Unit-1 Computer Fundamentals

Objective:
To impart in-depth knowledge of computer related basic terminologies. To inculcate the skills of implementation of basic theory in troubleshooting the software hardware problems.
!hat is Computer" Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. A computer has four functions: a. accepts data b. processes data c. produces output d. stores results Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters numbers images etc. !rocess: !rocess is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totall" internal process of the computer s"stem. #utput: #utput is the processed data given b" computer after data processing. #utput is also called as $esult. %e can save these results in the storage devices for the future use. Computer %ystem All of the components of a computer s"stem can be summari&ed with the simple e'uations. C#(!)*+$ ,-,*+( . /A$D%A$+ 0 ,#1*%A$+0 ),+$ 2 /ardware . Internal Devices 0 !eripheral Devices All ph"sical parts of the computer (or ever"thing that we can touch) are known as /ardware. 2 ,oftware . !rograms ,oftware gives 3intelligence3 to the computer. 2 ),+$ . !erson who operates computer. &eneration of computer: First &eneration '()*+-,-.: *he first generation computers used vaccum tubes 4 machine language was used for giving the instructions. *hese computer were large in si&e 4 their programming was difficult task. *he electricit" #nput
$rocessing Output %torage

consumption was ver" high. ,ome computers of this generation are +5IAC +D6AC +D,AC 4 )5I6AC-7. %econd &eneration'(),---/.: nd In 8 generation computers vaccum tubes were replaced b" transistors. *he" re'uired onl" 797: of power re'uired b" tubes. *his generation computers generated less heat 4 were reliable. *he first operating s"stem developed in this generation. The Third &eneration'()-*-0(.: rd *he ; generation computers replaced transistors with Integrated circuit known as chip. 1rom ,mall scale integrated circuits which had 7: transistors per chip technolog" developed to (,I circuits with 7:: transistors per chip. *hese computers were smaller faster 4 more reliable. /igh level languages invented in this generation. The fourth &eneration'()01- present.: <,I 4 6<,I were used in this generation. As a result microprocessors came into e=istence. *he computers using this technolog" known to be (icro Computers. /igh capacit" hard disk were invented. *here is great development in data communication. The Fifth &eneration '$resent 2eyond.: 1ifth generation computing devices based on artificial intelligence are still in development though there are some applications such as voice recognition that are being used toda". *he use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a realit". >uantum computation and molecular and nanotechnolog" will radicall" change the face of computers in "ears to come. 34C5#T6CT746 OF CO8$7T64

#nput 9evices: *hose devices which help to enter data into computer s"stem. +g. ?e"boad (ouse *ouchscreen @arcode $eader ,canner (IC$ #($ etc.

@ar code $eader

(IC$ used in @ank

#($()sed for answer sheet evaluation)

Output 9evices: *hose devices which help to displa" the processed information. +g. (onitor !rinter !lotter !roAector

!rinter

!lotter

!roAector

C6:T43; $4OC6%%#:& 7:#T 'C$7. *he main component to make a computer operate is the computer chip or microprocessor. *his is referred to as the Central !rocessing )nit (C!)) and is housed in the computer case. *ogether the" are also called the C!). It performs arithmetic and logic operations. *he C!) (Central !rocessing )nit) is the device that interprets and e=ecutes instructions.

!rocessor 8emory: It facilitates the remembrance power to computer s"stem. It refers to the ph"sical devices used to store programs (se'uences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporar" or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device. *he term primar" memor" is used for the information in ph"sical s"stems which are fast (i.e. $A() as a distinction from secondar" memor" which are ph"sical devices for program and data storage which are slow to access but offer higher memor" capacit". !rimar" memor" stored on secondar" memor" is called virtual memor". !rimar" (emor" can be categori&ed as 6olatile (emor" 4 5on-6olatile (emor". <olatile memory'438. 6olatile memor" is computer memor" that re'uires power to maintain the stored information. (ost modern semiconductor volatile memor" is either ,tatic $A( or d"namic $A(. ,$A( retains its contents as long as the power is connected and is eas" to interface to but uses si= transistors per bit.

