What is the Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the orld ide eb ( ), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks.

(!isual representation of the the Internet from the "pte #ro$ect.)

% network of networks, today, the Internet serves as a global data communications system that links millions of private, public, academic and business networks via an international telecommunications backbone that consists of various electronic and optical networking technologies.&ecentrali'ed by design, no one owns the Internet and it has no central governing authority. %s a creation of the &efense &epartment for sharing research data, this lack of centrali'ation was intentional to make it less vulnerable to wartime or terrorist attacks.The terms (Internet( and ( orld ide eb( are often used interchangeably) however, the Internet and orld ide eb are not one and the same.The Internet is a vast hardware and software infrastructure that enables computer interconnectivity. The eb, on the other hand, is a massive hypermedia database - a myriad collection of documents and other resources interconnected by hyperlinks. Imagine the orld ide eb as the platform which allows one to navigate the Internet with the use of a browser such as *oogle +hrome or ,o'illa -irefox. 1

History Of Internet

Internet Timeline:
./01 2 3445 launches 4putnik into space. In response, the 34% creates the %dvanced 5esearch #ro$ects %gency (%5#%) with the mission of becoming the leading force in science and new technologies. ./67 2 8.+.5. 9icklider of ,IT proposes the concept of a :*alactic ;etwork.< -or the first time ideas about a global network of computers are introduced. 8.+.5. 9icklider is later chosen to head %5#%=s research efforts. ./67 - #aul >aran, a member of the 5%;& +orporation, determines a way for the %ir -orce to control bombers and missiles in case of a nuclear event. ?is results call for a decentrali'ed network comprised of packet switches. ./6@ - %5#% contracts out work to >>;. >>; is called upon to build the first switch. ./6/ 2 5#%;AT created - >>; creates the first switched network by linking four different nodes in +alifornia and 3tah) one at the 3niversity of 3tah, one at the

3niversity of +alifornia at 4anta >arbara, one at 4tanford and one at the 3niversity of +alifornia at 9os %ngeles. ./17 - 5ay Tomlinson working for >>; creates the first program devoted to email. ./17 - %5#% officially changes its name to &%5#% &efense %dvanced 5esearch #ro$ects %gency. ./17 - ;etwork +ontrol #rotocol is introduced to allow computers running on the same network to communicate with each other. ./1B - !inton +erf working from 4tanford and >ob Cahn from &%5#% begin work developing T+#DI# to allow computers on different networks to communicate with each other. ./1E - Cahn and +erf refer to the system as the Internet for the first time. ./16 - Athernet is developed by &r. 5obert ,. ,etcalfe. ./16 2 4%T;AT, a satellite program is developed to link the 3nited 4tates and Aurope. 4atellites are owned by a consortium of nations, thereby expanding the reach of the Internet beyond the 34%. ./16 2 Ali'abeth II, Fueen of the 3nited Cingdom, sends out an email on 76 ,arch from the 5oyal 4ignals and 5adar Astablishment (545A) in ,alvern. ./16 - %TG T >ell 9abs develops 33+# and 3;IH. ./1/ - 34A;AT, the first news group network is developed by Tom Truscott, 8im Allis and 4teve >ellovin. ./1/ - I>, introduces >IT;AT to work on emails and listserv systems.

./@. - The ;ational 4cience -oundation releases +4;AT 06 to allow computers to network without being connected to the government networks.

./@B - Internet %ctivities >oard released. ./@B - T+#DI# becomes the standard for internet protocol. ./@B - &omain ;ame 4ystem introduced to allow domain names to automatically be assigned an I# number.

./@E - ,+I creates T. lines to allow for faster transportation of information over the internet.

./@E- The number of ?osts breaks .,III ./@0- .II years to the day of the last spike being driven on the +anadian #acific 5ailway, the last +anadian university was connected to ;et;orth in a one year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity

./@1 - The new network +5A; forms. ./@1- The number of hosts breaks .I,III ./@@ - Traffic rises and plans are to find a new replacement for the T. lines. ./@/- The ;umber of hosts breaks .II III ./@/- %rpanet ceases to exist .//I - %dvanced ;etwork G 4ervices (%;4) forms to research new ways to make internet speeds even faster. The group develops the TB line and installs in on a number of networks.

.//I - % hypertext system is created and implemented by Tim >erners-9ee while working for +A5;.

.//I- The first search engine is created by ,c*ill 3niversity, called the %rchie 4earch Angine

.//.- 3.4 green-light for commercial enterprise to take place on the Internet .//. - The ;ational 4cience -oundation (;4-) creates the ;ational 5esearch and Aducation ;etwork (;5A;).

