SEMINAR REPORT

ON
VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL
CONTENTS
1) INTRODUCTION
2) WHAT IS VoIP ?
3) REQUIREMENT OF VoIP
4) HOW VoIP WORKS ?
a) How VoIP works part 1
b) How VoIP works part 2
c) How VoIP works part 3
d) How VoIP works part 4
5) PROS AND CONS OF VoIP
6) CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
VoIP (voice over IP - that is, voice delivered using the Internet Protocol)
is a ter used in IP tele!hon" #or a set o# #acilities #or anaging the
deliver" o# voice in#oration using the Internet Protocol (IP)$ In general,
this eans sending voice in#oration in digital #or in discrete !ac%ets
rather than in the traditional circuit-coitted !rotocols o# the !u&lic
s'itched tele!hone net'or% (PSTN)$ A a(or advantage o# VoIP and
Internet tele!hon" is that it avoids the tolls charged &" ordinar"
tele!hone service
VoIP is there#ore tele!hon" using a !ac%et &ased net'or% instead o# the
PSTN (circuit s'itched)$
)uring the earl" *+,s the Internet 'as &eginning its coercial s!read$
The Internet Protocol (IP), !art o# the T-P.IP suite (develo!ed &" the
/$S$ )e!artent o# )e#ense to lin% dissiilar co!uters across an"
%inds o# data net'or%s) seeed to have the necessar" 0ualities to
&ecoe the successor o# the PSTN$
The #irst VoIP a!!lication 'as introduced in 1**2 - an 3Internet Phone3$
An Israeli co!an" &" the nae o# 3VocalTec3 'as the one develo!ing
this a!!lication$ The a!!lication 'as designed to run on a &asic P-$ The
idea 'as to co!ress the voice signal and translate it into IP !ac%ets #or
transission over the Internet$ This 3#irst generation3 VoIP a!!lication
su##ered #ro dela"s (due to congestion), disconnection, lo' 0ualit"
(&oth due to lost and out o# order !ac%ets) and inco!ati&ilit"$
VocalTec,s Internet !hone 'as a signi#icant &rea%through, although the
a!!lication,s an" !ro&les !revented it #ro &ecoing a !o!ular
!roduct$ Since this ste! IP tele!hon" has develo!ed ra!idl"$ The ost
signi#icant develo!ent is gate'a"s that act as an inter#ace &et'een IP
and PSTN net'or%s$
What is Voice Over IP?
Voice over IP (VoIP) is a &lan%et descri!tion #or an" service that delivers
standard voice tele!hone services over Internet Protocol (IP)$ -o!uters
to trans#er data and #iles &et'een co!uters norall" use Internet
!rotocol$
3Voice over IP is the technolog" o# digiti4ing sound, co!ressing it,
&rea%ing it u! into data !ac%ets, and sending it over an IP (internet
!rotocol) net'or% 'here it is reasse&led, deco!ressed, and converted
&ac% into an analog 'ave #or$$3 The transission o# sound over a
!ac%et s'itched net'or% in this anner is an order o# agnitude ore
e##icient than the transission o# sound over a circuit s'itched net'or%$
As entioned &e#ore, VoIP saves &and'idth also &" sending onl" the
conversation data and not sending the silence !eriods$ This is a
considera&le saving &ecause generall" onl" one !erson tal%s at a tie
'hile the other is listening$ 5" reoving the VoIP !ac%ets containing
silence #ro the overall VoIP tra##ic 'e can reach u! to 2+6 saving$ In
a circuit s'itched net'or%, one call consues the entire circuit$ That
circuit can onl" carr" one call at a tie$
In a !ac%et s'itched net'or%, digital data is cho!!ed u! into !ac%ets,
sent across the net'or%, and reasse&led at the destination$ This t"!e o#
circuit can accoodate an" transissions at the sae tie &ecause
each !ac%et onl" ta%es u! 'hat &and'idth that is necessar"$$ Internet
Tele!hon" si!l" ta%es advantage o# the e##iciencies o# !ac%et s'itched
net'or%s$
7ate'a"s are the %e" co!onent re0uired to #acilitate IP Tele!hon"$
A gate'a" is used to &ridge the traditional circuit s'itched PSTN 'ith
the !ac%et s'itched Internet$
The gate'a" allo's the calls to trans#er #ro one net'or% to the other
&" converting the incoing signal into the t"!e o# signal re0uired &" the
net'or% it is re0uired to send it on$ 8or e9a!le, A P- user 'ishes to
call soeone using a conventional !hone$ The P- sends the IP !ac%ets
containing digiti4ed voice to the gate'a"$
Requirements of a VoIP
The re0uireents #or i!leenting an IP Tele!hon" solution to su!!ort
Voice Over IP varies #ro organi4ation to organi4ation, and de!ends on
the vendor and !roduct chosen$ The #ollo'ing section ais to identi#"
the #undaental re0uireents in the general case and is s!lit into :
sections;
So#t'are Re0uireents
<ard'are Re0uireents
Protocol Re0uireents