D"namic $A( is more complicated to interface to and control and needs regular refresh c"cles to prevent its contents being lost. /owever D$A( uses onl" one transistor and a capacitor per bit allowing it to reach much higher densities and with more bits on a memor" chip be much cheaper per bit. ,$A( is not worthwhile for desktop s"stem memor" where D$A( dominates but is used for their cache memories.. :on <olatile 8emory '4O8. 5on-volatile memor" is computer memor" that can retain the stored information even when not

powered. +=amples of non-volatile memor" are flash memor" and $#(9!$#(9+!$#(9++!$#( memor" (used for firmware such as boot programs). Cache 8emory: Cache memor" is random access memor" ($A() that a computer microprocessor can access more 'uickl" than it can access regular $A(. As the microprocessor processes data it looks first in the cache memor" and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data) it does not have to do the more time -consuming reading of data from larger memor". It is of two t"pes- <7 cache is on the same chip as the microprocessor. <8 is usuall" a separate static $A( (,$A() chip. %econdary 8emory: A. /ard Disk (<ocal Disk) @. #ptical Disks: CD-$ CD-$% D6D-$ D6D-$% C. !en Drive D. 1lopp" Disks 1. (emor" Cards B. +=ternal /ard Disk /. @lu $a" Disk

10

2lu-4ay 9isk: @lu-ra" (not @lue- ra") also known as @lu-ra" Disc (@D) is the name of a new optical disc format. *he format offers more than five times the storage capacit" of traditional D6Ds and can hold up to 8CB@ on a single-la"er disc and C:B@ on a dual-la"er disc. %hile current optical disc technologies such as D6D D6DD$ D6DD$% and D6D-$A( rel" on a red laser to read and write data the new format uses a blue-violet laser instead hence the name @lu-ra".

7nits of 8emory: *he smallest unit is bit which mean either : or 7. 7 bit . : or 7 7 @"te . E bit 7 5ibble . F bit 7: . 7:8F @"te. 8 @"te 7 ?ilo @"te 7: 7 (ega @"te . 7:8F ?@. 8 ?@ 7: 7 Bega @"te . 7:8F (@. 8 (@ 7: 7 *era @"te . 7:8F B@. 8 B@ 7: 7 !eta @"te .7:8F *@. 8 *@ 7: .7:8F !@. 8 !@ 7 +=a @"te 7: 7 Getta @"te . 7:8F +@. 8 +@ 7 -otta @"te 2ooting *he process of loading the s"stem files of the operating s"stem from the disk into the computer memor" to complete the circuitr" re'uirement of the computer s"stem is called booting. Types of 2ooting: *here are two t"pes of booting: 2 Cold 2ooting: If the computer is in off state and we boot the computer b" pressing the power switch H#5I from the C!) bo= then it is called as cold booting. . 7:8F G@. 8
7:

G@

11

2 !arm 2ooting: If the computer is alread" H#5I and we restart it b" pressing the H$+,+*I button from the C!) bo= or C*$< A<* and D+< ke" simultaneousl" from the ke"board then it is called warm booting. Types of Computer On the basis of working principle a. 3nalog Computer An analog computer is a form of computer that uses continuous ph"sical phenomena such as electrical mechanical or h"draulic 'uantities to model the problem being solved. +g: *hermometer ,peedometer !etrol pump indicator (ultimeter

b. 9igital Computer A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with 'uantities represented as digits usuall" in the binar" number s"stem. c. 5ybrid Computer '3nalog = 9igital. A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A h"brid computer s"stem setup offers a cost effective method of performing comple= simulations. *he instruments used in medical science lies in this categor". On the basis of %i>e a. %uper Computer *he fastest t"pe of computer. ,upercomputers are ver" e=pensive and are emplo"ed for speciali&ed applications that re'uire immense amounts of mathematical calculations. 1or e=ample weather forecasting re'uires a supercomputer. #ther uses of supercomputers include animated graphics fluid d"namic calculations nuclear energ" research and petroleum e=ploration. !A$A( !ace 4 1losolver are the supercomputer made in india.

