Ansi-Ans - 14.1

ANSI/ANS-14.
1-2004
operation of fast pulse reactors
ANSI/ANS-14.1-2004
Copyright American Nuclear Society Provided by IHS under license with ANS No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Not for Resale
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ANSI/ANS-14.1-2004
American National Standard Operation of Fast Pulse Reactors
Secretariat American Nuclear Society Prepared by the American Nuclear Society Standards Committee Working Group ANS-14.1 Published by the American Nuclear Society 555 North Kensington Avenue La Grange Park, Illinois 60526 USA Approved April 23, 2004 by the American National Standards Institute, Inc.
Not for Resale
American National Standard
Designation of this document as an American National Standard attests that the principles of openness and due process have been followed in the approval procedure and that a consensus of those directly and materially affected by the standard has been achieved. This standard was developed under procedures of the Standards Committee of the American Nuclear Society; these procedures are accredited by the American National Standards Institute, Inc., as meeting the criteria for American National Standards. The consensus committee that approved the standard was balanced to ensure that competent, concerned, and varied interests have had an opportunity to participate. An American National Standard is intended to aid industry, consumers, governmental agencies, and general interest groups. Its use is entirely voluntary. The existence of an American National Standard, in and of itself, does not preclude anyone from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. By publication of this standard, the American Nuclear Society does not insure anyone utilizing the standard against liability allegedly arising from or after its use. The content of this standard ref lects acceptable practice at the time of its approval and publication. Changes, if any, occurring through developments in the state of the art, may be considered at the time that the standard is subjected to periodic review. It may be reaffirmed, revised, or withdrawn at any time in accordance with established procedures. Users of this standard are cautioned to determine the validity of copies in their possession and to establish that they are of the latest issue. The American Nuclear Society accepts no responsibility for interpretations of this standard made by any individual or by any ad hoc group of individuals. Requests for interpretation should be sent to the Standards Department at Society Headquarters. Action will be taken to provide appropriate response in accordance with established procedures that ensure consensus on the interpretation. Comments on this standard are encouraged and should be sent to Society Headquarters.
Published by
American Nuclear Society 555 North Kensington Avenue La Grange Park, Illinois 60526 USA
Copyright 2004 by American Nuclear Society. All rights reserved.

