Geothermal Reservoir Modelling

Geothermal modelling A. Speranza et al.
Geothermal systems The physical problem Mathematical model The modelling week problem Final considerations
Modelling of geothermal reservoirs

Alessandro Speranza1 Iacopo Borsi2 Maurizio Ceseri2 Angiolo Farina2 Antonio Fasano2 Luca Meacci2 Mario Primicerio2 Fabio Rosso2
1 Industrial 2 Dept.
Innovation Throught Technological Trasnfer, I2T3 of Mathematics, University of Florence
Modelling week 2009, Madrid
A. Speranza et al.
Geothermal modelling
Geothermal modelling A. Speranza et al. Geothermal systems The physical problem Mathematical model The modelling week problem Final considerations
Dip. Di Matematica U. Dini
MAC-GEO Project
A. Speranza et al.
Outline
Geothermal systems
A. Speranza et al.
Outline
Geothermal systems The physical problem
A. Speranza et al.
Outline
Geothermal systems The physical problem Mathematical model
A. Speranza et al.
Outline
Geothermal systems The physical problem Mathematical model The modelling week problem
A. Speranza et al.
Outline
Geothermal systems The physical problem Mathematical model The modelling week problem Final considerations
A. Speranza et al.
Geothermal energy
The geothermal energy is due to the heat deep under the ground Need contemporary presence of water and a heat source. Only a fractured soil can make productive the reservoir
A. Speranza et al.
The geothermal system

Geothermal reservoirs consist of A deep heat source (magma intrusion) A fractured rock layer A water reservoir
A. Speranza et al.
Geothermal areas in Europe

Geothermic potential is widely spread However, not all can be exploited High geothermal gradient in Toscany
A. Speranza et al.
High geothermal potential in Toscany

High geothermal gradient (> 10 C) in Toscany Larderello is the oldest exploited reservoir (1905)
A. Speranza et al.
Main types of geothermal reservoirs

Geothermal reservoirs are typically Water dominated: water is mostlty found in liquid phase, e.g., Amiata. Characterized by very high pressure (> 100 bar) and temperature (> 300 C). Vapour dominated: water is mostly found in gas phase, e.g., Larderello. Characterized by fairly low pressure ( 70 bar) and high temperature (> 300 C). In some vapour dominated reservoirs, the uid could be found in a mixture of liquid and gas phases (e.g., Monteverdi Marittima).
A. Speranza et al.
The physical model

Need to express in mathematical terms, the complex physics of a geothermal reservoir. The aspects to consider involve
Thermodynamics of mixtures of water, gases (NCGs) and salts Fluid motion in porous (fractured) medium Heat conduction/convection
Numerical data, such as, petrophysical properties, uid properties, pressure, temperature, boundaries etc., on the reservoir are often unknown or very uncertain. ENEL provided the most of the data we will use.
A. Speranza et al.
Thermodynamics of the reservoir, water only

Water vapour pressure P (T ) 961 exp 17.27 (T 273) T
A. Speranza et al.
Mixture, in the real world

Polydispersity Phase envelope changes with concentrations Gas-liquid equilibrium, within a region of phase diagram
A. Speranza et al. Geothermal modelling
The physical model

Assume general 3D geometry Assume Darcys law is valid in fractured medium (equivalent porosity/permeability) General mixture of n components Assume gas-liquid phase coexistence; phase equlibrium (!) Conservation laws (mass and energy) Set suitable boundary conditions
A. Speranza et al.
Mass/energy conservation law

Mass conservation ( xi S ) + ( xi S vi ) = t Mi 1 ext + ( xi S ) Mtot Vext
= where
xi is mass fraction of i -th component in phase S is saturation of phase is porosity vi velocity of the i -th component in phase ext is total mass of extracted/injected uid per time unit Vext is total volume of the extraction/injection well mass exchanged per unit time, due to phase change
Momentum conservation
Assume Darcys law for uid velocity q = S v = K kr (P + g) ,
Where kr is relative permeability and is dynamic viscosity of phase Assume, e.g., isotropic absolute permeability K = K Id,
A. Speranza et al.
Energy conservation
Total energy conservation (1 )r cr T + t S u
(h q ) =
+ [mix T ] , where
u is the internal energy density (per mass unit) of phase h is the henthalpy density of phase and mix = (1 )r + S
/r is the heat conductivity of phase /rock
A. Speranza et al.
Coupling with thermodynamics

