"FABRICATION OF AN ELECTRIC AND IMPROVED CYCLE RICKSHAW AS A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM"

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by LALIT S. AMODKAR In Partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in Mechanical Engineering

MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CENTRE, NAVSARI GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD DECEMBER, 2013

CERTIFICATE
Date: This is to certify that the dissertation entitled FABRICATION OF AN ELECTRIC AND IMPROVED CYCLE RICKSHAW AS A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM has been carried out by LALIT S. AMODKAR, under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering (7th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2013-14. Guide:

Prof. Gautam V. Varde

Head of the Department Prof. Pankaj D. Ahir

EXAMINER'S CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

The project report entitled " Fabrication of An Electric And Improved Cycle Rickshaw as a Sustainable Transport System" Submitted by: Amodkar Lalit S. (En.no:100330119028)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree in "Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering" of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technical Education & Research Center; Navsari, is here by approved for the award of the degree.

EXAMINERS:

1. 2.

3. 4.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many, many thanks to Prof. Gautam V. Varde, who helped guide us through all stages of this project . This project would definitely not have been possible without his help and guidance.

We would like to thank Prof. Pankaj D.Ahir, Head of the Department, Mechanical Engineering, MGITER, Navsari for providing us full support. We would also like to thank all the professors of mechanical engineering department, for taking the time to guide and supervise this project, and for their valuable suggestions, ideas and all their help in explaining the concepts patiently. Their constant supervision and friendly approach has encouraged and impressed us. We are really grateful to them.

We feel happy thanking to all for help and support they gave; thereby helped us to analyze and understand the concepts. A special thanks to our colleagues and whole mechanical engineering department for their immense co-operation which helped us a lot for analyzing the facts.

FABRICATION OF AN ELECTRIC & IMPROVED CYCLE RICKSHAW AS A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

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ABSTRACT

Tricycle rickshaws impose significant physical burdens on their drivers. Used throughout India for transportation, these rickshaws are not designed for driver comfort and safety. Instead, traditional rickshaws are only single-speed, with an extremely high gear ratio that makes it difficult for drivers to pedal with large loads .Particularly in India, many rickshaw drivers are under-nourished, and the physical exertion required to pedal passengers over rough roads and uneven terrain leads to serious health consequences. A power assist could go a long way towards improving rickshaw comfort and ease of use for drivers by easing the burden on the driver.

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No
1.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 8.1

Figure Description
Conventional Tricycle Rickshaw Simple Chain Drive Gear Ratio Compound Drive System Alternate Drive System Roller Chain Sprockets Mechanical Disc Brakes Front Suspension Rear Suspension Battery DC Motor Dynamo Wheel Body Frame Structure Auto-cad Drawing of Predicted Structure

Page No
01 07 08 10 12 15 16 18 19 19 19 20 21 21 22 25

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LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE

Symbol/ Abbreviation Name
Velocity of chain Angular velocity of Sprocket A Angular velocity of Sprocket B Pitch Radius of Sprocket A Pitch Radius of Sprocket B Mechanical Advantage Torque at Sprocket A Torque at Sprocket B Number of teeth on Sprocket A Number of teeth on Sprocket B

a b ra rb
M. A.

Ta Tb Na Nb

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement Abstract List of Figures List of Abbreviations Table of Contents

Chapter : 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Bicycle Rickshaws 1.2 Problems with Traditional Rickshaws Chapter : 2 Literature Survey & Review Chapter : 3 Objective Chapter : 4 Drive System 4.1 Working Principle 4.1.1 Simple Chain Drive 4.1.2 Gear Ratio 4.1.3 Mechanical Advantage

I II III IV V
01 01 02 04 06 07 07 07 08 09

4.2 Sprocket Train Drive System 4.3 Alternate Drive System 4.4 Power Assist 4.4.1 Electrical 4.4.2 Mechanical

10 11 12 13 13

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Chapter : 5 Components 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Chain Sprockets Mechanical Disc Brakes Telescopic Suspension

15 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 23 23 23 24 25 26 27

5.5 Power Source and Control 5.5.1 Battery 5.5.2 DC Motor 5.5.3 Dynamo 5.6 Wheels 5.7 Body Frame Structure Chapter : 6 Advantages, Limitations & Applications 6.1 6.2 6.3 Advantages Limitations Applications

Chapter : 7 Expected Outcome Chapter : 8 Auto-cad Drawing of the Structure Chapter : 9 Future Work References

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CHAPTER:-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO TRICYCLE RICKSHAW

The cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport; it is also known by a variety of
other names such as bike taxi, velotaxi, pedicab, bikecab, cyclo, beca, becak, trisikad, or trishaw. As opposed to rickshaws pulled by a person on foot, cycle rickshaws are human-powered by pedaling. Another type of rickshaw is the auto-rickshaw.

