Toaster From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Toaster (disambiguation).

A classically styled chrome two-slot automatic electric toaster The toaster is typically a small electric kitchen appliance designed to toast mu ltiple types of bread products. A typical modern two-slice toaster can draw from 600 to 1200 watts and makes toast from practically any bread product in 1 to 3 minutes. There are also non-electrical toasters that can be used to toast bread products over an open fire or flame. Contents [hide] 1 Electric Toaster 2 Pop-up Toaster 3 Later 20th century and beyond 4 Types of Toasters 4.1 Pop-up toasters 4.2 Toaster ovens 4.3 Conveyor toasters 5 High-tech toasters 6 Alternative uses 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Electric Toaster[edit] Before the development of the electric toaster, sliced bread was toasted by plac ing it in a metal frame or on a long-handled toasting-fork[1] and holding it nea r a fire or over a kitchen grill. Simple utensils for toasting bread over open f lames appeared in the early 19th century. The first electric bread toaster was invented by Alan MacMasters in Edinburgh, S cotland in 1893.[2] The primary technical problem at the time was to find a material for use as the wire heating element that would be able to sustain repeated heating to red-hot t emperature without either breaking or becoming too brittle. A similar technical challenge had been recently surmounted with the invention of the first successfu l incandescent lightbulbs by Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. However, the light b ulb took advantage of the presence of a vacuum, something that couldn't be used with the toaster. Macmaster's toaster was commercialized by the Crompton, Stephe n J. Cook & Company of the UK as a toasting appliance called the Eclipse. Early attempts at producing electrical appliances using iron wiring were unsuccessful, because the wiring was easily melted and a serious fire hazard. Meanwhile elect ricity was not readily available, and when it was, mostly only at night. General Electric Model D-12 toaster, from 1910s The problem of the heating element was solved in 1905 by a young engineer named Albert Marsh who designed an alloy of nickel and chromium, which came to be know n as Nichrome.[3][4][5][6] The first US patent application for an electric toast er was filed by George Schneider of the American Electrical Heater Company of De troit in collaboration with Marsh.[4] One of the first applications the Hoskins company had considered for chromel was toasters, but eventually abandoned such e fforts to focus on making just the wire itself.[5] The first commercially successful electric toaster was introduced by General Ele ctric in 1909 for the GE model D-12.[4][7] In 1913, Lloyd Groff Copeman and his wife Hazel Berger Copeman applied for vario us toaster patents and in that same year the Copeman Electric Stove Company intr oduced the toaster with automatic bread turner.[8] The company also produced the "toaster that turns toast." Before this, electric toasters cooked bread on one

side and then it was flipped by hand to toast the other side. Copeman's toaster turned the bread around without having to touch it.[9] Pop-up Toaster[edit] The automatic pop-up toaster, which ejects the toast after toasting it, was firs t patented by Charles Strite in 1919.[10] In 1925, using a redesigned version of Strite's toaster, the Waters Genter Company introduced the Model 1-A-1 Toastmas ter,[11] the first automatic pop-up, household toaster that could brown bread on both sides simultaneously, set the heating element on a timer, and eject the to ast when finished. Meanwhile, the first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread was sold o n July 7, 1928, using Otto Frederick Rohwedder's technology. In 1930 the Contine ntal Baking Company introduced pre-sliced Wonder Bread. Later 20th century and beyond[edit]