Phase equilibrium conditions couple with the set of PDEs At a given T , given a set of parent densities, i
(0)
=
=l ,g
xi S ,
Two phases are in equilibrium when

G L i = i ,
where
F (i , T ), i are the chemical potentials Also impose lever rule and volume conservation i =
L L S G G i + S i = i
A. Speranza et al.
(0)
SG +SL = 1
Final considerations
Sum mass conservation equations over phases, to get rid of mass transfer due to phase change Get a set of n (mass equations) + 1 (energy equation) + n (chemical potentials equality) + n (lever rule) + 1 (volume conservation) = 3n + 2 Equations.
G L In i , i = xi , S , S , T , i.e., 3n + 3 unknowns. Pressures are given by EOS, P = P ( i ,T) Add extra constitutive equation over P (0)
PG = PL in equilibrium P G = P L + Pc in case of capillary pressure

Other considerations
Need to impose boundary conditions for i (0) and xi ) Need to set appropriate initial values All the data above are usually unknown
(0)
and T (or P
Petrophysical properties can be only guessed Coupling of PDEs and thermodynamics is not an easy task
A. Speranza et al.
Possible simplifying assumptions

Model only well region Cylindrical symmetry could be reduced to 1D Assume water only, thus
Liquid density is constant Gas density is given by Ideal Gas EOS Phase coexistence only on vapour pressure curve
Assume temperature, varying linearly with depth and constant in t (no energy conservation) Assume no extraction/injection; just set a lower value of P at the top boundary Can assume (we will) natural recharge
A. Speranza et al.
Free boundary problem

In case of gas/liquid phase separation Becomes a 1D free boundary problem

Impermeable rocks at the top (x=0) Assume constant (in time) temperature T = T (x ), linear in x Gas reservoir starting at x = Ls = 1300 Impose xed pressure value P = Ps at x = Ls to simulate extraction well. Sharp (moving) interface s (t ) between gas and liqud. Assume saturated vapour pressure on s Liquid between x = s (t ) and x = Li = 3000 Assume xed pressure value at bottom P (x = Li ) = Pi Assume no bottom ux (isolated reservoir)
Final considerations
Full model is very complex No analysis can be made, only full 3D simulations. Several commercial codes simulate such systems of equations, with some simplications on thermodynamics (e.g., TOUGH2) However, simple 1D can help to understand how things go, e.g., how a vapor/liquid reservoir could evolve into a vapor dominated one, such as in the case of Monteverdi Marittima Possible further step, go cylindrical symmetry and add a vaporization front.
A. Speranza et al.
Good work
A. Speranza et al.

Geothermal Reservoir Modelling

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Geothermal Reservoir Modelling

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Geothermal modelling A. Speranza et al.

Modelling of geothermal reservoirs

Innovation Throught Technological Trasnfer, I2T3 of Mathematics, University of Florence

Modelling week 2009, Madrid

Dip. Di Matematica U. Dini

Geothermal systems The physical problem

Geothermal systems The physical problem Mathematical model

The geothermal system

Geothermal areas in Europe

High geothermal potential in Toscany

Main types of geothermal reservoirs

The physical model

Thermodynamics of the reservoir, water only

Water vapour pressure P (T ) 961 exp 17.27 (T 273) T

Mixture, in the real world

The physical model

Mass/energy conservation law

Mass conservation ( xi S ) + ( xi S vi ) = t Mi 1 ext + ( xi S ) Mtot Vext

Assume Darcys law for uid velocity q = S v = K kr (P + g) ,

Total energy conservation (1 )r cr T + t S u

/r is the heat conductivity of phase /rock

Coupling with thermodynamics

Two phases are in equilibrium when

PG = PL in equilibrium P G = P L + Pc in case of capillary pressure

Possible simplifying assumptions

Free boundary problem

In case of gas/liquid phase separation Becomes a 1D free boundary problem

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