3- BASICS

Y Transformation
for balanced load
Z = 3ZY
Balanced 3- Systems
V
ab
120

= V
bc
V
ab
240

= Vca
Ia 120

= I
b
Ia 240

= Ic

V
ab

Van

Ia

I
ab

V
ab
30

= Van
I
ab
30

= Ia
S
3
= 3V anI

a
S
3
= 3V
ab
I

ab
S
3
=

3V
ab
I

a
30

PER UNIT SYSTEM

SB = VBIB
ZB =
1
YB
=
V
2
B
SB
S
3
B
= 3SB
V
lineline
B
=

3VB
Z
3
B
= ZB =
_
V
lineline
B
_
2
S
3
B
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT RELATIONS
0 = 4 10
7
R =
l
A
L =
N
2
R
= N
2

A
l

F = NI =
l
A
= R
Faradays Law
V (t) =
d(t)
dt
= N
d(t)
dt
1
TRANSFORMERS
Ideal transformer voltage and current relations
E1
E2
=
N1
N2
= a =
1
n
I1
I2
=
N2
N1
=
1
a
= n
Transformer modelling - impedance relations
secondary winding impedance reected to primary
Z
0
2
=

N1
N2

2
Z2 = a
2
Z2
primary winding impedance reected to secondary
Z
0
1
=

N2
N1

2
Z1 = n
2
Z1
equivalent impedance seen at primary
Zin = Z1 +a
2
Z2 +a
2
Z
load
Impedance Diagram Representation
Z1,B =
V
2
1,B
S
B
and Z2,B =
V
2
2,B
S
B
= n
2
V
2
1,B
S
B
Z1,p.u. =
Z
1
Z
1,B
and Z2,p.u. =
Z
2
Z
2,B
Autotransformer - impedance relations
equivalent impedance seen at primary - step down, neglecting core loss
Zin = Z1 + (a 1)
2
Z2 +a
2
Z
load
equivalent impedance seen at primary - step up, neglecting core loss
Zin = (a 1)
2
Z1 +a
2
Z2 +a
2
Z
load
conducted and transformed power
Scapacity = S
transformed
+S
conducted
capacity increase - step up (a 1)
Scapacity
Srating
=
a
a 1
capacity increase - step down (a 1)
Scapacity
Srating
=
1
1 a
2
Eciency

.
=
Pout
Pin
100% =

1
P
losses
Pin

100%
Voltage Regulation
VR
.
=

V
1,serving rated load at rated voltage
V
1,rated
1

100%
POWER AND ENERGY FUNDAMENTALS
Pm = mTm = eaia
Energy - power relationship
P =
dW
dt
Energy stored in inductor
W =
1
2
LI
2
Mechanical kinetic energy
W =
1
2
mv
2
Mechanical energy stored in rotating machine
Wm =
1
2
J
2
m
Magnetic eld energy stored in machine inductances
W
f
=
1
2
Lssi
2
s
+
1
2
Lrri
2
r
+Lsrisir
FARADAYS LAW
V =
d
dt
CYLINDRICAL ROTOR AC MACHINE
Some notation for rotating machines
p
.
= # of poles
s
.
= sychronous frequency
ns
.
= synchronous mechanical speed in rpm
m
.
= rotor mechanical frequency
nr
.
= rotor mechanical speed in rpm
Nr
.
= # of rotor winding turns
3
Lrr
.
= rotor self inductance
Ns
.
= # of stator winding turns
Lss
.
= stator self inductance
Lsr
.
= rotor-stator mutual inductance
Self and Mutual Inductances
Lsr =
40NsNrlr
g
cos m = M cos m
Lss =
40N
2
s
lr
g
Lrr =
40N
2
r
lr
g
Induced armature voltage
es(t) =
d(Lsrir)
dt
=
40NsNrlr
g
d (ir(t) cos (t))
dt
Induced armature voltage
assuming constant speed and DC rotor current
es(t) =
40NsNrlrm
g
Ir cos (mt + 90

)
Electrical torque
Te =
W
f
(is, ir, m)
m
assuming constant speed
Te = Misir cos(mt + 90

)
and also
Te =
esis
m
DC MACHINES
Induced armature voltage
Ea = Kapm = K
0
a
I
f
m
Electrical torque
Te =
EaIa
m
Shunt connected motor - p or I
f
constant
Ea = Vt IaRa
Te = K
0
a
I
f
Ia
4
m =
Vt
K
0
a
I
f

