Mechanics Solved Examples

Solved Examples
Example 1: A car A is travelling on a straight level road with a uniform speed of 60 km h-1. It is followed by another car B which is moving with a speed of 70 km h-1. When the distance between them is 2.5 km, the car b is given a deceleration of 20 km h-2. After what distance and time will B catch up with A? Solution: Suppose the car B catches up with the car A in t hours. The distance travelled by the car A moving with a velocity of 60 km h-1 in time hours is given by s1 = 60 t km. The distance traveled by the car B moving with an initial velocity u = 70 km h-1 and decelerated at the rate of 20 km h-2 in time t hours is given by s2 = ut + at2 = 70t + (-20)t2 = 70t - 10t2 But (s2-s1) = 2.5 km .. 70 t -10 t2 - 60 t = 2.5 => 10t2 - 10t + 2.5 = 0 .. t2 - t + 0.25 = 0 => (t - 0.5)2 = 0 => t = h Substituting t = h, we get s2 = 32.5 km. Ans. Example 2: A train moves from one station to another in two hours time. Its speed during the motion is shown in the graph (Figure) Calculate: (i) maximum acceleration during the journey.
(ii) distance covered during the time interval from 0.75 hour to 1 hour.
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Solution: (i) Since acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, it is given by the slope of the velocity time curve. Here the slope is greatest between and 1 hour. Change in the velocity in this interval = (60-20) km h-1 .. Acceleration in this interval = (60-20)/(1-(3/4)) km h-2 = 160 km h-2 Ans.
(ii) Distance travelled during this interval is given by s = ut + 1/2 at2 = 20 (1/4) + 1/2(160)(1/4)2 = 10 km Note: We can find distance covered during the time interval from 0.75 hour to one hour by assuming the concept of: "Area enclosed between the velocity time graph represents the distance travelled covered". Example 3: The speed of a train increases at a constant rate from zero to v and then remains constant for an interval and finallydecreases to zero at a constant rate . If l is the total distance covered, prove that total time taken is l/v + v/2 [1/+1/]. Solution:
As shown in figure, we can divide the distance covered into three stages: Ist stage - OA: IInd stage - AB IIIrd stage - BC v = t1, s1 = v2/2
s2 = l - (s1+s3) = vt2 s3 = v2/2
Hence, total time t = t1 + t2 + t3 = v/ + l(-s1+s3 )/v + v/ = v/ + l/v - v/2 - v/2 + v/ = v/2 + v/2 + l/v = l/v + v/2 [1/+1/] Example 4: A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate for some time, after which it decelerates at a constant rate to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t seconds Calculate (i) the maximum velocity reached (ii) the total distance traveled. Solution: The velocity time graph for the motion in question is as shown in figure. Let the car acceleration is for time interval t1. Let v be the maximum velocity reached. Hence Proved.
Then acceleration = v/t1 Retardation = v/(t-t1) Adding (1) and (2) we get, or t = v = (1/ + 1/) Hence v = t()/(+) Ans. .. t1 = v/ ............ (1) .. t - t1 = v/ ............ (2)
To determine the total distance we can use equations of motion or area under the triangle OAB. Here it is easier to find area under the triangle OAB. Hence Total distance traveled = area of the triangle OAB = (1/2) base height = (1/2) t v = 1/2 t (()/(+)) t = 1/2 (()/(+)) t2 Example 5: A body falling freely from a given height "H" hits an inclined plane in its path at a height 'h'. As result of this impact the direction of the velocity of the body becomes horizontal. For what value of (h/H) the body will take maximum time to reach the ground. Solution: In this example we use the equation of motion of the following form.
Ans.
h = ut + 1/2 gt2 Total time to reach the ground, t = t1 + t2 where t1 = time taken from O to A and t2 = time taken from A to B
Hence t1 = 2(H-h)/g , t2 = 2h/g .. t = 2(H-h)/g + 2h/g For maximum value of t, the value of |(H-h) + h| is maximum. To find the maximum value, we have to use the concept of differential calculus. Hence, d/dh[(H-h) + h] = 0 or (H - h) (-1) + h- = 0 or H - h = h or h = H/2 h/H = 1/2 Ans.
Example 6: A man wishes to cross a river to an exactly opposite point on the other bank. If he can pull his boat with twice the velocity of the current, find, at what inclination to the current he must keep the boat pointed. Solution: The man starts from A and wishes to reach the point B on the opposite bank. He has to direct his boat towards the point C, to reach the point B. If AD = 2v represents the and DE = v, the velocity of the river.
Hence, sin = v/2v = 1/2 .. = 30o Ans.
Hence the inclination with the current = 30o + 90o = 120o Example 7:
Two ships are 10 km apart on a line running south to north. The one farther north is streaming west at 20 kmh-1. The other is streaming north at 20 kmh-1. What is the distance of closest approach. Solution: Suppose the two ships X, Y moving with velocities u, v respectively each 20 km h-1. The velocity of Y relative to X = v - u = v + (-u)
