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VoIP PROTOCOLS IN LTE-ADVANCED SYSTEMS

Fernandez, Lina Maria


Department of Computer Science Communications and Systems Engineering Group Mobile Communication University of Vaasa Vaasa, Finland.
lina.fernandez.gualdron@student.uwasa.fi

Abstract

2G network is based exclusively on circuit connection, in a 3G network, a mobile phone has a circuit connection for voice and SMS and packet connection for services based in IP. But LTE (Long Term Evolution) the connection circuit has been deleted and cannot carry voice traffic or SMS in the same method as the transport networks in 2G and 3G, since it is a network based in IP- packet data, therefore operators should develop some kind of technology to enable voice calls in LTE and support a rich variety of applications and SMS. In consequence, a system is designed to significantly improve the user experience with overall mobility, using the Internet Protocol (IP) to perform any type of data traffic end-to-end with a good quality of service (QoS), and similarly tactic for voice traffic supported in Voice over IP (VoIP) which allows better integration with other multimedia services. Index Terms ___ LTE, LTE-advanced, Voice over IP (VoIP), Protocols, Quality of Service End to End (QoS End to End).
I. INTRODUCTION

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based on the radio conditions. Besides the process of changing the core network entities and radio, the handover process must also ensure continuity of service. A system can use a transfer mechanism or cell re-selection to ensure continuity of service for an UE which actively participates in a session (transmitting and receiving data). Service continuity provides general stability in all IMS session, and not only limited to bi-directional voice calls. At the start, IMS allowed multimedia services based on IP over 2G and WCDMA systems, but it was later extended to also support other access networks. Thus, LTE-Advanced will set the beginning of a new era in mobile broadband communications providing a global platform to support the next generations of interactive mobile services. LTE-Advanced technology is a completely wireless IP (All-IP), capable of providing high speed access whereby achieves a significant improvement in QoS, to ensure the successful delivery of services and applications to end users. II. LTE ARCHITECTURE

TE (Long Term Evolution) is the next step in the evolution to the fourth generation networks or 4G; it arises in 3GPP in 2004 from the necessity to achieve the growing demand of users and networks and will be the technology that ends replacing the current 3G. In 3GPP TS 22.129 handover is defined as follows: "Transfer is the process wherein the radio access network changes the radio transmitters or the radio access mode or radio system used to provide the bearer services, while a defined quality of service is maintained carrier ". The transfer is a key mechanism for mobility in mobiles systems if the UE (user equipment) moves inside an access technology or between different access technologies. [1] The core networks play a crucial role in the transfer process, but in most cases, the handover decision is

Figure 1. LTE Network [2]

The architecture of a network is the procedure of interconnect its different adherents having the right technologies to define services and protocols which satisfies the network requirements. To deploy an LTE network should be considered supporting an effective data, a high quality of service and support greater mobility than previous technologies. The network architecture of LTE system is called EPS (Evolved Packet System). Basically this system is composed by the user equipment (UE), the access network E -UTRAN and the core network EPC (Evolved Packet Core). The latter ones represent the IP connection layer whose main objective is to ensure high connectivity. The backbone of earlier 3GPP systems was divided logically by Switched Circuits (CS) Domain Packages (PS) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). The Dominion Circuit is responsible for providing telecommunications services through circuit switching, used in the previous access network called UTRAN. In evolved LTE E- UTRAN networks using Switched Circuits is not contemplated as all services are geared solely to Domain Packages. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a set of specifications used as layer connectivity to the telephony and multimedia via IP. [2] Due LTE is a wireless all-IP data, is able to provide broadband connectivity to IMS, required to delivery services based in SIP such as voice. Although IMS was designed to support VoIP from the beginning, the adaptation of VoIP and IMS for mobile networks has been slow. 3GPP standards describe voice over IMS as the only voice solution on the LTE radio interface.

