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d dT k Plane Wall dx dx
Cylindrical
0
0 Rt
Rt
L kA ln(r2 / r1 ) 2 Lk
T ( x)
C1x C2 C1 ln r C2
d dT kr dr dr
T (r )
d 2 dT Spherical kr dr dr
0 Rt
1/ r1 1/ r2 4 k
T (r )
C1 C2 r
q k
T ( x)
q 2 x 2k
C1x C2
Cylindrical:
1 d dT r r dr dr q k 0 T (r ) q 2 r 4k C1 ln r C2
Spherical:
1 d 2 dT r dr r 2 dr q k 0 T (r ) q 2 r 6k C1 r C2
Example 3.6
Example 3.6. A plane wall is a composite of two materials, A and B. The wall of material A has uniform heat generation 1.5 x 106 W/m3, kA = 75 W/m K, and thickness LA = 50 mm. The wall material B has no generation with kB = 150 W/m K and thickness LB = 20 mm. The inner surface of material A is well insulated, while the outer surface of material B is cooled by a water stream with T = 30C and h = 1000 W/m2 K. Determine the temperature distribution and T0, T1, T2.
(a) parabolic in A (b) zero slope at wall (c) linear in B (d) slope change kB / k A 2 (e) large gradient near surface
Eg
q"
Eout
h(T2 T )
LB / kB q " qLA
1/ h
T2
qLA h
T ( x) qL2 x2 1 2 2k L Ts
T1
qLA
LB kB
1 h
T0
T (0)
2 qLA 2k A
T1
The influence of h
Cylindrical:
1 d dT r r dr dr q k 0 T (r ) q 2 r 4k C1 ln r C2
C1 q 2 r 4k qr02 4k
T(r)
T (r ) Ts
T0 T0
Example: An insulated wire of diameter D = 2mm and uniform temperature T has an electrical resistance of 0.01 /m and a current of 20A. The insulation has an outer diameter of 3mm and thermal conductivity of K=0.01 W/mK.
h = 5 W/m2K T = 20 C
D = 2mm D = 3mm
A) If heat is loss through convection, what is the surface temperature of the rod and the insulation? B) What is the rate of heat transfer per unit length at r =0, 0.5mm, and 1.5 mm if the power density in the rod is 3x105 W/m3?
qconv
Asurface h(Ts
T )
qconv
Asurface h(Ts
T )
How to enhance heat transfer (without increasing the temperature difference) ?? (1) Increase h by strong forced convection (use fan, use water instead of air, spray or inject water, etc. (2) Increase the surface area A. The second is often achieved by using fins.
Simple Structures:
We will perform the analysis for simple cases and discuss engineering methods to deal with complicated geometry.
How much performance increase Space Weight/ Material Manufacturing process Cost
A) Determine the rate of heat transfer from an extended surface. Involves finding the temperature distribution in the fin structure.
B) Define some measure of efficiency for extended surfaces. Use this as a basis for determining when to use them.