A Toastmaster-brand toaster By the middle of the 20th century, some high-end U.S. toasters featured automati c toast lowering and raising, with no levers to operate simply dropping the slic es into the machine commenced the toasting procedure. A notable example was the Sunbeam T-20, T-35 and T-50 models (identical except for details such as control positioning) made from the late 1940s through the 1960s, which used the mechani cally multiplied thermal expansion of the resistance wire in the center element assembly to lower the bread; the inserted slice of bread tripped a lever to swit ch on the power which immediately caused the heating element to begin expanding thus lowering the bread. When the toast was done, as determined by a small bimet allic sensor actuated by the heat passing through the toast, the heaters were sh ut off and the pull-down mechanism returned to its room-temperature position, sl owly raising the finished toast. This sensing of the heat passing through the to ast, meant that regardless of the color of the bread (white or wholemeal) and th e initial temperature of the bread (even frozen), the bread would always be toas ted to the same degree. If a piece of toast was re-inserted into the toaster, it would only be reheated. Newer additions to toaster technology, include wider toasting slots for bagels a nd thick breads, the ability to toast frozen breads, and the option to heat a si ngle side or slot. Most toasters can also be used to toast other foods such as t eacakes, Pop Tarts, potato waffles and crumpets, though the addition of melted b utter or sugar to the interior components of automatic electric toasters often c ontributes to eventual failure. Some toasters can be modified to print images an d logos on bread slices. Types of Toasters[edit]

Toaster with an Edison screw fitting, ca. 1909 Modern toasters are typically one of three varieties: pop-up toasters, ovens, an d conveyors. Pop-up toasters[edit] In pop-up or automatic toasters, bread slices are inserted vertically into the s lots (generally only large enough to admit a single slice of bread) on the top o f the toaster. A lever on the side of the toaster is depressed, activating the t oaster. When an internal device determines that the toasting cycle is complete, the toaster turns off and the toast pops up out of the slots. The heating elemen ts of a pop-up toaster are usually oriented vertically, parallel to the bread sl ice - although there are some variations. In earlier days, the completion of the toasting operation was determined by a me chanical clockwork timer; the user could adjust the running time of the timer to determine the degree of "doneness" of the toast, but the first cycle produced l ess toasted toast than subsequent cycles because the toaster was not yet warmed

up. Toasters made since the 1930s frequently use a thermal sensor, such as a bim etallic strip, located close to the toast. This allows the first cycle to run lo nger than subsequent cycles. The thermal device is also slightly responsive to t he actual temperature of the toast itself. Like the timer, it can be adjusted by the user to determine the "doneness" of the toast. There are two possible methods of adjusting the heat that is applied to toast. T he most commonly used method is a fixed distance to the heating element and eith er variable time or a heat sensor. The second method, less often seen, is to var y the distance of the heaters from the toast. Although a sensor will accurately measure the temperature of the toast-slice's surface with both methods, the outc omes are by no means the same. When heaters are closer to the toast, the surface is crisp and darkened quickly, leaving a softer internal texture at the time wh en the temperature sensor asserts its readiness. Many enjoy toast made like this . With increased heater distance, the inside of the toast is dried out more by t he time that the surface is deemed ready. Perhaps owing to the increased complex ity, variable heater distance is rarely found. Toaster ovens[edit] Toaster oven (Japan) Toaster ovens are small electric ovens with a front door, wire rack and removabl e baking pan. To toast bread with a toaster oven, slices of bread are placed hor izontally on the rack. When the toast is done, the toaster turns off, but in mos t cases the door must be opened manually. Most toaster ovens are significantly l arger than toasters, but are capable of performing most of the functions of elec tric ovens, albeit on a much smaller scale. They can be used to cook toast with toppings, like garlic bread or cheese, though they tend to produce drier toast a nd require longer operating times, since their heating elements are located fart her from the toast (to allow larger items to be cooked). They may also heat less evenly than either toasters or larger electric ovens, and some glass cookware c annot be used in them. Conveyor toasters[edit] Conveyor toasters are designed to make many slices of toast and are generally us ed in the catering industry, being suitable for large-scale use. Bread is toaste d 350-900 slices an hour, making conveyor toasters ideal for a large restaurant that is consistently busy. Such devices have occasionally been produced for home use as far back as 1938, when the Toast-O-Lator went into limited production. A conveyor toaster can make several hundred pieces of toast in an hour High-tech toasters[edit]

