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College of Cardinals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.[1] A function of the college is to advise the Pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory.[2] It also convenes on the death or resignation of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor.[3] The college has no ruling power except during the sede vacante (papal vacancy) period, and even then its powers are extremely limited by the terms of the current law, which is laid down in the Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis and the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State. Historically, cardinals were the clergy of the city of Rome, serving the Bishop of Rome as the Pope, who had clerical duties in parishes of the city. The College has its origins in the events surrounding the crowning of Henry IV as King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor at the age of six, after the unexpected death of Henry III in 1056. Until this moment secular authorities had significant influence over who was to be appointed Pope, and the Holy Roman Emperor in particular had the special ability to appoint him. This was significant as the aims and views of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Church did not always coincide. Members of what was to become known as the Gregorian Reform took advantage of the new King and his lack of power, and in 1059 declared that the election of the Pope was an affair only for the Church. This was part of a larger power struggle, which became known as the Investiture Controversy, as the Church attempted to gain more control over their clergy, and in doing so gain more influence in the lands and governments they were appointed to. Theological implications aside, its creation represented a significant shift in the balance of power in the Early Medieval world. From the beginning of the 12th century, the College of Cardinals started to meet as such, when the cardinal bishops, cardinal priests, and cardinal deacons ceased acting as separate groups.[4] The Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Sub-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. Both are elected by and from the cardinals holding suburbicarian dioceses, but the election requires Papal confirmation. Except for presiding, the dean has no power of governance over the cardinals, instead acting as primus inter pares (first among equals). The Secretary of State, the prefects of the Congregations of the Roman Curia, the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the Vicar General of Rome, and the Patriarchs of Venice and Lisbon, are usually Cardinals, with few, usually temporary, exceptions. The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State requires that appointees to the state's legislative body, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, be cardinals.[5]
Contents [hide] 1 Origins 2 Choosing the Pope 3 Members of the College of Cardinals 3.1 Cardinals from Italy over time (percentage) 3.2 Cardinals vs. geographic distribution of Catholics 3.3 Cardinals by nationality 4 Size of the College of Cardinals 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links

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Origins

[edit]

The Church cites Acts 6 as the formation of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Specifically, the seven assistants, Stephen, Philip, Nicanor, Timon, Nicholas, Parmenas, and Prochorus, selected by the Apostles to relieve them of the more mundane tasks of the Church so that they might concentrate more on prayer, contemplation, and preaching. As early as the third century, these assistants were defined as critical supporters of the papacy, and by the fourth century, the title of Cardinal was applied to these consultors of the Pope.[6] The word cardinal itself is derived from the Latin Carda, translated as "hinge". The cardinals were believed to facilitate a relationship between the theological and governmental roles of the hierarchy of the Church as a sort of pivot; on them hung the relationship between Christ and His Church on Earth, headed by the pope. This definition of helper has not changed over the years, and popes have not ceased to depend on the College for advice on doctrine and government.[7] Towards the end of the 600s, the title of Cardinal had become synonymous with an honor, and was no longer reserved to men who served the pope as special assistants. Sts. Augustine and Ambrose applied the term to truths of life and Christian virtues respectively. In 845 the
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Council of Meaux "required Bishops to establish Cardinal titles or parishes in their towns and outlining districts."[8] At the same time, the popes began referring to the cardinal priests of Rome to serves as legates and delegates within Rome at ceremonies, synods, councils, etc., as well as abroad on diplomatic missions and councils. Those who were assigned to the latter roles were given the titles of Legatus a latere (Cardinal Legate) and Missus Specialis (Special Missions).[9] During the pontificate of Stephen V (816-17), the three classes of the College that are present today began to form. Stephen decreed that all cardinal-bishops were bound to say Mass on rotation at the high altar at St. Peter's Basilica, one per Sunday. The first class to form was that of the cardinal-deacons, direct theological descendants of the original seven ordained in Acts 6, followed by the cardinal-priests, and finally, the cardinal-bishops.[10] The College played an integral part in various reforms within the Church as well, as early as the pontificate of Pope Leo X (1050). In 759, the third Lateran Council declared that only Cardinals could assume the papacy, a requirement that has since lapsed. In 1130, under Urban II, all the classes were permitted to take part in papal elections; up to this point, only cardinal-bishops had this role.[10] By the end of the 1300s, the practice of solely Italian cardinals had ceased. Between the 1300s and 1600s, there was much struggle for the College between the cardinals of the day and the reigning popes. The most effective way for a pope to increase his power was to increase the number of cardinals, promoting those who had nominated him. Those cardinals in power saw these actions as an attempt to weaken their influence. In 1517, Pope Leo X added another thirty-one cardinals, bringing the total to sixty-five so that he could have a supportive majority among the cardinalate. Paul IV brought the total to seventy. Pius IV raised an additional six. By the papacy of Sixtus V, the number was set at seventy, divided among fourteen cardinal-deacons, fifty cardinal-priests, and six cardinal-bishops.[10]