.//. - +A5; releases the

orld

ide

eb publicly on %ugust 6th, .//.

.//7 2 The Internet 4ociety (I4"+) is chartered .//7- ;umber of hosts breaks .,III,III .//B - Inter;I+ released to provide general services, a database and internet directory. .//B- The first web browser, ,osaic (created by ;+4%), is released. ,osaic later becomes the ;etscape browser which was the most popular browser in the mid .//I=s.

.//E - ;ew networks added freJuently. .//E - -irst internet ordering system created by #i''a ?ut. .//E - -irst internet bank openedK -irst !irtual. .//0 - ;4- contracts out their access to four internet providers. .//0 - ;4- sells domains for a L0I annual fee. .//0 2 ;etscape goes public with Brd largest ever ;%4&%F I#" share value

.//0- 5egistration of domains is no longer free. .//6- The versions. browser wars are waged mainly between ,icrosoft and ;etscape. ;ew

versions are released Juarterly with the aid of internet users eager to test new (beta)

.//6 2 Internet7 pro$ect is initiated by BE universities .//6 - Internet 4ervice #roviders begin appearing such as 4print and ,+I. .//6 - ;okia releases first cell phone with internet access. .//1- (%rin) is established to handle administration and registration of I# numbers, now handled by ;etwork 4olutions (Iinter;ic)

.//@- ;etscape releases source code for ;avigator. .//@-Internet +orporation for %ssigned ;ames and ;umbers (I+%;;) created to be able to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks

./// - % wireless technology called @I7...b, more commonly referred to as standardi'ed.

i--i, is

7III- The dot com bubble bursts, numerically, on ,arch .I, 7III, when the technology heavy ;%4&%F composite index peaked at 0,IE@.67

7II. - >lackberry releases first internet cell phone in the 3nited 4tates. 7II. 2 The spread of #7# file sharing across the Internet 7II7 -Internet7 now has 7II university, 6I corporate and EI affiliate members 7IIB- The -rench ,inistry of +ulture bans the use of the word (e-mail( by government ministries, and adopts the use of the more -rench sounding (courriel(
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7IIE 2 The Term

eb 7.I rises in popularity when "=5eilly and ,edia9ive host the first

eb 7.I conference. 7IIE- ,ydoom, the fastest ever spreading email computer worm is released. Astimated . in .7 emails are infected. 7II0- Astonia offers Internet !oting nationally for local elections 7II0-Moutube launches 7II6- There are an estimated /7 million websites online 7II6 2 Nimbabwe=s internet access is almost completely cut off after international satellite communications provider Intelsat cuts service for non-payment 7II6- Internet7 announced a partnership with 9evel B +ommunications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from .I*bps to .II*bps 7II1- Internet7 officially retires %bilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet7 ;etwork 7II@- *oogle index reaches . Trillion 359s 7II@ 2 ;%4% successfully tests the first deep space communications network modeled on the Internet. 3sing software called &isruption-Tolerant ;etworking, or &T;, do'ens of space images are transmitted to and from a ;%4% science spacecraft located about more than B7 million kilometers from Aarth 7II/ 2 I+%;; gains autonomy from the 3.4 government 7I.I- -acebook announces in -ebruary that it has EII million active users. 7I.I 2 The 3.4 ?ouse of 5epresentatives passes the +ybersecurity Anhancement %ct (?.5. EI6.)
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7I.7 - % ma$or online protest shook up 3.4. +ongressional support for two anti- eb piracy bills - the 4top "nline #iracy %ct in the ?ouse and the #rotect I# %ct in the 4enate. ,any in the tech industry are concerned that the bills will give media companies too much power to shut down websites.

Internet architecture
It is by definition a meta-network, a constantly changing collection of thousands of individual networks intercommunicating with a common protocol

Internet 4ervice #rovider (I4#) o Tier-.

o o

Tier-7 Tire . and tier 7I4#s are networks of routers that collectively provide the InternetOs communication infrastructure