TeRa
(K
0
a
I
f
)
2
=
R
f
K
0
a

TeRaR
2
f
(K
0
a
Vt)
2
Series connected motor (elds additive)- p varies linearly with Ia, i.e,
Ia = I
f
Te = K
0
a
I
2
a
m =
Vt
K
0
a
Ia

Ra +R
f
K
0
a
=
Vt

K
0
a
Te

Ra +R
f
K
0
a
CYLINDRICAL ROTOR SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Speed and frequency relationships
s =
pm
2
nr = ns =
120
p
fs
Circuit relation
Ea = Vt +RaIa +jXsIa
Electrical power output - lossless, per phase
Pout =
EaVt
Xs
sin
Qout =
EaVt cos V
2
t
Xs
INDUCTION MACHINES
Speed and frequency relationships
s =
ns nr
ns
.
= slip
r = s m = ss
.
= rotor current frequency
fr = sfs = s
pns
120
Input impedance per phase
Zin = R1 +jX1 +Rc//Xc//(
R2
s
+jX2)
Copper loss per phase
P
loss
= R1I
2
1
+R2I
2
2
Mechanical power developed
P
dev
=
1 s
s
R2I
2
2
5
LINE PARAMETERS
Line inductance per phase
L =
o
2
ln
GMD
GMR
b
if transposed
GMD =
3

D
ab
D
bc
Dac
if bundled
GMR
b
=
b
_
r
0
d12d13 . . . d
1b
r
0
= re
r/4
o
2
= 2 10
7
henrys/meter
Line capacitance per phase
C =
2o
ln
GMD
GMR
c
b
GMR
c
b
=
b
_
rd12d13 . . . d
1b
o = 8.854 10
12
farads/meter
CIRCUIT MODELS
Line Characteristics
ABCD parameters - medium line
Z = zl and Y = yl
_
V1
I1
_
=
_
1 +
Y Z
2
Z
Y (1 +
Y Z
4
) 1 +
Y Z
2
_
_
V2
I2
_
ABCD parameters - short line
Z = zl
_
V1
I1
_
=
_
1 Z
0 1
_ _
V2
I2
_
POWER CAPABILITY OF LINES
Power ow on a line - assuming A = D with
A = A, B = B, V1 = V1 and V2 = V20

P1 =
A
B
V
2
1
cos( )
V1V2
B
cos( + )
6
Q1 =
A
B
V
2
1
sin( )
V1V2
B
sin( + )
P2 =
V1V2
B
cos( )
A
B
V
2
2
cos( )
Q2 =
V1V2
B
sin( )
A
B
V
2
2
sin( )
Power ow on lossless line
for medium line and short line B = jX so
P =
V1V2
X
sin
Pmax =
V1V2
X
POWER FLOW
Admittance Matrix
Y
bus
= G+jB =

Yij

= Yijij
Yii =

yij
.
= Sum of admittances connected to bus i
Yij = yij
.
= ()Admittance between bus i and j
Power ow equations
Si = SGi SDi = Vi
n

j=1
VjYij(i j ij)
or
Si = Vi
n

j=1
Y

ij
V

j
or
Pi = PGi PDi = Vi
n

j=1
Vj [Gij cos(i j) +Bij sin(i j)] = fi(V , )
Qi = QGi QDi = Vi
n

j=1
Vj [Gij sin(i j) Bij cos(i j)] = gi(V , )
Numerical iteration
General form
update = old value + iteration matrix*error
x
i+1
= x
i
+D
1
[y f(x
i
)]
Gauss
D = diag{di}
Gauss-Seidel iteration calculations for power ow
7
at slack bus at PV (generator) buses
(using latest voltage updates in summation for Gauss-Seidel form, k is the iteration
count)
Q
(k+1)
i
= Im
_
V
(k)
i
_
i1

j=1
Y

ij
V
(k+1)
j
+
n

j=i
Y

ij
V
(k)
j
__

(k+1)
i
=
_
Y
1
ii
_
S

i
V
(k)
i

i1

j=1
Y ijV
(k+1)
j

n

j=i+1
Y ijV
(k)
j
__
at PQ (load) buses
V
(k+1)
i
= Y
1
ii
_
S

i
V
(k)
i

i1

j=1
Y ijV
(k+1)
j

n

j=i+1
Y ijV
(k)
j
_
8