They are a type of

tricycle designed to carry passengers on a for hire basis. Cycle rickshaws are

widely used in major cities around the world, but most commonly in cities of South Southeast and East Asia. Bicycle rickshaws are a widely used method of transportation throughout India. The basic rickshaw is a three-wheeled tricycle design, pedaled by a human driver in the front, and with a bench seat in the rear for passengers or for conveying goods and luggage (Fig. 1.1). As with a taxi, passengers pay the rickshaw driver a fee to transport them from one place to another.

Fig:- 1.1 COVENTIONAL TRICYCLE RICKSHAW

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 There are an estimated eight million cycle rickshaw pullers in India alone, with many more in
Bangladesh and other developing countries. But bicycle rickshaws are growing in popularity even in developed countries, with pedicab services springing up in major cities as a novel, environmentally-friendly method of transportation for tourists and locals. In India, however, rickshaws frequently serve as a means of employment for poor rural citizens who have migrated to the cities looking for work. Without the training or skills needed to get a desired job, those unable to find a better livelihood instead rent a rickshaw in an effort to make a living.

1.2

PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL RICKSHAWS

Traditionally, rickshaw pullers do not own the rickshaws they drive. Most drivers are unable to afford the initial cost of a rickshaw, and instead pay a daily rental fee to a rickshaw owner for use of the vehicle. But high daily fees require drivers to spend the majority of their income on rent, making it almost impossible to save enough money to ever own a rickshaw.

In addition to high rent, drivers must also pay for accidental damages to the vehicle, making it difficult to earn enough money just to provide for their families. Most drivers are unable to earn enough money to lift themselves and their families out of extreme poverty, and instead continue to work long hours in poor living conditions throughout the cities. In addition to the economic problems caused by traditional rickshaw ownership, bicycle rickshaws impose significant physical burdens on their drivers. Rickshaw drivers work long hours, and many are under-nourished and living in extremely poor conditions. The strength and endurance required to pedal passengers or goods over rough roads and uneven terrain take a huge physical toll on the drivers, and the community sees frequent outbreaks of disease and other health effects.

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 The traditional design is heavy and inefficient, uncomfortable to ride and difficult to pedal. And there are a number of other problems with the current design; rickshaws have poor braking and no nighttime safety lighting, no suspension, and no gearing system. The existing gear ratio is very high , making it difficult to pedal uphill or start from a standstill, especially with the added weight of passengers and cargo. The difficulty in pedaling takes a physical toll on the drivers, who frequently develop joint and other injuries, or outbreaks of disease.

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CHAPTER:-2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Rickshaws were first seen in Japan around 1868, at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration. They soon became a popular mode of transportation since they were faster than the previously used palanquins (and human labour was considerably cheaper than the use of horses). The identity of the inventor remains uncertain. Some American sources give the American blacksmith Albert Tolman, who is said to have invented the rickshaw around 1848 in Worcester, Massachusetts, for a missionary. Others claim that Jonathan Scobie (or Jonathan Goble), an American missionary to Japan, invented the rickshaw around 1869 to transport his invalid wife through the streets of Yokohama. Other scholars think it was Izumi Yosuke, a restaurateur in Tokyo in 1869. In New Jersey, the Burlington County Historical Society claims an 1867 invention by carriage maker James Birch, and exhibits a Birch rickshaw in its museum. None of these dates, however, are as early as the French source. Still others say the rickshaw was designed by an American Baptist minister in 1888. This is undoubtedly incorrect, for an 1877 article by a New York Times correspondent in Tokyo stated that the "jin-riki-sha, or man-power carriage" was in current popular use, and was probably invented by an American in 1869 or 1870. Japanese sources often credit Izumi Yosuke, Suzuki Tokujiro, and Takayama Kosuke, who are said to have invented rickshaws in 1868, inspired by the horse carriages that had been introduced to the streets of Tokyo shortly before. Starting in 1870, the Tokyo government issued a permission to build and sell rickshaw to these three men. The seal of one of these inventors was also required on every license to operate a rickshaw. By 1872, some 40,000 rickshaws were operating in Tokyo. They soon became the chief form of public transportation in Japan. (Powerhouse Museum, 2005; The Jinrikisha story, 1996). Around 1880, rickshaws appeared in India, first in Shimla and then, 20 years later, in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Here they were initially used by Chinese traders to transport goods. In 1914, the
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Chinese applied for permission to use rickshaws to transport passengers. Soon after, rickshaws appeared in many big cities in Southeast Asia . Pulling a rickshaw was often the first job for peasants migrating to these cities.

