Task 1 Womens speech differ from mens speech because social and cultural.

The Womens speech differ from mens speech probably also because may use different linguistic forms. The linguistic forms used by women and men contrast- to different degrees in all speech communities. There are other ways too in which the linguistic behavior of women and men differs. It is claimed women are more linguistically polite than men, for instance, and that women and men emphasise different speech functions.. The women use more standard forms than men. For example at least four different explanations were show off. The first appeals to social class and its related status for an explanation, the second refers to womens role in society, the third to womens status as a subordinate group, and the fourth to the function of speech in expressing gender identity, and especially masculinity. en and women have different ways of spea!ing. en often try to one-up one another in

conversation and ta!e on a dominant role. This can be seen in them apparently lecturing in a teacher style "to show how much they !now#, something Tannen refers to as $report$ type tal!ing. Their styles of spea!ing show dominance, and independence. Women, on the other hand tend to try and build community and rapport. %o while men&s style puts a dividing wedge between people, women&s may overlap and downplay things in order to bring people closer together. 'roblems may arise when women and men try to converse with one another, because women will feel that men&s styles don&t give them room to breathe, don&t allow give and ta!e, and automatically put them on the defensive "as men will use banter and argument as a way of establishing dominance, or merely having a good time#. (lso, even culturally there may be differences in styles of conversation)communication. %omething as little as how long one pauses can cause offense among different peoples. %ome re*uire longer pauses in order to spea!, some re*uire "practically# written invitations. +hanging the sub,ect can also be construed as inattention, rudeness, dominance, or more positively, as downplaying the significance "which can be interpreted as being supportive by dismissing the problem as not being a problem# of something, or relating similar experiences "shifting the focus from one person to another#. It&s not even ,ust that it&s men and women who have difficulty tal!ing with one another it&s people with different "perhaps incompatible# styles that will have problems.

-n the whole men tend to dominate conversations, men tend to interrupt more and men tend to use less standard forms of language while women tend to use more standard forms and be more passive or polite in language use. There are naturally always exceptions as with any language user. .owever, the suggestion is that such things occur because socially "and to some sense biologically# the ways we ac*uire our language is socially ac*uired. There are multiple theories about it and I thin! it&s best to ascribe a sense that language is ac*uired naturally through some !ind of language device in the brain and through what we see around us to do with language. Therefore it seems that the language differences are in some degree social "women learning their roles are to be more passive according to society# and biological "the degrees to which men and women are naturally aware of different things more and therefore use language accordingly#. In my opinion, there be differences in the interactions if residing in a different country. Its because /ducation, social standing, religion, personality, belief structure, past experience, affection shown in the home, and a myriad of other factors will affect human behavior and culture finaly the interactions also became different. Interaction is a !ind of action that occurs as two or more ob,ects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. The sociolinguistic norms or appropriate ways of spea!ing in different communities or country are clearly *uite distinctive in a range of areas. %peech functions are expressed differently in different communities. 0eing polite involves understanding the social values which govern the way social dimensions such as status, solidarity and formality are expressed. ( sociolinguistic description aims to identify the different weight put on these factors in different cultures.

"121 words#

Task 3 ( government is the system by which a state or community is governed. In (merican /nglish, government refers to the larger system by which any state is organised. Furthermore, government is occasionally used in /nglish as a synonym for governance. ( national language is a language which has some connection with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term is used variously. ( national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. 3ational language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spo!en as first languages in the territory of a country. ( national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. 3ational language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spo!en as first languages in the territory of a country. -ne of the advantages of having national language is that people can tal! with each other by their one mother tongue. They don&t need neither translations nor interpreters, so they can understand each other fast. They also understand detail nuance such as metaphor. It might decreases misunderstandings, though if people say the same language, we often get the wrong impression. -n the other hand, languages are deeply related to their ethnic culture, so losing their language is e*uivalent to losing their ethnicity. We thin! about everything using our national language, so the language is based on the idea. ( national language is a language which has a connection with people and the territory they occupy. ( national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. 3ational language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spo!en as first languages in the territory of a country. ( nation&s official language will be the one used in that nation&s courts, parliament and administration. 4anguage planning is a systematic pro,ect. It does not only concern language and its application, but also have immediate relation with social life, politics and economics, culture and education, science and technology, nationality and religion, concept and psychology, etc. The successfully wor!ing out and carrying out of language planning should be based on certain principles. In order to govern all the aspects and the whole process of language planning, we should not define many principles, but define several most important basic principles. The basic

principles of language planning should be defined as5 scientific principle6 policy principle6 safe principle and economic principle.

"728 words#

Task 2 ( lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words that forms the basic elements of a language&s lexicon. /xamples are cat, traffic light, ta!e care of, by the way, and it&s raining cats and dogs. 4exical items can be generally understood to convey a single meaning, much as a lexeme, but are not limited to single words. 4exical items are li!e semes in that they are $natural units$ translating between languages, or in learning a new language. In this last sense, it is sometimes said that language consists of grammaticali9ed lexis, and not lexicali9ed grammar. The entire store of lexical items in a language is called its lexis. 4exical items composed of more than one word are also sometimes called lexical chun!s, gambits, lexical phrases, lexical units, lexicali9ed stems, or speech formulae. The term polyword listemes is also sometimes used.