Secondary Works Cited "Arms Control." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 12 Feb. 2014.

This source was from the database ABC-CLIO, and it explained to me the history of arms control, beginning at the Cold War. This source is reliable. I use this information to explain the history of the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. Asghar, Rizwan. "The Future of the CTBT." Daily Times. 14 Jan. 2014. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. This source is about the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and its current status, and it shows me a new side of the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. It helps me understand my topic because, if the CTBT were in full legal effect, it would help accomplish major nonproliferation goals. This secondary source shows me not only the background of the CTBT and what it stands for, but it shows the effects it has on the NPT as well. Astore, William J. "Manhattan Project: World War II." World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 15 Feb. 2014.

This source was about the Manhattan project, the U.S. project to develop the nuclear bomb. It helps me understand the beginnings of the atomic bomb. I used this in the Nuclear Weapons webpage in my website. This source is reliable. "The Atomic Bomb." National Museum of WWII. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. This source was helpful to me because it explained to me what happened in WWII and showed me leaflet that was dropped on Japan. I used this in my understanding of the Leaflets to Japan tab. "Atomic Bombs." PBS. PBS, Web. 04 Feb. 2014. This video was about the two atomic bombs used on Japan to end WWII. Included in this source are video clips of the president and this time period, but it is not considered a primary source because it was an account of the event after the fact. I get a first hand understanding. It helps me understand the effects, both good and bad, of nuclear weapons during this event. I get a first hand understanding. Beller, Denis. E-mail interview. 6 Feb. 2014. I email interviewed a research professor at UNLV named Denis Beller, so this source is reliable. He answered questions about the responsibilities of nations that posses nuclear weapons and technology and the future of nuclear technologies. This helps me 1

understand the theme, rights and responsibilities, as well as prove my thesis. Bidwell, Christopher A. Personal e-mail interview. 5 Feb. 2014. I email interviewed Christopher A. Bidwell about the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, and he gave me very helpful information about my topic. It helps me with my project because it gives me a first hand view on nonproliferation from an expert, so it is a reliable source. "The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki." Atom Central. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. This source was about the bombing of two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This source included pictures of the effects of the two bombs, so I used them in my website under the WWII tab. It shows how bad the effects of a nuclear bomb can be. Bush, George H.W. Public Papers of George Bush -- Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Argentine and Brazilian Compliance With Nuclear Safeguards and Nonproliferation Regimes. 29-Nov-90. World Book Advanced. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This secondary source was President George H. W. Bushs reflection of Brazil and Argentinas announcement that they will work with the IAEA to apply safeguards to all nuclear facilities and activities in their countries and to bring into force the Treaty of Tlatelolco. I compared this treaty with the other treaties that comply with the NPT. It is reliable because it is a document written by a president. Carlin, Pat. "North Korea: Conflict and Diplomacy: Background." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This source provided me with North Koreas history, starting with its split with South Korea, and concluding with its nuclear records. This source is very helpful to my research because it gives me evidence to support my thesis. I used this information to construct my Nuclear Risk webpage. It is a reliable source because it is from a database. "China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures." China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures. Web. 22 Jan. 2014. This source is about how China is for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, and what measures and policies they use to enforce it. This secondary source is very helpful to understanding my topic because it explains the current status of China in its NPT efforts.

Sources like Nuclear Deal, Nuclear Imperialism or Nuclear Apartheid (Counter Currents) prove the information is reliable. Clinton, William J. Public Papers of William J. Clinton -- Statement on Strengthening International Nuclear Safeguards on Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. 16-May-97. World Book Advanced. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. This secondary source was President Clintons account of the strengthening of international nuclear safeguards on the proliferation of nuclear weapons. I can compare this source to the United Nations source because they both discuss issues with countries and the topic of acquiring nuclear weapons. I used this information to construct my United Nations webpage. Clinton, William Jefferson. "Public Papers of William J. Clinton Statement on Extension of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty." 11-May-95. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 1995. World Book Advanced. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. This source was President William J. Clintons reflection of the Extension of the NPT.. This source was helpful because it gave a firsthand account of what happened in this 1995 consensus, and shows the positive effects of the NPT. The source is reliable because it is a presidential document. "Code Red." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. I used this secondary source for the picture of the signing of the NPT by the Austrian Ambassador to the USSR, Walter Wodak in my The Treaty tab. It gives me a firsthand look at the signing, but it is a secondary source because it contains secondary information as well as the picture. "Cold War." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. This source explained to me what happened during the cold war and how it applies to the use of nuclear weapons. I used this in my research to understand the history of the nuclear weapon in different countries. The source is reliable because it is from a trusted database. "A Date to Remember." A Date to Remember. IAEA, Sept. 2008. Web. 07 Feb. 2014.