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CHAPTER:-3 OBJECTIVE
An option for solving the gearing problem is to add some method of power assist, which would provide additional power to the rickshaw to supplement that provided by the driver. This would be particularly useful in situations requiring high torque, such as starting the rickshaw from a standstill or pedalling passengers up a hill. In addition to easing the physical burden on the driver, a powered system could also make the cycle rickshaws competitive with less environmentally-friendly modes of transportation like cars and auto rickshaws. This additional energy could be stored in Batteries (Electrical) and transmitted through a motor, or stored through some sort of Flywheel, Springs (Mechanical) storage method.

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CHAPTER:-4 DRIVE SYSTEM

4.1

WORKING PRINCIPLE

4.1.1 SIMPLE CHAIN DRIVE A Tricycle Rickshaw chain is a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drivewheel of a tricycle, thus propelling it. Most Tricycle chains are made from plain carbon or alloy steel, but some are nickel plated to prevent rust, or simply for aesthetics.

The ratio in the current or traditional Tricycle rickshaw is about 48-teeth sprocket at the pedal
driving and 27 teeth sprocket on the rear axle i.e. (48:27).This makes pedalling difficult, especially with the added weight of passengers and cargo.

Fig :- 4.1 SIMPLE CHAIN DRIVE

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4.1.2 GEAR RATIO

Gear ratio of chain drive can be defined as the ratio of "Number of Teeth on Pedal(Driving) Sprocket" to "Number of teeth on Driven Sprocket".

Gear Ratio(Velocity Ratio)=

( )

Fig:-4.2 GEAR RATIO

Changing the number of teeth on one of the sprockets in the drive system could increase or decrease the gear ratio of the vehicle, making it much easier to pedal, and less physically taxing on the driver.

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4.1.3 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system. Ideally, the device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement to obtain a desired amplification in the output force. Mechanisms consisting of two sprockets connected by a chain provide a specific mechanical advantage in a power transmission systems. The velocity v of the chain when in contact with the two sprockets

Where the input sprocket A with the chain along the pitch radius rA and the output sprocket B meshes with this chain along the pitch radius rB. therefore,

Where NA is the number of teeth on the input sprocket and NB is the number of teeth on the out sprocket. The mechanical advantage of a pair of a chain drive with an input sprocket with NA teeth and the output sprocket has NB teeth is given by

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 Chains dissipate power through friction, stretch and wear, which means the power output is actually less than the power input, which means the mechanical advantage of the real system will be less than that calculated for an ideal mechanism. A chain can lose as much as 5% of the power through the system in friction heat, deformation and wear, in which case the efficiency of the drive is 95%. As per the above equation as the number of teeth varies the torque as well as speed will vary respectively. Hence we can differ the speed and torque with the help of different sprockets containing different number of teeth.

4.2

SPROCKET TRAIN DRIVE SYSTEM

A Sprocket Train Drive System is compound chain drive which consists of number of sprockets with different number of teeth connected together with a chain(s).

Fig :-4.3 COMPOUND DRIVE SYSTEM

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 As shown in the above fig. Six sprockets with different number of teeth are connected together with chains to form sprocket train drive system. One sprocket with 16 teeth on its periphery is mounted on the main shaft of the motor. Another set of sprockets i.e. one with 48 teeth and another with 12 teeth is mounted on an axle. The sprocket with 12 no. of teeth is further connected with another sprocket having 48 no. of teeth which is mounted on another axle on which another sprocket with 12 teeth is also mounted. Further the sprocket with 12 teeth on the second axle is connected with the rear axle sprocket having 48 teeth with the help of chain. The necessary gear reduction from the motor was accomplished in three stages i.e. 16:48 reduction from the motor to the first axle, a 12:48 reduction from the first axle to the second axle, and a 12:48 reduction again from the second axle to the rear axle. This results in an overall gear ratio of 1:48, as desired. So the Gear ratio we get can be given as, 16 12 12 = 1: 48 48 48 48

4.3

ALTERNATE DRIVE SYSTEM (MANUALLY)

If the power assist system (Electrical) or the compound drive system fails then to overcome the above break down there will be an arrangement (a lever) which will disengage the power assist system and the compound drive; converting it to a conventional two sprocket drive system and the vehicle can be propelled manually like that in the conventional tricycle rickshaws.

