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ThecontributionsthatPatriciaCronehasmadetothestudyofearlyIslamichistorycanhardlybe overstated.Throughalongandextremelydistinguishedlistofarticlesandbooksspanningmore than40yearsofintenseactivity,shehastackledmanyofearlyIslamsbiggestandmostvexing questions.Herinterpretationshaveineachcasebeencharacterisedbydaringoriginality,astonishing erudition,andenduringinfluence. Forme,twothemesespeciallystandout.ThefirstisanunwaveringIwouldsayheroic commitmenttothesources.LikeMichaelCook,PatriciastandsfullyinthefinestOrientalisttradition ofphilologicalexactitudeandsheer,exhaustivelearning.Itisatraditionbuiltupontotalmasteryof thesourcematerialacquiredthroughmanyyearsofrelentlessmentalexertionatraditionwhose 400yearhistorywealsocelebratetoday.Itispreciselythisimmersioninthesourcesandabsolute loyaltytowhattheysaywhattheyactuallysaythathasallowedher,againandagain,toseeher waythroughlayersofaccretedassumptionandmisinterpretationtorevealapparentlylongresolved historicalproblemsinarevelatorynewlight.Thisironfocusonthesources,turningtheirwordsover andoveragain,andthescholarlyrangeithascompelledhertoacquireacrossdisciplines,time periodsandlanguagesisameasureofhowseriouslyshetakeshervocation.

Itisbuiltona profoundrespectforthosewhosevoicesthesourcesrepresentandadeterminationthatthese voicesbeclearlyheard,withoutdistortionandwithoutembellishment.Ithasbeenformeoneofher mostinspiringcharacteristicsasascholar. ThesecondoutstandingachievementofPatriciascareeristoliftIslamoutoftheconfinesofIslamic studiesandtorestoreittoitsrightfulplaceatthecrosscurrentsofNearEasternthoughtand religiousferment.WhatthishasgivenusisanincomparablyricherearlyIslam,oneinwhichthe soundsofseventhcenturyArabiahavebeenbroughtbrilliantlytolife.ThankstoPatriciasworkwe cannowseethepreIslamicprecedents,lateRomaninfluences,Sasaniancustoms,Jewishritesand ChristianpracticethatenlivenedthisworldandshapedIslamsgenesisfromtheverypointofits conception.ShehastakenIslam,inotherwords,outofthepeninsulaandintothewiderworldof

LateAntiquity,whereithasremainedeversince.WhetherKoranicagriculturalmetaphors,legal institutions(suchasRoman,ProvincialandIslamicLaw:TheOriginsoftheIslamicPatronate)or politicalphilosophicalideas(inhermonumentalGodsRule:GovernmentandIslam),Patriciahas throughrigoroushistoricalandphilologicalmethodsexposedarangeoflateRomanandSasanid calquesinIslam,oftenpracticallyinvisibleintheirnewMuslimguises.Hermostrecentbook,The NativistProphetsofEarlyIslamicIran,publishedin2012,onthePersiansresponsetothe penetrationofArabIslamicrule,isyetanothermonumenttothisbreadthofvision,drawingonthe allbutforgottenantiMuslimresistancemovementsofmediaevalIranandcontinuingreligious culturalpatternstoshineavividandpenetratinglightontheriseoftheIslamicEmpire. Patricia,too,hasmadeherinsightsavailableinelegantsuperpreciseproseavailabletoalarger publicintheformof(online)magazinearticlesandbooksofamoregeneralhistoricalinterestsuch asherPreindustrialSocieties. AnyoftheseachievementswouldhaveearnedPatriciaaplaceamongsttheveryfirstrankoftodays Islamichistorians;togethertheyplaceheramongstthefirstfrankofIslamichistoriansever. IwouldliketoendwithafewwordsaboutPatriciaasaperson,andespeciallyherroleasateacher, modelandtirelessencouragerofyoung(ish)scholars.WhetherinasmalltutorialatCambridge,an overloadedlectureatSOAS,apreparatorymeetingforanaspiringjobcandidate,oraninformal dinneratherhouse,Patriciasgenerositywithhertimeandattentionisabyword.Icanthinkofno scholarofmygenerationinthisfieldwhohasnotbenefitedfromit,andwhodoesnotcherishthe memoryofit.Sheiseveropentodiscussion,andadamantthatanyscholarorstudent,atwhatever stageintheircareer,shouldbeheard.Tobelistenedto,tohaveonesideasengagedwith,seriously andcritically,bysomeoneofPatriciasintelligence,integrityandhumanness,isanexperiencethat stayswithoneforever.I,likesomanyofmycolleagues,ameternallygratefulforit.

Leidenhonorarydoctoratesaregivenrarelyandsparingly.InthecaseofPatriciaCroneandMichael Cooktheyhaveneverbeenmoredeserved.

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