We therefore draw OA to represent v and add to it AB which represents -u. The relative velocity is then represented by OB. OB = (OA2 + AB2) = (202 + 202)= 28.28 km h-1. Also tan = AB/OA = 20/20 = 1 => = 45o Thus the ship Y will be move along a direction QR relative to the ship X where QR is at 45o to PQ, the north south direction. When the relative velocity is considered, the ship X is at rest.
If PQ = 10 km the distance of closest approach is PN where PN is the perpendicular from P to QR. PN = PQ sin 45o = 10 sin 45o = 7.71 km
The distance QN = 10 cos 45o = 8.071 km Time to reach N = 7.071/28.28 = 0.25h Example 8: The speed of a motor boat with respect to still water is v = 7m/s and the speed of current in a stream is u = 3 m/s; when the boat began travelling upstream a float was dropped from it. The boat traveled 4.2 km upstream and turned about and caught up with float. How long is it before boat reaches the float? Solution: Velocity of the boat while travelling upstream = boat velocity - stream velocity = v - u Time taken by the boat for travelling the distance l = 4.2 km, t1 = l/(v-u) Let 't' be the time taken by the launch after dropping the float and meeting it again. Distance traveled by the float during time t = ut Down-stream velocity of the boat = v + u Distance traveled down the stream by the boat = l + ut Time taken t2 = (l+ut)/(v+u); Total time taken by the boat t = t1 + t2 t = l/(v-u) + (l+ut)/(v+u) = l/(v-u) + l/(v+u) + ut/(v+u) t(1-u/(v+u)) = [(v+u)+(v-u) ]l/(v-u)(v+u) Hence, t (1-u/(v+u)) = 2vl/(v-u)(v+u) t = 2l/(v-u) = (24.2103)/((7-3)) h = (24.2103)/(460) min = 35 min
Example 9: A particle is projected vertically upwards, and 't' seconds afterwards particle is projected upwards with same initial velocity. Prove that the particles will meet after a lapse of [t/2+u/g] seconds from the instant of projection of the first particle. What are the velocities of the particles when they meet? Solution: Let the particles meet at a height h from the ground t0 seconds after the projection of the first particle. For the first particle, S = h, initial velocity is u m/s and time is t0. Using the formula, S = ut + (1/2) at2 h = ut0 - (1/2) gt02 For the second particle, S = h, initial velocity is u m/s and time is t0. Using the same formula, we get h = u (t0 - t) - (1/2)g(t0-t)2 Equation (i) and (ii) ut0 - 1/2gt02 = u(t0 - t) - 1/2 g(t0 - t)2 = ut0 - 1/2 gp[t02 - 2t0t + t2] => => -1/2 gt2 + gt0t - ut = 0 -1/2 gt + gt0 - u = 0 => t0 = (t/2+u/g) seconds Hence proved ...... (ii) ...... (i)
Velocity of the first particle = u - gt0 = u - g (t/2+u/g) = -1/2 gt Ans.
Example 10 : A cricket ball is thrown with a speed of 49 m/sec. Find the greatest range on the horizontal plane and the two directions in which the ball may be thrown so as to give a range 122.5 m. Solution : Here initial speed u = 49 m/sec Horizontal range = u2sin2/g The range will be greatest when sin 2 = 1 => = /4
.. Greatest horizontal range = (49 * 49)/9.8 = 245 m Now it is given that range = 122.5 m .. u2sin2/g = 122.5 => (49*49)sin2/9.8 = 122.5 => sin2 = => 2 = 30o or 150o => = 15o or 75o
Ans.
.. The required two directions which will give the range of 122.5 are 15o and 75o
Ans.
Think : The range remains the same when the particle is projected at an angle of or (/2 ) with the horizontal.
Example 11: A particle is projected form O at an elevation and after t seconds to have an elevation as seen from the point of projection. Prove that the initial velocity was gt cos /[2sin(-)/].
Solution: Let the velocity of projection of the particle be u. Let the particle be at P after time t such that OP = l then in time t the particle moves Horizontal distance ON = l cos Vertical distance PN = l sin Hence considering motion of the particle in horizontal and vertical direction. We have l cos = u cos t l sin = u sin t - gt2 Dividing (1) by (ii), we get cos/sin = 2u cos/(2u sin-gt) After solving this equation, => u = gt cos/2sin(-) Hence proved. ...... (i) ...... (ii)
Example 12: A projectile aimed at a target, which is in a horizontal plane through the point of projection, falls a meter short of it when the angle of projection is . It goes b meter too far when the angle of projection is . Find the angle of projection, in terms of , , b and a to hit the target if the velocity of projection be the same in all cases.
Solution: Let O be the point of projection of the projectile and the target is T. Here AT = a TB = b OT = c Let be the proper angle of projection and u the velocity of projection which is the same in all cases. When angle of projection is , the range is OA = c - a = u2sin2/g ....... (i)
When angle of projection is , the range is OB = c + b = u2sin2/g ....... (ii)
When angle of projection is , the range is