%ccess I4#K #rovides connectivity to the Internet

o o o o

Traditional telephone (dial up connection) +able connections &49 ireless

The Internet=s architecture is described in its name, a short from of the compound word (internetworking(. This architecture is based in the very specification of the standard TCP/IP protocol, designed to connect any two networks which may be very different in internal hardware, software, and technical design. "nce two networks are interconnected, communication with T+#DI# is enabled end-to-end, so that any node on the Internet has the near magical ability to communicate with any other no matter where they are. This openness of design has enabled the Internet architecture to grow to a global scale. Aach communication packet goes up the hierarchy of Internet networks as far as necessary to get to its destination network where local routing takes over to deliver it to the addressee. In the same way, each level in the hierarchy pays the next level for the bandwidth they use, and then the large backbone companies settle up with each other. >andwidth is priced by large Internet
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service providers by several methods, such as at a fixed rate for constant availability of a certain number of megabits per second, or by a variety of use methods that amount to a cost per gigabyte. &ue to economies of scale and efficiencies in management, bandwidth cost drops dramatically at the higher levels of the architecture. Resources. The network topology page provides information and resources on the real-time construction of the Internet network, including graphs and statistics. The following references provide additional information about the Internet architectureK 5-+ ./0@) >. +arpenter, et. al.) Architectural Principles of the Internet) 8un .//6 5-+ BE76) 4. -loyd) General Architectural and Policy Considerations) ;ov 7II7 5-+ BEB/) 5. >ush, &. ,eyer) Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy) &ec 7II7 5-+ B@./) #. Carn, Ad.) Advice for Internet Subnetwork esigners) 8uly 7IIE 5-+ B/E0) A. ,annie, Ad.) Generali!ed "ulti#Protocol $abel Switching %G"P$S& Architecture) "ctober 7IIE B+ -- %rchitecture of the orld ide eb.

Internet Protocol Architecture

The T+#DI# protocol suite is the basis for the networks that we call the Internet.
Application Layer Transport Layer Network Layer telnet, ftp, email

TCP, UDP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

The T+#DI# suite has four layersK Application, Transport, Network, and !ata" #ink #ayer$ +omputers (hosts) implement all four layers. 5outers (gateways) only have the bottom two layers.
(Data) Link Layer De ice Dri ers

Physical #ayer %"

P P P P

&er'iceK move information between two systems connected by a physical link InterfaceK specifies how to send a bit ProtocolK coding scheme used to represent a bit, voltage levels, duration of a bit AxamplesK coaxial cable, optical fiber links) transmitters, receivers

!atalink #ayer (" P &er'iceK 2 framing (attach frame separators) 2 2 send data frames between peers othersK P P P P arbitrate the access to common physical media per-hop reliable transmission per-hop flow control InterfaceK send a data unit (packet) to a machine connected to the same physical media

ProtocolK layer addresses, implement ,edium %ccess +ontrol (,%+) (e.g., +4,%D+&) Network #ayer )" P &er'iceK 2 deliver a packet to specified network destination 2 2 perform segmentationDreassemble othersK P P P P packet scheduling buffer management InterfaceK send a packet to a specified destination

ProtocolK define global uniJue addresses) construct routing tables

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Transport #ayer *" P &er'iceK 2 ,ultiplexingDdemultiplexing 2 2 P P optionalK error-free and flow-controlled delivery InterfaceK send message to specific destination

ProtocolK implements reliability and flow control AxamplesK T+# and 3&#

Application #ayer +" P P P &er'iceK any service provided to the end user InterfaceK depends on the application ProtocolK depends on the application browser

AxamplesK -T#, Telnet,

Internet #rotocol %rchitecture

User #ata Application

Application $ea#er

User #ata

%s dataTCP is moving down the protocol stack, each protocol is adding layer-specific control information.
TCP $ea#er

Application #ata

IP
IP $ea#er TCP $ea#er

TCP se%ment

Application #ata
IP #ata%ram

!t"ernet Dri er
!t"ernet $ea#er IP $ea#er

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TCP $ea#er

Application #ata
!t"ernet frame

!t"ernet Trailer

Internet Architecture ,oard IA,"

The Internet %rchitecture >oard (I%>) is a board of researchers and professionals that manages the engineering and technical development related to the Internet. I%> offers assistance and insight on a wide range of Internet-related concerns. #rofessional entities, standards agencies and other organi'ations freJuently use I%> as a reference for network expertise. The I%> (Internet %rchitecture >oard) is the Internet 4ociety overseer of the technical evolution of the Internet. The I%> supervises the Internet Angineering Task -orce ( IAT- ), which oversees the evolution of T+#DI# , and the Internet 5esearch Task -orce ( I5T- ), which works on network technology.

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I%> manages several task forces, including the Internet 5esearch Task -orce (I5T-) and the Internet Angineering Task -orce (IAT-). I%> was originally established as the Internet +onfiguration +ontrol >oard (I++>) in ./1/. %dopting several names afterwards, it finally became the I%> in .//7. Initially, the 3.4. government and -ederal 5esearch Internet +onfiguration +ommittee (-5I++) supported I%>.&uring the ./@Is, Internet developments were implemented for the promotion of the Internet and Internet standards.

