217362139.

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1. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE:
With the increase in temperature of metal, its strength and resistance to corrosion in such environment decreases, the metal/s may even undergo structural changes.

2.

PROBLEMS:
The crucial most high temperature problems encountered in the design of steam boilers are associated with Super Heaters and e!heaters. The necessity of high superheat of steam mostly creates two ma"or problems. The first of these consists in prevention of fouling of Super Heater e#ternal surface by slag whereas the second problem is faced in selection of appropriate Super Heater tube materials since high temperature reduces the material strength and high pressure increases the stress.

3.

OUTCOME OF USING IN-APPROPRIATE MATERIAL:

$n case suitable material is not used, it fails prematurely at high temperature on account of one or more of the following reasons% ! I. COLD WORKING: The cold wor&ed material must not be used at temperatures where re! crystalli'ation may occur( because the )reep esistance of *etal reduces during e!)rystallisation process. GRAPHITIZATION: +raphiti'ation that is, the brea&down of ,)arbides- into .ree $ron / +raphite, of some steels, may occur after a considerable length of time at temperatures ranging between 0123) to 4533). +raphiti'ation may cause serious losses of strength and toughness in 'ones affected by Heating in this temperature range. CORROSION AND OXIDATION: 6ecause of the increased rate of chemical reaction at high temperatures, corrosion and o#idation may give rise to serious problems. )orrosion may occur uniformly over the surface or be limited to small areas. $n such cases it is called 7itting )orrosion. The rate of uniform corrosion may be e#pressed as milligrams loss per s8. centimetres per day. The resistance of steel to high temperature o#idation increases commendably by additional elements, such as )hromium or Silicon.

II.

III.

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4.

MATERIAL SELECTION:
.rom the material selection stand point, Super Heater Tubes are most critical element in Steam 6oilers. The *etal Temperature tends to be 53 3) above than the Steam Autlet Temperature for Super Heater )oils. $n selecting materials for 6oilers it is normal practise to use the steel, which is most appropriate to the local temperature conditions. Several types of steels are used in such conditions. )ommencing with, )arbon Steel for *ain 6an& / .urnace Tubes to )arbon!*olly or )hromium!*olly ;lloys to various grades of Stainless Steels in the High Temperature Bone. The following list is typical of material selection in modern Steam 6oilers.

SR.
CaD CbD CcD CdD CeD

MATERIALS
)arbon Steel )arbon F *o. : to :F )r., F *o. 1G )r., : *o. :E )r., E Hi. I Ti.

MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
6S >35@ St.>13/ >43/ 003 S; 13@ S; 1:> T!:: S; 1:> T!11 S; 1:> T!>1:

MAX. METAL TEMPERATURE

(0F) E33 @33 :333 :353 Aver :353 (0C) 015 0E3 5>E 545 Aver 545

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