Software Requirements

The so#t'are !ac%age chosen 'ill re#lect the organi4ational needs, &ut
should contain the #ollo'ing odules as de#ined in the Technolog"
7uide Series - Voice Over IP Pu&lication, and other sources$
Voice Processing Module. This as!ect o# the so#t'are is re0uired to
!re!are voice sa!les #or transission$ The #unctionalit" !rovided &"
the voice !rocessing odule should su!!ort;
A PCM Interface is re0uired to receive sa!les #ro the tele!hon"
inter#ace (e$g$ a voice card) and #or'ard the to the Voice Over IP
so#t'are #or #urther !rocessing$
Echo Cancellation is re0uired to reduce or eliinate the echo
introduced as a result o# the round tri! e9ceeding 2+ illiseconds$
Idle Noise Detection is re0uired to su!!ress !ac%et transission on the
net'or% 'hen there are no voice signals to &e sent$ This hel!s to reduce
net'or% tra##ic as u! to =+6 o# voice calls are silence and there is no
!oint in sending silence$
A Tone Detector is re0uired to discriinate &et'een voice and #a9
signals &" detecting )TM8 ()ial Tone Multi #re0uenc") signals$
The Packet Voice Protocol is re0uired to enca!sulate co!ressed voice
and #a9 data #or transission over the net'or%$
A Voice Playback Module is re0uired at the destination to &u##er the
incoing !ac%ets &e#ore the" are sent to the -odec #or deco!ression$
Call Signaling Module$ This is re0uired to serve as a signaling gate'a"
'hich allo's calls to &e esta&lished over a !ac%et s'itched net'or% as
o!!osed to a circuit s'itched net'or% (PSTN #or e9a!le)$
Packet Processing Module$ This odule is re0uired to !rocess the
voice and signaling !ac%ets read" #or transission on the IP &ased
net'or%$
Network Management Protocol$ Allo's #or #ault, accounting and
con#iguration anageent to &e !er#ored$
Hardware Requirements

The e9act hard'are, 'hich 'ould &e re0uired, again, de!ends on
organi4ational needs and &udget$ The list &elo' highlights the ost
general hard'are re0uired$
The ost o&vious re0uireent is the e9istence (or installation) o# an IP
&ased net'or% 'ithin the &ranch o##ice gate'a" is re0uired to &ridge the
di##erences &et'een the !rotocols used on an IP &ased net'or% and the
!rotocols used on the PSTN$
The gate'a" ta%es a standard tele!hone signal and digiti4es it &e#ore
co!ressing it using a -odec$ The co!ressed data is !ut into IP
!ac%ets and these !ac%ets are routed over the net'or% to the intended
destination$
The P-,s attached to the IP &ased net'or% re0uire the voice.#a9 so#t'are
outlined a&ove$ The" also re0uire 8ull )u!le9 Voice -ards 'hich allo'
&oth counicating !arties to s!ea% at the sae tie - as o#ten ha!!ens
in realit"$
As an alternative to installing Voice -ards, IP Tele!hones can &e
attached to the net'or% to #acilitate Voice Over IP$ A secondar" gate'a"
should &e considered as a &ac%u! in the event o# the #ailure o# the
!riar" gate'a"$
Protocol Requirements
There are an" !rotocols in e9istence &ut the ain ones are considered
to &e the #ollo'ing;