Any part of this standard may be quoted. Credit lines should read Extracted from American National Standard ANSI0ANS-14.1-2004 with permission of the publisher, the American Nuclear Society. Reproduction prohibited under copyright convention unless written permission is granted by the American Nuclear Society.
Printed in the United States of America
Not for Resale
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Foreword
~This foreword is not part of American National Standard Operation of Fast Pulse Reactors, ANSI0ANS-14.1-2004.
Nuclear devices designed and operated for purposes of research and as sources of sharp, intense pulses of fission-produced radiation have functioned successfully for more than 40 years. In the usual operation, superprompt criticality is established in a mass of unmoderated fissile metal, radiation is produced, and the nuclear reaction is immediately terminated by characteristics inherent in the fissile material itself. These devices have come to be known as fast pulse reactors. This standard provides direction in the use of such specialties so that the risk of damage to personnel and equipment can be controlled. It was prepared by individuals having extensive and intimate experience in the operation of this type of reactor. At the time of the initial publication in 1975, the membership of Subcommittee 14 was as follows:
A. De La Paz ~Chair!, White Sands Missile Range
L. M. Bonson, Sandia National Laboratories K. Elliott, Albuquerque Operations Office, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission L. P. Holland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory A. H. Kazi, Aberdeen Pulse Radiation Facility R. L. Long, University of New Mexico J. M. Reuscher, Sandia National Laboratories T. F. Wimett, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
In 2000, a working group was reestablished to review and update the standard. The standard had been reaffirmed in 1982, 1989, and 2000. The standard needed to be updated to ref lect changes in procedures and to reference associated standards. The members of Working Group 14.1 producing the revised standard are as follows:
T. R. Schmidt ~Chair!, Sandia National Laboratories
R. E. Anderson, Los Alamos National Laboratory J. W. Bryson, Sandia National Laboratories M. J. Burger, Sandia National Laboratories A. De La Paz, Vista Technologies J. R. Felty, Science Applications International Corporation T. Michael Flanders, White Sands Missile Range A. H. Kazi ~Retired!, Aberdeen Pulse Radiation Facility R. A. Knief, XE Corporation R. L. Long, Nuclear Stewardship, LLC M. Mendonca, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission D. M. Minnema, National Nuclear Security Administration G. A. Schlapper, National Nuclear Security Administration
This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the American Nuclear Societys Research Reactors, Reactor Physics, Radiation Shielding & Computational Methods ~N17! Committee on ANSI0ANS-14.1-2004, Operation of Fast Pulse Reactors. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the N17 committee had the following members:
T. M. Raby ~Chair!, National Institute of Standards and Technology A. Weitzberg ~Vice-Chair!, Scientech, Inc.
R. E. Carter, Individual D. Cokinos, Brookhaven National Laboratory B. Dodd, Health Physics Society W. A. Holt, American Public Health Association W. C. Hopkins, Individual L. I. Kopp, Individual
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Copyright American Nuclear Society Provided by IHS under license with ANS No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
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L. B. Marsh, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ~Alt. A. Adams, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission! J. F. Miller, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. J. E. Olhoeft, Individual W. J. Richards, University of California R. Seale, University of Arizona T. R. Schmidt, Sandia National Laboratories A. O. Smetana, Savannah River National Laboratory E. G. Tourigny, U.S. Department of Energy D. K. Trubey, Individual S. H. Weiss, National Institute of Standards and Technology ~Alt. T. J. Myers, National Institute of Standards and Technology! W. L. Whittemore, General Atomics
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Contents
Section
Page 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Shall, Should, May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Administrative Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Line Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 General Operational Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Experiment Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Reactor Operations Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Pulse Operations Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Maintenance and Experiment Setup Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Operations Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 Access Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Emergency Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Radiological Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Annual Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13 Quality Assurance Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Facility Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Reactor Facility Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Physical Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Public Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Radiation Detection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Contamination Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Decommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Reactor Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Reactivity Quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Safety Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Primary Safety Device Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Interlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Shroud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 Control Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Pulse Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Pulse Reproducibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Control Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Physical Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Manual Scrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Control Element Position Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Loss of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Measurement Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Personnel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Reactor Area Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 Personnel Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7 Operational Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Reactor Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Reactor Modification0 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Reactivity Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Unexpected Reactor Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Preoperational Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Experiment Inf luence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 Equipment Securing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 Initial Critical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.10 Pulse Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Operation of Fast Pulse Reactors

