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Lecture 4
Carbonate platforms:
geometry, terminology
CARBONATE PLATFORM
Ramp Shelf Bank
Basin
Basin
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(Tucker, 1999)
(Tucker, 1999)
Lecture 4
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(Heckel, 1972)
(Scoffin, 1987)
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(Scoffin, 1987)
(Scoffin, 1987)
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Middle to Upper Cambrian platform carbonates, Bonanza King Formation, southern Great Basin
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Intertidal facies; Finely laminated, fine-grained dolomite Subtidal facies; Dark-gray, thickly-bedded micritic limestone
Tidal Flat
Source
No Sedimentation
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Lecture 4
(Tucker, 1999)
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(Tucker, 1999)
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Hydraulic Energy
! shallow areas of strong tidal current and wave action (mostly <5-10 m) ! action of storms in deeper waters on carbonate ramps
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(Tucker, 1999)
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Bioturbation
10 100 CM
Minutes
Seconds
HCS Cross-strata
*E
=9
ai;
B
-=Gr
+:::F!+J
!1
;t.
r/Smll wve ripples Planar-lamineted sand wave npplefonr]s coarse Crosbeddec, sno ano grevel Sole rnarkson base
No bed forms
Figure 19. A- The development of an idealizedevent bed in fine sandstoneas a resultof storm-generated combinedflow. High-frequency,wave-generated geostrophic oscillatory currentsare dominant,but unidirectional flow duringthe peak of the stofm providesa oet offshorecomponent. Duringthe risingphase of the storm,sedimentis suspendedand the muddy bed is eroded,forminga variety planar-laminated cf sole marks and gutters. As the storm startsto wane, initially sand is depositedunder powerfulcombinedflow, but ihrsevolvesto HCS, which iniliallymay be anisotropic due to the influenceof the unidirectional flow component. As the storm wanes, :ontinuedsedimenlsettlingunder largelyoscillatory flow producesisotropicHCS, eventuallymantledby small wave ripples B. The 'esultsof the sme storm conditions when the substrateis a mixtureof sand and flne gravel. Dunes,both 2-D and 3-D, migrateduring strongcombinedflow to producecrossbedding, which may be of unusually low inclination due to the affectof superimposed wave motion. -arge symmetrical wave ripplesand low-angle to planarlaminated sand recordthe transition to dominantly oscillatory flow as the storm anes. The whole bed is mantledby small wave ripplesand a mud drape (Basedon Cheel, 1991i Cheel and Leckie,1993).
ed these structures to have been cut and filled by ofishore:directed storm iows in a nearshore environment. llher examples from Cretaceous 'ocks ol western Canada are similar 1 mny respects to those of L4yrow 1 9 9 2 )b . u t d i f i e ri n h a v i n ga n u b i q u i :rus fill of fine-grained HCS and rip3red sandstone (Plint, 1996; Plint 3 n d N u m m e d a l ,2 0 0 0 ; F i g . 1 8 8 ) , :Jggestive of filling (but not necesrily cutting) during strong wave 3ction. Amos et al. (2003) observed gutter casts forming in -iiore-normal 'l-40 m of water on the shoreface :1 Sable lsland (Nova Scotia shelf; : g. 2). Gutter formationand filling ':ck a few hours and occurred only :.rring strong coastal downwelling :.e to onshoredirectedstorm winds, :Jpporting the interpretation of t r y r o w( 1 9 9 2 ) Gulter casts are common in -..oreface successions, associated .:h HCS, but they also occur in thin,, Interbeddedwave-rippled sand,.ilne and mudstonetypical of more :'shore environments. Where r,^orelines can be mappedregionally,
gutter casts in nearshoreHCS facies tend to be oriented shore-perpendicular (Leckie and Krystinik, 1989; [/yrow, 1992; Plint, 1996; Plint and Nummedal, 2000; Fig. 2), whereas smllergutterstypicalof thinnerbedded, more offshore facies tend to be (Aignshore-oblique to shore-parllel e r , 1 9 8 5 ;H a r t e t a / . ,1 9 9 0 iH a y e f a / . , 2 0 0 3 ; V a r b a na n d P l i n t , 2 0 0 8 a ; Fig. 18C); the latter may record geostrophicflows in areas too deep to have experienced strong wave action. Storm Beds The development of an idealized storm bed is summarized in Figure 194, which portraysthe responseof fine sand on the seafloorto various flow statesduringthe risingand waning stages of a storm. Figure 198 summarazes the sedimentarystructures that develop under similar hydraulic conditions but where the bed consistsof a mixtureof sand and fine gravel.
FACTES SUCCESSTONS ON STORM.DOMINATED SHELVES Storm-dominated shelvesand coasts tend to be linear,and hence produce relativelysimple, tabular rock units compared to deltaic coasts, which have an irregularshorelineand correspondinglateral facies complexity (see Chapter 10). Coastalprogradation will producean essentially tabular body in which the basic stratigraphic motif is a sandier upward succession that records a progressive upward increasein the influence of waves and currents as the shoreline progrades.The successionmay culminate in subaerial beach depositsand even alluvialsediments if the accommodation is entirelyfilled and the top of the succession has not subsequently been removed by transgressive erosion (Fig. 20). The details of the succession will vary depending on variables such as available grain sizes, proportion of sand/gravelto mud, wave and tidal energy, biological activity, shelf slope, subsidence rate and rate of sedimentsupply (see additionaldis-
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Other Characteristics
! scours and channels in tempestites ! chiefly cross-bedding of all scales; keystone vugs (intertidal conditions)
Small cavities representing voids left by air and gas bubbles and resulting from air escaping from intergranular pores as they are flooded with marine waters during the flood tidal cycle.
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