IA, was esta-lished to mana.e o'ersi.ht of the followin. responsi-ilities: ,anage and publish 5eJuest for +omments (5-+) "versee the Internet standard process "versee the IAT-

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%rchitectural 4upervisionK 5esponsible for overseeing different network and Internet #rotocol (I#) architectural standards. %ppeals and 4tandards #rocess 4upervisionK The appeal board was established to review standard issues and related appeals. %dvice for Internet 4ocietiesK #rovides guidance to I4"+ officials. %rchitectural "versightK The I%> provides oversight of, and occasional commentary on, aspects of the architecture for the network protocols and procedures used by the Internet. 4tandards #rocess "versight and %ppealK The I%> provides oversight of the process used to create Internet 4tandards. The I%> serves as an appeal board for complaints of improper execution of the standards process, through acting as an appeal body in respect of an Internet Angineering 4teering *roup (IA4*) standards decision. 5eJuest for +omments seriesK The I%> is responsible for editorial management and publication of the 5eJuest for +omments (5-+) document series. Internet %ssigned ;umbers %uthorityK In con$unction with the Internet +orporation for %ssigned ;ames and ;umbers (I+%;;), the I%> is responsible for administration of the assignment of IAT- protocol parameter values by the Internet %ssigned ;umbers %uthority (I%;%). Axternal 9iaisonK The I%> acts as representative of the interests of the IAT- in liaison relationships with other organi'ations concerned with standards and other technical and organi'ational issues relevant to the worldwide Internet. %dvice to the Internet 4ocietyK The I%> acts as a source of advice and guidance to the >oard of Trustees and "fficers of I4"+ concerning technical, architectural, procedural, and (where appropriate) policy matters pertaining to the Internet and its enabling technologies. Internet Angineering 4teering *roup +onfirmationK The I%> confirms the IAT- +hair and IA4* %rea &irectors, from nominations provided by the IAT- ;ominating +ommittee. Internet 5esearch Task -orce +hairK The I%> selects a chair of the I5T- for a renewable two year term.

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/ARIO0& APP#I1ATION& O2 INT3RN3T

Internet applications are now widely available and continues to increase along with advances in information technology. Internet applications are then used in various fields such as academic, military, medical, media, and various other industrial sectors. "f the many existing Internet applications, is widely known and used, among othersK ord ide eb (www)

Alectronic mail ,ailing lists (mailing lists); ;ewsgroup Internet 5elay +hat (I5+) -ile Transfer #rotocol (-T#) orld ide eb ( ) is the most interesting applications in the Internet and as email, the application is very important and widely used. eb documents are created with the format of hypertext and hypermedia using the ?T,9. ?T,9 has the ability to connect a document with other documents. ?T,9 documents created with it can contain text, images, animation, audio etc. (The orld- ide eb was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, and human culture, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common pro$ect. 3lectronic mail, commonly called email or e4mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. ,odern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. %n email message consists of three components, the messa.e en'elope, the messa.e header, and the messa.e -ody. The message header contains control information, including, originator=s email address and one or more recipient addresses. 3sually descriptive information is also added, such as a sub$ect header field and a message submission dateDtime stamp.

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,ailing lists or mailing lists are often also called Internet applications that are used as a means of discussion or exchange information within a group via e-mail. Aach e-mail sent to a mailing list address will be sent to all e-mail address is registered as a member of the mailing list. ,ailing actually another form of e-mail. This facility is used by groups to exchange information and discuss other members of the group. ,ailing list have the same nature with the e-mail. 2ile Transfer Protocol (2TP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another over a T+#-based network, such as the Internet. -T# is built on a client-server architecture and utili'es separate control and data connections between the client and server. -T# users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. *opher is an application used to search for information that is the internet. ?owever, the information sought is limited to text only. To obtain information through gopher, you need to connect themselves with the gopher server on the Internet. % *opher server presents its contents as a hierarchically structured list of files. ith the ascendance of the eb, many gopher databases were converted to eb sites which can be more easily accessed via eb search engines. Internet 5elay +hat (I5+) is an Internet application used to chat on the internet. +hatting on the internet is known as chat. +hatting is done by typing what you want to say to your chat friends, then send it in text form. Through the chat you can meet and talk with other people in other parts of the world. It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication via private message as well as chat and data transfer, including file sharing. I5+ was created in ./@@. +lient software is now available for every ma$or operating system that supports Internet access Telnet is the Internet application used to access a computer that is far. Telnet you can use if you have an I# address (I# address) of computers that will be accessible, and you also must have access rights (user I& and password). Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. 3ser data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an @-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission +ontrol #rotocol.

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