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INTRODUCTION

The impact of a jet experiment shows the force produced by a jet of a water as it strikes a flat plate, slope plate or hemispherical plate. Then it will be compare to the momentum flow rate in the jet.

To perform experiments, level of the apparatus and zero the weigh beam assembly. Set the flow from the hydraulic bench in several increments. At each increment, record the force of the jet on the plate and the flow rate. Then the experiment repeated for the different types of deflectors which is slope plate and hemispherical plate. All the result will be compare the calculated data and the graph of rate of momentum against force on the plate.Compare the result to those calculated from theory,working out graphs of rate of delivery of momentum against force on the plate.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the forces obtained from the experiment and the actual force using theoretical formula. To understand correctly how a turbine ( aPelton wheel for example ) works, students need to understand how jet deflection produces a force on turbine vanes. To understand how this force affects the rate of momentum flow in the jet.

PURPOSES

Comparison of theoretical and measured force. To investigates the jet forces impacting against stationary deflectors.

THEORY

In order to calculate the force caused by impact of a jet into a flat plate or curved vane, the change in momentum principle is applied; Force F F Where; F: the force exerted by the jet on the plate. : the mass density of water (= 1000 kg/m3). Q: volumetric rate of flow (m3/s). V: the change in velocity just after and before impact. = Rate of change in momentum = Q V = Q (Vin Vout)

The volumetric flow rate in the equation 'Q' is calculated in the experiment by taking an amount of volume in a known period of time and then use; Q=v/t Vin is calculated in the experiment by first knowing the velocity at the nozzle and then using the motion equations. Vnozzel is measured by know the diameter of the nozzle (dia = 10mm) and the volumetric flow rate 'Q' calculated previously, Vnozzel Vin2 Where; g: the gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2). S: the distance between the jet and the plates (35mm) = Q/ A Then Vin is calculated by; = Vnozzel 2 2 g S

Vout generally equals Vincos , where represents the change in direction of the jet. For the flat plat = 90, so that Vout = 0.0 . For the Hemispherical cup = 180, so that Vout = -Vin So the following relations are used for calculating the Predicted values of the force; For the Flat plate: F = Q Vin =2 Q Vin

For the Hemi spherical cup: F

The measured force from the experiment is calculated by using the equilibrium of moment equation. And the final relation for calculating the measured force is; F = 4 * 9.81 * d Where 'd' is the ruler reading for the jockey weight.

APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Water nozzle Flat plate surface ( 180 degree ) Hemisphere surface ( 90 degree ) Slope surface ( 120 degree ) Spring scale connected to a balance beam Flow meter Load 0.5 N,1.0 N, 1.5 N,2.0 N,2.5 N

PROCEDURE 1 2 3 HM 150 hydraulics bench has been set up to be test so that the drain routes the water into the channel. The connection of hose between HM 150 and the unit had been fitted in. HM 150 had been opened. Deflector had been assembled by loosen the screws using spanner on the cover and cover had been removed together with the lever mechanism. Appropriate deflector had been fitted. The lock nut had been tightened on the rod by screw back on to the vessel. Adjusting screw had been used to set the pointer to zero. When doing so, do not place any loading weight on the measurement system. Desired load had been applied which is 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 The main HM 150 cock had been closed and switched on. The main cock had been carefully opened until the pointer is on zero again. HM 150 drain had been closed. Volumetric flow had been determine. This involves time recording, t required to filled up the volumetric tank of the HM 150 from 15 to 25 Litres. Loaded had been added and noted down time, t for 10 litres. Switched off pump and opened the drain. Follow step 1 9 for different types of deflectors 120oand 180o.