1 Scope
This standard is for those involved in the design, operation, and review of fast pulse reactors. It has been formulated in general terms to be applicable to all current fast pulse reactors. This standard does not apply to periodically pulsed reactors or booster assemblies. neutron decay interval: The interval of time in the pulse production cycle of the reactor during which a subcritical configuration is attained to allow for decay of delayed neutron precursors. reactor area: A region in the vicinity of the reactor where personnel shall not be present during a reactor operation. reactor operating staff: Those personnel, including reactor supervisor and reactor operator personnel, certified in accordance with procedures established by management to carry out operation of the reactor. reactor operator: An individual certified to manipulate the controls of a reactor. reactor shutdown: The condition where, as a minimum, the safety block or equivalent is in its minimum reactivity position. reactor supervisor: See senior reactor operator. safety block: The control element having a reactivity worth such that its movement is the primary mechanical means of shutting down the operation. safety device: A mechanism or system designed to move a control element to reduce the reactivity of a fast pulse reactor. scram: The act of shutting down a reactor suddenly by operation of the reactor safety devices. senior reactor operator: An individual certified to direct the activities of reactor operators. Such an individual is also a reactor operator.
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2.1
Definitions
Limitations
The definitions given below are restrictive for the purposes of this standard. Other specialized terms are defined in the Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and Technology, @1# 1! or have definitions accepted by usage. 2.2 Shall, should, may
The word shall is used to denote a requirement; the word should is used to denote a recommendation; and the word may is used to denote permission, neither a requirement nor a recommendation. To conform with this standard, all operations shall be performed in accordance with its requirements, but not necessarily with its recommendations. 2.3 Glossary of terms
control elements: Those reactor fuel or neutron ref lection components whose movement increases or decreases the reactivity of the reactor. Included are control rods, pulse rod, safety block, and ref lectors or equivalent. fast pulse reactor (also referred to as fast burst reactor): An essentially unmoderated assembly of fissionable material designed to produce short-duration, high-intensity pulses of fission radiation. Also, it may be operated at a steady-state power level. interlock: A switch, relay, or hardware0software combination that locks in a priority of events or that locks out a particular event.
1! Numbers
3
3.1
Administrative practices
Line organization
Management shall assign responsibility and commensurate authority for safe operation of the reactor unambiguously and singularly through the line organization.
in brackets refer to corresponding numbers in Section 8, References.
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American National Standard ANSI0ANS-14.1-2004
3.2
General operational restrictions
3.3
Experiment plan
3.9
Access procedures
Prior to the start of each experiment, an experiment plan shall be reviewed and approved in accordance with procedures approved by management. 3.4 Training
Written procedures shall be established for control of access to the reactor area. 3.10 Emergency plan
Reactor operating staff personnel shall be trained to ensure that they are capable of performing their assigned work. Continuing training, including periodic reactor operations, shall be provided to ensure that job proficiency is maintained. Criteria for personnel qualifications and training may be derived from the American National Standard Selection and Training of Personnel for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.4-1988 @4# . 3.5 Reactor operations staff
An emergency plan approved by management shall be in effect, and emergency equipment shall be provided. Criteria for an emergency plan may be derived from the American National Standard Emergency Planning for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.16-1982 @5# . 3.11 Radiological protection
At least two members of the reactor operating staff, one of whom is a reactor supervisor, shall be present in the reactor facility during operation of the reactor, and one of the two shall be present at the control console at all times during operation of the reactor. 3.6 Pulse operations staff
Radiation monitoring, personnel dosimetry, and contamination control shall be provided for both normal and emergency conditions. Criteria for a radiation protection program may be derived from the American National Standard Radiation Protection at Research Reactor Facilities, ANSI0ANS-15.11-1993 @6# . 3.12 Annual review
Knowledgeable personnel, independent of the reactor operating staff, shall review the reactors administrative, operational, and safety practices at least annually. The results of the review shall be documented. 3.13 Quality assurance plan
At least two members of the reactor operating staff, one of whom is a reactor supervisor, shall be present at the reactor control console area during pulse rod calibrations, pulse setup, and conduct of the pulse. 3.7 Maintenance and experiment setup staff A minimum of two individuals, at least one of whom is a member of the reactor operating
Design of the facility, reactor, and control system, and modifications thereto, shall adhere to a quality assurance plan approved by management. Criteria for a quality assurance plan may be derived from the American National Standard Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.81995 @7# .
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Written general operational restrictions for the reactor, based on a safety assessment and consideration of characteristics including shielding and confinement, shall be approved by management and the cognizant regulating authority. Criteria for the safety assessment may be derived from the American National Standard Format and Content for Safety Analysis Reports for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.21-1996 @2# . Criteria for operational restrictions may be derived from the American National Standard The Development of Technical Specifications for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.1-1990 @3# .
staff, shall be present during reactor maintenance or experimental setup operations involving access to the reactor. A member of the operating staff shall be present at the reactor control console while power is provided for movement of the control elements. Such maintenance or experimental setup operations shall be approved by a reactor supervisor. 3.8 Operations procedures
Written procedures shall be used for all reactor operations. Provision shall be made for keeping procedures current and in compliance with operational restrictions.
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4.1
Facility design criteria

Reactor facility planning
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5.1
Reactor design criteria

