TKU 3023

Information and Communication

Technology In Chemistry

Simulation
Title : Atomic structure
Group A

Group member

Name Matrix No.

Nadiatul Azima Bt Ahmad Sabri D20081032358
Norhadisah Bt Mohd. Zaini D20081032367

Lecturer’s Name:
Pn. Asmayati

1
 Contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..2

2. Engage………………………………………………………………...4

3. Empower……………………………………………………………...5

4. Enhance………………………………………………………………11

2
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Matter

Matter is everything that has mass and occupied spaces. It is made of atoms and
molecules.

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. They are the smallest units of an element:

• An element is composed of only one kind of atom

• In compounds the atoms of two or more elements combine in definite
arrangements
• Mixtures do not involve the specific interactions between elements found in
compounds, and the elements which comprise the mixture can be of varying ratios

Theory of Matter
• The atom is considered the basic unit of any element, and atoms may combine
chemically to form molecules.The molecule being the smallest unit of any
substance that possesses the properties of that substance. An element in modern
theory is any substance that have the same atomic number, while a compound is
composed of different types of atoms together in molecules.

State of matter
There are three states of matter which is solids, liquids, and gases.
• Matter in the solid state has both a definite volume and a definite shape. Matter in
the liquid state has a definite volume but no definite shape, assuming the shape of
whatever container it is placed in. Matter in the gaseous state has neither a
definite volume nor a definite shape and expands to fill any container

Atomic Structure

• Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles electrons , protons and

neutrons . These particles have different properties. Electrons are tiny,

very light particles that have a negative electrical charge (-). Protons are much
larger and heavier than electrons and have the opposite charge, protons have a
positive charge. Neutrons are large and heavy like protons, however neutrons
have no electrical charge. Each atom is made up of a combination of these
particles.
• Atoms have electrical charges. Some atoms can either gain or lose electrons (the
number of protons never changes in an atom). If an atom gains electrons, the
atom becomes negatively charged. If the atom loses electrons, the atom becomes
positively charged (because the number of positively charged protons will exceed
the number of electrons). An atom that carries an electrical charge is called an
ion.

3
Number of proton and nucleon number
No of proton= atomic number of the atom
The atomic number is also given the more descriptive name of proton number.

No of proton + no of neutrons= mass number of the atom

The mass number is also called the nucleon number

Isotopes

• The number of neutrons in an atom can vary within small limits. For example,
there are three kinds of carbon atom 12C, 13C and 14C. They all have the same
number of protons, but the number of neutrons varies.
protons neutrons mass number
carbon-12 6 6 12
carbon-13 6 7 13
carbon-14 6 8 14
• These different atoms of carbon are called isotopes. Isotopes are atoms which
have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. They have the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

The arrangement of the electrons

• The electrons are found at considerable distances from the nucleus in a series of
levels called energy levels. Each energy level can only hold a certain number of
electrons. The first level (nearest the nucleus) will only hold 2 electrons, the
second holds 8, and the third also seems to be full when it has 8 electrons.
• These levels can be thought of as getting progressively further from the nucleus.
Electrons will always go into the lowest possible energy level
• For example the arrangement of electron in Sodium,Na atoms:

ENGAGE

4
You are given the picture as shown below:

1. What do you observe?

2. What is the process occurs during the freezing

and melting the ice cube?

3. How could this happen?

EMPOWER

5
Steps
1. The Kinetic Theory explains the differences between the three states of matter.
2. The three states of matter are
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
3. See the video and observe the characteristic of each state of matter to answer the
question
State of matter (video 1)
State of matter (video 2)

Result;
Video 1

States of matter

6
 Gases state

Liquid state

7
 Solid state

Video 2

The strength of forces that hold atoms at each states

8
Compressibility at each states

9
Questions
Complete the table below.

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Atomic
structure

Shape

Volume

Particle
movement

Force

Compressibility

Example

10
Answer

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Atomic
structure

Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape: follow No fixed shape: follow

the shape of container the shape of container

Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed volume

Particle Collide only with Move randomly but Move rapidly and
movement near neighbour limited randomly

Attractions Strong Normal intermolecular No intermolecular

Force intermolecular forces forces forces

Bonds Strong bonds Weak bonds No bonds

Compressibility Cannot compress; Can be compress; have Maximum

particle closely space between atoms compression: lot of
packed and no space empty space between
atoms
Example Sugar, wood Milk, water Oxygen, Nitrogen

11
 ENHANCE
Draw the electron in the orbital for each atoms. State the number of proton and neutron of
each atom.
a)

b)

c)

12
d)

e)

f)

13
g)

h)

14