b. 8ainframe Computer A ver" large and e=pensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneousl". In the hierarch" that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches for e=ample) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top mainframes are Aust below supercomputers. In some wa"s mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because the" support more simultaneous programs. @ut supercomputers can e=ecute a single program faster than a mainframe.

c. 8ini Computer A midsi&ed computer. In si&e and power minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred however as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. @ut in general a minicomputer is a multiprocessing s"stem capable of supporting from F to about 8:: users simultaneousl". Benerall" servers are comes in this categor". d. 8icro Computer i. 9esktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk. ii. ;aptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and ke"board. It is generall" smaller in si&e than a desktop computer and larger than a notebook computer. iii. $almtop Computer?9igital 9iary ?:otebook ?$93s: a hand-si&ed computer. !almtops have no ke"board but the screen serves both as an input and output device. e. !orkstations A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this conte=t workstation is Aust a generic term for a userJs machine (client machine) in contrast to a 3server3 or 3mainframe.3

13

%oftware ,oftware simpl" are the computer programs. *he instructions given to the computer in the form of a program is called ,oftware. ,oftware is the set of programs which are used for different purposes. All the programs used in computer to perform specific task is called ,oftware. Types of software 7. %ystem software: a. Operating %ystem %oftware D#, %indows K! %indows 6ista )ni=9<inu= (AC9#, K etc. b. 7tility %oftware %indows +=plorer (1ile91older (anagement) Compression *ool Anti-6irus )tilities Disk Defragmentation Disk Clean @ack)p %inGip %in$A$ etcL c. ;anguage $rocessors Compiler Interpreter and Assembler 1. 3pplication software: a. $ackage %oftware (s. #ffice 8::; (s. #ffice 8::M (acromedia (Dreamweaver 1lash 1reehand) Adobe (!age(aker !hoto,hop) b. Tailored or Custom %oftware ,chool (anagement s"stem Inventor" (anagement ,"stem !a"roll s"stem financial s"stem etc. Operating system #perating s"stem is a platform between hardware and user which is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of a computer. It hosts the several applications that run on a computer and handles the operations of computer hardware. Functions of operating %ystem: !rocessor (anagement (emor" (anagement 1ile (anagement Device (anagement Types of Operating %ystem: 4eal-time Operating %ystem: It is a multitasking operating s"stem that aims at e=ecuting real-time applications. +=ample of )se: e.g. control of nuclear power plants oil refining chemical processing and traffic control s"stems air

14

%ingle 7ser %ystems: !rovides a platform for onl" one user at a time. *he" are popularl" associated with Desk *op operating s"stem which run on standalone s"stems where no user accounts are re'uired. +=ample: D#,. 8ulti 7ser %ystems:!rovides regulated access for a number of users b" maintaining a database of known users.$efers to computer s"stems that support two or more simultaneous users. Another term for multi-user is time sharing. +=: All mainframes are multi-user s"stems. +=ample: )ni= 8ulti-tasking and %ingle-tasking Operating %ystems: %hen a single program is allowed to run at a time the s"stem is grouped under the single-tasking s"stem categor" while in case the operating s"stem allows for e=ecution of multiple tasks at a time it is classified as a multi-tasking operating s"stem. 9istributed Operating %ystem: An operating s"stem that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating s"stem. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. %hen computers in a group work in cooperation the" make a distributed s"stem.