OT = c = u2sin2/g
....... (iii)
Multiplying (i) by b and (ii) by a, and adding, we have c(b+a) = u2(b sin 2 + a sin 2)/g Substitute value of c from (iii) in (iv), We get '' after solving => = 1/2sin-1[(b sin 2 + a sin 2 )/(b+a)] Example 13: A shell bursts on contact with the ground and pieces from it fly in all directions with velocities up to 49 metres per second. Show that a man 122.5 metres away is in danger for 52 second. Solution: Given that R = 122.5 metres and u - 49.5 m/sec. But R = (u2 sin 2)/g .. 122.5 = [(49)2 sin 2]/9.8 or sin 2 = Ans. ...... (iv)
As there are always two directions of projections and (-) for a given range, hence for the range of 122.5 metres there will be two directions of projection i.e. 15o and 90o - 15o and 75o. Let t1 and t2 be the times of flight in the two cases, then t1 = 2u sin15/g and t2 = 2u sin75/g The man is in danger for a time = t2 - t1 = 2u/g (sin 75o - sin 15o) = 2u/g (2 cos 45o sin 30o). = 2*29/9.8*2*1/2*1/2 = 52 seconds. Example 14: Hence proved
A body is projected at an angle to the horizontal, so that it is just able to clear two walls of equal height 'a' at a distance '2a' from each other. Show that the range is equal to 2 cot /2. Solution: Let us be the velocity of projection and R the required range of the particles Then R = (2u2 sin cos )/g ...... (i)
Also referred to horizontal and upward drawn vertical lines through the point of projection (and lying in the plane of flight) as coordinate axes, the equation of the path is y = x tan - gx2/2u2cos2 As the top of the walls of height a lie on it. .. The distance of the walls from the point of projection of the particle be a = x tan gx2/2u2cos2 or gx2 - 2u2x sin cos + 2au2 cos2 = 0 ...... (ii)
Let the distances of the walls from the point of projection of the particle be x1 and x2. Then x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation (ii). .. x1 + x2 = (2u2 sin cos )/g = R, and x1 x2 = (2au2 cos2)/g Now distance between the walls = 2a = x2 - x1 Squiring 4a2 = (x2 - x1)2 = (x2 + x1)2 - 4x1x2 or 4a2 = R2 - 8u2cos2/g , from (iii) and (iv) ...... (iii)
or 4a2 = R2 - 4a cos2 [ R/sin cos ], from (i) => R2 - 4aR cot - 4a2 = 0 => R = [4a cot + {16a2 cot2a + 16a2} (negative sign is inadmissible as R is positive)
or T = 2a cot 2a cosec = 2a [(cos + 1)/sin ] .. R = 2a cot /2. Example 15: Shots are fired simultaneously from the top and bottom of a vertical cliff with elevation and respectively strike on object simultaneously. Show that if a be the horizontal distance of the object from the cliff, the height of the cliff is a (tan - tan ). Hence proved
Solution: Let OO' is the cliff of height h. P is the object. Let u1 and u2 be the velocities of the shots fired from the top and bottom of the cliff respectively. .. Time taken by each shot in reaching P is the same. Let this time be t, then as the horizontal component of velocity remains constant throughout the motion and the horizontal distance traveled si due to this component of velocity, so we have a = u1 cos .t = u2 cos t ...... (i)
Also referred to horizontal and vertical lines through the points of projection as coordinate axes, the equations of the paths traced out by the shots projected form O and O' are y = x tan - gx2/2u12cos2 and y = x tan - gx2/2u12cos2 ...... (ii) ...... (iii)
Let the height of P above O be y1, then as shown in the diagram the depth of P below O' is (h y1),
