Nanogrid: DC Based Energy Distribution and Control

Santanu K. Mishra (santanum@iitk.ac.in ) Associate Professor Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

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PROFILE Experience
1. 2000-2004: Research Assistant at University of Florida 2. 2004-2008: Staff Application Engineer at International Rectifier Corporation, North Kingstown, Rhode Island 3. 2008-2012: Assistant Professor at IIT Kanpur 4. 2012-Present: Associate Professor at IIT Kanpur

General Research Interest

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DC/DC power conversion Power Electronics Converters & Control DC Based Power Distribution Renewable Power Supplies Nano-grids

22 March 2013

What the talk is all about ?

1. What are Nano-grids 2. How are they related to a Smart-grid (SG)

3. Role of Multi-port Converters in a Nano-grid 4. Some Prospective on creating a sound SG

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Sequence
1. Smart-grid: Introduction 2. Nano-grid: As a part of Smart-grid 3. Nano-grid: Research Problems and Solutions 4. Nano-grid: Future Research Plan 5. Different Strokes!! 6. Research Asset

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Conventional Grid Vs Smart Grid

Power Station

Transmission Grid

Substation

Distribution Transformer Homes

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Smart Grid?
What?
The application of intelligent, co-operating resources to create a flexible electric power system is referred to as smart grid. - Two-way flow of power and info in distribution grid - Information technology is used to improve grid function - Interconnection of high number of automation devices

Why?
- Increases penetration of renewable energy sources - Enables active participation of consumers - Improved Reliability - Optimizes power quality (Reduces Brownouts!!)
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Conventional Grid Vs Smart Grid

Power Station

Sub Station Distribution System (Single Phase)

V2G and G2V Domestic Wind-Turbines

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Distributed Energy Resources (DER)

Solar Powered Homes

3 phase

3 Phase

Smart Grid: Characterization

Smart Grid

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Management

Smart Protection

Smart Energy System

Smart Info System

Smart Comm. System

Power Generation
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New Paradigm (V2G, G2V, Microgrid, etc.)

Distribution Grid

Transmission Grid
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Micro-grid Integration
Sub station VPS ~ 50 kW
- Each Micro-grid should work autonomously. - Each Nano-grid should work autonomously. - Leads to reliability and fault tolerant Smart-grid

Virtual Power Source (VPS)

Nanogrid Nanogrid Nanogrid Nanogrid Nanogrid Nanogrid Micro-grid
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Micro-grid
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Observations
1. Microgrid are building blocks of a Smart-grid. 2. Nanogrids are building cells of a Micro-grid. 3. They should be efficient, reliable, self-sufficient, and fault tolerant to contribute to a healthy smart grid

Strategies
1. 2. 3. 4. A Nanogrid may not be directly connected to a grid. It should stably operate in clusters (in a Microgrid) It should be able to operated in an islanded mode Nanogrid should be Operationally independent to make the Smart-grid reliable and fault tolerant 5. Reduce the number of converters in Nanogrid.
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Nanogrid
Research Problems & Proposed Solutions

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Basic Architecture: Why DC?

Arg. 1: Generates Power at DC

Inside Home (small geographic area)

Arg. 2: Modern Loads are DC Compatible

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Arg. 2: Modern Domestic Loads (Lightings)

LED Lighting (AC-DC )

CFL Lighting (AC-DC-AC)

230 VAC/50 Hz 110 VAC/60 Hz

160 VAC /45 kHz Inverter

Rectifier

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Arg. 2: Modern Loads: DC Compatibility

AC -> DC

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Nanogrid: Present Technology

1. Dedicated converter for each job: Can it be Improved 2. All converters communicate with Energy Control Center (ECC) 3. Power electronics intensive with no need of protective gears
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Energy Control Center (ECC)

Role of Communication
Sub Station

Less Converters Less communication =>Reliable System

Virtual Source

Micro-grid

Micro-grid
Nanogrid

Nanogrid

Nanogrid

Nanogrid

Nanogrid

Nanogrid

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How to Improve this Technology?

1. Efficient Design Strategies a. Transformer-less Single topology for Multiple jobs b. Single-input Multi-output converters c. Multi-input Single-output converters

2. Battery life: Improved battery charging strategy a. Smart charging circuits

Reduces the no. of converter stages to improve reliability
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How to Improve this Technology?