H.323 is an IT/ (International Telecounications /nion) a!!roved
standard 'hich de#ines ho' audio .visual con#erencing data is
transitted across a net'or%$ <$:>: relies on the RTP (Real-Tie
Trans!ort Protocol) and RT-P (Real Tie -ontrol Protocol) on to! o#
/)P (/ser )atagra Protocol) to deliver audio streas across !ac%et
&ased net'or%s$
G.723.1 de#ines ho' an audio signal 'ith a &and'idth o# :$?@<4
should &e encoded #or transission at data rates o# 2$:@&!s and
=$?@&!s$ 7$A>:$1 re0uires a ver" lo' transission rate and delivers near
carrier class 0ualit"$ The VoIP 8oru as the &aseline -odec #or lo' &it
rate IP Tele!hon" has chosen this encoding techni0ue$
G.711. The IT/ standardised P-M (Pulse -ode Modulation) as 7$A11$
This allo's carrier class 0ualit" audio signals to &e encoded #or
transission at data rates o# 2=@&!s or =?@&!s$ 7$A11 uses A-Ba' or
Mu-Ba' #or a!litude co!ression and is the &aseline re0uireent #or
ost IT/ ultiedia counications standards$
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is the standard !rotocol #or
streaing a!!lications develo!ed 'ithin the IET8 (Internet Engineering
Tas% 8orce)$
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is the !rotocol 'hich su!!orts
the reservation o# resources across an IP net'or%$ RSVP can &e used to
indicate the nature o# the !ac%et streas that a node is !re!ared to
receive$
How VoIP works
How VoIP works : Part 1
Bet us loo% at ver" si!le VoIP call$ -onsider t'o VoIP tele!hones
connected via an IP net'or% $In this e9a!le &oth VoIP tele!hones are
connected to a local BAN$ Sall"Cs !hone has an IP address o#
1*>$1=D$1$1 ,5illCs !hone is 1*>$1=D$1$>, the IP addresses uni0uel"
identi#" the tele!hones$ 5oth our !hones are con#igured to use a 'idel"
used VoIP standard called <$:>:$
5ill 'ants to tal% to Sall" and his !hone %no's the IP address o# Sall"Cs
!hone$ 5ill li#ts the handset and ,dials, Sall", the !hone sends a call
setu! re0uest !ac%et to Sall",s !hone, Sall"Cs !hone starts to ring, and
res!onds to 5ill,s !hone 'ith a call !roceeding essage$ Ehen Sall"
li#ts the handset the !hone sends a connect essage to 5ill,s !hone$ The
t'o !hones 'ill no' e9change the data !ac%ets containing the s!eech$
At the end o# the call 5ill re!laces his handset and !hone sto!s sending
voice data sends a disconnect essage and Sall",s !hone res!onds 'ith a
release essage$ The call is no' co!lete$ all the essages contain the
F*:1 IS)N !rotocol$
<aving introduced VoIP I 'ill no' tal% a&out three ain ,t"!es, o# VoIP
installed in the ar%et !lace toda"$
Main types` VoIP
VoIP has &roadl" three ain &ranches, 'hich can and do overla!$
VoIP over the Internet This is !ro&a&l" the &est %no'n and ost
!u&lici4ed, tal%ing P- to P-$ 5asicall" #ree tele!hone calls$ The call is
onl" #ree i# &oth !arties to the call have access to the !u&lic Internet at
4ero cost$$
Advantage... #ree calls regardless o# distance or length o# call$
Disadvantage.... o#ten the voice 0ualit" is &ad due to the lac% o#
&and'idth availa&le #or the call$
Other #actors$ <ave to use a P- or other co!uter running VoIP
so#t'are$
Office to Office A large ultinational co!an" 'ill have o##ices across
the 'hole countr"$ The" have a #i9ed data net'or% connecting all the
o##ices together$ This allo's ever" co!uter access to ever" other
co!uter in the co!an"$ 5" installing a VoIP 7ate'a" in each o##ice
and connecting it to the o##ice legac" P5G and to the data net'or%,
e!lo"ees use the data net'or% #or voice calls &et'een o##ices$
Advantages$ Intero##ice calls are #ree, since the co!an" alread" has the
&and'idth &et'een o##ices$ The technolog" is trans!arent to the user,
and re0uires iniu training$ The onl" ne' e0ui!ent re0uired is a
gate'a" at each o##ice$ Voice 0ualit" is good, &ecause the co!an" has
control over the &and'idth$
Disadvantage. E9tra &and'idth a" &e re0uired &et'een o##ices, 'hich
o##set the savings$
Other #actors$$$ The carrier !roviding the intero##ice &and'idth 'ill
alost certainl" o##er an alternative solution including anageent o#
the internal tele!hone tra##ic$
IP PBX A traditional Private 5ranch E9change (P5G) connects all the
!hones 'ithin an organi4ation to the !u&lic tele!hone net'or%$
Essentiall" IP P5G re!laces all the internal !hones 'ith VoIP
tele!hones$ The IP P5G has standard tele!hone trun% connections to the
!u&lic tele!hone net'or%$ The IP P5G is a P5G 'ith VoIP, &ut it also
has the a&ilit" to su!!ort VoIP over the Internet and O##ice to O##ice
VoIP$
Advantages. Single ca&le in#rastructure$ The technolog" is trans!arent
to the user, and re0uires iniu training$ 8uture !roo# technolog"$
Disadvantages$ Priaril" use#ul #or 7reen#ield sites, &ut can &e ada!ted
to 'or% 'ith e9isting technolog"$
$
How VoIP works part 2 : The Protocols $
I have ade an assu!tion that &oth ends o# a VoIP tele!hone
conversation are co!ati&le$ This co!ati&ilit" onl" ha!!ens i# &oth
ends agree to use the sae !rotocol$ All anu#acturers 'ho clai to &e
!roducing industr" standard voice over IP either su!!ort SIP or <$:>:
!rotocol$
So what is H.323 ?
Over the ne9t #e' "ears, the industr" 'ill address the &and'idth
liitations &" u!grading the Internet &ac%&one to as"nchronous trans#er
ode (ATM), the s'itching #a&ric designed to handle voice, data, and
video tra##ic$ Such net'or% o!tii4ation 'ill go a long 'a" to'ard
eliinating net'or% congestion and the associated !ac%et loss$ The
Internet industr" also is tac%ling the !ro&les o# net'or% relia&ilit" and
sound 0ualit" on the Internet through the gradual ado!tion o# standards$
Standards-setting e##orts are #ocusing on the three central eleents o#
Internet tele!hon"; the audio codec #oratH trans!ort !rotocolsH and
director" services$
H.323 Call Sequence :