.. The coordinates of P referred to axes through O are (a, y1) and through O' are (a, - h + y1). Hence from (ii) and (iii) we have -(h - y1) = a tan - gx2/2u12cos2 and y1 = a tan - gx2/2u12cos2 Subtracting, h = a(tan - tan ) - ga2/2(1/2u12cos2 - 1/2u12cos2) = a (tan - tan ), from (i), Example 16: If at any instant the velocity of a particle be u, and its direction of motion to the horizontal, then show that it will be moving at right angles to the direction after time (u/g) cosec . Solution: Let at P the velocity of the particle be u, making an angle q with the horizontal. Let be the velocity of the particle at Q, when it is moving at right angles to its direction at P. .. At Q its direction of motion is inclined to the horizontal at an angle (90o - ) as shown in the diagram. .. Horizontal component of velocity remains constant throughout the motion. .. u cos = v cos (90o - ) or u cos = v sin ...... (i) Hence proved.
Also for the vertical component of velocity from "v = u + at",
We have v sin (90o - ) = u sin - gt, Where t is the time taken in moving from P to Q. Or gt = u sin + v cos = u sin + [u cos /sin ] cos , from (i) = (u/sin ) [sin2 + cos2] Or t = (u/g) cosec . Example 17: A stone is thrown at an angle a with the horizontal from a point in a plane whose inclination to the horizontal is , the trajectory lying in the vertical plane containing the line of greatest slope. Show that if be the elevation of that point of the path that is farthest from inclined plane, then 2 tan = tan + tan . Hence proved.
Solution: Let B be that point of the path which is most distant from the inclined plane, then the tangent at B to the trajectory must be parallel to the inclined plane. Let the coordinates of B be (h, k) referred to the horizontal and vertical lines through the point of projection O and lying in the plane of flight as coordinate axes. Trajectory is y = x tan gx2/2u2cos2 . B (h, k) lies in it, so k = h tan gh2/2u2cos2 ....... (i) ....... (ii)
Also from (i) we get dy/dx = tan - gx2/u2cos2
...... (iii)
Which gives the inclination of the tangent to horizontal a any point of (i). At B, tangent to (i) is inclined at an angle b to the horizontal. .. from (iii) at B, tan = tan - -gh/2u2cos2 or - gh/2u2cos2 = tan - tan Also is the elevation of B (h, k), so tan = k/h or k = h tan .. From (ii), h tan = h tan - [gh2/2u2cos2)] or tan = tan - [tan - tan ], from (iv) 2 tan = tan + tan . Example 18: Two guns, situated on the top of a hill of height 10 m one shot each with the same speed 53 msat some interval of time. One gun fires horizontally and other fires upwards at an angle of 60o with the horizontal. The shots collide in air at a point P. Find (i) the time-interval between the firings, and (ii) the coordinates of the point P. Take origin of the coordinate system at the foot of the hill right below the muzzle and trajectories in x-y plane.
1
Hence Proved
Solution: Let the F1 be fired upward at an angle 60o with the horizontal and the gun G2 be fired horizontally at the time interval of . If t1 and t2 are the respective times taken by the shots 1 and 2 to reach the common point P, we will have t1 = t2 + ...... (i)
The coordinates (x, y) of a projectile as a function of time are x - x0 = (v0 cos ) t y - y0 = (v0 sin )t - 1/2 gt2
For the gun G1, = 60o. The coordinates of the point P at which shot 1 reaches in time t1 are x - x0 = (v0 cos 60o) t1 => x - x0 = 1/2 v0 t1 y - y0 = (v0 sin 60o) t1 - 1/2 gt12 => y = y0 + 3/2 v0 t1 - 1/2 gt12 For the gun G2, = 0o. The coordinates of the point P at which shot 2 reaches in time t2 are x - x0 = (v0 cos 0o) t2 => x = x0 + v0t2 y - y0 = (v0 sin 0o) t2 - 1/2 gt22 => y = y0 - 1/2 gt22 Equating x-coordinates, we get 1/2 v0t1 = v0t2 => 1/2 t1 = t2 Equating y-coordinates, we get 3/2 v0t1 - 1/2 gt22 = - 1/2 gt22 or, 3/2 v0t1 + 1/2 g(t22 - t12) = 0 Making use of equation (ii), we get 3/2 v0(2t0) + 1/2 g (t22 - 4t22) = 0 or, t2 (3v0 - 3/2gt2) = 0 This gives t2 = 0 and t2 = (2/3)(v0/g)