Commonly used operating system 7:#@: !ronounced yoo-niks, a popular multi-user multitasking operating s"stem developed at @ell <abs in the earl" 7NM:s. )5IK was one of the first operating s"stems to be written in a highlevel programming language namel" C. *his meant that it could be installed on virtuall" an" computer for which a C compiler e=isted.
;#:7@: !ronounced lee-nucks or lih-nucks. A freel"-distributable open source operating s"stem that runs on a number of hardware platforms. *he <inu= kernel was developed mainl" b" <inus *orvalds and it is based on )ni=. @ecause itJs free and because it runs on man" platforms including !Cs and (acintoshes <inu= has become an e=tremel" popular alternative to proprietar" operating s"stems. !indows: 8icrosoft !indows is a series of graphical interface operating s"stems developed marketed and sold b" (icrosoft.(icrosoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on 5ovember 8: 7NEC as an add-on to (,-D#, in response to the growing interest in graphical user O8P interfaces (B)Is). (icrosoft %indows came to dominate the worldJs personal computer market with over N:Q market share overtaking (ac #, which had been introduced in 7NEF.*he most recent client version of %indows is %indows MR the most recent server version is %indows ,erver 8::E $8R the most recent mobile version is %indows !hone M.C.

%O;34#%: %olaris is a )ni= operating s"stem originall" developed b" ,un (icros"stems. It superseded their earlier ,un#, in 7NN;. Oracle %olaris as it is now known has been owned b" #racle Corporation since #racleJs ac'uisition of ,un in Sanuar" 8:7:. @#,,: @#,, (@harat #perating ,"stem ,olutions) B5)9<inu= distribution developed b" C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) derived from Debian for enhancing the use of 1ree9 #pen ,ource ,oftware throughout India. *his release aims more at the securit" part and comes with an eas" to use application to harden "our Desktop. 8obile O%: A mobile operating s"stem also called a mobile #, is an operating s"stem that is specificall" designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones smartphones !DAs tablet computers and other handheld devices. *he mobile operating s"stem is the software platform on top of which other programs called application programs can run on mobile devices.

3ndroid: Android is a <inu=-based mobile phone operating s"stem developed b" Boogle. Android is uni'ue because Boogle is activel" developing the platform but giving it awa" for free to hardware manufacturers and phone carriers who want to use Android on their devices.
%ymbian: ,"mbian is a mobile operating s"stem (#,) targeted at mobile phones that offers a highlevel of integration with communication and personal information management (!I() functionalit". ,"mbian #, combines middleware with wireless communications through an integrated mailbo= and the integration of Sava and !I( functionalit" (agenda and contacts). *he ,"mbian #, is open for third-part" development b" independent software vendors enterprise I* departments network operators and ,"mbian #, licensees.

;3:&73&6 $4OC6%%O4%: ,ince a computer hardware is capable of understanding onl" machine level instructions ,o it is necessar" to convert the /<< into (achine <evel <anguage. *here are three <anguage processors: A. Compiler: It is translator which coverts the /<< language into machine language in one go. A ,ource program in /igh <evel <anguage get converted into #bAect !rogram in (achine <evel <anguage. @. #nterpreter: It is a translator which converts the /<< language into machine language line b" line. It takes one statement of /<< and converts it into machine code which is immediatel" e=ecuted. It eliminate the need of separate compilation9run. /owever It is slow in processing as compare to compiler. C. 3ssembler: It translate the assembl" language into machine code. 8icroprocessor: A microprocessor is a semiconductor chip which is manufactured using the <arge ,cale integration (<,I) or 6er" <arge ,cale Integration (6<,I) which comprises Arithmetic <ogic )nit Control unit and Central !rocessing )nit (C!)) fabricated on a single chip. Terminologies: 4egisters: A register is a ver" small amount of ver" fast memor" that is built into the C!) (central processing unit) in order to speed up its operations b" providing 'uick access to commonl" used values. All data must be represented in a register before it can be processed. 1or e=ample if two numbers are to be multiplied both numbers must be in registers and the result is also placed in a register. 2us: A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. -ou can think of a bus as a highwa" on which data travels within a computer. %hen used in reference to personal computers the term bus usuall" refers to internal bus. *his is a bus that connects all the internal computer components to the C!) and main memor". All buses consist of two parts -- an address bus and a data bus. *he data bus transfers actual data whereas the address bus transfers information about where the data should go. *he control bus is used b" the C!) to direct and monitor the actions of the other functional areas of the computer. It is used to transmit a variet" of individual signals (read write interrupt acknowledge and so forth) necessar" to control and coordinate the operations of the computer. *he si&e of a bus known as its width, is important because it determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. 1or e=ample a 7T- bit bus can transmit 7T bits of data whereas a ;8-bit bus can transmit ;8 bits