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Fig:- 4.4 ALTERNATE DRIVE SYSTEM

4.4

POWER ASSIST

Another option for solving the gearing problem is to add some method of power assist, which would provide additional power to the rickshaw to supplement that provided by the driver. This additional energy could be stored in batteries and transmitted through a motor, or stored through some sort of mechanical storage method. This would be particularly useful in situations requiring high torque, such as starting the rickshaw from a standstill or pedaling passengers up a hill. In addition to easing the physical burden on the driver, a powered system could also make the cycle rickshaws competitive with less environmentally-friendly modes of transportation like cars and auto rickshaws.

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4.4.1 ELECTRIC ASSIST

An electric assist requires the addition of an electric motor to a modified tricycle rickshaw, as well as energy storage in rechargeable batteries. Other necessary components include a throttle and controller of some sort, in order to incrementally change the motor output (depending the method of assist), as well as a method of charging the batteries. While a working electric assist could be extremely beneficial to drivers, there are a number of constraints which limit fabrication and feasibility. Cost of the system, for instance, could easily become prohibitively expensive for drivers in India, and the monsoons mean that any system would have to be very robust and weatherproof. In addition, ability to do local manufacture and repair is an important consideration when beginning to outsource parts like batteries and motor systems.

4.4.2 MECHANICAL ASSIST

A power assist system could also be accomplished with some form of mechanical energy storage. Potential energy storage mechanisms include a flywheel, compressed air, and a spring. There are a number of different forms that this system could take. A strong spring, for instance, could capture energy while the rickshaw coasts down hills, or store energy while stopping the rickshaw (alike to a regenerative brake), and release it later to give the driver a boost when starting up again. With compressed air, a tank of compressed air could power pistons or a compressed air engine in order to assist the driver. In both cases, however, there are a number of challenges with energy capacity and efficiency of the mechanical storage; the energy captured in a spring from coming to a stop would not be enough to start the rickshaw up again, due to numerous losses in the system. As with any system, exposure to weather could have a serious effect on a mechanical system.

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 Despite its challenges, a mechanical system would alleviate a number of the problems with a purely electric assist. Batteries are particularly expensive, and inexpensive batteries often last for only a few years. The high cost of the system, plus the added costs of occasional battery replacements, could make the system too expensive for the rickshaw community to afford. And while a simple mechanical assist could be a better solution, the amount of power needed for a useful electric assist could be difficult to achieve with mechanical energy storage.

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CHAPTER:-5 COMPONENTS
5.1 CHAIN
A chain is a series of connected links which are typically made of metal. A chain may consist of two or more links. Chains are usually made in one of two styles, according to their intended use. Those designed for lifting, such as when used with a hoist; for pulling; or for securing, such as with a bicycle locks, have links that are torus shaped, which make the chain flexible in two dimensions (The fixed third dimension being a chain's length.) Those designed for transferring power in machines have links designed to mesh with the teeth of the sprockets of the machine, and are flexible in only one dimension. They are known as roller chains, though there are also non-roller chains such as block chain.

Fig :- 5.1 ROLLER CHAIN

Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of Chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural machinery, including conveyors, wire and tube drawing machines, printing presses, motorcycles, and bicycles.
FABRICATION OF AN ELECTRIC & IMPROVED CYCLE RICKSHAW AS A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

cars,

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 It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket. It is a simple, reliable, and efficient transmission. The roller chain design reduces friction compared to simpler designs, resulting in higher efficiency and less wear. means of power

5.2

SPROCKETS

A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which are radial projections that engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.

Fig:- 5.2 SPROCKETS

Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles ,cars ,tracked vehicle, and other machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc.
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 Perhaps the most common form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles. Sprockets and chains are also used for power transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible, sprocket chains being used instead of belts or ropes and sprocketwheels instead of pulleys. They can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as to be noiseless even at high speed.

5.3

MECHANICAL DISC BRAKES

A disc brake is a wheel brake which slows rotation of the wheel by the friction caused by
pushing brake pads against a brake disc with a set of caliper.. This is connected to the wheel and/or the axle.