A. Evolved Packet Core EPC The Evolved Packet Core EPC consists of three network entities, MME (Mobility Management Entity), Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW), which, next to the main database system called HSS (Home Subscriber Server) are the main elements that provides IP connectivity between the user equipment connected to the system through the access network E-UTRAN and the external networks which the core network EPC connects. These elements are explained as follows: 1) Mobility Management Entity (MME) It is the main element in the LTE network that manages the user access through E UTRAN. Every end-point that is registered to the LTE network and is accessible through E -UTRAN, has a MME assigned. This choice of MME is performed depending on numerous aspects such as the geographic location of the network, as well as criteria in balancing loads. The main functions of this entity are: authentication and authorization of user access, provided through EUTRAN. Manage the EPS bearer services. This entity is the responsible for handling the signaling needed to establish, maintain, modify and release the bearer services. Manage the user mobility in idle mode (end-points that have no connection established with E -UTRAN but are registered in the LTE network). Provide signal to support mobility between EPS and other external networks. 2) Serving Gateway (S-GW) It is the user gateway between E-UTRAN and EPC network. As in the MME, all registered user in LTE network has assigned an S-GW entity in the EPC network through which passes the user plane. The Main features are: Provide an anchor point in the EPC network according to the end-point mobility between eNBs. Anchoring functionality also applies to the management of mobility to other 3GPP access networks (UMTS and GSM). Temporary storing of user IP packets if the endpoints are in idle mode. Route the user traffic. This entity will have information and routing functions necessary to drive upstream traffic to the P-GW and the corresponding downstream traffic to the eNB. 3) Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) PDN Gateway (P-GW): It is responsible for providing connectivity between the LTE network

Figure 2. EPS bearer Service architecture [3]

and external networks. Therefore, an IP packet generated by the LTE network is "Invisible" in the external network through the P-GW entity that is a gateway between the networks. A user has assigned at least one P-GW since it is registered in the LTE network. Main characteristics of this network entity are: Application of rules to the usage of the network and control in charging to the carriers services that the end-point has set. Assignation of the IP address of an end-point used in a certain external network is performed from the corresponding P-GW. Act as an anchor point for managing mobility between LTE and external networks non-3GPP (WiMAX, Wi-Fi, CDMA2000, etc.). 4) Home Subscriber Server (HSS) It is the main database that stores information of all users in the network. The information stored is therefore relative to the user's subscription and necessary for the operation of the network. This database is consulted and modified from various network entities which are responsible for providing connectivity services or ultimate services (from the backbone EPC MME and also from IMS control server subsystem). In the information stored in the HSS can be found: universal users identifiers, services ID, information security and encryption, information regarding to the location of a user in the network, etc. HSS are standardized in 3GPP R5 based on the integration of two entities in GSM networking, named HLR and AuC, which have been added additional functionalities, necessary to support access and operation in the LTE system. [4]

Figure 3. IMS architecture. [6]

III.

VoIP TECHNOLOGY IN LTE SYTEMS

Voice over Internet Protocol allows voice to travel as IP packets and obviously through the internet. Therefore, VoIP is not a service itself but a technology that allows to encapsulate the voice in packages to be transported over data networks without the necessity of having the conventional switched circuits PSTN, which are networks developed over the years to transmit voice signals. [5].

From the point of view of the end user, the IMS allows the establishment of media sessions between two or more end users or the access to contents from an end user to an application server where the user can download pictures, video or any combination of the previous options. Besides it provides a platform of services so the user can access them. Services are a logical layer and the elements responsible for carrying out the implementation of the services are the application servers (AS Application Servers). The IMS also provides integration of both domains providing a break-out and a break-in to / from the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). The IMS permits IP connections peer-to-peer to any customer who required QoS. Apart from managing the establishment of session, the IMS also is responsible for other functions such as logging, security, billing, roaming, etc. The predominant protocol in IMS is SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) that handles several features such as registration, subscription, trading QoS parameters, session release, etc. [7] IMS is defined as a subsystem within the mobile network architecture and consists of a series of logical entities interconnected by standardized interfaces: 1) The CSCF (Call Session Control Function) It is the central element in the SIP signaling between the UE and the IMS. It is divided into 4 parts: P-CSCF (Proxy CSCF), S-CSCF (Serving CSCF), I-CSCF (Interrogating CSCF) and E-

B. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

CSCF (Emergency CSCF) that may reside as different software features or in separate nodes connected through the Mw interface. 2) The MRFP (Multimedia Resource Function Processor) It is responsible for mixing the incoming flow information; it is the source of the information flow for multimedia ads and processes these flows. 3) The MRFC (Controller Multimedia Resource Function) It is a node plane signaling that interprets the information coming from an AS and S-CSCF to control the MRFP. The MRFC can also be used to manage conference control and billing. 4) The BGCF (Break gateway control function) It enables voice and video to interwork between IMS and CS core network. 5) The MGCF (Media Control Function Gateway) It provides the logic for IMS to interwork with external CS networks, makes the conversion between IMS SIP signaling and signaling used in CS networks (ISUP, BICC, SIP-I). 6) The Media-GW It offers the user plane link between CS core networks and IMS, it executes transcoding and signaling processing for the user plane when necessary, also provides tones and announcements CS users. 7) The SBC (Session Border Controller) It is the IP gateway between the IMS domain and an external IP network. It manages IMS sessions and provides support to monitor the safety and quality of the session. 8) The AS (application servers) They are not pure IMS nodes, but entities that provide value-added multimedia services in the IMS. Its functions include the ability to process an incoming SIP session received from the IMS, the ability to originate SIP requests and the ability to send billing information to the billing functions. [6] A. Protocols 1) Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) It is a signaling protocol and Instant Messaging developed to establish, modify and cancel multimedia sessions. SIP can establish multimedia sessions between two end users. SIP

provides the following mechanisms: Location of an end user. Contact end user to determine its desire to establish a session. Exchange information of the environment to permit the establishment of a session. Modify previous sessions. Cancel / conclude existing multimedia sessions. [8] 2) Real Time transport protocol (RTP) The purpose of RTP is to provide a uniform mode of transmission of data over IP, exposed to the limitations of real time (audio, video, etc...). The main function is to implement the RTP sequence numbers to reset the IP packet voice or video, even when the essential network changes the order of the packets. More generally, RTP allows to: identify the type of information conveyed; add time markers and sequence numbers to transmitted information; control packet arrival at destination. In addition, multicast packets can be used to route RTP conversations to multiple recipients. 3) Session Description Protocol (SDP) It is a protocol for negotiation arises and description multimedia sessions. More than a protocol is a language with a syntax clearly defined which allows negotiation of quality parameters service for establishing a multimedia session and the flow rate is to transmit (audio, video, video conferencing, ...). The SDP load is encapsulated within the SIP message body. This load is composed of a series of lines called fields which names in the message are abbreviated by a lowercase letter indicating the type of field represent and the value. The contents of the information in the SDP body can be structured as follows: Session Description: contains information about the session and its creator (information about the session itself, IP address). Time Description: Contains the start and end times and repetitions. Multimedia Description: contains information regarding to the transportation protocol or the supported multimedia formats. [9] IV. LTE-ADVANCED

This new standard for mobile connection has had considerable impact because it is the first network that could provide up to 1 GBit /s in speed of downloading data. It is noteworthy that the previous standard, the simple LTE, could reach up to 300 Mbits / sec. LTE Advanced has even been compared to having a fiber optic cable connected to a mobile device.

The LTE Advanced standard has other features that make it achieves these levels of data transfer. For example, wireless solutions have multiple antennas that allow users to download data from innumerable sources. In other words, users phone will not connect to the strongest signal it receives, but can combine several signals even if they are on different frequencies. LTE-Advanced ushers in a new era in mobile broadband communications by providing a global platform to support the next generations of interactive mobile services. LTE-Advanced technology is a completely wireless IP (All-IP). LTE-Advanced as evolution of current 3G cellular mobile networks provides QoS mechanisms necessary to reduce delay, delay variation (jitter) and packet loss as recommended by ITU-T G.1010 [9] which are the features that determine the QoS for different types of services. Thus, LTE-Advanced has the potential to transform how users receive, consume and interact with information and content distributed through mobile networks. Users are interested in those characteristics of quality that can be perceived by them and depend on the service in question. For example, a user browsing in the Internet perceived the QoS mainly by the time it takes for a Web page to be fully deployed after making the request. Technically, this duration depends on a complex interaction of features such as bandwidth, delay and bit error rate (BER, Bit Error Rate) Thus, one of the key concepts associated with QoS in LTE-Advanced networks is the classification of services in classes. Each class of services is a stream of packets, which will be assigned the resources of the network according to the exigencies of service. From a user perspective, the QoS classification for services is conversational, interactive, streaming and background. [10]

V. CONCLUSIONS The appropriate choice of parameters of QoS in LTE-Advanced networks will provide differentiated services such as voice, video and data with the performance requirements of each service. In the same way, thanks to the QoS may make differentiation of users accessing the network. Thereby different services running in 4G mobile networks could be successfully delivered to end users. VoIP technology has changed considerably in recent years, and gradually is being implemented in companies due to the cost savings that entails. The market, new products and the level of interoperability will set the fate of this technology.

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[8] Figure 4. QoS classes from a user perspective [10]

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