Linear defects Interfacial/planar defects Volume defects CHAPTER 4: IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS Point defects There is no such a thing as a perfect crystal! Are defects good for properties? Why do we study materials imperfections? Chapter 4 - 2 Types of Imperfections Vacancy atoms Interstitial atoms Substitutional atoms Point defects Zero-dimensional defects Dislocations Linear defects One-dimensional defects Grain Boundaries Twin Boundaries Stacking Faults Interfacial/planar defects Two-dimensional defects Three-dimensional defects Volume defects Impurity inclusions Pores Cracks Chapter 4 - 3 Vacancies: -vacant atomic sites in a structure. Self-Interstitials: -"extra" atoms positioned between atomic sites. Point Defects Vacancy distortion of planes self- interstitial distortion of planes Lattice distortion increases system energy Chapter 4 - 4 Boltzmann's constant (1.38 x 10 -23 J /atom-K) (8.62 x10 -5 eV/atom-K) | N v N = exp
Q v kT | \
| . | No. of defects No. of total Atomic sites Activation energy Temperature (Kelvins= C + 273) Equilibrium concentration varies with temperature! Equilibrium Concentration: Point Defects __ N v N ~ 10 -4 at T just below melting Chapter 4 - 5 Low energy electron microscope view of a (110) surface of NiAl. Increasing T causes surface island of atoms to grow. Why? The equil. vacancy conc. increases via atom motion from the crystal to the surface, where they join the island. Observing Equilibrium Vacancy Conc. Island grows/shrinks to maintain equil. vancancy conc. in the bulk. Chapter 4 - 6 Two outcomes if impurity (B) added to host (A): Solid solution of B in A (i.e., random dist. of point defects) Solid solution of B in Aplus particles of a new phase (usually for a larger amount of B) OR Substitutional solid soln. (e.g., Cu in Ni) Interstitial solid soln. (e.g., C in Fe) Second phase particle --different composition --often different structure. Point Defects in Alloys Solvent Solute Chapter 4 - 7 x x x x x x x x x x x x x Interstitial positions in FCC structure Tetrahedral Octahedral x x x x x x x x x x x x x Chapter 4 - 8 Concentration Specification of composition weight percent 100 x 2 1 1 1 m m m C + = m 1 = mass of component 1 100 x 2 1 1 ' 1 m m m n n n C + = n m1 = number of moles of component 1 atom percent Chapter 4 - 9 are line defects, slip between crystal planes result when dislocations move, produce permanent (plastic) deformation. Dislocations: Schematic of a Plastic Deformation Process: before deformation after tensile elongation slip steps Line Defects Chapter 4 - 10 Imperfections in Solids Linear Defects (Dislocations) Are one-dimensional defects around which atoms are misaligned Edge dislocation: extra half-plane of atoms inserted in a crystal structure b to dislocation line Screw dislocation: spiral planar ramp resulting from shear deformation b ,, to dislocation line Burgers vector, b: measure of lattice distortion Chapter 4 - 11 Imperfections in Solids Edge Dislocation Burgers circle clockwise, counterclockwise? b I line _ Chapter 4 - 12 Imperfections in Solids Screw Dislocation Burgers vector b Dislocation line b (a) (b) Screw Dislocation b // line Chapter 4 - 13 Edge, Screw, and Mixed Dislocations Edge Screw Mixed Chapter 4 - 14 Dislocations seen in TEM Dislocations are visible in electron micrographs 8 steps down 8 steps right 8 steps up 8 steps left Chapter 4 - 15 Practice: Determine the Burgers Vector ? Chapter 4 - 16 Dislocations & Crystal Structures Structure: close-packed planes & directions are preferred. view onto two close-packed planes. close-packed plane (bottom) close-packed plane (top) close-packed directions Comparison among crystal structures: FCC: many close-packed planes/directions; HCP: only one plane, 3 directions; BCC: none Specimens that were tensile tested. Mg (HCP) Al (FCC) tensile direction Chapter 4 - 17 Close-packed planes/directions A B C A A A B B B C C Chapter 4 - 18 Planar Defects in Solids One case is a twin boundary (plane) Essentially a reflection of atom positions across the twin plane. Stacking faults For FCC metals an error in ABCABC packing sequence Ex: ABCABABC Chapter 4 - 19 TEM images of twins and a stacking fault in FCC Twins Stacking Fault Twin: ABCABCABCBACBACBA Twin plane SF: ABCABCBCABC or ABCABACABCABC A is removed A is inserted Chapter 4 - 20 Twins and Stacking Faults FCC What is the relationship between twins and SFs? What if SFs appear periodically? ABCABCABCABCABCABCABC ABCABCABCABCABCABCABC Chapter 4 - 21 Other interfacial defects External surfaces Grain boundaries Anti-phase domain boundaries Phase boundaries
Chapter 4 - 22 Volume defects (impurity precipitates) Chapter 4 - 23 Volume defects (impurity precipitates) 1.5m Chapter 4 - 24 Point, Line, plane and Volume defects exist in solids. The number and type of defects can be varied and controlled (e.g., T controls vacancy conc.) Defects affect material properties (e.g., grain boundaries control crystal slip). Defects may be desirable or undesirable (e.g., dislocations may be good or bad, depending on whether plastic deformation is desirable or not.) Summary