Choosing the Pope

[edit] The Holy See

Under the terms of Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ingravescentem Aetatem, cardinals who reached the age of 80 before a conclave opened had no vote in papal elections. Pope John Paul II's Universi Dominici Gregis of 22 February 1996 modified that slightly, so that cardinals who have reached the age of 80 before the day the see becomes vacant do not have a vote.[3] Although the canonical qualifications required of candidates for episcopacy[11] leave a broad field open to the cardinals, they have for over six centuries elected one of their own number to be Bishop of Rome. The last time they chose someone who was not a cardinal was at the 1378 election of Pope Urban VI. The conclave rules specify the procedures to be followed, should someone residing outside Vatican City or not yet a bishop be elected.[12] Of the 117 Cardinals under the age of 80 at the time of Pope Benedict XVI's resignation, 115 participated in the conclave of March 2013 that elected his successor. The two who did not participate were Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja (for health reasons) and Keith O'Brien (for personal reasons). Of the 115 Cardinals who participated in the conclave that elected Pope Francis, 48 were appointed by Pope John Paul II, and 67 by Pope Benedict XVI. As of 14 March 2014, there are a total of 217 cardinals, of whom 119 are under age 80. Of those 119, 38 were appointed by Pope John Paul II, 65 by Pope Benedict XVI, and 16 by Pope Francis. Francesco Monterisi will be the next Cardinal to reach the age of 80, on 28 May 2014, and lose his right to participate in a conclave.

This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Holy See [show] Supreme Pontiff College of Cardinals Secretariat of State Congregations Tribunals Pontifical Councils Administrative services Institutes Foreign relations Canon law
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Members of the College of Cardinals

Main article: List of living cardinals

[edit]

The following is the list of all Cardinals living as of 13 March 2014. Cardinals appear in order of precedence, based on seniority by date of appointment. Paulo Evaristo Arns is the most senior member of the College by length of service (the Protopriest) and the last survivor from the 1973 consistory. Angelo Sodano has the highest precedence as a Cardinal Bishop and Dean of the College of Cardinals. As of March 2014, the oldest living Cardinal is Loris Francesco Capovilla, born in 1915.

v t e

Within the College of Cardinals, there are three categories, the highest-ranked Cardinal Bishops, then Cardinal Priests, and finally Cardinal Deacons. Within each category the Cardinals are ranked by seniority of appointment. Since the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, despite these titles, almost all Cardinals who were not already bishops at the time their appointment was announced have been ordained bishops prior to the conclusion of the formal installation, though from the late 20th century Jesuit priests made cardinals when already over 80 have usually petitioned not to become bishops and have received permission in this sense. Most of the Cardinals are from the Latin Church; those who are from the Eastern Catholic Churches have their church indicated. College of Cardinals (2014) Country Born Age Cardinals of the Order of Bishops Titular Bishops of Seven Suburbicarian Sees Italy

Consistory

Name

Title(s)

28 June 1991

Angelo Sodano

30 June 1979

Roger Etchegaray

France

Bishop of Ostia and Cardinal Bishop of 23 November Albano, Dean of the College of 86 1927 Cardinals, Cardinal Secretary of State Emeritus Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina, 25 Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals, September 91 President Emeritus of the Pontifical 1922 Council for Justice and Peace Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio 30 January
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21 February 2001

Giovanni Battista Re

Italy

30 January 1934

80 Mirteto, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Bishops

25 May 1985

Francis Arinze

Nigeria

21 October 2003

Tarcisio Bertone, SDB

Italy

21 February 2001

Jos Saraiva Martins, CMF

Portugal

Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni, 1 November Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for 81 1932 Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments Cardinal Bishop of Frascati, 2 December Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church 79 1934 and Cardinal Secretary of State Emeritus Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina, Prefect 6 January 82 Emeritus of the Congregation for the 1932 Causes of Saints

Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches 28 February 1994 24 November 2007 20 November 2010 24 November 2012 Patriarch Emeritus of Antioch (Maronite Catholic Church) 6 October Patriarch Emeritus of Babylon Iraq Emmanuel III Delly 86 1927 (Chaldean Catholic Church), 18 March Patriarch Emeritus of Alexandria (Coptic Egypt Antonios Naguib 79 1935 Catholic Church 25 February Patriarch of Antioch (Maronite Catholic Lebanon Bechara Boutros al-Rahi 74 1940 Church) Cardinals of the Order of Priests 14 Archbishop Emeritus of So Paulo, Brazil Paulo Evaristo Arns, OFM September 92 Cardinal Protopriest since July 2012 1921 21 November United States William Wakefield Baum 87 Major Penitentiary Emeritus 1926 Italy Marco C 8 July 1925 88 Patriarch Emeritus of Venice Nasrallah Pierre Sfeir Lebanon 15 May 1920 93 Franciszek Macharski Michael Michai Kitbunchu Alexandre do Nascimento 2 February 1983 Godfried Danneels Thomas Stafford Williams Joachim Meisner Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy Miguel Obando y Bravo, SDB Ricardo Vidal Henryk Gulbinowicz Jozef Tomko 25 May 1985 Paul Poupard Friedrich Wetter Silvano Piovanelli Adrianus Johannes Simonis Bernard Francis Law Giacomo Biffi Eduardo Martnez Somalo France Germany Italy Netherlands United States Italy Spain Poland Thailand Angola Belgium New Zealand Germany India Nicaragua Philippines Poland Slovakia 20 May 1927 86 Archbishop Emeritus of Krakw 26 January 1929 85 Archbishop Emeritus of Bangkok

5 March 1973 24 May 1976 30 June 1979

1 March 1925 89 Archbishop Emeritus of Luanda 4 June 1933 80 20 March 1930 25 December 1933 5 February 1924 2 February 1926 6 February 1931 17 October 1923 11 March 1924 30 August 1930 Archbishop Emeritus of MechelenBrussels

83 Archbishop Emeritus of Wellington 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Cologne 90 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

88 Archbishop Emeritus of Managua 83 Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu 90 Archbishop Emeritus of Wrocaw President Emeritus of the Pontifical 90 Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses 83 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Culture

20 February Archbishop Emeritus of Munich and 86 1928 Freising 21 February 90 Archbishop Emeritus of Florence 1924 26 November 82 Archbishop Emeritus of Utrecht 1931 4 November Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of 82 1931 St. Mary Major 13 June 1928 85 Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna 31 March 1927 86 Camerlengo Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
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Achille Silvestrini Jos Freire Falco Alexandre Jos Maria dos Santos, OFM 28 June 1988 Giovanni Canestri Edward Bede Clancy Edmund Casimir Szoka Lszl Paskai, OFM Christian Wiyghan Tumi Edward Idris Cassidy Nicols de Jess Lpez Rodrguez Fiorenzo Angelini 28 June 1991 Roger Mahony Camillo Ruini Jn Chryzostom Korec, SJ Henri Schwery Miloslav Vlk

Italy Brazil Mozambique Italy Australia United States Hungary Cameroon Australia Dominican Republic Italy United States Italy Slovakia Switzerland Czech Republic

25 October 1923 23 October 1925 18 March 1924

90

Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

88 Archbishop Emeritus of Braslia 90 Archbishop Emeritus of Maputo

30 September 95 Archbishop Emeritus of Genoa 1918 13 December 90 Archbishop Emeritus of Sydney 1923 14 President Emeritus of the Governorate September 86 of Vatican City 1927 8 May 1927 86 15 October 1930 5 July 1924 31 October 1936 1 August 1916 Archbishop Emeritus of EsztergomBudapest

83 Archbishop Emeritus of Douala 89 77 President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity Archbishop of Santo Domingo Primate of the Americas

President Emeritus of the Pontifical 97 Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers

27 February 78 Archbishop Emeritus of Los Angeles 1936 19 February Vicar General Emeritus for the Diocese 83 1931 of Rome 22 January 90 Bishop Emeritus of Nitra 1924 14 June 1932 81 Bishop Emeritus of Sion 17 May 1932 81 Archbishop Emeritus of Prague Grand Master Emeritus of the Order of 2 December the Holy Sepulchre and Archpriest 92 1921 Emeritus of the Basilica of St. Mary Major 20 December 79 Archbishop Emeritus of Jakarta 1934 18 October 1936 77 Archbishop of San Cristbal de la Habana Prefect Emeritus of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura

Carlo Furno Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja, SJ Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino Gilberto Agustoni 26 November 1994 Emmanuel Wamala William Henry Keeler Jean-Claude Turcotte Adam Joseph Maida Vinko Pulji Juan Sandoval iguez Jorge Medina Estvez

Italy

Indonesia Cuba Switzerland Uganda United States Canada United States Bosnia and Herzegovina Mexico Chile

26 July 1922 91

15 December 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Kampala 1926 4 March 1931 83 Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore 26 June 1936 77 Archbishop Emeritus of Montreal 18 March 1930 84 Archbishop Emeritus of Detroit

8 September 68 Archbishop of Vrhbosna (Sarajevo) 1945 28 March 1933 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Guadalajara

Daro Castrilln Hoyos

Colombia

Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for 23 December 87 Divine Worship and the Discipline of the 1926 Sacraments President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei and Prefect 4 July 1929 84 Emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy 26 July 1932 81 Major Penitentiary Emeritus 6 September 83 Archbishop Emeritus of Palermo
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James Francis Stafford Salvatore De Giorgi

United States Italy

Salvatore De Giorgi Serafim Fernandes de Arajo Antonio Mara Rouco Varela 21 February 1998 Dionigi Tettamanzi Polycarp Pengo Christoph Schnborn, OP Norberto Rivera Carrera Francis Eugene George, OMI Marian Jaworski Jnis Pujts Agostino Cacciavillan Sergio Sebastiani Zenon Grocholewski Crescenzio Sepe Jorge Mara Meja Walter Kasper Ivan Dias Geraldo Majella Agnelo Pedro Rubiano Senz Theodore Edgar McCarrick Desmond Connell Audrys Juozas Bakis 21 February 2001 Francisco Javier Errzuriz Ossa, PSchoenstatt Julio Terrazas Sandoval, CSsR Wilfrid Fox Napier, OFM Oscar Andrs Rodrguez Maradiaga, SDB Bernard Agr Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne Francisco lvarez Martnez Cludio Hummes, OFM Severino Poletto Cormac Murphy-O'Connor Edward Michael Egan

Italy Brazil Spain Italy Tanzania Austria Mexico United States Ukraine Latvia Italy Italy Poland Italy Argentina Germany India Brazil Colombia United States Ireland Lithuania Chile Bolivia South Africa Honduras Cte d'Ivoire Peru Spain Brazil Italy United Kingdom United States

1930 13 August 1924 24 August 1936 14 March 1934 5 August 1944 22 January 1945

83 Archbishop Emeritus of Palermo 89 Archbishop Emeritus of Belo Horizonte 77 Archbishop of Madrid 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Milan 69 Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam 69 Archbishop of Vienna

6 June 1942 71 Archbishop of Mexico 16 January 77 Archbishop of Chicago 1937 21 August 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Lviv 1926 14 November 83 Archbishop Emeritus of Riga 1930 President Emeritus of the 14 August 87 Administration of the Patrimony of the 1926 Apostolic See 11 April 1931 82 11 October 1939 31 January 1923 74 President Emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education

2 June 1943 70 Archbishop of Naples Librarian and Archivist Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church President Emeritus of the Pontifical 5 March 1933 81 Council for Promoting Christian Unity Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for 14 April 1936 77 the Evangelization of Peoples 19 October Archbishop Emeritus of So Salvador 80 1933 da Bahia 13 September 81 Archbishop Emeritus of Bogot 1932 91 7 July 1930 83 Archbishop Emeritus of Washington 24 March 87 Archbishop Emeritus of Dublin 1926 1 February 77 Archbishop Emeritus of Vilnius 1937 5 September Archbishop Emeritus of Santiago de 80 1933 Chile Archbishop Emeritus of Santa Cruz de 7 March 1936 78 la Sierra 8 March 1941 73 Archbishop of Durban 29 December 71 Archbishop of Tegucigalpa 1942 2 March 1926 88 Archbishop Emeritus of Abidjan 28 December 70 Archbishop of Lima 1943 14 July 1925 88 Archbishop Emeritus of Toledo 8 August 1934 18 March 1933 24 August 1932 79 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy

81 Archbishop Emeritus of Turin 81 Archbishop Emeritus of Westminster

2 April 1932 81 Archbishop Emeritus of New York 26 February Major Archbishop Emeritus of Kyiv-

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Lubomyr Husar, MSU Karl Lehmann Roberto Tucci, SJ Angelo Scola Anthony Olubumni Okogie Bernard Panafieu Gabriel Zubeir Wako Carlos Amigo Vallejo, OFM Justin Francis Rigali Keith O'Brien Eusebio Oscar Scheid, SCI Consistory of 21 October 2003[13] Ennio Antonelli Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson Telesphore Placidus Toppo George Pell Josip Bozani Jean-Baptiste Phm Minh Mn Philippe Barbarin Pter Erd Marc Ouellet, PSS Agostino Vallini Jorge Urosa Gaudencio Borbon Rosales Jean-Pierre Ricard

Ukraine Germany Italy Italy Nigeria France Sudan Spain United States United Kingdom Brazil Italy Ghana India Australia Croatia Vietnam France Hungary Canada Italy Venezuela Philippines France

26 February 81 Halych (Ukrainian Greek Catholic 1933 Church) 16 May 1936 77 Bishop of Mainz 19 April 1921 92 President Emeritus of the Administrative Committee of Radio Vatican

7 November 72 Archbishop of Milan 1941 16 June 1936 77 Archbishop Emeritus of Lagos 26 January 1931 83 Archbishop Emeritus of Marseille

27 February 75 Archbishop of Khartoum 1939 23 August 1934 17 March 1938 79 Archbishop Emeritus of Seville

19 April 1935 78 Archbishop Emeritus of Philadelphia 76 Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh

8 December Archbishop Emeritus of So Sebastio 81 1932 do Rio de Janeiro 18 November President Emeritus of the Pontifical 77 1936 Council for the Family 11 October 1948 13 October 1939 65 President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace

74 Archbishop of Ranchi Prefect of the Secretariat for the Economy

8 April 1941 72 20 March 1949 5 March 1934[14] 17 October 1950

64 Archbishop of Zagreb 80 Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City 63 Archbishop of Lyon

25 June 1952 61 Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest 8 June 1944 69 Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops 17 April 1940 73 Vicar General of Rome 28 August 1942 10 August 1932 25 September 1944 15 October 1945 71 Archbishop of Caracas 81 Archbishop Emeritus of Manila 69 Archbishop of Bordeaux Prefect of the Congregation for Divine 68 Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments

24 March 2006

Antonio Caizares Llovera Nicolas Cheong Jin-suk Sen Patrick O'Malley, OFM Cap Stanisaw Dziwisz Carlo Caffarra Joseph Zen Ze-Kiun, SDB Sen Brady Llus Martnez Sistach Andr Armand Vingt-Trois Angelo Bagnasco

Spain South Korea United States Poland Italy Hong Kong[15] Ireland Spain France Italy

7 December 81 Archbishop Emeritus of Seoul 1931 29 June 1944 69 Archbishop of Boston 27 April 1939 74 Archbishop of Krakw 1 June 1938 75 Archbishop of Bologna 13 January 1932 16 August 1939 82 Bishop Emeritus of Hong Kong 74 Archbishop of Armagh

29 April 1937 76 Archbishop of Barcelona 7 November 71 Archbishop of Paris 1942 14 January 71 Archbishop of Genoa 1943

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Thodore-Adrien Sarr 24 November 2007 Oswald Gracias Francisco Robles Ortega Daniel DiNardo Odilo Pedro Scherer John Njue Estanislao Esteban Karlic Ral Eduardo Vela Chiriboga Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya Paolo Romeo Donald William Wuerl 20 November 2010 Raymundo Damasceno Assis Kazimierz Nycz Malcolm Ranjith Reinhard Marx Jos Manuel Estepa Llaurens George Alencherry Thomas Christopher Collins Dominik Duka, OP Wim Eijk 18 February 2012 Giuseppe Betori Timothy Michael Dolan Rainer Maria Woelki John Tong Hon Lucian Murean Baselios Cleemis John Onaiyekan 24 November 2012 Rubn Salazar Gmez Luis Antonio Tagle Pietro Parolin Vincent Gerard Nichols Leopoldo Jos Brenes Solrzano