As such, <$:>: addresses the core Internet-tele!hon" a!!lications &"
de#ining ho' dela"-sensitive tra##ic, (i$e$, voice and video), gets !riorit"
trans!ort to ensure real-tie counications service over the Internet$
(The <$:>? s!eci#ication de#ines the trans!ort o# voice, data, and video
over regular tele!hon" net'or%s, 'hile <$:>+ de#ines the !rotocols #or
trans!orting voice, data, and video over integrated services digital
net'or% (IS)N)$
How VoIP works part 3: Encoding
The call control !art o# <$:>: sets u! the !araeters #or the #ull du!le9
voice !ath &et'een source tele!hone and destination tele!hone$ I 'ill
continue 'ith " analogies to e9!lain ho' "our voice gets trans!orted
across the Internet$
In ters o# <$:>: there is a trade o## &et'een call 0ualit" and
&and'idth, in general the higher the 0ualit" the greater the &and'idth
re0uired
)uring the call setu! !ortion o# <$:>: the !hones have to decide 'hich
s!eech encoder.decoder to use 'hen the" send the s!eech to the other
!hone, 5ill and Sall" &oth have !hones that su!!ort 7$A>:$1, 7$A11 and
7A>*$
The ain di##erence &et'een each o# these encoders is the aount o#
&and'idth the" use, 7$A11 uses =?%&it.s and 7$A>:$1 can use as little as
2$:%&it.s$ Although it 'ould see o&vious to use the encoder 'ith the
lo'est &and'idth, there is a loss o# 0ualit" 'ith a lo'er &and'idth$$ At
the sae tie a strea o# 7A>:$1 encoded voice data starts &eing sent
#ro each !hone to the other !hone$
How VoIP works part 4 :Hear the Quality.
The !er#orance o# the s!eech encoders at each end, the nu&er o#
!ac%ets lost on route, Batenc" and Iitter$
I have alread" tal%ed a&out the encoders in the !revious
section$ I also &undle into the encoding !rocess echo su!!ression$ In the
earl" da"s o# voice calls via satellite there 'ould &e an anno"ing echo$
As the technolog" i!roved the echo disa!!eared$ Echo su!!ression is
ver" %e" to good 0ualit" VoIP calls $ I do not d'ell on the su&(ect since
the atheatics is &e"ond " co!rehension$ 7ood echo su!!ression
a%es #or 0ualit" calls$
5e 'arned that &ecause a anu#acturer has a 7$A>:$1 encoder it
a" not sound the sae as another anu#acturer 'ho clais to have
7$A>:$1, 0ualit" does var"$ As a general rule the occasional lost !ac%et
'ill not a##ect too drasticall" the 0ualit" o# a call, &ut lose 2 in a ro' and
an entire 'ord is lost and this 'ill &e a !ro&le$ So i# "ou are going to
have lost !ac%ets a%e sure the" are onl" lost in a regular distri&uted
anner$ 26 lost !ac%ets distri&uted evenl" 'ill not result in the loss o#
'ords lose 26 o# the 'ords &" clustering the !ac%ets and the e##ect is
&ad$
PROS AND CONS :
Advantages of VoIP
There are an" advantages to &e gained #ro i!leenting an IP
Tele!hon" solution 'ithin the organi4ation$ The #ollo'ing list ais to
highlight soe o# the advantages o# such a strateg";
Single network infrastructure$ Ehen installing VoIP in the o##ice onl"
a single ca&le is re0uired to the des%, #or &oth tele!hone and data$
Eliinating se!arate tele!hone 'iring$
VoIP uses "soft" switching 'hich eliinates ost o# the legac" P5G
e0ui!ent$ Reducing the cost o# installing a counications in#ra-
structure and the aintenance cost once installed$
Simple upgrade path. The VoIP P5G technolog" is so#t'are &ased$
It is easier to e9!and, u!grade and aintain than its traditional tele!hon"
counter!arts$
Bandwidth efficiency. VoIP can co!ress ore voice calls into
availa&le &and'idth than legac" tele!hon"$$ IP Tele!hon" hel!s to
eliinate 'asted &and'idth &" not trans!orting the =+6 o# noral
s!eech 'hich is silence
IP - the underl"ing !rotocol - is supported by most platforms and is
inde!endent o# the trans!ort !rotocol used$