This source was about how the IAEA was a part of the NPT, and helps me understand how safeguards were first introduced. It is helpful because many sources do not explain how the NPT and IAEA safeguards coincide. "The Development and Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons". Nobelprize. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 26 Jan 2014. Provided me with the history of the development of proliferation of nuclear weapons. It helps me prove my thesis because it includes a description of the nations that are not signatories of the NPT and those that have nuclear weapons. This source is reliable because multiple sources confirm these dates, such as Terrorism and Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Dickson, David. "Nuclear Rights and Responsibilities. SciDev.Net, 8 Aug. 2005. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. This source was very informative, although it seems biased, and it is considered a secondary source because the information delivered was by a person who was not present in the events described. It is about the various events that occurred in attempt to keep the use of nuclear technology under control and responsible. Duz, Sergey. "US Uranium Laser Enrichment Technology Threatens Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty." The Voice of Russia. 26 Dec. 2013. Web. 22 Jan. 2014. This source is about how the U.S. has finally created a program to separate uranium isotopes with lasers. It is helpful to me because, unlike other sources, it shows things that the U.S. has done to almost threaten the NPT. In most of my other sources they explained how rogue countries, like Iran and North Korea, have been a problem. Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, and Anthony Esler. World History- Connections to Today. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. 790-845. Print. This source included information about how atomic bombs resolved WWII. It showed me how destructive an atomic bomb can be. It also included a few pictures of the aftermath. It is a secondary source because it was an account written after the event happened by someone who was not part of the event. Evrensel, Ayhan. "IAEA, China to Strengthen Cooperation in Nuclear Security." IAEA. 16 Aug. 2010. Web. 02 Feb. 2014.

This article proves Chinas efforts to improve nuclear security. Chinas nuclear security and nonproliferation efforts were covered in the source "China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures", as well as Nuclear Deal, Nuclear Imperialism or Nuclear Apartheid (Counter Currents), and they show that China is in fact serious about improving its nuclear nonproliferation efforts. The source is reliable.

Freedman, Lawrence D. "Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (International Agreement)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This source was a general overview of the Treaty, and also explains the challenges it has had with countries such as North Korea. It is a secondary source because it contains no evidence from the time of the NPT. I used this information in my Nuclear Risk page of my website. Haque, M. M. "Nuclear Deal, Nuclear Imperialism or Nuclear Apartheid? By Dr. M. Mohibul Haque." Nuclear Deal, Nuclear Imperialism or Nuclear Apartheid? 13 Jan. 2014. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This source is about the recent nuclear weapons deal between Iran and the six major powers (USA, UK, France, Russia, China, and Germany) to prevent Tehran from acquiring or developing any sort of nuclear capacity. This article, although extremely informational, eye opening, and helpful in my overall understanding of our worlds nuclear global order, is very biased. Although biased, this source is credible and reliable. Henriques, Sasha, Irena Mele, Robin Heard, Kevin Alldred, and Elisabeth Dyck. "A Safe Return." IAEA, 12 Apr. 2010. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. This source was about IAEAs support in the transportation of nuclear and radioactive materials. I used the picture and information from this source in my Rights and Responsibilities tab. This source relates to the source HEU Travels Back to Russia With IAEA Assistance. "HEU Travels Back to Russia with IAEA Assistance." IAEA. Mar. 2008. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. This source was about how Russia gave Czech Republic HEU (high-enriched uranium) to use for various peaceful purposes. If it had not been securely delivered and had gotten into the wrong hands, it could have posed a security and proliferation risk, but it was

delivered safely. I used the picture and information from this source in my Rights and Responsibilities tab. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This source explained to me about the IAEA and how it complies with the NPT. I can use this information in my United Nations tab in my website. Jenkins, Peter. "The Iran Nuclear Negotiations At The Turn Of Another Year." The Iran Nuclear Negotiations At The Turn Of Another Year. 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. The point of this source was mainly to explain how the IAEA is associated with the United Nations and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. This helped understand how they are both related and I can further investigate how the UN and IAEA work with the treaty. It compares with most of the other sources in my bibliography and is a reliable source. Jones, Brian Madison. "Nuclear Weapons Testing." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.

This source explains to me the history of nuclear weapons testing, and how it relates to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. I used this information in my research and to format my tab The Nevada Test Site. Kimball, Daryl G. "Balancing Nuclear "Rights" and Responsibilities." Arms Control Association. Web. 26 Nov. 2013. This source was about how different countries want to use nuclear technology for profit, but conflicts arise when there are possibilities it will go against the non-proliferation treaty. This source was informative and helpful because it talked about people wanting to go against the non-proliferation treaty, while other sources Ive looked at have not. The information is reliable and objective. It is a secondary source because it is not a first hand account of historical occurrences. Kimball, Daryl. "The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) at a Glance." Arms Control Association. Web. 13 Jan. 2014.