1. Efficient Design Strategies a. Transformer-less Single topology for Multiple jobs b. Single-input Multi-output converters c. Multi-input Single-output converters

2. Battery life: Improved battery charging strategy a. Optimal charging circuits

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Versatile Renewable Power Module (VRPM)

Motivated by Needs of Rural India: (Developed for GE Global Research)

27 V Solar Panel

High Step-up

105 V AC

- A transformer-less High step up Inverter - Bidirectional power flow - Same topology for any kind of renewable power conversion
22 March 2013

Olive Ray, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi, ECCE 2012

Typical Application of a VRPM

Versatility Ability to interact with different Input-Output types. Modularity Same Topology to be used for all Operations. Scalability Ability to cater to higher demand. Efficient/Volume- Intended for smaller systems in rural areas
22 March 2013

How to Improve this Technology?

1. Efficient Design Strategies a. Transformer-less Single topology for Multiple jobs b. Single-input Multi-output converters c. Multi-input Single-output converters

2. Battery life: Improved battery charging strategy a. Optimal charging circuits

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Single-Input Multi-Output Converters Switched Boost Inverter (AC-DC outputs)

- Simultaneous AC and DC loads - The converter has excellent cross-regulation. - Converter has excellent EMI immunity
22 March 2013

Ravindranath Adda, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi, IEEE Trans. On PE, ECCE 12, EPE 12

Boost Converter (AC-DC outputs)

Hybrid Boost is obtained by simple modification of a Boost: Produces DC and AC outputs

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Olive Ray and Santanu Mishra, ECCE 12

Typical Application: Hybrid Class Converters

-Grid

Conventional DC Nano-grid

-Grid

DC Nano-grid with SBI

22 March 2013

Ravindranath Adda, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi, IEEE Trans. On PE

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Special Converters For Nanogrid

VDC

VAC

Conventional Converters shorts in HF-application due to Shoot-through

These new inverters allow shoot-through: Better EMI Suitable for compact high frequency applications
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Flavour of Research: Special PWM Control

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Ravindranath Adda, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi, IEEE Trans. On IE

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Flavour of Research: Control and Performance

Cross-regulation
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Non-Linear Load
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Ravindranath Adda, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi, IEEE Trans. On PE

Single-Input Multi-Output
Vin
(DC)

Single Input Multiple DC output

Vo1 (DC) Vo2 (DC)

Schematic - V o1 is always higher than Vin - V o2 may be higher or lower than Vin
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Waveforms

Olive Ray, Anil J., and Santanu Mishra, ISIE 13

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How to Improve this Technology?

1. Efficient Design Strategies a. Transformer-less Single topology for Multiple jobs b. Single-input Multi-output converters c. Multi-input Single-output converters

2. Battery life: Improved battery charging strategy a. Optimal charging circuits

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Multi-Control Single-Input
48 V-96 V-144 V 12 V 24 V

Converter

Multi Input Battery Charger

Multiple Solar Panel Inputs

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How to Improve this Technology?

1. Efficient Design Strategies a. Transformer-less Single topology for Multiple jobs b. Single-input Multi-output converters c. Multi-input Single-output converters

2. Battery life: Improved battery charging strategy a. Optimal charging circuits

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Battery Charging Basics

Charging Current

Voltage / Current

Battery Voltage

Predefiend Voltage

CC Mode

CV Mode

Ideal Charging
CEA
OUT

Time

Actual Charging
I bat (Battery Charging Current) Iref

PWM

Change Over

Reason for irregularities in charging

OUT

Vbat (Battery Voltage) actual Vref

VEA
22 March 2013

Rajeev Singh and Santanu Mishra, IEEE Trans. On IE, ECCE 11, ECCE 12, IECON 12, PEMD 12

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Optimal Battery Charging

Vbat_buck = Vlo Vbat_boost = V Bi-Directional hi Coupled Inductor Converter
K i L1 + offset Vvea
OUT OUT + -

VgU Gate Driver

Vin Mu V phase

L
1 2

rL iL ESR C o

Vout Io
Ro

Power Stage

VgL

ML Vphase + Vdet v

PWM + TIMER LOGIC

I clamp

Vref
(Can be adusted as per V bat_boost )

CEA

+ OUT

V clamp

analog-digital -analog conversion

f smp
d[k] n bit

V com 1 bit Pre condition

A/D

VEA

D/A

comparator

f smp
n bit

DD Feed back Clamping Circuit

V mod
-

n bit

V bat Vmin

OUT +

Inside the digital domain

Hysteretic Comparator

Ripple Synthesizer

fclk
Vcmd

Error Amplifier

Vref

Analog (7 Ah)
22 March 2013

Rajeev Singh and Santanu Mishra, IEEE Trans. On IE

fclk

f clk

Digital (FPGA) (4.5 Ah)

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Whats Next ???