4 5 6 7 8

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RESULT

( Measured Volume : 10 liter M easured Fth = pQv Fo rce, F in N 1 2 3 4 Meas uring tim e (s) 1 5.5 12 9.2 9.5

) values For Plate ( 90 deflection)

Flowrate ( m3/s ) 0.0003226 0.0004167 0.0005435 0.0005263

Velocity ( m/s ) 3.226 4.167 5.435 5.263

Calculated force, Fth (N) 1.041 1.736 2.954 2.769

Measured Force, F (N) 1 2 3 4

M easure d values For Hemisphere ( 180 deflection) Fth = 2 pQv Fo rce, F in N 1 2 3 4 5 Measuring Time (s) 6.0 16 13.6 11.6 9.2 Flow Rate ( m3/s ) 0.0008333 0.0003125 0.0003676 0.0004310 0.0005435 Velocity ( m/s ) 8.333 3.125 3.676 4.310 5.435 Calculated Force , Fth (N) 1.389 1.953 2.703 30715 5.908 Measured Force, F (N) 1 2 3 4 5

Measured Values F or Slope ( 45 deflection ) Fth = pQv kos2 45 Force, F in (N) 1 2 3 Measuring Time ( s ) 8.6 8.2 8.6 Flow Rate ( m3/s ) 0.0003289 0.0006097 0.0005814 Veloc ity ( m/ s ) 3.2 89 6.0 97 5.8 14 Calculated Force ,Fth (N) 0.541 1.859 1.690 Measured Force , F (N) 1 2 3

COMPAR ISON Theory Fo rce with Actual Force: Load = 2 N Load = 2.0 N Velocity, m/s Calcualted Force, Fth N 1.892 2.081 1.953 Measured Force,F N 2.0 2.0 2.0

Flat ( 90o ) Hem isphere ( 180o) Slope ( 45o)

4.35 3.226 6.25

Flow Rate And Deflectors L oad = 2.0 N Flat ( 90o ) He misphere ( 180o) Slope ( 120o ) Flow Rate ( m3/s ) 0.000435 0.0003226 0.000625

CALCULATION Given >1m3 = 1000 liter Using 10 liter = = 0.01m3 >area nozzle >velocity = 0.0001 =

Flow rate = For 1.0 N plate Flow rate = 0.01 / 37 = 0.00027 m3/s Velocity = Q/ A `For 1.0 N plate Q = 0.00027 A =0.0001 =0.00027 / 0.0001 = 2.7 m/s Example for calculated force For 1.0 N Plate, Fth =pQv Fth = 1000 x 0.00027 x 2.7 = 0.729 N = 2 x 1000 x 0.0002564 x 2.564 = 1.315 N = 1000 x 0.0004545 x 4.545 x kos2 (45) = 1.033 N

Hemisphere,

Fth = 2pQv

Fth

Slope,

Fth = pQvkos2(45)

Fth

DISCUSSION

1)

The Pelton bucket is a component of the Pelton wheel that is found in impulse turbines. The raised ridge between the two hollows of the device essentially splits a jet of water into two and deflects each nearly 180. This deflection prevents the jet from spraying out of and away from the device. 2) By controlling the velocity vector of the fluid jet, the Pelton bucket is able to extract more energy from the moving fluid by changing its linear momentum. The fluid that leaves the Pelton bucket has a small fraction of the velocity it came in with, concluding that it has a very efficient design. It was that the theoretical and experimental forces have a significant percentage of error between. 3) Most of this error is due to the theoretical calculations neglecting the force of gravity on the jet of water. When the jet leaves the nozzle, it will have the calculated velocity obtained by using equation that been given . However, after the fluid has obtained any height above the nozzle, the force of gravity acts on it and decreases the velocity. The reduction in velocity can be determined by using Bernoullis equation, where V is the respective velocity, g is gravitational acceleration and z is the distance between the nozzle and the vane.

CONCLUSIONS

To overcome the error that occurred in the experiment, there are a few suggestions and recommendations. They are :

i ).

Eye positioning

The student must make sure the eye positioning is at the right place. It must be vertical to the reading point. If the eye positioning is above or below the reading point, the result will be less occurred and cause error.

ii ).

Instrument

Before start the experiment, the student must make sure the instrument is in good condition and ready to use.

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REFERENCE

Internet 1. http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~gerry/class/EAS361/lab/pdf/lab4_impactOfJet.pdf -13/07/2013 -9.00 p.m 2. http://deploy.virtual-labs.ac.in/labs/eerc03/exp12/9.Jets.pdf - 27/07/2013 - 9.00 p.m 3. http://www.scribd.com/doc/48248022/Impact-of-a-Jet-of-Water - 27/07/2013 - 9.00 p.m -

Module 1. Cc 502 Hydraulics 2 Engineering module

Lecturer

i ).

En. Norshahidan Bin Muhammad Yusof

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APPENDIX

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