Only one physical network is required to deal with both voice/fax
and data tra##ic instead o# t'o !h"sical net'or%s$ <aving onl" one
!h"sical net'or% has the #ollo'ing advantages;
lower physical equipment cost ,lo'er aintenance costs$

Weaknesses:
Ehile there are an" as!ects o# VoIP 'hich !rovide
considera&le &ene#its, the technolog" is still ver" "oung and !ro&les
reain$ The #ollo'ing section loo%s at soe o# the 'ea%nesses o# this
technolog" and their conse0uences$
The Internet is not the best medium for real time communications$
Individual !ac%ets can ta%e di##erent routes and var"ing dela"s can &e
encountered and !ac%ets lost in transit$ Eaiting #or dela"ed !ac%ets or
retransission o# lost !ac%ets can result in considera&le degradation o#
0ualit"$ Bong dela"s in transit can a##ect 0ualit" so uch that the
technolog" can &ecoe unusa&le, though an" vendors do have
solutions which aim to negate the degradation suffered due to
transit dela"s$
While some standards have been set by the ITU, the technology is
not #ull" standardi4ed and there is no guarantee that !roducts #ro
di##erent vendors 'ill &e intero!era&le$ Soe vendors are tr"ing to
resolve this !ro&le &" #oring grou!s and a%ing guarantees a&out
the !roducts in the grou! &ut this is onl" a !artial solution - vendors
out'ith the grou! cannot guarantee intero!era&ilit"$
Heavy congestion on the network can result in considerable
degradation o# service as IP is not good at !roviding FoS (Fualit" o#
Service) guarantees$ 8eed&ac% to Bucent Technologies custoers re#lect
this 'orr"$ Ma(or co!anies are !lanning to install IP Tele!hon"
ca!a&ilities at soe !oint and have carried out initial investigations,
ho'ever;
Since onl" one !h"sical net'or% #or &oth data and voice.#a9
transissions is re0uired, #ailure o# the net'or% could &e catastro!hic, as
all counications ca!a&ilities are lost$
Opportunities
Man" vendors o##er the a&ilit" to incor!orate Virtual Private Net'or%ing
(VPN) 'ith relative ease into the IP Tele!hon" solutions the" !rovide$
This allo's an" transission to &e encr"!ted using a nu&er o#
cr"!togra!hic techni0ues and !roviding securit" &" transitting the
counications through a ,tunnel, 'hich is set u! using PPTP (Point-to-
Point Tunneling Protocol) &e#ore coencing counications$
IP Tele!hon" allo's co!anies to e9!loit -o!uter Tele!hon"
Integration to its #ull e9tent$
The convergence o# counications technologies allo's greater control
over counications, ost vendors !rovide logging and accounting
#acilities 'here&" all usage can &e onitored$
Conclusion :
Eithout a dou&t, the data revolution 'ill onl" gain oentu in the
coing "ears, 'ith ore and ore voice tra##ic oving onto data
net'or%s$ Vendors o# voice e0ui!ent 'ill continue to develo!
integrated voice and data devices &ased on !ac%eti4ed technolog"$ /sers
'ith u&i0uitous voice and data service integrated over one universal
in#rastructure 'ill &ene#it #ro true, sealess, trans!arent inter'or%ing
&et'een voice and all t"!es o# data$
REFRENCES:

1. Computer Networks by Andrew S.Tanenbaum
2. Internetworking with TCP/IP by Douglas E.comer
3. www.iec.org.com
4. www.telogy.com
5. www.rad.com
6. www.mailto:blazergslis.utexas.edu