This source was a general explanation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. It was very helpful because it helped me understand more about the treaty. I used this information in my The Treaty tab of my website. Los Alamos History in Images. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Photographs. Web. This source was very important to my research and project because it showed me what the bombs used on Japan looked like as well as many other pictures from that time period. I used many of these photos all throughout my project. I found this site because when I went to the Atomic Testing Museum, many of the photos were cited with this source. Murtha, John P., and John Plashal. From Vietnam to 9/11: On the Front Lines of National Security. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State UP, 2003. Print. The information I used from this source was about the conflicts in Iraq and Iran. The secondary source gave me information on the unfavorable pasts of Iraq and Iran, and I can use it to prove my thesis.

National Atomic Testing Museum. 755 E. Flamingo Road, Las Vegas, NV 89119. 11 Feb 2014. This museum gave me a ton of information, and helped me understand my topic. It also led me to a source Los Alamos National Laboratory. While I was there, I completed several personal interviews. The Nobel Peace Prize 1959". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 27 Jan 2014 This source shows the recipient of the 1959 Nobel Peace Prize. His name was Philip J. Noel-Baker, and received it for his lifelong endeavor to help refugees of war and to promote arms control and disarmament (primarily nuclear). It also includes a photograph of the recipient, and this is not a primary source because it is an account of the event after the fact. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1962". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 27 Jan 2014. This source shows the recipient of the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. His name was Linus Carl Pauling, and received it for his leading role in the struggle against nuclear testing in the atmosphere, although he didnt receive it until 1963. It also includes a photograph of the recipient, and this is not a primary source because it is an account of the event after the

fact. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1974". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 27 Jan 2014. This source shows the recipient of the 1974 Nobel Peace Prize, Eisaku Sato, in recognition of his opposition to any plans for a Japanese nuclear weapons program and his crucial role in ensuring Japan's signature to the Non-Proliferation Treaty. It also includes a photograph of the recipient, and this is not a primary source because it is an account of the event after the fact. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1982". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 27 Jan 2014. This source shows the recipients of the 1982 Nobel Peace Prize, Alva Myrdal and Alfonso Garca Robles, for their important contributions in favor of nuclear arms control and disarmament. It also includes a photograph of the recipients, and this is not a primary source because it is an account of the event after the fact. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1990". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 27 Jan 2014. This source shows the recipient of the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize, Mikhail Gorbachev, for his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes important parts of the international community and his efforts to stop and reverse the nuclear arms race of the 1980s. It also includes a photograph of the recipient, and this is not a primary source because it is an account of the event after the fact. "The Nobel Peace Prize 2005". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 27 Jan 2014. This source shows the recipients of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way". It also includes a photograph of the recipients, and this is not a primary source because it is an account of the event after the fact. "North Korea: Conflict and Diplomacy: Overview." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 12 Feb. 2014.

This source was an overview of the tensions and conflict associated with North Korea. I used this source to prove my thesis in my website. It helps me understand what relations North Korea has with nuclear weapons and technologies. "Nonproliferation." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Feb. 2014. I used this source in my website on the tab titled The NPT to define the word nonproliferation. It helps me understand the word and how it relates to my topic. "The Nuclear Energy Agency." Nuclear Energy Agency. OECD. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. This source helps me understand what the Nuclear Energy Agency is. I can relate this to my topic because it complies with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. "Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. This source was a very basic overview of the NPT and how it is regulated. It is a very objective source that includes the after results of the treaty, and it helps me understand the basic principles of the Treaty. "Nuclear Security and Safeguards." NRC. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. I used the picture from this webpage on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission website to prove that the nonproliferation treaty accept the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. The source is reliable. Obama, Barack. Personal letter. 13 Feb. 2014. TS. I went on the White House website and applied to email President Barack Obama about the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, and then I received this email letter back. This helps me immensely with my research because I can absolutely know for sure I am being provided with true and factual information. The fact that I have evidence from the current President helps me prove my thesis. I used a quote from this letter in my website. "Our History." LANL Newsroom. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. This source informed me about the Los Alamos Laboratory. It was helpful to my research because I can use it to understand the past, as well as the present and future of Los Alamos. I used the picture in my website. Pifer, Steven. "Up Front." The Brookings Institution. 13 Jan. 2014. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.