To stop the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads, mounted on a device called a
brake caliper, is forced mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically or electromagnetically against both sides of the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop.

Brakes convert motion to heat, and if the brakes get too hot, they become less effective, a
phenomenon known as brake pad.

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Fig:- 5.3 MECHANICAL DISC BRAKE

5.4

TELESCOPIC SUSPENSIONS

Bicycle suspension is the system, or systems, used to suspend the rider and bicycle in order to insulate them from the roughness of the terrain. Bicycle suspension is used primarily on mountain bikes, but is also common on hybrid bicycles. Bicycle suspension can be implemented in a variety of ways, and any combination thereof: Front suspension Rear suspension

Bicycle suspension is used primarily on mountain bikes, but is also common on hybrid bicycles. . The specifics of the suspension depend on the type of mountain biking the fork is designed for and is generally categorized by the amount of travel.

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Fig:- 5.4 FRONT SUSPENSION

Fig:- 5.5 REAR SUSPENSION

Suspension is often implemented using a telescopic fork. The specifics of the suspension depend on the type of mountain biking the fork is designed for and is generally categorized by the amount of travel.

5.5 POWER SOURCE & CONTROL

5.5.1 BATTERY
A battery is a power source; use to supply power to the driving motor of the vehicle. Rechargeable batteries are used having high starting current.

Fig:- 5.6 BATTERY

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 An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each battery consists of a negative electrode material, a positive electrode material, an electrolyte that allows ions to move between the electrodes, and terminals that allow current to flow out of the battery to perform work.

Primary(single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials
are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlight and a multitude of portable devices. secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics.

5.5.2 DC MOTOR
A DC MOTOR is a mechanically commutated powered from current(DC). The stator is

stationary in space by definition and therefore the current in the rotor is switched by the commutator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque.

Fig:- 5.7 DC MOTOR

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5.5.3 DYNAMO
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary convertor.

Fig:- 5.8 DYNAMO 5.6 WHEELS

A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axial bearing. The wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines.

Fig:- 5.9 WHEEL

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5.5.7 BODY FRAME STRUCTURE

Frame is the most important carrying structure for tricycle vehicles. A reasonable frame design can increase its service life and reliability.

Fig:- 5.10 BODY FRAME STRUCTURE

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CHAPTER:-6 ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS & APPLICATIONS

6.1 ADVANTAGES
The improved rickshaw design has a number of improvements on the traditional rickshaw, with a lighter and safer seating. This design is easier for the driver to pedal and more comfortable for passengers, giving it a big competitive advantage over other rickshaws. The improved design is more economical and eco-friendly.

6.2 LIMITATIONS
Battery replacement and maintenance. More lubrication due to chain mechanism. Complex design

6.3 APPLICATIONS
Less human effort is required with this improved design and hence can be used as an effective vehicle for transportation. Eco-Friendly drive system & thus can be used in Sub-urban & Urban areas where the pollutant emission is already high.
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CHAPTER:-7 EXPECTED OUTCOME

A power assist could go a long way towards improving rickshaw comfort and ease of use for drivers, decreasing outbreaks of disease among those not eating enough to withstand the physical exertion of peddling a rickshaw each day. The assist would also open up steeper routes to bicycle rickshaws, making the entire system more viable as an alternative transportation method to cars. An option for solving the gearing problem is to add some method of power assist, which would provide additional power to the rickshaw to supplement that provided by the driver. This would be particularly useful in situations requiring high torque, such as starting the rickshaw from a standstill or pedalling passengers up a hill.

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CHAPTER:-8 AUTOCAD DRAWING OF THE STRUCTURE

Fig:-8.1 AUTOCAD DRAWING OF PREDICTED STRUCTURE

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CHAPTER 9 FUTURE WORK

Purchasing of components Assembling of components. Testing of system. Take observation of the system. Analysis. Change required if any. Result

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References
WEBSITES
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw [2] http://www.eco-web.com/edi/06554.html [3] http://www.cyclesmaximus.com/electricassist.htm [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprocket

[5] https://www.applied.com/static/catalog/pdfs/allsprockets_e132_e174.pdf

[6] http://www.practicalmachinist.com/vb/general/roller-chain-sprocket-rpm-210682

[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw#History

BOOKS
[1] A Text Book of Machine Design by R.S Khurmi - 21.5 Velocity Ratio of Chain Drives

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