Senegal India Mexico United States Brazil Kenya Argentina Ecuador

28 November 77 Archbishop of Dakar 1936 24 December 69 Archbishop of Bombay 1944 2 March 1949 65 Archbishop of Guadalajara 23 May 1949 64 Archbishop of Galveston-Houston 21 September 1949 31 December 1944[16] 7 February 1926 1 January 1934 64 Archbishop of So Paulo 69 Archbishop of Nairobi 88 Archbishop Emeritus of Paran 80 Archbishop Emeritus of Quito

Democratic 7 October 74 Archbishop of Kinshasa Republic of the Congo 1939 20 February Italy 76 Archbishop of Palermo 1938 United States Brazil Poland Sri Lanka Germany Spain India Canada Czech Republic Netherlands Italy United States Germany Hong Kong Romania India Nigeria Colombia Philippines Italy United Kingdom Nicaragua 12 November 73 Archbishop of Washington 1940 15 February 77 Archbishop of Aparecida 1937 1 February 64 Archbishop of Warsaw 1950 15 November 66 Archbishop of Colombo 1947 21 September 1953 1 January 1926 60 Archbishop of Munich and Freising 88 Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain

Major Archbishop of Ernakulam19 April 1945 68 Angamaly (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church) 16 January 1947 67 Archbishop of Toronto

26 April 1943 70 Archbishop of Prague 22 June 1953 60 Archbishop of Utrecht 25 February 67 Archbishop of Florence 1947 6 February 64 Archbishop of New York 1950 18 August 1956 57 Archbishop of Berlin

31 July 1939 74 Bishop of Hong Kong 23 May 1931 82 15 June 1959 54 29 January 1944 22 September 1942 17 January 1955 Major Archbishop of Fgra and Alba Iulia (Romanian Greek-Catholic Church) Major Archbishop of Trivandrum (SyroMalankara Catholic Church)

70 Archbishop of Abuja 71 Archbishop of Bogot

21 June 1957 56 Archbishop of Manila 59 Cardinal Secretary of State

8 November 68 Archbishop of Westminster 1945 7 March 1949 65 Archbishop of Managua

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Grald Cyprien Lacroix, ISPX Jean-Pierre Kutwa Orani Joo Tempesta, OCist Gualtiero Bassetti Mario Aurelio Poli 22 February 2014

Canada Cte d'Ivoire Brazil Italy Argentina

27 July 1957 56 Archbishop of Qubec 22 December 68 Archbishop of Abidjan 1945 23 June 1950 63 Archbishop of So Sebastio do Rio de Janeiro

7 April 1942 71 Archbishop of Perugia-Citt della Pieve 66 Archbishop of Buenos Aires 70 Archbishop of Seoul 72 Archbishop of Santiago de Chile 68 Archbishop of Ouagadougou 75 Archbishop of Cotabato 55 Bishop of Les Cayes 98 Prelate Emeritus of Loreto 84 Archbishop Emeritus of Pamplona y Tudela

29 November 1947 5 December South Korea Andrew Yeom Soo-jung 1943 Ricardo Ezzati Andrello, 7 January Chile SDB 1942 Philippe Nakellentuba 31 December Burkina Faso Oudraogo 1945 Orlando Beltrn Quevedo, 11 March Philippines OMI 1939 29 November Haiti Chibly Langlois 1958 14 October Italy Loris Francesco Capovilla 1915 Fernando Sebastin Aguilar, 14 December Spain CMF 1929 15 February Saint Lucia Kelvin Edward Felix 1933 Cardinals of the Order of Deacons[17] Jean-Louis Tauran Renato Raffaele Martino Francesco Marchisano Julin Herranz Casado France Italy Italy Spain Mexico Italy