Glowing filaments of a modern 2-slice toaster There have been a number of projects adding advanced technology to toasters. In 1990, Simon Hackett and John Romkey created The Internet Toaster, a toaster w hich could be controlled from the Internet.[12] In 2001, Robin Southgate from Brunel University in England created a toaster tha t could toast a graphic of the weather prediction (limited to sunny or cloudy) o nto a piece of bread.[13] The toaster dials a pre-coded phone number to get the weather forecast.[14] In 2005, Technologic Systems, a vendor of embedded systems hardware, designed a toaster running the NetBSD Unix-like operating system as a sales demonstration s ystem.[15] In 2012, Basheer Tome, a student at Georgia Tech, designed a toaster using color sensors to toast bread to the exact shade of brown specified by a user.[16] Alternative uses[edit]

Photo of a hot dog toaster With permanent modifications a toaster oven can be used as a reflow oven for the purpose of soldering electronic components to circuit boards.[17][18] A hot dog toaster is a variation on the toaster design; it will cook hot dogs wi thout use of microwaves or stoves. The appliance looks very similar to a regular toaster, except that there are two slots in the middle for hot dogs, and two sl ots on the outside for toasting the buns. (See photo) See also[edit] Bachelor griller Sandwich toaster Sliced bread Flying toaster References[edit] Jump up ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004-11-29). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. T aylor & Francis. p. 392. ISBN 9781579583804. Jump up ^ Myall, Steve. "Made in the UK: The life-changing everyday innovations which put British genius on the map". Daily Mirror. Trinity Mirror plc. Retrieve d 2013-02-16. Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 811,859 ^ Jump up to: a b c Norcross, Eric (2006). "The Cyber Toaster Museum". Toaster.o rg. The Toaster Museum Foundation. pp. section "1900 1920". Retrieved 2008-08-16. ^ Jump up to: a b George, William F. (2003). Antique Electric Waffle Irons 19001960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America. Trafford Publ ishing. p. 20. ISBN 1-55395-632-X. Retrieved 2008-08-16. Jump up ^ Clark, Neil M. (May 1927). "The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts". The American. Retrieved 2007-02-24.; republished in hotwire: The Newsletter of the Toaster Museum Foundation, vol. 3, no. 3, online edition. Jump up ^ Dana Gloger (2009-03-31). "A Toast to the Toaster... 100 Years Old and Still Going Strong". Daily Express. Retrieved 2009-03-31. Jump up ^ Copeman, Kent L. "Lloyd Groff Copeman". LloydCopeman.com. Retrieved Oc tober 18, 2011. Jump up ^ "Lloyd Groff Copeman: The Patent Man". Absolute Michigan. Leelanau Com munications, Inc. May 5, 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2011. Jump up ^ http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat1394450.pdf Jump up ^ "Toastmaster Toasters: When They Were Made". Toaster Museum Foundation . Retrieved October 19, 2011. Jump up ^ "savetz.com". Internet Toaster, John Romkey, Simon Hackett. Retrieved 25 November 2008. Jump up ^ "A small slice of design". BBC News. 2001-04-06. Retrieved 2010-05-25. Jump up ^ Orlowski, Andrew (June 4, 2001). "Bread as a display device we have pi ctures". The Register. Retrieved October 19, 2011. Jump up ^ "NetBSD Toaster with the TS-7200 ARM9 SBC". Technologic Systems. Retri eved October 19, 2011. Jump up ^ "Color-Sensing Toasters? A Student Reimagines the Home". BloombergBusi nessweek. Retrieved December 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Kraft, Caleb (October 22, 2008). "Reflowing with a toaster". Hack a Da y. Retrieved October 19, 2011. Jump up ^ "Honorable Mention". DesignStellaris2006. Retrieved October 19, 2011. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toasters. The International Central Services Toaster Museum Toaster at HowStuffWorks Categories: Cooking appliances1919 introductions Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history

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