or
t1 = 2t2
...... (ii)
Substituting the values of v0 and g in the expression of t2, we get t2 = 2/3 (53ms-1)/(10ms-2) = 1s Thus, t1 = 2t2 = 2 (1 s) = 2s = t1 - t2 = 2s - 1 = 1 s (Equation ii) (Equation i) Ans.
The coordinates of P at which the two shots collides are x = x0 + v0t2 = 0 + (53ms-1) (1s) = 53 m y = y0 - 1/2 gt22 = 10 m - 1/2 (10 ms-2)(1s)2 = 5 m We can do the above problem using another: Taking the point of firing as the origin, the motion of projectile at an angle with the horizontal x-axis is y = x tan 2(gx2/2 For the gun G2, = 0o, tan = 0 and cos = 1 Thus, y = -gx2/2 ...... (i) cos2) Ans. Ans.
For the gun G1, = 60o, tan 60o = 3 , and cos 60o = 1/2
y = x3 - gx2/2 (1/4) = x3 - 2gx2/
...... (ii)
Since the two shots meet at P (x, y), we equate the y-coordinates as given equations (i) and (ii). -gx2/2 = x3 - 2gx2/ - gx2/2 = 3gx2/2 /3g
Or, x3 - 2gx2/
This gives x = 0 and x = 2
Substituting the values of v0 and g, we get x = (2(53 ms-1)2)/(3 (10ms-1)) = 53 m y=gx2/( ) = -(10ms-2)(53 m)2/2(53 ms-1)2 = -5m Ans. Ans.
The coordinates of point P with respect to the bottom of the hill are (53 m, 5 m). Time taken for the shot from G2 to travel a distance 53 m with velocity v0 t1 = x/v0 = (53 m)/(53 ms-1 ) = 1s Time taken for the shot from G1 to travel a distance 53 m with velocity v0 cos 60ois t2 = x/(v0 cos 60o ) = (53 m)/((53 ms-1 )(1/2)) = 2s Time interval between the two shots is = t2 - t1 = 2 s - 1 s = 1 s Ans.
Example 19: A large, heavy box is sliding without friction down to smooth plane of inclination . From a point P on the bottom of the box, a particle is projected inside the box. The initial speed of the particle with respect to the box is u, and the direction of projection makes an angle a with the bottom as shown in figure.
(a) Find the distance along the bottom of the box between the point of projection P and the point Q where the particle lands. (Assume that the particle does not hit any other surface of the box. Neglect air resistance). (b) If the horizontal displacement of the particle as seen by an observer on the ground is zero, find the speed of the box with respect to the ground at the instant when the particle was projected. Solution: (a) To determine the distance PQ, we consider the motion of the projectile with reference to the frame of the box, as shown in figure. The initial velocity u of the projectile has two components along x axis ux = u cos along y axis uy = u sin The accelerations experienced by the projectile are along x axis gx = g sin along y axis gy = g cos ... (iii) ... (iv) ... (i) ... (ii)
The displacement of the particle along the x and y axes are x = uxt y = uyt - 1/2 gyt2 ... (v) ... (vi)
To determine the range of the projectile along the x-axis, we set y = 0 in equation (vi) so as to determine the time at which the particle returns on the x-axis. This gives t = 2uy/cos = 2u sin/gcos Substituting this in equation (v), we get x = ux t = (u cos ) (2u sin/gcos) (u sin/gcos) Ans.
(b) Since the horizontal displacement of the particle as seen by an observer on the ground is zero, the box covers a distance exactly equal to the projectile range x(= u sin2/gcos) in time t(= (2u sin/gcos). The acceleration experienced by the box along the inclined plane is g sin . If V is the velocity of the box at the instant the projectile was projected, then by using the expression s = ut + (1/2) at2, we get (u sin2/gcos) = V (2u sin/gcos) + 1/2(g sin)(2u sin/gcos)2 After solving the above equations, we get u cos = V + (u sin sin)/cos Or, V = u (cos cos - sin sin)/cos = u(cos(+)/cos) Ans.