1 6

Clock speed: Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor e=ecutes instructions. +ver" computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are e=ecuted and s"nchroni&es all the various computer components. *he C!) re'uires a fi=ed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to e=ecute each instruction. *he faster the clock the more instructions the C!) can e=ecute per second. Clock speeds are e=pressed in megahert& ((/&) or gigahert& ((B/&). (- bit 8icroprocessor: It indicates the width of the registers. A 7T-bit microprocessor can process data and memor" addresses that are represented b" 7T bits. +g. E:ET processor /1 bit 8icroprocessor: It indicates the width of the registers. A ;8-bit microprocessor can process data and memor" addresses that are represented b" ;8 bits. +g. Intel E:;ET processor Intel E:FET -* bit 8icroprocessor: It indicates the width of the registersR a special high-speed storage area within the C!). A ;8-bit microprocessor can process data and memor" addresses that are represented b" ;8 bits. +g. !entium dual core core 8 duo. (1A bit 8icroprocessor: It indicates the width of the registers. A 78E -bit microprocessor can process data and memor" addresses that are represented b" 78E bits. +g. Intel core iM 9ifference between 4#%C C#%C architecture

4#%C (Reduced Instruction Set Computing): 1. RISC sytem has reduced number of instructions. 2. erforms only basic functions. !. "ll #$$ su%%ort is done in software. &. "ll o%erations are register to register. C#%C 'CompleB Instruction Set Computing): 1. " large and 'aried instruction set. 2. erforms basic as well as com%le( functions. !. "ll #$$ su%%ort is done in #ardware. &. )emory to memory addressing mode 6$#C (+=plicitl" !arallel Instruction Computing): It is a TF-bit microprocessor instruction set Aointl" defined and designed b" /ewlett !ackard and Intel that provides up to 78E general and floating point unit registers and uses s%eculati'e loading %redication and e(%licit %arallelism to accomplish its computing tasks. @" comparison current ;8-bit CI,C and $I,C microprocessor architectures depend on ;8- bit registers branch prediction memor" latenc" and implicit parallelism which are considered a less efficient approach in microarchitecture design.

17

$O4T%: A port is an interface between the motherboard and an e=ternal device. Different t"pes of port are available on motherboard as serial port parallel port !,98 port ),@ port ,C,I port etc. %erial port'CO8 $ort): A serial port transmit data one bit at a time. *"picall" on older !Cs a modem mouse or ke"board would be connected via serial ports. ,erial cables are cheaper to make than parallel cables and easier to shield from interference. Also called communication port. !arallel !ort (<!* ports): It supports parallel communication i.e. it can send several bits simultaneousl".It provides much higher data transfer speed in comparison with serial port. Also called <ine !rinter !ort. 7%2 '7niversal %erial 2us): It is a newer t"pe of serial connection that is much faster than the old serial ports. ),@ is also much smarter and more versatile since it allows the 3dais" chaining3 of up to 78M ),@ peripherals connected to one port. It provides plug 4 pla" communication. $%?1 $ort : !,98 ports are special ports for connecting the ke"board and mouse to some !C s"stems. *his t"pe of port was invented b" I@( Fire!ire $ort : *he I+++ 7;NF interface developed in late 7NE:s and earl" 7NN:s b" Apple as 1ire%ire is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications and isochronous realtime data transfer. *he 7;NF interface is comparable with ),@ and often those two technologies are considered together though ),@ has more market share. #nfrared $ort: An I$ port is a port which sends and receives infrared signals from other devices. It is a wireless t"pe port with a limited range of C-7:ft.
2luetooth: @luetooth uses short -range radio fre'uencies to transmit information from fi=ed and mobile devices. *hese devices must be within the range of ;8 feet or 7: meters for @luetooth to effectivel" work. A @luetooth port enables connections for @luetooth -enabled devices for s"nchroni&ing. *"picall" there are two t"pes of ports: incoming and outgoing. *he incoming port enables the device to receive connections from @luetooth devices while the outgoing port makes connections to @luetooth devices.

