Cell and Membrane Transport Module 19: Membrane Transport 1. Plasma Membrane a.

Fluid and highly selective traffic regulator between the interior and surrounding environment b. Balances inputs and outputs of energy and waste 2. Passive Transport: No energy required to move a. Diffusion i. Dissolved molecules or ions have thermal motion and therefore are in constant motion, giving them kinetic energy-Law of thermodynamics: once in motion always in motion ii. No energy required to diffuse across the membrane iii. Concentration gradient-moves high to low ALWAYS iv. Factors affecting diffusion 1. Temperature-higher temp faster they move 2. Molecule Size-smaller the molecule faster they diffuse (requires less energy) a. Small polar molecules and hydrophobic molecules easy b. Large polar molecules and charge molecules must find a hydrophilic channel to move through v. Dynamic equilibrium no longer a concentration gradient and therefore no net movement occurs (equal concentrations on both sides) b. Osmosis i. Specialized form of diffusion-ONLY FREE WATER MOLECULES MOVES BY DIFFUSION ii. Osmotic Pressure - pressure needed to prevent water passing through a membrane to a more concentrated solution c. Tonicity measure of the water potential of two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane i. Plasma membrane regulates solute concentration in the interior ii. Osmoregulation process by which living organisms control the internal water and solute concentration (Kidneys regulate water and solute balance in the body so cells are maintained in a relatively constant aqueous environment) iii. Hypertonic- greater solute concentration outside than inside iv. Hypotonic lesser solute concentration outside than inside v. Isotonic equal solute concentration outside and inside vi. Effects of tonicity depends on cell structure 1. Animal vs plant cells a. Plant cells have a cell wall and therefore a fixed shaped i. Hypotonic: cell walls bulge and chlorplasts are pushed to cell margins ii. Isotonic: cells rectangular with chloroplasts dispersed throughout iii. Hypertonic: Plasmolysis (cell membrane detaches from cell wall and constricts cell contents b. Animal Cells d. Facilitated Diffusion

i. Polar Molecules and ions unable to cross the membrane on their own diffuse with the help of transport proteins called channels. 1. Channels: tunnel like structures that span membrane a. Some always open, allowing molecule and ions to freely pass from high to low i.e. aquaporins b. Gated channels require and electrical or chemical stimulus to open; highly selective, allow for transport of only one substance or a small number of RELATED substances i.e. Acetylcholine receptor c. Uniport one molecule or ion type is transported down its concentration gradient (in or out of the cell) d. Co-Transport-uses energy of one molecule to transport across i. Symport 2 or more different molecules or ions are moved in the same direction i.e. Na+/Glucose ii. Antiport two different molecules or ions are moved in opposite directions. (Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger) 3 Na+ to one Ca2+ 3. Active Transport requires ATP for movement a. Moves molecules against a concentration gradient (low to high) b. Example: Sodium-Potassium pump (maintains low sodium and high potassium in cell) critical for muscle and nerve function i. Two sodiums to three potassium ii. DRAW ON BOARD Module 20: Exocytosis and Endocytosis 1. Bulk Transport a. Cells use vesicles to move large materials or large quantities of materials at one time b. Endocytosis movement of materials INTO a cell c. Exocytosis - movement of materials OUT of a cell d. Vesicle membrane-bound structure