Compilation of DECISION MAKING Refferences

by Keperawatan Dasar FIKU UNPAD

DECISION-MAKING is a complex cognitive process.. Choosing a particular course of action from among alternatives

Arrive at solution that ends uncertainty

There was doubt about several courses of action and that a choice was made that eliminated the uncertainty
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3 major phases in the D-M process

(Herbert A.Simon) 1. Intellegence Activity
consisting of searching the environment for conditions called for decision making

2. Design Activity inventing,developing, and analyzing possible courses of action take place 3. Choice activity selecting a particular course of action from among those available

THE STAGES of DECISION MAKING

( 1. The Identification phase recognition of a problem or opportunity arises and diagnosis is made

a search for 2. The Development phase excisting standard procedures or solutions already in place or design of a new,t ailormade solution

3. The Selection phase

the choice of a solution is made 3 ways of making this selection : * by the judgement of the decision maker on the basis of of experience or intuition rather than logical analysis * by analysis of the alternatives on a logical, systematic basis * by bargaining when the selection involves a group of decision makers and all political maneuvering that this entail accepted

Authorization
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Traditional Problem solving Process

1. Identify the problem 2. Gather data to analyze the causes and consequences of the problem 3. Explore alternative solutions 4. Evaluate the alternatives 5. Select the appropriate solution 6. Implement the solution 7. Evaluate the results
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The Managerial Decision Making Process

1. Set Objectives 2. Search for alternatives 3. Evaluate alternatives 4. Choose 5. Implement 6. Follow up & Control
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DECISION TREES
A graphic method that can help the manager visualize the alternatives available, outcomes, risks, and information needs for spesific problem over a period to see the possible directions that actions may take from each decision point and to evaluate the consequences of a series of decisions The process begins with a primary decision having at least two alternatives, then the predicted outcomes for each decision is considered, and the need for further dicisions is contemplated
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Alternative Actions

Possible consequences Numbers of nurses

Team Nursing

Varians of clinical credibility Leadership skill

Decision point
Case methods

Comprehensive care skill Nurses:patients ratio Clinical credibility

Decision tree on organizing care delivery

ROLE of the Individual in Decision Making depends on

Values and Decision Making Life Experiences Individual Preference and Risk Way of Thinking

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Critical elements in Decision Making

Lack of clear objectives Faulty Data Gathering Lack of Self-awareness Generating Limited Alternatives Faulty Logic : Overgeneralization,Affirming the consequences, Argument from Analogy Inability to choose and act

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ETHICAL ASPECT OF DECISION MAKING

Ethics Moral philosophy, science of judging the relationship of means to ends, the art of controlling means so they will serve human ends it involves conflict, choice ,conscience Conflicts choices between conflicting alternatives

influenced by values Ethical choices must also consider wants, needs, rights & culture
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DECISION MAKING & INVOLVED PARTY

1. Autocratic I The manager solves the problem or make decision herself,using whatever informations is available to her at a time 2. Authocratic II The manager, obtains necessary information from subordinate and then makes the decision herself 3. Consultive I The manager discuss the problem with subordinate individually, obtaining information & suggestion from them without bringing them together as a group. The manager then make decision that may or may not represent opinion of the subordinate
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4. Consultive II The manager discuss the problem with subordinate as a group, in order to obtain their ideas and suggestion, Manager then makes decision that may or may nor reflect the sub ordinate influence 5. Group The manager acting as a discussion leader, discuss the problem with subordinates as a group, the group decides what actions is to be taken and the manager accepts whichever solution has the support of the total work group
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VARIABLES THAT DETERMINE which of the five decision-making style is APPROPRIATE

1. The importance of the quality of the decision for the success of the organization 2. The amount of information and skill the manager has to make decision 3. The amount of structure involved in the problem 4. The degree to which the subordinate commitment to the implementation of the decision is important 5. The possibility of subordinate conflict over the decision 6. The likelihood that a managers autocratic decision would be accepted 7. The commitment of the subordinates to the goals of the organization
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CRITICAL AREAS of DECISION MAKING

TIME Quality of the DECISION ACCEPTANCE of the DECISION

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Refferences
Gillies,Dee Ann (1989) NURSING MANAGEMENT,2ND.ED.,W.B.SAUNDERS Co. Luthans Fred (1995) ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, 7th.ed, New York : McGraw-Hill,Inc Marquis & Huston (1987) MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING for Nurses, Philadelphia :J.B.Lippincott Company Marriner Ann-Tomey(1992) GUIDE TO NURSING MANAGEMENT, 4th.ed,St Louis :Mosby Year Book

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