81 Archbishop Emeritus of Castries

21 October 2003[13] Javier Lozano Barragn Attilio Nicora

President of the Pontifical Council for 3 April 1943 70 Interreligious Dialogue, Cardinal Protodeacon since February 2011 23 November President Emeritus of the Pontifical 81 1932 Council for Justice and Peace President Emeritus of the Office of 25 June 1929 84 Labor of the Apostolic See 31 March President Emeritus of the Pontifical 83 1930 Council for Legislative Texts President Emeritus of the Pontifical 26 January 81 Council for the Pastoral Care of Health 1933 Care Workers 16 March President of the Financial Information 77 1937 Authority Former Titular Archbishop of Tullia, retired as Pro-Theologian of the 25 April 1922 91 Pontifical Household and as SecretaryGeneral of the International Theological Commission 15 June 1936 77 23 September 1934 27 August 1925 79 88 Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls formerly rector of the Pontifical Biblical Institute and secretary of the Pontifical Biblical Commission Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

Georges Marie Martin Cottier, OP

Switzerland

William Joseph Levada Franc Rod, CM 24 March 2006 Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo Albert Vanhoye, SJ Leonardo Sandri Giovanni Lajolo Paul Josef Cordes Angelo Comastri

United States Slovenia Italy France Argentina Italy Germany Italy

23 July 1923 90 18 November 70 1943

3 January President Emeritus of the Governorate 79 1935 of Vatican City State 5 September President Emeritus of the Pontifical 79 1934 Council Cor Unum 17 September 1943 Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica, Vicar 70 General for the Vatican City State, and President of the Fabric of St. Peter
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24 November 2007

Stanisaw Ryko Raffaele Farina, SDB Giovanni Coppa Angelo Amato, SDB Robert Sarah Francesco Monterisi Raymond Leo Burke Kurt Koch Paolo Sardi 20 November 2010 Mauro Piacenza

Poland Italy Italy Italy Guinea Italy United States Switzerland Italy Italy

4 July 1945

68

President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity

24 Librarian and Archivist Emeritus of the September 80 Holy Roman Church 1933 9 November Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Czech 88 1925 Republic Prefect of the Congregation for the 8 June 1938 75 Causes of Saints President of the Pontifical Council Cor 15 June 1945 68 Unum Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of 28 May 1934 79 Saint Paul Outside the Walls Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the 30 June 1948 65 Apostolic Signatura 15 March President of the Pontifical Council for 64 1950 Promoting Christian Unity 1 September Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of 79 1934 Malta 15 September 69 Major Penitentiary 1944 19 September 1935 18 October 1942 78 71 President Emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See

Velasio de Paolis, CS Gianfranco Ravasi Elio Sgreccia Walter Brandmller Fernando Filoni Manuel Monteiro de Castro Santos Abril y Castell

Italy Italy Italy Germany Italy Portugal Spain

President of the Pontifical Council for Culture President Emeritus of the Pontifical 6 June 1928 85 Academy for Life 26 January President Emeritus of the Pontifical 85 1929 Committee for Historical Sciences Prefect of the Congregation for the 15 April 1946 67 Evangelization of Peoples 29 March 75 Major Penitentiary Emeritus 1938 21 Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa September 78 Maria Maggiore 1935 3 February 1938 1 October 1942 President of the Pontifical Council for 76 the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants President of the Pontifical Commission 71 for Vatican City State President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See Docent at various Roman universities and Consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Docent Emeritus at the Pontifical Gregorian University, and Consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Secretary General of the Synod of
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Antonio Maria Vegli Giuseppe Bertello Francesco Coccopalmerio 18 February 2012 Joo Braz de Aviz Edwin Frederick O'Brien Domenico Calcagno Giuseppe Versaldi Prosper Grech, OSA

Italy Italy Italy Brazil United States Italy Italy Malta

6 March 1938 76 24 April 1947 66 8 April 1939 74 3 February 1943 71

30 July 1943 70 24 December 88 1925

Karl Josef Becker, SJ

Germany

18 April 1928 85 20 October 1949 29

24 November 2012

James Michael Harvey

United States Italy

64

Lorenzo Baldisseri 22 February 2014 Gerhard Ludwig Mller Beniamino Stella

Italy Germany Italy

Secretary General of the Synod of September 73 Bishops 1940 31 December Prefect of the Congregation for the 66 1947 Doctrine of the Faith 18 August 1941 72 Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy

Cardinals from Italy over time (percentage) [edit]

Italian cardinals as percentage February 2013 22.60 April 2005 October 1978 August 1978 1963 1958 1939 1922 1914 1903 17.09 22.50 22.80 35.36 35.80 54.80 51.60 50.76 56.25

Cardinals vs. geographic distribution of Catholics [edit]