Reactivity quenching
The following shall be considered in planning a fast pulse reactor facility: ~1! prevention of accidental criticality or reactivity increases that might result from credible malfunctions; ~2! control of entry into hazardous areas; ~3! convenience, feasibility, and ease of reactor system maintenance commensurate with anticipated radiation levels; ~4! prevention of f looding of the reactor; ~5! implementation of emergency response; ~6! limiting neutron activation by using appropriate construction materials. 4.2 Physical barriers
Inherent prompt reactivity quenching ~e.g., negative temperature coefficient! shall be a fundamental characteristic of the reactor. 5.2 Safety devices
At least two independent safety devices ~such as safety block and control elements! shall be provided. The safety devices shall be fail-safe with respect to loss of electrical power. 5.3 Primary safety device reactivity
The primary safety device ~such as safety block movement! shall be capable of shutting down the reactor under conditions corresponding to the most reactive experiment arrangement. 5.4 Interlocks
Interlocks shall be provided to prevent ~1! reset of the control system for subsequent operation of the reactor unless the control elements are at positions of minimum reactivity worth; ~2! insertion of the safety block unless the other control elements are at positions of minimum reactivity worth, except at the end of the neutron decay interval; ~3! insertion of two different types of control elements simultaneously; ~4! positive reactivity insertion by control elements during the neutron decay interval; ~5! personnel access to the reactor area during operation. 5.5 Shroud
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Physical barriers shall be provided for protection of operating staff and experimenters from radiation associated with normal reactor operations and credible accidents. 4.3 Public protection
Provision ~e.g., shielding, fencing, and distance! shall be made for protection of the public from radiation associated with normal reactor operations and from credible accidents. 4.4 Radiation detection system
A permanently installed radiation detection system shall be provided to monitor and indicate the radiation levels, with appropriate alarms, at selected points throughout the facility. 4.5 Contamination monitoring
Means shall be provided for contamination monitoring of personnel exiting the reactor area. 4.6 Decommissioning
A shroud to limit the effects of neutron ref lection by experiments should be available and used as deemed appropriate after review of proposed experiments. 5.6 Control elements
Consideration should be given to decommissioning of the facility during the design phase. Criteria for decontamination and decommissioning may be derived from the American National Standard Decommissioning of Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.10-1994 @8# .
Control elements shall be provided having a reactivity worth sufficient to shut down the reactor with the most reactive experiment arrangement, and the most reactive control element in its most positive reactive position.
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5.7
Pulse element
6.8
Personnel communications
The pulse element should be designed so that it reaches its maximum reactivity value at the limit of its travel. 5.8 Pulse reproducibility
Means of communication shall be provided between personnel at the reactor control console and others in the reactor area.
Reproducibility of the effect of the control components should be such that pulse yield variation is controlled ~typically will not exceed 10% of the expected value!.
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7.1
Operational practices
Quality assurance
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6.1
Control design criteria