Example 20: A point moves along a circle of radius r with deceleration; at any moment the magnitudes of its tangential and normal accelerations are equal. The point was set in motion with the velocity v0. Find the velocity v and the magnitude of the total acceleration a of the point as a function of the distances covered by it. Solution: As we know, dv/dt = -v2/r. We can write dv/v = -ds/r. The integration of this expression with regard to the initial velocity yields the following result : V = v0e-s/r. In this case |aT| = aN, and therefore the total acceleration a = 2 aN = 2 v2/r, or a = 2 v02/re2s/r. Example 21: A point moves along a plane path so that its tangential acceleration aT = a and the normal acceleration aN = bt4, where a and b are positive constants and t is time. The point started moving at the moment t = 0. Find the curvature radius r of its path and its total acceleration a as a function of the distance s covered by the point. Solution: The elementary velocity increment of the point dv = aT dt. Integrating this equation, we get v = at. The distance covered s = at2/2. The curvature radius for the path can be represented as r = v2/aN = a2/bt2. Or r = a3/2bs.
The total acceleration a = (a2T + a2N) = (1+4bs3/a2)2 Example 22: A particle moves uniformly with the velocity v along a parabolic path y = ax2, where a is a positive constant. Find the acceleration w of the particle at the point x = 0. Solution: Let us differentiate twice the path equation with respect to time: dy/dt = 2ax(dx/dt);d2y/dt2 = 2a [(dx/dt)2 + x d2x/dt2] Since the particle moves uniformly, its acceleration at all points of the path is purely normal and at the point x = 0 is coincides with the derivative d2y/dt2 at the point. Keeping in mind that at the point x = 0 |dx/dt| = v we get a = 2av2. Note that in this solution method we have avoided calculating the curvature radius of this path at the point x = 0, which is usually needed to determine the normal acceleration (aN = v2/r). Example 23: A train travels due south at 30 m/s (relative to ground) in a train that is blown towards the south by the wind. The path of each raindrop makes an angle of 22owith the vertical, as measured by an observer stationary on Earth. An observer on a train, however, sees the drops fall perfectly vertical. Determine the speed of rain drops relative to Earth. Solution: Here we notice that a change in reference frame changes the observation and mathematics involved in it i.e. the statements made about the rain by two different observes are different. Let us draw vector diagram with the given information
VTrain = 30 m/sec due south (see figure) VDrop = VD at an /22o with vertical (observed from the earth) VDrop = V'D vertical as seen from train .. 'D =
D
T.
.. from the , VD = (V'D2 - VT2) VD = 80.08 m/sec.

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s2 = l - (s1+s3) = vt2 s3 = v2/2

Hence, sin = v/2v = 1/2 .. = 30o Ans.

Velocity of the first particle = u - gt0 = u - g (t/2+u/g) = -1/2 gt Ans.

When angle of projection is , the range is OB = c + b = u2sin2/g ....... (ii)

When angle of projection is , the range is

Also for the vertical component of velocity from "v = u + at",

Also from (i) we get dy/dx = tan - gx2/u2cos2

y = x3 - gx2/2 (1/4) = x3 - 2gx2/

This gives x = 0 and x = 2

.. from the , VD = (V'D2 - VT2) VD = 80.08 m/sec.

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