#nternal %torage encoding of Characters: 3%C##' 3merican standard code for information interchange.: A,CII code is most widel" used M alphanumeric code used in computers. It is a M- bit code and so it has 8 .78E possible code groups. It represents all of the standard ke"board characters as well as control functions such as $eturn 4 <inefeed functions. #%C##'3merican standard code for information interchange. : *o use the Indian language on computers I,CII codes are used. It is an E-bit code capable of coding 8CT characters. I,CII code retains all A,CII characters and offers coding for Indian scripts also. 7nicode: It is a universal coding standard which provides a uni'ue number for ever" character no matter what the platform no matter what the program no matter what the language. )nicode version ;.7 represented NF 7F: characters. :78264 %C%T68: 3. 9ecimal :umber %ystem: Decimal 5umber s"stem composed of 7: numerals or s"mbols. *hese numerals are : to N. )sing these s"mbols as digits we can e=press an" 'uantit". It is also called base-7: s"stem. It is a positional value s"stem in which the value of a digit depends on its position.

18

*hese digits can represent an" value for e=ample: 0,*. *he value is formed b" the sum of each digit multiplied b" the base (in this case it is (+ because there are 7: digits in decimal s"stem) in power of digit position (counting from &ero):

9ecimal numbers would be written like this: 78M7: 777: CTM;7: 2. 2inary :umber %ystem: #n 2inary :umber system there are only two digits i.e. + or (. #t is base-1 system. #t can be used to represent any Duantity that can be represented in decimal or other number system. #t is a positional value systemE where each binary digit has its own value or weight eBpressed as power of 1. *he following are some e=amples of binar" numbers: 7:77:78 778 7:77:8 Conversion from Decimal to @inar" or @inar" to Decimal Convert from decimal to binary F'(+.-GF'1. #nteger FC(7:)-UV(8) Div >uotient FC 9 8 88 9 8 77 9 8 C98 898 798 88 77 C 8 7 : $emainder @inar" 5umber (V) 7 : 7 7 : 7 ( +7 (:7 (7:7 +77:7 (:77:7

FC(7:)-U7:77:7(8) Fractional $art

19

:.7E8(7:)-UV(8) Div :.7E8 W 8 :.;TF W 8 :.M8E W 8 :.FCT W 8 :.N78 W 8 :.E8F W 8 :.TFE W 8 !roduct :.;TF :.M8E 7.FCT :.N78 7.E8F 7.TFE 7.8NT Integer value @inar" 5umber (V) : : 7 : 7 7 7 :.+ :.:+ :.::( :.::7+ :.::7:( :.::7:7( :.::7:77(

:.7E8(7:)-U:.::7:777(8) (After we round and cut the number) Conversion from @inar" to Decimal Convert from binary to decimal F'1.-UF'(+. 7:77:7.::7:777(8)-UV(7:) Inde= the digits of the number