This source was about the 20th anniversary of the signing of the trilateral statement. This source provides me with a great deal of information about where Ukraine, Russia, the U.S., Britain, North Korea, and Iran stand with nuclear weapons. This source helps me prove my thesis because it provides the current standing of the nations mentioned above. The information about the pariah status that North Korea and Iran have achieved is also explained in the secondary source Terrorism edited by Debra A. Miller. "Race for the Superbomb: Timeline." PBS. PBS, Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This source gives me a timeline of the race for the atomic bomb. It helps me understand the history of the creation of the atomic bomb, along with how it effected the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. I used this information in my tab Nuclear Weapons. Rupp, Richard E. "United Nations (UN)." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This source was very helpful because it included a background of the IAEA and safeguards. It helped me understand how the IAEA was founded by the UN, and it is useful because it introduced the problems with Iran. I can further research that. This secondary source was objective because it was all fact. Sadjadpour, Karim. "Iran To Take First Step Toward Long-Term Deal." Interview by Arun Rath. Iran To Take First Step Toward Long-Term Deal. NPR. 19 Jan. 2014. Radio. Transcript.

This source was an interview about the nuclear deal made between six world powers and Iran. It helps me understand that, today, Iran doesnt really have an interest in nuclear weapons, since they are making a deal to possibly get rid of their nuclear program. This interview was biased, even though it provided facts, because it was an interview where the interviewee was sharing their opinion on the topic. Scherer, Lauri S. Weapons of Mass Destruction. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. Print. This source includes information about weapons of mass destruction and examines the likelihood of a biological or chemical attack against the U.S., key threats posed by weapons of mass destruction (WMD), how WMD proliferation can be prevented, and how rogue nations who seek WMD should be handled. This source helps me understand what things we should be cautious of when dealing with weapons of mass destruction. Because the events were described by individuals who were not present the time they occurred, this is a secondary source. "Signatories and Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons."

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FAS. 3 Dec. 1998. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. This source was the list of signatories and parties to the NPT. It gives me exactly who signed and who did not. I used this source to see where the country stands with the NPT when I am reading a source on a specific country. This document is very useful. Tanner, Stephen. The Wars of the Bushes: A Father and Son as Military Leaders. Philadelphia [Pa.: Casemate, 2004. 218-20. Print. This source was about the development and effects of weapons, along with the Bush administration. This source is a useful source with important dates and is objective. I researched this source because the source Balancing Rights and Responsibilities talked about the Bush administration, which I was unfamiliar with. Tepperman, Jonathan. "How Nuclear Weapons Can Keep You Safe." Newsweek. 28 Aug. 2009. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. This source is a bit biased, but I used this source to understand that there is also a different side to consider with having nuclear weapons available. I used this information in my Nuclear Risk tab. "Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Status of the Treaty." Disarmament Treaties Database: (NPT). Web. 13 Jan. 2014. This source is a list of all the states that have signed the NPT. It can help me research more in depth the states that have not signed why. This source is very helpful. It is a reliable source because it came from the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. This source is secondary because it was created after the NPT. The goal of this source was to show a list of all of the states that have signed the NPT.

"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons [NPT]." Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty [NPT] . Ed. Alicia Godsberg. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This source explained to me what the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of nuclear weapons is. It helps me understand how nuclear weapons are dangerous. Truman, Harry S. Photograph. Britannica Online for Kids. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. I used the photograph from this source in my tab WWII above the Harry Truman sound clip. It helps me

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"UN at a Glance." UN News Center. United Nations. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. UN at a Glance was a basic overview of the United Nations. This source helps me understand what the United Nations is. I used this in my website under my tab The United Nations. "United Nations." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2014.

This source helps me understand how the United Nations relates to nuclear nonproliferation. I used this in my website under my tab The United Nations. It is a secondary source because it is an article written about a certain subject by someone not directly related to said subject. "U.S. Department of State." Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This source was a very informative, basic overview of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and how it is regulated. It was especially important because it introduced me to the topic of the review conferences, the RevCon (Review Conference) and PrepCom (Preparatory Commitee). The source was very objective, and includes the after results of the NPT. Vogele, William B. "Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This source was about the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the history before, during, and after it was signed. This introduced me to a new side of my research; therefore, it was helpful. It was not a biased source and provided important dates. It is a secondary source because the author was not a participant in these past events. Williams, Robert E. "Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013. Web. 31 Dec. 2013. The point of this source was to explain the purpose and background of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and it is objective. The source can help me shape my argument because it included facts about the downsides to the treaty and those who did not sign it. "Yongbyon nuclear facility." Image. National Security Archive (www.nsarchive.org).

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World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 12 Feb. 2014.

This image shows me what the North Korean Yongbyon nuclear facility looked like, as photographed on March 17, 1970. I used this source for my Nuclear Risk webpage, and it is helpful in proving my thesis.

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