Region Africa Asia and Middle East Europe Central America North America and Caribbean South America Oceania 2013 World Representation in the College of Cardinals Total Population Catholics % Catholic % of Catholic total % of College of Cardinals 885,103,542 135,211,325 15.27% 12.57% 8.17% 3,889,093,723 123,851,272 750,072,510 283,916,457 42,883,849 32,317,384 472,952,469 371,363,897 30,686,468 192,274,838 299,570,011 7,747,654 3.18% 37.85% 75.36% 40.65% 80.66% 25.24% 11.51% 26.37% 3.00% 17.88% 27.87% 0.72% 9.62% 57.65% 1.00% 12.98% 10.58% 1.92%

Cardinals by nationality [edit]

Number of cardinals 51 Italy 19 United States 10 Brazil, Germany, Spain 8 France 6 India, Poland 4 Argentina, Canada, Mexico, Philippines, Switzerland 3 Australia, Chile, Colombia, Nigeria, United Kingdom Cte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Lebanon, Netherlands, Nicaragua,Portugal,Slovakia, South 2 Korea, Ukraine Angola, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Croatia, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iraq, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, 1 Malta, Mozambique, New Zealand, Peru, Romania, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam Nationality

Size of the College of Cardinals

Main article: Size of the College of Cardinals

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As of 1 January 2014, the College had 199 members, 106 of whom were young enough to participate in a conclave.[18] The group's size has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils, and even the College itself. From 1099 to 1986, the total number of cardinals appointed was approximately 2900 (excluding possible undocumented 12th-century cardinals, cardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty), nearly half of whom were created after 1655.[19]

See also

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List of the creations of the cardinals

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List of titular churches in Rome Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals Palatinus (Roman Catholic Church) List of living cardinals (sortable) Catholic Church hierarchy Bishop (Catholic Church) Catholic Church by country Protopriest Papabile Papal conclave, 2013 Index of Vatican City-related articles

Notes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

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14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

^ 1983 CIC, Bk. II, Pt. II, Sec. I, Chap. III The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church ^ CIC 1983, can. 349 ^ a b John Paul II, Ap. Const. Universi Dominici Gregis in AAS 88 (1996) ^ Broderick, J.F. 1987. "The Sacred College of Cardinals: Size and Geographical Composition (10991986)." Archivum historiae Pontificiae, 25: 8. ^ Pope John Paul II (26 November 2000). "Fundamental Law of Vatican City State" . Retrieved 2008-04-11. ^ Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Catholic Church, Revised Edition. New York, NY: Sterling Ethos. pp. 78. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. ^ Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Catholic Church, Revised Edition. New York, NY: Sterling Ethos. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. ^ van Lierde, Peter C. (1964). What Is a Cardinal?. New York: Hawthorne Books Inc. p. 14. ^ Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, Revised Edition. New York: Sterling Ethos. pp. 89. ISBN 978-1-40278730-0. ^ a b c Jr, James-Charles Noonan, (2012). The church visible : the ceremonial life and protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. New York: Sterling Ethos. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. ^ canon 378 ^ Universi Dominici gregis, 8890 ^ a b In 2003 Pope John Paul II announced he was also creating one cardinal secretly (in pectore). This appointment would have taken effect if it had been announced before the Pope's death. There was press speculation that it was his senior personal secretary, Stanisaw Dziwisz, or a resident of the mainland of the People's Republic of China. On 6 April 2005 the Vatican spokesman revealed that Pope John Paul II had not announced the name of this cardinal before witnesses prior to his death and that the appointment was therefore null. ^ Metropolitan Archbishops of Thnh-Ph H Ch Minh GigaCatholic.com ^ Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, with which the Holy See does not currently maintain diplomatic relations. ^ "Cardinal Njue" at catholic-pages.com ^ Cardinal-Deacons have the right to apply to become Cardinal-Priests after ten years as a Cardinal-Deacon. All living eligible CardinalDeacons have exercised this right. ^ "Holy See Press Office: The College of Cardinals Statistics" . 31 January 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ Broderick, 1987, p. 11.

External links

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The College of Cardinals Holy See Press Office GCatholic.org extensive information on all cardinals since the 17th century Cardinals of the Catholic Church sortable list, often slightly out of date on deaths Catholic-Hierarchy.org , with entry into extensive databases. Categories: College of Cardinals Election of the Pope International organizations Roman Curia Electoral colleges

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