Physical controls
Formal programs for conduct of operations and quality assurance shall be implemented. Criteria for conduct of operations and quality assurance may be derived from the American National Standard Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Research Reactors, ANSI0 ANS-15.81995 @7# . 7.2 Reactor area
Physical controls shall be provided to prevent operation of the reactor by unauthorized personnel. 6.2 Manual scrams
Procedures for ensuring that the reactor area is cleared of all personnel shall be completed prior to the start of each reactor operation. 7.3 Reactor modification/maintenance
Provisions for manual scram actuation shall exist at the reactor control console and in those general locations in the reactor area that require the exclusion of personnel prior to reactor operation. 6.3 Control element position indicators
Operability of the required reactor systems or safety devices shall be verified before resumption of routine operations following installation, modification, or maintenance. 7.4 Reactivity monitoring
Indications of control element positions shall be provided at the control console. 6.4 Loss of power
Loss of power to any safety device shall initiate a scram. 6.5 Measurement channels
The effects of reactivity changes shall be observed and be consistent with reactor operating staff expectations. Unless a scram is warranted, deviations shall be evaluated before proceeding further. 7.5 Unexpected reactor behavior
A minimum of two neutron f lux ~power! measurement channels and two fuel temperature measurement channels shall be provided; at least one of each type shall be operating when the reactor is not shut down. 6.6 Personnel warning
Any unexpected behavior of the reactor or its associated equipment shall be evaluated. The reactor shall be placed in a safe condition, and routine operations shall be suspended until the cause of the unexpected behavior has been investigated. 7.6 Preoperational checks
Automatic means shall be provided to warn personnel in and near the reactor area that the reactor is about to be operated. 6.7 Reactor area monitoring
Operability of the required number of safety devices and monitoring systems shall be established prior to starting operations each day. 7.7 Experiment influence
Monitoring of the reactor area by visual and audible means should be provided, such as closedcircuit television and intercom from the console.
Consideration of the inf luence of an experiment on reactivity and the calibration of control elements shall be guided by prior experiment information or calculation, or both.
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7.8
Equipment securing
Equipment shall be secured to prevent inadvertent movement of an experiment, or its components, during the pulse sequence or the pulse itself. 7.9 Initial critical operations
of the pulse element will give the desired reactivity. This latter adjustment may be part of a procedure to determine the reactivity worth of the pulse element using a subprompt critical positive period measurement; ~3! removal of reactivity to start the neutron decay interval for reducing the neutron population in the core; ~4! small adjustment in reactivity by control element movement to compensate for a temperature variation during the neutron decay interval if required; ~5! readdition of the reactivity removed in step 7.10 ~3!; ~6! activation of the pulse element followed by automatic scram; ~7! a check to ensure that all control elements have reverted to safe shutdown condition.
The following tasks shall be performed as part of the initial critical operation conducted following the first assembly of the reactor fuel at the facility site. These tasks shall be conducted in accordance with formally approved written procedures: ~1! verification that the facility and reactor design criteria have been met ~e.g., shielding effectiveness, inherent prompt reactivity quenching!; ~2! visual and mechanical check of the reactor fuel assembly; ~3! determination of the rate of shutdown associated with safety block movement; ~4! detailed calibration of the control elements including a check of the reproducibility of the reactivity effects of cycling the control elements; ~5! calibration of the pulse element with sufficient detail to govern adjustment to the desired worth, as applicable; ~6! calibration of the instrumentation used to make incremental reactivity adjustments such as those required to compensate for reactivity effects of peripheral experimental equipment; ~7! calibration of channels required for operations ~e.g., temperature, neutron!; ~8! Items 7.9 ~2! through 7.9 ~7! above should be performed at least annually. 7.10 Pulse production
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References
H. ALTER and ANS STANDARDS SUBCOMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR TERMINOLOGY AND UNITS ~ANS-9!, Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and Technology, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois ~1986!. American National Standard, Format and Content for Safety Analysis Reports for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.21-1996, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois. American National Standard, The Development of Technical Specifications for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.1-1990; R1999, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois.
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@2#
@3#
The pulse production cycle shall consist of ~1! a reference reactivity check at delayed critical or by means of a controlled positive period; ~2! adjustment of the control and0or pulse element positions, taking into account the reactor fuel temperature and the effects of the experimental arrangement on the reactivity worth of the pulse element so that actuation
@4# American National Standard, Selection and Training of Personnel for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.4-1988; R1999, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois. @5# American National Standard, Emergency Planning for Research Reactors, ANSI0 ANS-15.16-1982; R2000, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois.
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@6#
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American National Standard, Radiation Protection at Research Reactor Facilities, ANSI0ANS-15.11-1993; R2004, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois. American National Standard, Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS-15.8-1995, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois.
@8#
American National Standard, Decommissioning of Research Reactors, ANSI0ANS15.10-1994, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois.
@7#
NOTE: When any American National Standard referred to in this document is superseded by a revision approved by the American National Standards Institute, Inc., the revision shall apply.
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operation of fast pulse reactors

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American National Standard Operation of Fast Pulse Reactors

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American National Standard

Copyright 2004 by American Nuclear Society. All rights reserved.

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Operation of Fast Pulse Reactors

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