7C:F7;78:77:.:-7:-87-;:-F7-C7-T7-M
(ultipl" each digit 7W8 0:W8 07W8 07W8 0:W8 07W8 0:W8 0:W8 07W8 0:W8 07W8 07W8 0 -M 7W8 . ;8 0 : 0 E 0 F 0 : 0 7 0 : 0 : 0 :.78C 0 : 0 :.:;78C 0 :.:7CT8C 0 :.::ME7; . FC.7MNTEE(7:) C. Octal :umber %ystem: It has eight uni'ue s"mbols i.e. : to M. It has base of E. +ach octal digit has its own value or weight e=pressed as a power of E. 9. 5eBadecimal :umber %ystem: *he he=adecimal s"stem uses base 7T. It has 7T possible digit s"mbols. It uses the digits : through N plus the letters A @ C D + 1 as 7T digit s"mbols. +ach he=adecimal digit has its own value or weight e=pressed as a power of 7T.
C F ; 8 7 : -7 -8 -; -F -C -T

*able to remember Decimal @inar" : : 7 8 ; F C T M E N 7: 77 78 7; 7F 7C 7T 7 7: 77 7:: 7:7 77: 777 7::: 7::7 7:7: 7:77 77:: 77:7 777: 7777 7::::

/e=adecimal : 7 8 ; F C T M E N A @ C D + 1 7:

#ctal : 7 8 ; F C T M 7: 77 78 7; 7F 7C 7T 7M 8:

Convert from decimal to octal F'(+.-UF'A. #nteger FC(7:)-UK(E) Div >uotient FC 9 E C9E C : $emainder C C #ctal 5umber (V) , ,C

FC(7:)-UCC(E) Fractional $art :.7E8(7:)-UV(E) (ul :.7E8 W E :.FCT W E :.TFE W E :.7EF W E :.FM8 W E :.MMT W E !roduct Integer 7.FCT ;.TFE C.7EF 7.FM8 ;.MMT T.8:E @inar" 5umber (V) 7 ; C 7 ; T :.( :.7/ :.7;, :.7;C( :.7;C7/ :.7;C7;-

:.7E8(7:)-U:.7;C7;T(E) (After we round and cut the number) Convert from decimal to heBadecimal F'(+.-UF'(-. #nteger FC(7:)-UK(7T) Div >uotient FC 9 7T 8 9 7T FC(7:)-U8D(7T) Fractional :umber :.7E8(7:)-UV(7T) (ul :.7E8 W 7T :.N78 W 7T :.CN8 W 7T :.FM8 W 7T !roduct Integer @inar" 5umber (V) 8 7F N M :.1 :.8H :.8X) :.8XN0 8 : $emainder 7; 8 /e= 5umber (V) 9 (,ince 7; decimal is D in he=adecimal) 1D (,ee the table)

8.N78 7F.CN8 N.FM8 M.CC8

:.CC8 W 7T :.E;8 W 7T

E.E;8 7;.;78

E 7;

:.8XNMA :.8XNME9

:.7E8(7:)-U:.8+NMED(7T) (After we round and cut the number) Convert from octal to decimal F'A.-UF'(+. CC.7;C7;T(E)-UV(7:) Inde= the digits of the number

C7C:.7-7;-8C-;7-F;-CT-T
%e multipl" each digit C W E 0 C W E 0 7 W E 0 ; W E 0 C W E 0 7 W E 0 ; W E 0 T W E . F: 0 C 0 :.78C 0 :.:;78C 0 :.::NMTT 0 :.:::8FF 0 :.:::7 0 :.::::88N . FC.7TT;E8N(7:) Convert from heBadecimal to decimal F'(-.-UF'(+. 8D.8+NMED(7T)-UV(7:) Inde= the digits of the number
7 : -7 -8 -; -F -C -T

