by that element 1. Cu*+ + * e! Cu 2. )n )n*+ + * e!

ii. Def: Spectator Ions other ions in the overall reaction that are not oxidi#ed or reduced. ,hey are present in solution but are not involved in the rxn. 1. ex: S /*! iii. Def: 5et Ionic (6uation 4 redox reaction that involves only the substances that are oxidi#ed ore reduced. ,he sum of the half reactions 1. Cu*+ + )n Cu + )n*+ *. 5otice that there are no electrons "ritten on either side. 3. Electrons must cancel out in order for the reaction to be balanced. iv. (xample: * Fe* 7 / Fe +7 * 1. 3alf Reactions a. Fe7+ + 7 e! Fe b. * *! * + / e! *. 5et Ionic (6uation /%Fe7+ + 7 e! Fe& + 7%* *! * + / e!& !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! / Fe7+ + 8 *! +1* e! / Fe + 7 * + 1* e! 4 Fe3+ + 6 O - 4 Fe + 3 O 3. Electrons must cancel out in order for the reaction to be balanced. e. 3o" to determine oxidation state i. Def: xidation state % xidation number& ,he charge an atom has$ or appears to have$ "hen the electrons of the compound are counted in accordance "ith a set of rules. ii. 4 change in oxidation state tells us that a redox reaction has occurred iii. ,o find oxidation state$ follo" these rules in order: Rules for !etermining Oxidation "tate Free elements are assigned an oxidation state of #ero. ,he sum of the oxidation states of all that atoms in a species must be e6ual to the net charge on the species. ,he al9ali metals %'i$ 5a$ :$ Rb$ and Cs& in compounds are al"ays assigned an oxidation state of +1. Fluorine in compounds is al"ays assigned an oxidation state of !1. ,he al9aline earth metals %<e$ =g$ Ca$ Sr$ <a$ and Ra& and also )n and Cd in compounds are al"ays assigned an oxidation state of +*.

1. *. 7. /. ;.

8. >. ?.

3ydrogen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of +1. xygen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of !*. 3alogen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of !1.

(xamples: 1. Find the oxidation state of =n in :=n : 1 +1

1 !*$ there are / of them@ !* A / 1 !? 4lgebra: =n +%+1& + %-?& 1 B =n must be +> in order for the molecule to have B overall charge 4ns"er: =n+>

*. Find the oxidation state of S in S / *! 1 !*$ there are / of them@ !* A / 1 !?

S + %-?& 1 -* S 1 +8 4ns"er: S+6