(Research Directions)

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Building a Nano-grid

Boroyovic 10

Energy Control Center (Hybrid Converter)

DC Distribution Bus -- VBat

-Grid

Load Center 1
(Multi-Port DC)

Load Center 1
(Multi-Port DC)

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Interconnecting Nanogrids
Microgrid Strategy

Lasseter, CERTS

1. Micro-grid are interconnected using a 50/60 Hz 2. Interconnection is three phase through a -Y transformer 3. Fully controlled Autonomous operation using local measurements only 4. Static Switch activates in case of abnormality (IEEE 1547, Faults, etc.)
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Interconnecting Nanogrids
Why do we have 50/60 Hz AC? Electromechanical Machines yield better to this frequency Less inductive drop when geographic area is high Rest of the World: 50 or 60 Hz depends on where the countries bought their equipment from (US or Europe)

Present Scenario: We are not handicapped by these factors anymore as (a) Geographic area is smaller (Low inductance) (b) No Electromechanical conversion to limit frequency (c) Higher frequency operation will lead to smaller transformer

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Options 1: Interconnecting Nanogrids (HFAC)

Microgrid Distribution (HFAC)

Nanogrid

Nanogrid

Nanogrid

1. Nanogrid can generate high frequency AC (HFAC, 1 phase) 2. Isolation transformer size is reduced if HFAC used 3. Harmonic order is higher leading to smaller filters 4. Static switch is easier to design as current has a zero crossing 5. Nanogrids operate in a peer-to-peer (no master) fashion 6. All Nanogrids are controlled based on their local measurements only
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HFAC Sources
DC Input AC Output

1 kHz Output

Excellent Dynamic

- Conventionally VSI based Inverters

are used. - This research uses a Boost based inverter - Excellent Power bandwidth and dynamic response
22 March 2013

Santanu Mishra, Kapil Jha, and Khai Ngo, IEEE Trans. On PE, ECCE 10, APEC13

39

Options 2: Interconnecting Nanogrids (DC)

Microgrid Distribution (DC)

Nanogrid

Nanogrid

Nanogrid

1. Nanogrid can generate HV-DC (at 1 kV or so) for distribution 2. Individual overall isolation not possible 3. Static Switches have to be over-rated as no zero crossing in current. (DC switch gears: Hard to quench the arc) 4. No reactive component 5. Nanogrids operate in a peer-to-peer (no master) fashion 6. All Nanogrids are controlled based on their local measurements only
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Conclusions of Nano-grid Research

1. DC based distribution is more suitable for Nano-grids 2. Various multi-port converter topologies are proposed 3. Multi-port converters make nano-grid reliable

Research Topics to be addressed

1. Nano-grid Interconnection using HFAC or HVDC 2. Power balance studies of the system of Nanogrids 3. Fault studies of the system of Nanogrids 4. Communication between Micro and Macro systems

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Different Strokes !!

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Rural Telecom Problem

Objective: How to sustain the smile without digging deep into the companys pocket ??
What on the way? - Exchanges in Remote places - Grid is intermittent and unreliable - Available in 1-2-3 phases in different time of the day - Power plants only work with 3 phase supply grid or diesel generators

Solution: A power plant that works seamlessly with 1-2-3 phases without any derating
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A Novel Rectifier Concept!!

22 March 2013

Patent No. : 1053/DEL/2011 : Power Supply System; Santanu Mishra

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Commercial Production

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Miscellaneous Research: Eload

Transient Response

Transient Response Steady State

22 March 2013

Saurabh Upadhyay, Santanu Mishra, and Avinash Joshi, IEEE Trans. On IE, APEC 11

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Research Asset

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Research Facilities
Simulation:
Mathematical Computation Tools: Matlab, Simulink Modules,Mathcad Pro. Licenses Real time Simulation Tools: PSpice professional licenses

Prototyping:
PCB Layout Software: Orcad Allegro Pro., Altium DXP Soldering: 95 W contact soldering tools and 300 W noncontact surface mount rework station.

Experimentation:
Range of power supplies, high-end scopes (isolated and non-isolated types), High-end and regular Multi-meters, Thermal Measurement tools, Function generators, Altera FPGAs boards and Interfaces, DSP kits
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Group (Started in 2008)

Funding: Above $200,000 - DST (Equivalent of NSF in India) - BSNL (Telecom) - General Electric Global Research Research Publications: - Transactions: 12 - Conferences: 29 Group: - Ph.Ds=3 (On-going) +1 (About the Submit)+ 1 (Graduated) - M. Tech=4 (On-going) + 15 (Graduated) To learn More:

- Please visit @ www.iitk.ac.in/~santanum

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Questions !!

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