877;:.8-77F-8N-;M-FE-C7;-T
%e multipl" each digit 8 W 7T 0 7; W 7T 0 8 W 7T 0 7F W 7T 0 N W 7T 0 M W 7T 0 E W 7T 0 7; W 7T . ;8 0 7; 0 :.78C 0 :.:CFTEMC 0 :.::87NM8M 0 :.:::7:TE7 0 :.:::::MT8 0 :.::::::MM . FC.7E7NNNNM(7:) Convert from binary to octal: 1or this conversion make the group of three digits from right to left before decimal 4 left to right after decimal then assign the specific octal value. (Biven in the table above) 77:7:7:::.7:7:7:(8)-UK(E) Y;Y Y;YY;Y Y;Y Y;Y
7 : -7 -8 -; -F -C -T

77: 7:7 ::: .7:7 :7: YY Z9 YY Z9 YY Z9 YY Z9 YY Z9

(,ee that in the arra" 77:(8) corresponds to T(E) )

77:7:7:::.7:7:7:(8)-UTC:.C8(E) Convert from binary to heBadecimal: This conversion make the group of four digits from right to left before decimal 4 left to right after decimal then assign the specific /e=adecimal value. (Biven in the table above) 77:7:7:::.7:7:7:(8)-UK(7T) YF Y Y FY Y FY Y FY Y FY :::7 7:7: 7::: .7:7: 7::: YY Z9 7 YY Z9 [ YY Z9 E . YY Z9 [ YY Z9 E

77:7:7:::(8)-U7[E.[E(7T) Convert from heBadecimal to octal and binary: In this conversion write the binar" of specific digit. 1or #ctal three digit binar" 4 for /e=adecimal four digit binar". Convert from octal to binary TC:.C8(E)-UK(8) T YY Z9 77: YY Z9 C YY Z9 :. YY Z9 C YY Z9 8

7:7 ::: . 7:7 :7:

TC:.C8(E)-U77:7:7:::.7:7:7:(8) Convert from heBadecimal to binary 7[E.[E(7T)-UK(8) 7 YY Z9 [ YY Z9 E YY Z9 . [ YY Z9 E YY Z9

:::7 7:7: 7::: .7:7: 7:::

$ractice %ession:
7. %hich electronic device invention brought revolution in earlier

computers\ Ans. (icroprocessor 8. %hich memor" is responsible for booting of s"stem. Ans. $#( ;. %here do "ou find analog computers in dail" life\ Ans. In @ike-speedometer voltmeter F. %hat do "ou mean b" term firmware\ Ans. ,oftware (programs or data) that has been written onto read-onl" memor" ($#(). 1irmware is a combination of software and hardware. $#(s !$#(s and +!$#(s that have data or programs recorded on them are 1irmware. C. %hat do "ou mean b" language processors\ %h" we need it\ (Do "ourself) T. Bive an" e=ample of h"brid computer in dail" life. Ans. In medical science- *o measure the heart beat blood pressure etc. M. Can we think of a computer s"stem without operating s"stem\ Sustif" "our answer. (Do "ourself) E. 1ifth generation of computer is a s"mbol of intelligence. %h"\ Ans. Due to invention of robotics N. %hich is better for translator 4 wh"\ Compiler or Interpreter. (Do "ourself) 7:. %hat do "ou mean b" Defragmentation\ (Do "ourself) 77. %hat do "ou mean b" $I,C 4 CI,C\ (Do "ourself) 78. %hich port a mouse should be connected\ Ans. !,98 port 7;. %hat do "ou mean b" <!* port\ Ans. <ine !rint *erminal 7F. %hat is difference between ),@ 4 1irewire !ort\ Ans. ),@ is host based mean device must connect to computer while 1irewire is peer-topeer. 1irewire is sought for high speed devices with more data like camcorders. 7C. %hat is cache memor"\ (Do "ourself) 7T. Convert the followings: i. 7:7::7.:7:7 to decimal ii. (8;T)E to @inar" iii. (8TT)7: to /e=adecimal iv. (A18)7T to @inar" v. :7:777:.7:7:77: to /e=adecimal

2 5

PDF to Word